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Strategies and Pathways
for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of
Atmanirbharta
2025 AUTHORS:
Dr. Neelam Patel (Senior Adviser), NITI Aayog
Shri Sambuddha Goswami (Consultant-II), NITI Aayog
Dr. Harshika Choudhary (Consultant-I), NITI Aayog
Shri Karan Kumar (Young Professional), NITI Aayog
Dr. Shiv Charan Meena (Research Officer), NITI Aayog
Ms. Mayuri Gadhawe (Young Professional), NITI Aayog
Ms. Shubhangini Chaudhary (Young Professional), NITI Aayog
NITI Aayog (2025). Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating
Growth in Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta
Copyright@ NITI Aayog, 2025
ISBN No.: 978-81-967183-6-7 Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta I
Strategies and Pathways
for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of
Atmanirbharta
2025
I Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta II III Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta IV V Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta VI Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta VII Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta VIII Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta IX Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta X Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta XI Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta XII Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta XIV Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta XV
Table of Contents Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta XVI Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta XVII
Table of Contents
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY��7
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION��26
1.1 Background��29
1.2 Rationale for Atmanirbharta in Pulses��32
1.2.1 Minimizing Import Dependency��33
1.2.2 Achieving Nutritional Security��34
1.2.3 Enhancing Sustainable Development��35
1.3 Terms of Reference (TOR)��36
CHAPTER II: PULSES: A GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE WITH A FOCUS ON INDIA��37
2.1 Introduction��39
2.2 Temporal Analysis of Global Pulse Area, Production, and Yield Patterns: Last Six-
Decade Trends (1961-2022)��41
2.3 Decadal Growth Patterns: Area, Production, And Yield of Total Pulses (1961-2022)��43
2.4 Global Scenario of Major Pulses and India’s Performance Among the Top Ten
Producers in the Recent Five Years (2018-2022)�� 45
2.4.1 Total Pulses��45
2.4.2 Pigeonpea��46
2.4.3 Chickpea��50
2.4.4 Dry Bean��51
2.4.5 Lentil��52
2.4.6 Dry Pea��54
2.5 Biotic and Abiotic Constraints Limiting Pulse Productivity in India��55
2.5.1 A Review of Biotic Stress and Its Impact on Pulse Crop Productivity in India��57
2.5.2 A Review of Abiotic Stress and Its Impact on Pulse Crop Productivity in India��58
2.6 From Limited Yields to Global Leadership: Addressing Challenges and Opportunities
in India’s Pulse Production��65 Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta XVIII
CHAPTER III: OVERVIEW OF INDIA’S PULSE SECTOR: STATE-LEVEL DYNAMICS��69
3.1 Introduction��71
3.2 National Area, Production, and Yield Trends of Total Pulses (1960-61 to 2022-23)��73
3.3. Contribution of Pulses in Total Foodgrains��76
3.4: Temporal Dynamics of Structural Breaks in Indian Pulse Production��77
3.4.1 Crop-wise Analysis��77
3.4.2 State-wise Analysis��82
3.5 Area, Production, and Yield of Major Pulses by Major Producing States in the Recent
Five Years (2018-19 to 2022-23): A Comparative Analysis��86
3.5.1 Total Pulses (Kharif + Rabi)��87
3.5.2 Kharif Pulses��89
3.5.3 Rabi Pulses��91
3.5.4 Pigeonpea��93
3.5.5 Chickpea��95
3.5.6 Green gram��98
3.5.7 Black gram��100
3.5.8 Lentil��103
3.5.9 Pea��105
3.5.10 Mothbean��107
3.6 Volatility in Pulse Crop Yield- National and State Level: A Decadal Analysis��109
3.6.1 National Level Volatility Analysis��110
3.6.2 State-Level Volatility Analysis��111
3.7 Decomposition of Pulse Crop Production - National and State level:
Decadal Analysis��118
3.7.1 National Level Decomposition Analysis...�� 118
3.7.2 State-Level Analysis��121 Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta XIX
CHAPTER IV: THE PULSE OF INDIA’S TRADE: A DEEP DIVE INTO THE SECTOR’S DYNAMICS��127
4.1 Global Trade Dynamics: An Overview��129
4.2 India: Import-Export Dynamics in the Pulse Sector��130
4.2.1 Import Dynamics��130
4.2.2 Export Dynamics��135
4.3 Stabilizing Pulse Markets: Why Counter-Cyclical Policies Outperform
Reactive Trade Measures~��136
4.4 Bridging the Gap: Government Strategies to Balance Import Dependence and
Domestic Production��137
CHAPTER V: DEMAND AND SUPPLY OF PULSES IN INDIA��143
5.1. Introduction��145
5.2 Trends in Pulse Consumption in India: Rural and Urban India��146
5.2.1 Trends in Pulse Consumption in India: Regional Disparities��151
5.3 Trend in Monthly Per Capita Consumption Expenditure (MPCE) Pattern:
1999-2000 to 2022-23��152
5.4 Demand Projections of Pulses by 2030 and 2047 in India��155
5.4.1 Static/Household Approach��156
5.4.2. Normative Approach��156
5.4.3. Behaviouristic Approach��161
5.5 Projections of Pulses Production by 2030 and 2047 in India��169
5.5.1. National Level Projected Production of Total Pulses
(based on aggregated data) by 2030 and 2047��169
5.5.2. National Level Projected Production of Individual Pulse Crops
by 2030 and 2047��170
5.6 Pulses: Demand-Supply Gap Analysis by 2030 and 2047��176
CHAPTER VI: STRATEGIES AND ROADMAP TO ACHIEVE SELF-SUFFICIENCY FOR
ATMANIRBHARTA IN PULSES��179
6.1: Introduction��181
6.2 Quadrant Strategy for Diversification and Accelerated Growth��184 Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta XX
6.2.1 District-wise Quadrant Strategy: Pigeonpea�� 184
6.2.2 District-wise Quadrant Strategy: Chickpea�� 186
6.2.3: District-wise Quadrant Strategy: Green Gram��187
6.2.4: District-wise Quadrant Strategy: Black Gram��188
6.2.5: District-wise Quadrant Strategy: Lentil�� 189
6.2.6: District-wise Quadrant Strategy: Pea��190
6.2.7: District-wise Quadrant Strategy: Mothbean�� 190
6.3 Horizontal Expansion��196
6.3.1 Horizontal Expansion in Rice Fallow Areas�� 196
6.3.2 Horizontal Expansion through Inter-cropping��199
6.4 Technological Interventions: Vertical Expansion in Pulse Crops��200
6.4.1 Abiotic and Biotic Stress Management: Mitigating the Impact on Pulse
Production��201
6.4.2 Pulse Varietal Development through Genetic Diversity and Modern Breeding
Techniques��206
6.4.3 Post-Emergence Herbicide in Pulses: A Pathway to Enhanced Yield and
Production��207
6.4.4 Enhancing Nutritional Quality in Pulses through Nutrition-Sensitive Breeding
Programs��207
6.5 Value Addition and Reducing Post-Harvest Losses in Pulses��208
6.6 The Role of Mechanization: A Key to Increased Efficiency and Yield��210
6.7 Potential Increase in Pulse Production through Strategic Interventions��211
6.8 Disaggregated Growth Requirements for Achieving Atmanirbharta in
Pulse Crops: By 2030 and 2047��214
CHAPTER VII: RECOMMENDATIONS AND WAY FORWARD��221
7.1 Focus on Area Retention of Pulses and Diversification��224
7.2 Seed Traceability and Quality Assurance��224
7.3 Strengthening Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs) and District-Level
Value Chain Planning��225 Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta XXI
7.4 Effective Procurement��225
7.5 Price Support and Market Interventions��225
7.6 Integrating Pulses into Public Distribution System��225
7.7 Customization and Development of Farm Equipment��226
7.8 Potential of Summer Pulses��226
7.9 Resource Requirement for Input Incentive Package��226
7.10 Bio-fertilization Strategies��227
7.11 Advancing Research & Development for Pest-Resistant Pulse Varieties��227
7.12 Robust Early Warning Systems and Proactive Adaptation Strategies��228
7.13 Data-Driven Transformation��228
LIST OF ANNEXURES��229
ANNEXURE-I: Pulses Self-Sufficiency: Lessons from the Past Strategies��231
ANNEXURE-II: Projected Population - All India (2021-2047)��237
ANNEXURE-III.1: Tailored Interventions for District-Specific Growth: A Multi-Crop
Strategy Matrix based on 2020-21, 2021-22, and 2022-23 Data��238
ANNEXURE-III.2: High Area and High Yield (HA-HY) District-Specific Clusters��272
ANNEXURE-IV: Insights into Pulse Cultivation: A Survey of Indian Farmers��276
ANNEXURE-V: Top 111 Districts contributing 75% of total pulse production��285
ANNEXURE-VI: List of Reviewers��289
REFERENCES��290 Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta XXII
List of Tables
Table 2.1: Decadal Growth Rates of Area, Production and Yield of Major Pulses: Global
Scenario (1961-2022)��45
Table 2.2: Global Scenario by Top Ten Pulse Producing Countries (2018-2022)��47
Table 2.3: Global Scenario by Top Ten Pigeonpea Producing Countries (2018-2022)��49
Table 2.4: Global Scenario by Top Ten Chickpea Producing Countries (2018-2022)��50
Table 2.5: Global Scenario by Top Ten Dry Bean Producing Countries (2018-2022)��51
Table 2.6: Global Scenario by Top Ten Lentil Producing Countries (2018-2022)��53
Table 2.7: Global Scenario by Top Ten Dry Pea Producing Countries (2018-2022)��54
Table 2.8: Key Constraints to Pulse Production in India: Biotic and Abiotic Stresses��56
Table 2.9: Impact of Biotic Stresses on Major Pulse Crops in India��57
Table 2.10: Historical El Niño and La Niña Events and their Severity-based Classification��59
Table 2.11:Impact of El Niño Intensity on Total Pulse Crops’ Area and Production (1951-2024)��62
Table 2.12: Impact of La Niña Intensity on Total Pulse Crops’ Area and Production��63
Table 2.13: Area and Production during Normal Years�� 65
Table 2.14: Impact of Abiotic Stresses on Major Pulse Crops in India��66
Table 3.1: Crop-wise Pulses Area, Production and Yield & Season-wise Share
(Average of 2018-19 to 2022-23)��86
Table 3.2: Indian Scenario by Major Pulse (Kharif + Rabi) Producing States
(2018-19 to 2022-23)��87
Table 3.3: Indian Scenario by Major Pulse (Kharif) Producing States (2018-19 to 2022-23)��90
Table 3.4: Indian Scenario by Major Pulse (Rabi) Producing States (2018-19 to 2022-23)��92
Table 3.5: Indian Scenario by Major Pigeonpea Producing States (2018-19 to 2022-23)��94
Table 3.6: Indian Scenario by Major Chickpea Producing States (2018-19 to 2022-23)��96
Table 3.7: Indian Scenario by Major Green Gram Producing States (2018-19 to 2022-23)��99
Table 3.8: Indian Scenario by Major Black Gram Producing States (2018-19 to 2022-23)��101
Table 3.9: Indian Scenario by Major Lentil Producing Countries States (2018-19 to 2022-23)��104
Table 3.10: Indian Scenario by Major Pea Producing States (2016-15 to 2020-21)��106 Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta XXIII
Table 3.11: Indian Scenario by Major Mothbean Producing States (2016-17 to 2020-21)��108
Table 3.12: Volatility in Yield of Major Crops across Five Phases (%)��110
Table 3.13: Phase-wise Volatility in Pulses Crop Yield in Major Pulses-Producing States (%)114
Table 3.14: Decomposition Analysis of Output for Major Pulse Crops: National Level Analysis
(1970/71 to 2022/23)��120
Table 3.15: Decomposition Analysis of Output for Major Pulses by Major Producers: State-
Level Analysis (1970/71 to 2022/23)��124
Table 4.1: Pulses Trade Policy Timelines��138
Table 5.1: Per Capita Consumption of Total Pulse and Different Pulse Crops (kg/year):
Rural and Urban (NSSO rounds)��147
Table 5.2: Trend in Level of Average Monthly Per Capita Expenditure (1999-00 to 2022-23):
Rural and Urban��153
Table 5.3: Trend in the Share of Consumption of Cereals, Pulses and Pulse Products and
Food items (1999-00 to 2022-23): Rural and Urban��154
Table 5.4: Trend in the Level of Average MPCE on Pulses and Pulse Products (1999-2022):
Rural and Urban��154
Table 5.5: Dietary Requirements of Pulses��159
Table 5.6: Projected Demand for Each Group and Total Demand (2022-2047, MT)��159
Table 5.7: Food Expenditure Demand Elasticities�� 163
Table 5.8: Projected Supply at the National Level by 2030-31 and 2047-48��176
Table 5.9: Projected Demand-Supply Gap of Pulses at the National Level by 2030 and 2047��177
Table 6.1: Quadrant Strategy for Horizontal and Vertical Expansion��183
Table 6.2: Potential Pulse Crops Suitable for Rice Fallow States��197
Table 6.3: Potential Production of Pulse Crops from Utilized Rice Fallow Areas in
Selected Districts��198
Table 6.4: Gap Between Potential (with Technological Interventions) and Actual
Production (MT) for Major Pulses��200
Table 6.5: Promising Pulse Cultivars for Stress Tolerance in India��202
Table 6.6: Varietal Replacement Rate (VRR) of Major Pulses in India (2018-19 vs 2023-24)��206
Table 6.7: Good Agronomic Practices for Yield Optimization: Potential of
Post-Emergence Herbicide in Pulses..........��207
Table 6.8: Potential Increase in Pulse Production (MT) through Strategic Interventions (MT)��211 Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta XXIV
Table 6.9: Projected Pulses Demand-Supply Gap at the National Level by 2030 and 2047
(in MT), adding Potential Increase through Strategic Interventions: Household
Approach, Normative Approach, and Behaviouristic Approach (BAU and HIG)��212
Table 6.10: Required CAGR for Self-Sufficiency in Pulses: Considering BAU & Strategic
Interventions Scenarios across Normative, Household & Behaviouristic
Approaches (BAU and HIG)��213
Table 6.11: Gap Between Domestic Production and Demand: % of Production Increase that
was Required to Meet the Domestic Demand for Individual Pulse Crops (2015-16
To 2023-24)��215
Table 6.12: Projected Gap between Domestic Demand and Production (MT): 2030 and 2047��217
Table 6.13: To Meet Projected Domestic Demand by 2030: Required CAGR (2023-2030) vs
Historical CAGR in Three Scenarios��218
Table 6.14: To Meet Projected Domestic Demand by 2047: Required CAGR (2023-2047) vs
Historical CAGR in Three Scenarios��226
Table 7. 1: Quantity and Value of Nitrogen fixed by Pulse Crops in Soil��226
Table AII.1: Projected Population - All India (2021-2047)��237
Table AIII.1.1: Pigeonpea��238
Table AIII.1.2: Chickpea��244
Table AIII.1.3: Green Gram��248
Table AIII.1.4: Black Gram��254
Table AIII.1.5: Lentil��260
Table AIII.1.6: Pea��264
Table AIII.1.7:Mothbean��271
Table AIII.2.1: High Area and High Yield (HA-HY) District-Specific Clusters��272
Table AIV.1: Sampling Framework with Land Holdings��277
Table AIV.2: State-wise Distribution of Pulse Crops in Surveyed Districts��277
Table AIV.3: Demographic Profile of the Respondents (% of households) – participants��278
Table AIV.4: Average Size of Land Holdings of the Respondents (in acres)��280
Table AIV.5: Constraints Faced by Farmers in Growing Pulses��280
Table AV.1: Top 111 Districts contributing 75% of total pulse production��285
Table AVI.1: List of Reviewers��289 Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta XXV
List of Figures
Figure 2.1: Global Scenario of Pulses in 2022: Crop-Wise Distribution��41
Figure 2.2: Global Area, Production and Yield Trend of Total Pulses (1961-2022)��42
Figure 2.3: Global Pulse per Capita Production (kg/capita/year)��43
Figure 2.4: Decadal Growth Rates in Area, Production, and Yield of Total Pulses
in the World (%) (1961-2022)��44
Figure 2.5: Crop-Wise Pulses Global Scenario:2018-2022��46
Figure 2.6: Yield Gap among Top Ten Pulse-Producing Countries (2018-2022)��47
Figure 2.7: Yield Gap among Top Ten Pigeonpea-Producing Countries (2018-2022)��49
Figure 2.8: Yield Gap among Top Ten Chickpea-Producing Countries (2018-2022)��51
Figure 2.9: Yield Gap among Top Ten Dry Bean-Producing Countries (2018-2022)��52
Figure 2.10: Yield Gap among Top Ten Lentil-Producing Countries (2018-2022)��53
Figure 2.11: Yield Gap among Top Ten Dry Pea-Producing Countries (2018-2022)��55
Figure 2.12: Trends and Impacts of El Niño and La Niña Events on Total Pulse crops’
Area and Production over the 74 years (1951-2024)��61
Figure 3.1: National Area, Production and Yield Trend of Total Pulses (1960-61 to 2022-23)�74
Figure 3.2: Trend in Yield (t/ha) of Major Pulse Crops Grown in India (1970-71 to 2022-23)��75
Figure 3.3: Yield (t/ha) of Major Pulse Crops Grown in India (1970-71 to 2022-23): A Decadal
Comparison��76
Figure 3.4: Pulses as % of Total Foodgrains Area and Production (1960-61 to 2022-23)��77
Figure 3.5: Total Pulse Production (MT): Structural Break (1950-51 to 2022-23)��78
Figure 3.6: Total Pigeonpea Production (MT): Structural Break (1950-51 to 2022-23)��78
Figure 3.7: Total Chickpea (MT) Production: Structural Break (1950-51 to 2022-23)��79
Figure 3.8: Total Lentil Production (MT): Structural Break (1970-71 to 2022-23)��79
Figure 3.9: Total Black Gram (MT) Production: Structural Break (1970-71 to 2022-23)��80
Figure 3.10: Total Green Gram (MT) Production: Structural Break (1996-97 to 2022-23)��80
Figure 3.11: Total Pea Production: Structural Break (1976-77 to 2020-21)��80
Figure 3.12: Total Pulse Production in Madhya Pradesh (MT): Structural Break (1950-51 to
2022-23)��82
Figure 3.13: Total Pulse Production in Maharashtra (MT): Structural Break (1950-51 to 2022-
23)��83
Figure 3.14: Total Pulse Production in Rajasthan (MT): Structural Break (1950-51 to 2022-23��83
Figure 3.15: Total Pulse Production in Uttar Pradesh (MT): Structural Break (1950-51 to 2022-23)��84
Figure 3.16: Total Pulse Production in Karnataka (MT): Structural Break (1950-51 to 2022-23)��84 Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta XXVI
Figure 3.17: Total Pulse Production in Gujarat (MT): Structural Break (1950-51 to 2022-23)��85
Figure 3.18: Andhra Pradesh (MT): Structural Break (1951-52 to 2022-23)��85
Figure 3.19: Yield Gap among Major Pulse-producing States (2018-19 to 2022-23)��88
Figure 3.20: Share of Pulses Irrigated Area to Total Food Grain Irrigated Area by
Major Pulse Producing States (%) (2018-19 to 2022-23)��89
Figure 3.21: Yield Gap among Major Pulse (Kharif) Producing States (2018-19 to 2022-23)��91
Figure 3.22: Yield Gap among Major Pulse (Rabi) Producing States (2018-19 to 2022-23)��93
Figure 3.23: Yield Gap among Major Pigeonpea Producing States (2018-19 to 2022-23)��95
Figure 3.24: Yield Gap among Major Chickpea Producing States (2018-19 to 2022-23)��97
Figure 3.25: Yield Gap among Major Green Gram Producing States (2018-19 to 2022-23)��102
Figure 3.26: Yield Gap among Major Black Gram Producing States (2018-19 to 2022-23)��102
Figure 3.27: Yield Gap among Major Lentil Producing States (2018-19 to 2022-23)��105
Figure 3.28: Yield Gap among Major Pea Producing States (2016-17 to 2020-21)��108
Figure 3.29: Yield Gap among Major Mothbean Producing States (2016-17 to 2020-21)��108
Figure 3.30: Volatility in Yield of Major Pulse Crops across Five Phases (%)��111
Figure 3.31: Volatility in Yield of Major Pulses in Major Producing States��116
Figure 4.1 Pulses: Share of Imports & Self-Sufficiency over the Years (1980-81 to 2022-23) (%)��131
Figure 4.2: Trade of Pulses: Major Import Sources�� 132
Figure 4.3: Import by Pulse Crops (2015-16 to 2023-24)��133
Figure 4.4: Pulse Exports from India: A Growing Trend (2009-10 to 2023-24)��135
Figure 4.5:
The Cobweb Phenomenon: How Supply and Demand Influence Agricultural Markets��136
Figure 4.6: Stabilizing Pulse Markets: Reactive Trade Policy Exacerbates the Cobweb
Phenomenon��137
Figure 4.7: Minimum Support Price (Rs per quintal), Cost of Production (Rs per quintal). and
Margin over Cost of Production (%)��141
Figure 5.1: Per Capita Consumption of Pulses by Region (kg/year/capita)��146
Figure 5.2: Per Capita Consumption of Total Pulses & Pulse Products (kg/year): Rural and
Urban (1993-94 to 2022-23)��148
Figure 5.3: Percentage Share of Consumption by Different Pulse Crops: Rural and Urban
India (2022-23)��150
Figure 5.4: Crop-wise Per Capita Pulse Consumption (kg/person/month): Regional Disparity
(Urban and Rural) (2022-23)��151
Figure 5.5: Share of Crop-wise Pulse Consumption by Region: Urban and Rural India
(2022-23)��152
Figure 5.6: Trends in Per Capita Net Availability of Pulses in India (1950-51 to 2022-23)��155
Figure 5.7: Total Household Demand for Pulses and Pulse Products (2022-2047, in MT)��156 Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta XXVII
Figure 5.8: Statewise Gap Between Average Actual Consumption of Pulses and Pulse
Products and Recommended Quantity of Consumption (kg/person/month) for
Vegetarians and Non-Vegetarians set by ICMR-NIN: Urban and Rural India��158
Figure 5.9: Total Normative Demand for Pulses and Pulse Products (2022-2047, in MT)��160
Figure 5.10: Predicted Cereals Expenditure Weights with Total Expenditure on Food��164
Figure 5.11: Predicted Pulses and Pulse Products Expenditure Weights with Total
Expenditure on Food��164
Figure 5.12: Predicted Egg, Fish, and Meat Expenditure Weights with Total Expenditure on
Food��165
Figure 5.13: Predicted Milk and Milk Products Expenditure Weights with Total Expenditure on
Food��165
Figure 5.14: Predicted Vegetables and Fruits Expenditure Weights with
Total Expenditure��166
Figure 5.15: Predicted Others Expenditure Weights with Total Expenditure on Food��166
Figure 5.16: Total Behaviouristic Demand for Pulses and Pulse Products (MT, 2022-2047):
BAU Scenario-I��168
Figure 5.17: Total Behaviouristic Demand for Pulses and Pulse Products (MT, 2022-2047):
HIG Scenario-II..................................................��168
Figure 5.18: National Level Projected of Total Pulses (based on aggregate level data) by
2030 and 2047��170
Figure 5.19: National Level Projected Production of Individual Pulse Crops by 2030 and
2047: National Level Projected Production of Individual Pulse Crops by 2030
and 2047��170
Figure 5.20: National Level Projected Production of Individual Pulse Crops (distinctly) by
2030 and 2047��171
Figure 6.1: Strategies Devised for Accelerating Growth in Pulses��182
Figure 6.2: Technological Interventions��200
Figure 6.3: Post Harvest Loss % in Major Pulses��208
Figure 6.4: Potential Increase in Pulses Supply by 2030 and 2047 by Minimizing Post-
Harvest Losses��210
Figure AI.1: Past Strategies Timeline for Pulses Schemes��231
Figure AIV.1: Sampling framework showing selected districts of the sample states��276 Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta XXVIII
List of Maps
Map 2.1: Spatial Patterns of Global Cultivated Area, Production, and
Yield of Pulses (2022)��39
Map 3.1: Spatial patterns of cultivated area, production, and yield of total pulses: India
(2022)��71
Map 5.1: Spatial Disparities in Consumption of Pulses and Pulse Products (kg/person/month)
across Indian States and UTs: Urban vs Rural (2022-23)��149
Map 5.2: Urban-Rural Disparities in Pulses and Pulse Products Consumption (kg/person/
month) across Indian States and UTs (2022-23)�� 149
Map 6.1: Pigeonpea: District-wise Clusters��185
Map 6.2: Chickpea: District-wise Clusters��186
Map 6.3: Green Gram: District-wise Clusters��187
Map 6.4: Black Gram: District-wise Clusters��188
Map 6.5: Lentil: District-wise Clusters��189
Map 6.6: Pea: District-wise Clusters.................................�� 190
Map 6.7: Mothbean: District-wise Clusters��191
Map 6.8: Evolution of Key Pulse Crops (Pigeonpea, Chickpea, Green Gram, Black Gram,
Lentil, Pea, and Mothbean) over the Past Two Decades��192
Map AV.1: Top 111 Districts contributing 75% of total pulse production��288 Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta XXIX
Abbreviations Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta XXX Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 1
Abbreviations
AESRAgro-Ecological Sub Region
AIDSAlmost Ideal Demand System
AIFAgri-Infrastructure Fund
ARIMA Autoregressive Integrated Moving Averages
AAGRAverage Annual Growth Rate
AICPIP All India Coordinated Pulse Improvement Project
A3PAccelerated Pulses Production
BAUBusiness as Usual
CACPCommission for Agricultural Costs & Prices
CAGRCompound Annual Growth Rate
CPIConsumer Price Index
CFLDCluster Frontline Demonstration
DACFW Department of Agriculture, Cooperation and Farmers Welfare
DESDiretorate of Economics & Statistics
DPDDirectorate of Pulses Development
ELMExtreme Learning Machines
FPOsFarmer Producer Organizations
e-NAM National Agriculture Market Scheme
FAOSTAT Food and Agriculture Organization Statistic
FYMFarmyard Manure
GRNNGeneralized Regression Neutral Network
GMGRGeometric Mean Growth Rate
GOIGovernment of India
GDPGross Domestic Product
HA-HY High Area and High Yield
HA-LY High Area and Low Yield
HCESHousehold Consumption Expenditure Survey
HIGHigh-Income Growth
IPMIntegrated Pest Management
IIPRIndian Institute of Pulses Research
ICAEInternational Conference of Agricultural Economists
ICARIndian Council of Agricultural Research Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 2
ICMRIndian Council of Medical Research
ISOPOM Integrated Scheme of Oilseeds, Pulses, Oil Palm, and Maize
KVKKrishi Vigyan Kendras
LA-LY Low Area and Low Yield
LA-HY Low Area and High Yield
LhaLakh hectares
MhaMillion hectares
MTMillion tons
MSPMinimum Support Price
MoAF&W Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare
MoSPI, GOI
Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of
India
MPCEMonthly Per Capita Consumption Expenditure
PSFPrice Stabilization Fund
PM-AASHA Pradhan Mantri Annadata Aay Sanrakshan Abhiyan
PM-KSY Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana
PM-FME Pradhan Mantri Formalization of Micro Food Processing Enterprises
PM-FBY Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana
PKVYParamparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana
PM-RKVY Pradhan Mantri Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana
PDS Public Distribution System
PDMCPer Drop More Crop
PSBPhosphate Solubilizing Bacteria
PSSPrice Support Scheme
MISManagement Information System
NAFED National Agricultural Cooperative Marketing Federation of India Limited
NBPGR National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources
NCCFNational Cooperative Consumers Federation of India
NAASNational Academy of Agricultural Sciences
NFSMNational Food Security Mission
NINNational Institute of Nutrition
NSCNational Seed Corporation
NSSONational Sample Survey Organization
NNINet National Income
NPDPNational Pulses Development Project Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 3
QUAIDS Quadratic Almost Ideal Demand System
RMSRabi Marketing Season
SDGSustainable Development Goals
SFPPSpecial Food Grain Production Programme
SMAMSub-Mission on Agricultural Mechanization
SHMSoil Health Management
SHCSoil Health Card
SLSCState-level Sanctioning Committee
SAUsState Agriculture Universities
SDGSustainable Development Goals
SMAMSub-Mission on Agricultural Mechanization
SATHI Seed Authentication, Traceability & Holistic Inventory
TRFATargetting Rice FallowArea
VRRHigher Varietal Replacement Rate Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 4 Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 5
Executive Summary Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 6 Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 7
Pulses, a group of annual legumes, are crucial for global food security and sustainable agriculture.
They are rich in protein, fiber, vitamins, and minerals, benefiting both human and animal health.
Beyond their nutritional benefits, pulses enhance soil health, conserve water, and help to
mitigate climate change. Their unique properties support several Sustainable Development
Goals (SDGs), including SDG 2 (Zero Hunger) by improving nutrition and food security and
SDG 3 (Good Health and Well-being). Their low carbon footprint and nitrogen-fixing ability
aid in reducing synthetic fertilizer use, aligning with SDG 13 (Climate Action) and SDG 15 (Life
on Land). By encouraging sustainable farming practices and responsible consumption, pulses
also contribute to SDG 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production). India recognizes their
strategic importance as the world’s largest producer and consumer of pulses.
Pulses are essential to the Indian diet, offering a budget-friendly and sustainable source of plant-
based protein and vital micronutrients. In 2015-16, pulse production fell to 16.35 million tonnes
(MT), leading to around 6 MT of imports to meet national demand. In response, the Government
of India (GoI) has introduced various farmer-centric schemes since 2015-16, including the
Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY), Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY),
Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana (PKVY), Soil Health Management (SHM), and Soil Health Card
(SHC), and National Agriculture Market scheme (e-NAM). Identifying the need for price support
and market access, the GoI launched the Pradhan Mantri Annadata Aay Sanrakshan Abhiyan
(PM-AASHA) scheme to procure pulses at Minimum Support Prices (MSP) where the Price
Stabilization Fund (PSF) is now one of the components of PM-AASHA umbrella scheme for
price stabilization interventions and daily price monitoring. Additionally, the e-Samridhi portal
empowers pigeonpea, black gram, and lentil producers by facilitating procurement at better
prices through the National Agricultural Cooperative Marketing Federation of India Limited
(NAFED) and the National Cooperative Consumers Federation of India Limited (NCCF).
To achieve pulses self-sufficiency (Atmanirbharta), the government revitalized NFSM-Pulses,
implementing it across 28 states and 2 UTs (J&K, Ladakh), with over 60% of funds dedicated to
pulses. Key initiatives include: supporting breeder seed production; establishing 150 Seed Hubs
at ICAR, SAUs, and KVKs for certified seed production; distributing seed mini-kits of recent
varieties; and supporting cluster development, improved farm machinery, efficient irrigation
system, plant protection, nutrient management, processing, and farmer training on cropping
systems. The Targeting Rice Fallow Area (TRFA) initiative has been instrumental in promoting
pulse cultivation.
To promote the pulse value chain, the government has introduced several initiatives. The Pradhan
Mantri Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (PM-RKVY) focuses on state-specific projects, while the Per
Drop More Crop (PDMC) scheme enhances irrigation efficiency. The Sub-Mission on Agricultural
Mechanization (SMAM) supports farm mechanization and drone usage for timely operations.
Additionally, the Seed Authentication, Traceability & Holistic Inventory (SATHI) portal ensures
quality and traceability in seed production and distribution. Other schemes, including the Agri
Infrastructure Fund (AIF), Pradhan Mantri Formalisation of Micro Food Processing Enterprises
Executive Summary Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 8
(PMFME), Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs), and Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana
(PMFBY), facilitate integrated development and risk management in the pulse sector.
Furthermore, the GoI significantly increased the increased the MSP for major pulse crops during
2016-17 and 2017-18 by offering bonuses, leading to an 18% rise in pulse production. To stabilize
prices and enhance domestic availability, the Government approved a buffer stock of 0.15 MT of
pulses on December 9, 2015, increasing it to 2.0 MT in September 2016. By the Rabi Marketing
Season (RMS) of 2017-18, a total buffer of 2.05 MT was established through domestic procurement
and imports for effective disposals. Starting in 2018-19, MSP procurement was conducted under
the Price Support Scheme (PSS) by the Department of Agriculture, Cooperation and Farmers
Welfare (D/oACFW). Pulses procured through the PSS were transferred to the Price Support
Fund (PSF) to satisfy buffer requirements. This approach has led to the efficient use of PSS stocks
for stabilization efforts, as controlled releases are made from the PSF. Hence, harmonization
between the PSS and PSF has been accomplished, ensuring that farmers are provided with
remunerative prices while managing supply-side interventions to stabilize consumer prices.
Implementing proactive pulse programs and monitoring mechanisms has notably increased
the area, production, and productivity of pulses in India. From 2016-17 to 2021-22, production
rose from 23.13 MT to a record 27.30 MT, with productivity increasing nearly 38%, from 0.656 t/
ha in 2015-16 to 0.902 t/ha in 2022-23. Despite these gains, domestic production falls short of
total demand, leading to imports of 2.496 MT in 2022-23. Import dependency has significantly
decreased from 29% in 2015-16 to 10.4% in 2022-23. This remarkable achievement signifies a
significant step forward in the nation's quest for self-sufficiency in the pulse sector. However,
the fiscal year 2023-24 saw a 90% rise in imports to 4.739 MT, the highest level in six years,
representing about 18.5% of domestic demand. This surge highlights the need for continued
efforts to boost domestic production and reduce reliance on imports amid rising food prices
that impact inflation.
Achieving self-sufficiency in pulses can significantly benefit India's economy by reducing import
dependency and stabilizing against global price fluctuations. This stability ensures food security
and supports rural livelihoods by providing consistent income for pulse farmers while promoting
food sovereignty. To meet domestic demand, it is essential to increase pulse production. If
production lags behind consumption, India could become more reliant on imports, highlighting
the need for effective strategies to boost production and sustainability in agriculture. The
Finance Minister has committed to improving the production, storage, and marketing of
pulses. In the recent 2025-26 Union Budget, the Finance Minister noted past efforts that led to
nearly achieving self-sufficiency in pulses. Farmers increased cultivation by 50%, supported by
government procurement and fair pricing. The government will launch a six-year "Mission for
Aatmanirbharta in Pulses" to further this goal, focusing on Tur, Urad, and Masoor. This mission
aims to (1) develop and commercial availability of climate-resilient seeds, (2) enhance protein
content, (3) increase productivity, (4) improve post-harvest storage and management, and (5)
assure remunerative prices to farmers. Additionally, the central agencies, such as NAFED and
NCCF, will be ready to procure these three pulses from farmers who register with them and
enter into agreements over the next four years. Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 9
Key Highlights:
1. Pulses: A Global Perspective with A Focus on India
i. Pulse production globally has been growing steadily at 3% per year since the early
2000s, with developing countries accounting for nearly 75% of total output. Asia
contributes over 44% of the global production.
ii. In 2022, the area for pulse cultivation reached about 97.09 million hectares (Mha),
with a production of 96.04 MT and 0.989 tonnes per hectare (t/ha) productivity.
iii. In the past five years, dry bean
1
have become the leading crop in global pulses
cultivation, covering 35.97 Mha (38.23% of the total area) and contributing 27.42 MT
(30.27%) to production, although their yield is low at 0.774 t/ha.
• Chickpea occupy 14.45 Mha (15.36% of the total) and produce 15.97 MT (17.63%)
with a yield of 1.107 t/ha.
• Pigeonpea produces 5.33 MT (5.88%) from 6.03 Mha (6.41% of the total area) at
0.883 t/ha yield.
• Lentil, occupying 5.23 Mha (5.5%), yields higher at 1.188 t/ha, totaling 6.20 MT
(6.85%).
• Dry peas, covering 7.24 Mha (7.62%), have the highest yield efficiency at 1.9 t/ha,
producing 13.75 MT (15.56%).
• Cowpeas occupy 15.07 Mha (15.54%) but yield the least at 0.612 t/ha, contributing
9.04 MT (10.23%) to global production.
iv. India is the world’s largest pulse cultivator and producer contributing, ~38% of the
global cultivated area for pulses and~28% of the global output.
v. From 2018 to 2022, India cultivated an average of 33.46 Mha of pulses, accounting
for 35.87% of the global total, produced 24.76 MT of pulses during this period,
contributing 27.40% of global production.
vi. However, India’s yield is relatively lower than that of other top producers. India's average
pulse yield was 0.740 t/ha, below the global average of 0.969 t/ha, emphasizing
the need for more concerted efforts to improve yield efficiency significantly. If India
matches the global average yield, there is a potential to increase pulse production by
7.66 MT, possibly making India self-sufficient.
vii. India ranks lowest in yield among the top ten pulse producers. Ethiopia leads with
a yield of 1.894 t/ha, followed by Canada at 1.880 t/ha, USA at 1.874 t/ha, China at
1.821 t/ha, and Russia at 1.707 t/ha. Notably, India's yield is 2.5 times lower than that
of Ethiopia, indicating significant potential for enhancement.
viii. India contributes 80.36% of the world's pigeonpea area and 78.10% of its production,
but its average yield is 0.866 t/ha, slightly below the global average of 0.891 t/ha. By
achieving the global average, India could increase production by 0.11 MT. Matching
1 This includes: beans, species of Phaseolus (vulgaris, lunatus, angularis, aureus, etc.) and beans, species
of Vigna (angularis, mungo, radiata, unguiculata, etc., (e.g., common bean, mungbean, urd bean, etc.);
does not include: soya beans, green beans, green and dry lentil, bean shoots and sprouts, locust beans
(carobs), castor beans, dry broad beans, and horse beans, and dry chickpea (garbanzo bean) (Source:
https://unstats.un.org/unsd/classifications/Econ/Structure/Detail/EN/1074/01701). Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 10
Malawi's yield could boost production by 3.70 MT. India could benefit from learning
from Malawi's practices and utilizing pigeonpea germplasm to develop suitable
varieties for local cultivation.
ix. India cultivates 10.11 Mha of chickpeas, representing 69.65% of the global total, and
produces 11.57 MT, contributing 72.06% of global production. With an average yield
of 1.145 t/ha, India slightly exceeds the global average of 1.106 t/ha. However, it ranks
seventh among major producers, with a yield gap of 0.918 t/ha, which is more than
1.8 times lower than Ethiopia, the global top.
x. India is the largest producer of dry bean, cultivating 14.48 Mha, which is 40.88% of
the global total. The country produced 5.94 MT, accounting for 21.68% of worldwide
production. However, India's average yield is only 0.411 t/ha, compared to the global
average of 0.774 t/ha. If India matched the global average yield, production could
increase by 5.25 MT.
xi. India ranks second in lentil area and production, following Canada. The country
cultivated 1.42 Mha of lentils, accounting for 27.15% of the global total, and produced
1.34 MT, contributing 21.66% of global output. With an average yield of 0.947 t/ha,
which is below the global average of 1.187 t/ha, India could increase production by
0.34 MT if it matched the global average. If it reached China's yield, production could
increase by 2.22 MT.
xii. India ranks fourth in the area and production of dry peas, cultivating 0.69 Mha, or 9.47%
of the global total. The country produced 0.91 MT, contributing 6.61% of total global
production. However, India's average yield of 1.326 t/ha is below the global average of
1.899 t/ha. If India matches the global average yield, production could increase by 0.39
MT. Additionally, achieving the yield of France could raise production by 1.30 MT.
xiii. Reasons for Low Productivity of Pulses in India:
• Pulse production in India faces significant challenges stemming from technological
and environmental constraints. Unlike cereals, pulses have seen limited yield
improvements due to a lack of high-yielding varieties and insufficient innovation.
Farmers grapple with inadequate access to quality seeds, specialized production
knowledge, and effective disease/pest management.
• Furthermore, the predominance of rainfed agriculture, coupled with insufficient
irrigation infrastructure, renders pulse cultivation highly vulnerable to climatic
vagaries.
• Economic factors, including volatile market prices, lower income returns compared
to cereals, and inefficient marketing channels, further discourage farmers and limit
market access, collectively hindering the sector's growth.
• Out of the 27 recorded El Niño years from 1951 to 2024, 15 experienced declines
in both acreage and production of pulses. Cultivated area decreased by 2% to 9%,
and production dropped by 6% to 30%, resulting in yield declines of 5% to 25%
year-on-year. These findings highlight the vulnerability of pulse production to El
Niño events and the need for effective mitigation strategies.
• Over the past 74 years, La Niña conditions occurred in 25 years. In 13 of these Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 11
years, both acreage and production increased, with cultivation area growing by
1-8%, production by 1-41%, and productivity by 1-20%. Interestingly, in three cases,
the area decreased by 1-6%, but production and productivity still rose by up to
23% and 3-25%, respectively. Conversely, in eight years, decreases in acreage and
production were noted, with area declining by 2-10%, production by 1-17%, and
productivity by 4-14%. These results illustrate the complex effects of La Niña on
pulse production, resulting in both positive and negative outcomes.
• During 22 favorable climatic years, India's pulse production significantly increased.
In 10 of these years, both the area cultivated and production rose, with acreage
growing by 1% to 14% and production by 2% to 45%, leading to productivity gains
of 1% to 42%. Remarkably, production increased in five years despite a decline in
cultivated areas due to improved agricultural practices and favorable conditions.
Additionally, in two cases, production and productivity improved with a stable
area. These findings illustrate the complex factors influencing pulse production,
such as climate, production technologies, and policy interventions.
2. Overview of India’s Pulse Sector: State-level Dynamics
i. India’s economy is largely driven by agriculture, which provides 49% of employment.
Pulses support the livelihoods of over 50 million farmers and their families, highlighting
their importance in rural economies.
ii. India's vast rainfed areas, 52% of the country’s total net sown area, support 40%
of the population and 2/3rd of the livestock. About 90% of coarse cereals, 80% of
pulses, 74% of oilseeds, 65% of cotton, and 48% of rice are produced in these rainfed
regions.
iii. Pulses
2
are grown in all three seasons: kharif, rabi, and summer. Pulses grown during
Kharif include pigeonpea, green gram, black gram, and minor pulses (moth bean,
rajmash, horse gram, etc.). In the rabi season, the main pulses grown are chickpea,
lentil, field bean, green gram, and black gram, while in the summer season, green
gram and black gram are grown.
iv. Rabi pulses account for 67% of India's total pulse production from just 53% of the
cultivated area, with chickpeas making up 70% of this output. In contrast, kharif
pulses occupy 47% of the cultivated area but contribute only 33% to production,
indicating a need for improved productivity in kharif pulses.
v. There are significant yield differences among pulse crops, with chickpea showing
high yields (1.164 t/ha). At the same time, green gram and black gram suggest the
need for crop-specific strategies to enhance productivity. The highest area under
pulse cultivation was recorded at 30.7 Mha in 2021-22, while the peak production
reached 27.3 MT in the same year. The productivity peaked at 0.902 t/ha in 2022-23.
vi. Since the mid-1980s, pea has consistently achieved the highest yield levels in most
years. Following pea, chickpea has also recorded higher yields than other pulse
2 Major and Minor Pulses cultivated in India are: chickpea (bengal gram/gram/chana), pigeonpea (red
gram/arhar/tur), green gram (mungbean), black gram (urdbean/biri/mash), lentil (masur), fieldpea (pea/
matar), clusterbean (guar), kidney bean (rajmash/common bean/snap bean/french bean), mothbean
(moth), horsegram (kulthi), lathyrus (khesari/grass pea/chicking vetch/teora), and cowpea (lobia/
barbati/black-eyed pea). Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 12
crops, particularly since the 1990s, displaying a steady upward trend. Pigeonpea
initially had high yields, but their growth has been limited. Lentils have shown notable
improvements since 2010. Black gram yields are generally lower than those of pea,
chickpea, pigeonpea, and lentil, with minimal growth until 2008-09. Green gram,
with lower average yields than most crops except mothbean, has recently improved.
Mothbean, the lowest-yielding crop, has also seen advances recently.
vii. India's pulse production is concentrated in a few states, with the top ten states,
namely Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Karnataka, Gujarat,
Andhra Pradesh, Jharkhand, Telangana and Tamil Nadu, contributing about 91.28% of
the total output from 89.97% of the total area.
• Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Rajasthan are the top three pulses-producing
states in the country. These top three states collectively account for a substantial
portion, nearly about 55%, of India's pulse production.
• Madhya Pradesh is the largest pulse producer, with 5.44 Mha cultivation, making
up 18.69% of the area and contributing 22.11% of total production. Maharashtra is
second, with 4.56 Mha (15.66% of the area) and 16.46% of production. Rajasthan
has the largest cultivation area at 6.07 Mha (20.85% of total area) ranks third in
production at 16.3%.
• There are significant variations in pulse yields across different states. Gujarat is the
most productive state, with a 1.333 t/ha yield. In contrast, Karnataka, with a yield of
0.623 t/ha, exhibits the lowest productivity among the top pulse-producing states,
indicating a yield gap of 0.710 t/ha compared to Gujarat.
• Even leading states like Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra have room for
improvement in yields. Madhya Pradesh, the largest producer, has a yield gap
of 0.325 t/ha compared to Gujarat, which ranks fourth with 1.008 t/ha. Similarly,
Maharashtra, the second-largest producer, has a yield gap of 0.439 t/ha and ranks
sixth with a yield of 0.894 t/ha.
• Rajasthan, the largest state for pulse cultivation, has a yield of 0.665 t/ha, ranking
eighth among the top ten producing states and showing a yield gap of 0.668 t/ha
compared to Gujarat.
viii. Six of the top ten pulse-producing states exceed the national average yield, while
Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, and Karnataka fall below it. If these four
states matched the national average, it would increase major pulse production by
2.01 MT. To bridge these yield gaps and enhance overall pulse production, it is crucial
to identify and address the specific factors limiting productivity in different regions.
The yield gap between high-performing and low-performing states underscores the
need for targeted interventions to improve productivity.
ix. Pulses accounted for about 21.9% of the total foodgrain area in 2022-23. Although
area is significant, the contribution of pulses to total foodgrain production has
declined over the decades, hitting a low of 5.6% in 2000-01. Since 2015-16, policy
interventions have increased both the area and production share of pulses, which
grew from 18.95% in 2014-15 to 23.61% in 2021-22. The production share also rose
from 6.49% in 2015-16 to an average of 8.25% in the last three years, peaking at 8.92%
in 2017-18. Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 13
x. Pulse production trends have varied significantly before and after 2004-05. Since
1950-51 average growth rate for pulse production over 55 year period was about
0.52%. After 2004-05, this rate surged to 4.20%, largely driven by green gram (7.2%
growth), black gram (5.08%), and chickpea (4.68%).
• Green gram has experienced the most significant increase in its share of total pulse
production, rising from 8.06% in 2004-05 to 14.12% in 2022-23. Chickpea also grew,
increasing its share from 41.66% to 47.08%. In contrast, black gram's share has
remained stable at about 10.1%. While these crops have driven India's total pulse
production growth, other crops like pigeonpea, lentil, and pea have seen decreases
of 5.16%, 1.59%, 2.67%, and 0.36% in their shares highlighting the need for targeted
crop strategies.
xi. Among the top seven pulse-producing states, Rajasthan has become the leading
driver of national pulse production growth, achieving an impressive rate of 8.05%
after 2004-05, a significant increase of 6.5% from the period before. Maharashtra and
Madhya Pradesh also showed strong growth rates of 4.61% and 4.27%, respectively,
both exceeding the national average of 4.20%. Meanwhile, Karnataka increased its
growth to 2.88% post-2004-05, up from 2.08% from 1950-51 to 2004-05, indicating
effective region-specific practices implemented during this time.
• In contrast, other major pulse-producing states had growth rates below the national
average, showing varied performance. Uttar Pradesh improved from -0.34% pre-
2004-05 to 1.22%, yet still lags significantly. Andhra Pradesh dropped sharply
from 3.30% to -1.94%, while Gujarat's rise from 3.15% to 3.48% also fell short of the
national norm. These disparities underscore the need for targeted interventions
at the state and district levels to align growth with national objectives and ensure
sustainable pulse production.
xii. The analysis of yield growth volatility in pulse crops across states shows significant
differences. Some states have achieved low volatility and stability, while others
still experience considerable yield fluctuations. The decomposition analysis reveals
a complex relationship between yield, area, and their interaction in shaping pulse
production trends. While improving yield is essential for increasing production,
expanding cultivated areas also plays a vital role.
3. The Pulse of India’s Trade: A Deep Dive into The Sector’s Dynamics
i. Global pulse production is primarily concentrated in 39 countries, accounting for
90% of the global production, though cultivated in 172 countries worldwide.
ii. The global pulse trade has witnessed about 27% growth over the past decade,
expanding from 15 MT to 19 MT. It is projected to reach 22 MT by 2033 (OECD-FAO
2024), accounting for approximately 20% of global pulse production (IGC, Rabo
Research 2024).
iii. Dry pea, chickpea, and lentil account for 68% of global trade. Asia, despite being
a major consumer, relies on imports for 52% of its consumption while producing
only 43%. In contrast, Africa has enhanced its production and remains largely self- Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 14
sufficient. These disparities indicate increased trade and investment opportunities in
the global pulse market.
iv. The global pulse trade is a significant market; about 20% of global pulse production
is traded internationally, with Canada as the leading exporter. India and China, on the
other hand, are the leading importers of pulses.
v. In 2022, total pulse exports reached USD 12.5 billion, up from USD 9.77 billion in
2020. The top exporters were Canada (26.6%), Myanmar (11.2%), Australia (10.3%),
Russia (9.4%), the United States (4.6%), and Mozambique (3.3%). Despite being the
largest producer, India ranked ninth in global pulse exports, with about 2.5% of the
market share.
vi. On the import side, China is the largest importer in terms of quantity with 16.6%
(2.55 MT) in global imports, followed by India (15.5%, 2.38 MT), Turkey (7.9%, 1.22
MT), Pakistan (7.1%, 1.09 MT), the United Arab Emirates (5.4%, 0.82 MT), and the USA
(4.7%, 0.72 MT). Regarding import value, India is at the top, followed by China.
vii. Pulse imports in India, which were minimal in 1980-81 (0.17 MT), have surged to nearly
6 MT in 2015-16. This significant rise in imports, coupled with the relatively slow growth
in domestic production, has substantially increased India's import dependency, from
1.84% in 1980-81 to approximately 29% in 2015-16.
viii. Since 2016-17 India has significantly decreased its reliance on imported pulses.
Imports peaked at 6.61 MT in 2016-17 but fell to 2.496 MT by 2022-23. The GoI raised
MSP on major pulse crops, attracting farmers to increase cultivation. Consequently,
the area under pulses grew by 26.6%, from 23.55 Mha in 2014-15 to 29.81 Mha in 2017-
18. Between 2014-15 and 2021-22, pulse production surged from 17.15 MT to 27.302
MT, achieving a CAGR of 6.87%, the highest recorded to date.
ix. India's import dependency has reached new highs in the fiscal year 2023-24, driven
by factors like the El Niño weather pattern. Pulse imports soared by 84% year-on-
year, reaching a six-year high of 4.739 MT, up from 2.496 MT last year.
x. In 2023-24, India significantly increased its pulse imports, driven primarily by a rise in
red lentil (masur), yellow pea (matar), and black gram. Red lentil imports from Canada
more than doubled to 1.2 MT, with Canada and Australia making up nearly 98% of
these imports. Yellow pea imports from Russia and Turkey also rose significantly.
• To meet production shortfalls, India imported pigeonpea and black gram, with
Mozambique, Myanmar, and Tanzania supplying nearly 90% of pigeonpea and
Myanmar providing about 96% of black gram imports.
xi. From 2015-16 to 2023-24, pea was the most imported pulse crop, averaging 1.23 MT
per year, followed by lentil at 0.92 MT. Other notable imports included pigeonpea
(0.61 MT), chickpea (0.50 MT), black gram (0.47 MT), and green gram (0.18 MT).
Pea imports witnessed the most substantial increase in the last fiscal year, followed
by lentil, chickpea, and black gram. Conversely, pigeonpea and green gram imports
declined compared to the previous year.
xii. Since the 2013-14 agricultural year, MSPs for pulse crops have consistently risen. Lentil
have seen the highest percentage increase at 127.1%, followed by green gram (92.9%), Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 15
chickpea (82.3%), pigeonpea (75.6%), and black gram (72.1%). In absolute terms, green
gram had the largest increase at Rs 4,182 per quintal, followed by lentils (Rs 3,750),
pigeon peas (Rs 3,250), black gram (Rs 3,100), and chickpeas (Rs 2,550). This rise in
MSPs reflects the government's efforts to support farmers, enhance financial security,
and promote increased pulse cultivation, which is vital for boosting domestic production.
xiii. The cost of production varies among pulse crops. Green gram has the highest cost
at Rs 5,788 per quintal, followed by black gram at Rs 4,883, pigeonpea at Rs 4,761,
lentil at Rs 3,405, and chickpea at Rs 3,400. In terms of profit margins, lentils lead at
88.7%, followed by chickpea at 60.0%, pigeonpea at 58.6%, black gram at 51.5%, and
green gram at 50.0%. This illustrates the varying profitability of different pulse crops.
4. Demand and Supply Scenarios of Pulses in India
i. The global pulse market is projected to grow, with per capita consumption reaching
8.6 kg by 2033 (OECD-FAO 2024). This growth is expected in nearly all regions, with
Europe seeing the most significant increase at 3% annually.
ii. India has a disparity in pulse consumption between urban and rural areas, with urban
areas consuming 0.08 kg more per person per month on average. Chhattisgarh
shows the highest difference, followed by Telangana, Delhi, Arunachal Pradesh,
Haryana, Tamil Nadu, Manipur, Jammu & Kashmir, Sikkim, Jharkhand, and West
Bengal. Addressing these disparities is crucial for implementing targeted initiatives
to enhance pulse consumption.
iii. Pigeonpea is the most consumed pulse in India, making up 29.1% of urban consumption
and 29.8% of rural consumption in 2022-23. Chickpea is slightly more popular in rural
areas (15.2%) than urban areas (14.1%). In contrast, urban areas consume more green
gram (15.5%) compared to rural areas (13.6%).
• Lentils are more common in rural diets, with 15.8% versus 11.3% in urban areas.
Black gram is preferred in urban settings (12.4%) over rural (9.8%). Peas are also
favored in urban areas (3.2%) compared to rural (2.9%).
• Rural areas have higher consumption of pulses like moth and cowpea (2.9%) than
urban areas (2.0%). Lastly, urban areas lead in pulse product consumption (12.5%),
especially ready-to-eat foods, indicating a shift toward convenience.
iv. Per capita pulse consumption varies regionally, reflecting unique preferences.
Pigeonpea is popular in urban Central and Western India and in rural South and
Central India. Green gram is favored in urban Western India, while rural South and
Western India prefer it. Lentil is the most popular pulse in both urban and rural
areas of Northeastern and Eastern India. Black gram is common in South India, and
chickpea are preferred in North and rural South India. Other pulses, excluding pea,
are more common in rural North India, whereas pea is favored in urban South India.
Pulse products are more popular in urban South India than in rural areas, followed by
North and Western India. Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 16
v. The per capita net availability of pulses in India has exhibited a complex trajectory
over the past several decades. Initially, between 1950-51 and 1970-71, there was a
14.5% decline, from 22.16 kg/year to 18.94 kg/year. Subsequently, a more significant
decrease of 40.4% occurred between 1970-71 and 1980-81, reducing availability to
11.28 kg/year. However, a turnaround began in the following decades, between 1980-
81 and 2000-01, a gradual increase of 2.9% was observed, bringing the per capita
availability to 11.61 kg/year. A more substantial surge of 48.1% followed between
2000-01 and 2022-23, reaching 17.19 kg/year.
vi. The current dietary patterns in India deviate from ICMR-NIN dietary recommendations.
Cereals, for instance, contribute significantly to the daily diet, i.e., 50-70% of total
daily energy intake often exceeding the recommended limit of 45%, while pulses,
meat, poultry, and fish contribute only 6-9%, falling short of the recommended 14%
of total energy.
vii. The recent Household Consumption Expenditure Survey (HCES) 2022-23 data
reveals that the pulse consumption in the average Indian diet remains well below the
ICMR-NIN dietary recommended levels, leading to a widening gap between current
consumption and the nutritional requirements from pulses across all states and UTs,
both in rural and urban areas. While Himachal Pradesh exhibits the highest per capita
consumption of 1.32 kg/person/month (in both rural and urban), it still falls short
of the recommended levels for both vegetarians (2.55 kg/person/month) and non-
vegetarians (1.65 kg/person/month).
viii. Pulses demand projections have been worked out using the following three
approaches. i.e., (i) Static / Household Approach, using the population projection
and the base year per capita net availability. This approach assumes short-term static
behavior of consumption; (ii) Normative Approach, based on the dietary requirement
as recommended by the ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition (NIN) and population
projection; (iii) Behaviouristic Approach, which considers changes in the behavior of
consumption of different food items on account of changing per capita income and
prices, measured in terms of income/expenditure elasticities, base year per capita
net availability and population projection.
ix. The Static/Household Approach estimates projected demand to reach 26.8 MT
by 2030 and 29.3 MT by 2047. These projections are based on population growth
forecasts and a base year per capita net availability of 17.69 kg/year (the last three-
year average per capita consumption), translating to a total demand of 24.89 MT in
2022.
x. The Normative Approach projects a rise in pulse demand to 46.33 MT by 2030 and
50.26 MT by 2047.
xi. The two-scenario framework employed in the behaviouristic approach clearly shows
India's potential pulses demand trajectory. Under the Business as Usual (BAU)
scenario, demand for pulses and pulse products is projected to reach 35.16 MT by
2030 and 50.73 MT by 2047. Considering India's aspirations of becoming a developed
nation by 2047, this analysis additionally considers the demand for pulses under a
High-Income Growth (HIG) scenario. This HIG scenario, assuming an estimated 8%
annual per capita NNI growth, projected a demand of 43.76 MT by 2030 and 50.73
MT by 2047. Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 17
xii. Furthermore, the analysis suggests that India's per capita consumption is expected
to reach the maximum required demand for pulses based on the ICMR-NIN
recommended dietary requirement (i.e., 30.62 kg/person/year) by 2039 under the
BAU Scenario-I and by 2031 under the HIG Scenario-II, respectively. This represents an
eight-year advancement compared to the BAU situation, highlighting the significant
impact that rapid economic growth can have on pulse demand in India.
xiii. The total pulse production (based on aggregated data) forecasts a steady increase,
reaching an estimated 34.45 MT by 2030 and 51.57 MT by 2047, up from 26.06 MT in
2022. Interestingly, the aggregated production estimates derived from the individual
pulse crop’s forecasts closely align (32.1 MT by 2030 and 50.7 MT by 2047) with the
projections based on aggregate data. This convergence between the two approaches
strengthens the validity and reliability of the overall production forecasts.
xiv. The national-level pulse supply is projected to be 30.6 MT by 2030 and 45.8 MT by
2047. However, it is crucial to acknowledge that unforeseen factors could potentially
impact these projections.
xv. The household/static approach scenario projects a surplus situation. By 2030, a
surplus of 3.79 MT is anticipated, increasing to 16.48 MT by 2047.
xvi. The normative scenario based on ICMR-NIN dietary guidelines shows a significant
demand-supply gap of 15.74 MT by 2030, decreasing to 4.47 MT by 2047. To close
this gap, India's pulse production must increase by 1.86 times by 2030 and 2.02 times
by 2047 compared to current levels.
xvii. Under the behaviouristic approach, the BAU scenario estimates a gap of 4.57 MT
is projected by 2030, increasing slightly to 4.94 MT by 2047. To bridge this gap,
pulse output would need to grow by a factor of 1.41 times and 2.04 times by 2030
and 2047, respectively, from the current level of supply. The HIG scenario projects
a significant gap of 13.17 MT by 2030, decreasing to 4.94 MT by 2047. To achieve
equilibrium, pulse output would need to be amplified by a factor of 1.76 times and
2.04 times by 2030 and 2047, respectively. To ensure a sustainable and secure future
for the pulse sector, it is crucial to consider these diverse scenarios and develop
appropriate strategies to address potential challenges and opportunities.
5. Strategies and Roadmap to Achieve Self-Sufficiency for Atmanirbharta in Pulses
i. To achieve self-sufficiency, India must adopt a multifaceted strategy focusing on
three key pillars: (i) value addition and reducing post-harvest losses in pulses, (ii)
expanding the area under pulse cultivation (Horizontal Expansion), and (iii) improving
productivity (Vertical Expansion).
ii. The quadrant approach offers a valuable tool for achieving self-sufficiency in pules,
identifying district clusters using four quadrants [i.e., (i) High Area-High Yield (HA-
HY), (iii.) High Area-Low Yield (HA-LY), (iii) Low Area-High Yield (LA-HY), and (iv)
Low Area-Low Yield (LA-LY)] for the pulse crops cultivated in India.
iii. The HA-HY cluster should focus on vertical expansion strategies to increase yields,
taking learnings from global pulse production leaders. The HA-LY cluster, with large
areas but lower yields, also needs vertical initiatives, benefiting from benchmarking Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 18
against India's top districts. The LA-HY cluster has smaller cultivated areas but
high yields, offering opportunities for horizontal expansion. Learning from national
leaders can enhance cultivation practices here. Meanwhile, the LA-LY cluster, which
has low areas and yields, requires a combined approach of horizontal and vertical
strategies. Benchmarking against high-performing districts is crucial for this cluster
to implement necessary improvements.
• Pigeonpea: HA-HY cluster: 48 districts (majorly from Jharkhand, Uttar Pradesh,
Maharashtra, and Gujarat); LA-HY cluster: 212 districts (majorly from Uttar Pradesh,
Bihar, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, and Rajasthan);
HA-LY cluster: 55 districts (majorly from Maharashtra, Telangana, Karnataka,
Jharkhand, and Andhra Pradesh); LA-LY cluster: 239 districts (majorly from
Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Assam, Chhattisgarh, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh,
Telangana and Arunachal Pradesh).
• Chickpea: HA-HY cluster: 99 districts (majorly from Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan,
Jharkhand, Uttar Pradesh, and Gujarat); LA-HY cluster: 165 districts (majorly from
Uttar Pradesh, Telangana, Madhya Pradesh, West Bengal, and Andhra Pradesh);
HA-LY cluster: 63 districts (majorly from Jharkhand and Maharashtra); LA-LY
cluster: 208 districts (majorly from Assam, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Karnataka, and
Tamil Nadu).
• Green gram: HA-HY cluster: 53 districts (majorly from Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh
Bihar, and Andhra Pradesh); LA-HY cluster: 234 districts (majorly from Uttar
Pradesh Gujarat, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, West Bengal, Bihar, Telangana, Punjab,
Andhra Pradesh, and Jharkhand); HA-LY cluster: 82 districts (majorly from Odisha,
Rajasthan, Maharashtra, and Karnataka); LA-LY cluster: 250 districts (majorly
from Uttar Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, and
Telangana).
• Black gram: HA-HY cluster: 68 districts (majorly from Jharkhand, Andhra
Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, and Uttar Pradesh); LA-HY cluster: 193 districts
(majorly from Uttar Pradesh, Telangana, Bihar, and Arunachal Pradesh); HA-LY
cluster: 97 districts (majorly from Madhya Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, and
Chhattisgarh); LA-LY cluster: 237 districts (majorly from Uttar Pradesh, Karnataka,
Madhya Pradesh, and Odisha).
• Lentil: HA-HY cluster: 46 districts (majorly from Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh,
and Jharkhand); LA-HY cluster: 131 districts (majorly from Uttar Pradesh, Madhya
Pradesh, and Rajasthan); HA-LY cluster: 52 districts (majorly from Jharkhand and
Uttar Pradesh); LA-LY cluster: 145 districts (majorly from Assam, Chhattisgarh, and
Uttar Pradesh).
• Pea: HA-HY cluster: 28 districts (majorly from Uttar Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh,
and Arunachal Pradesh); LA-HY cluster: 75 districts (majorly from Uttar Pradesh
and Rajasthan); HA-LY cluster: 72 districts (majorly from Jharkhand and Uttar
Pradesh); LA-LY cluster: 238 districts (majorly from Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Assam,
Chhattisgarh, and West Bengal).
• Mothbean: Rajasthan is the dominant contributor to the mothbean in India,
accounting for 97.97% of the area and 96.42% of the production. HA-HY Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 19
cluster: represented by Barmer (Rajasthan), Bandipore (Jammu & Kashmir), and
Ahmadabad (Gujarat): HA-LY cluster: 7 districts (six from Rajasthan and one from
Haryana); LA-HY cluster: 39 districts predominantly in Gujarat, Jammu & Kashmir,
and Rajasthan; LA-LY cluster: 22 districts primarily in Rajasthan, and Haryana.
iv. Utilizing just one-third of the total rice fallow area across ten states for pulse
cultivation can significantly enhance domestic production, a potential increase of up
to 2.85 MT. Further, intercropping pulses with sugarcane in regions like Uttar Pradesh
and Maharashtra can unlock an additional 3 Mha of cultivable land, potentially
yielding 2.4 MT of pulses. Similarly, optimizing the rice-wheat cropping system in
states like Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, and Haryana can make space for an additional 4 Mha
for pulse cultivation, with the potential to increase production by 2.8 MT (ICAR-IIPR
2024). Overall, these strategies could unlock a total of 8.05 MT of additional pulse
production, advancing India's self-sufficiency.
v. The Cluster Frontline Demonstration (CFLD) results in various agroecological
conditions in India revealed a yield gap between current farming practices and
Technological Interventions (TI), ranging from 24% in peas to 68% in pigeonpea. By
adopting existing, proven, and advanced technologies with effective and efficient
farming practices, domestic pulse production could rise by approximately 46.3% or
12.05 MT.
vi. By addressing factors like seed, feed, and wastage, the supply of pulses could increase
by 10.7 MT, improving farmer profitability and strengthening agricultural resilience.
A dedicated program focusing on advanced technologies, such as improved seed
varieties, modern machinery, and optimal agronomic practices, is essential. These
interventions are crucial for bridging the demand-supply gap and ensuring India’s
self-sufficiency in pulses.
vii. Abiotic and Biotic Stress Management: Mitigating the Impact on Pulse Production: To
ensure the sustainable and productive cultivation of pulses, effective management
strategies for both abiotic and biotic stresses are crucial. These stresses, including
drought, heat stress, pests, and diseases, can significantly impact yield and quality.
A comprehensive approach involving a combination of sustainable agronomic
practices, technological innovations, and strategic policy interventions is necessary
to address these challenges.
viii. Pulse Varietal Development through Genetic Diversity and Modern Breeding
Techniques: India has a rich genetic diversity of pulse crops, with the ICAR–National
Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (NBPGR) holding about 70,000 accessions.
However, much of this genetic wealth is underutilized. To better use these resources,
breeding programs should be modernized to efficiently extract desirable traits and
develop improved varieties. By incorporating modern tools like genomics, the process
of varietal development can be accelerated, reducing the time needed to bring high-
performing varieties to market. Key objectives include enhancing genetic potential
and improving tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses.
• A higher Varietal Replacement Rate (VRR) is crucial for improving crop yield, as
newer varieties typically resist diseases, pests, and extreme weather better. To
effectively reach grassroots farmers, need a clear strategy that includes distributing Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 20
seed mini-kits and enhancing agricultural extension services through local officer
training and demonstration plots. Collaborating with organizations like KVKs,
FPOs, and cooperatives can also help make seed procurement and distribution
more affordable and accessible.
ix. Post-Emergence Herbicide in Pulses: A Pathway to Enhanced Yield and Production:
The sensible use of post-emergence herbicides in pulse crops can significantly
enhance yields and overall production. By effectively controlling weeds, these
herbicides can optimize resource utilization, reduce competition for nutrients and
water, and boost crop productivity. For instance, applying Imazethapyr, Quizalofop-
p-ethyl, and Clodinafop-propargyl + sodium acifluorfen can increase yields in pigeon
pea, green gram, and black gram by 28.9%, 33.1%, and 37.6%, respectively. Similarly,
Topramezone and Quizalofop-p-ethyl in chickpeas and lentils can enhance yields
by 19.6% and 15.2%, leading to an additional 2.7 MT and 0.75 MT of production,
respectively. Overall, the adoption of these herbicides could lead to an estimated
increase of 6.9 MT in total pulse production. However, it is crucial to use them
responsibly and follow recommended practices to minimize environmental impacts.
Integrating cultural, mechanical, and biological weed management strategies can
further optimize herbicide use and enhance productivity.
x. Enhancing Nutritional Quality in Pulses through Nutrition-Sensitive Breeding
Programs: The nutrient profile of pulses can be enhanced by integrating nutritional
quality traits into breeding programs. Certain genotypes have been found to possess
significantly higher nutrient content. For example, some chickpea varieties (such as
ICC 5912) and pigeonpea lines (HPL 8, HPL 40) contain 26-27% protein, compared
to the 20-22% typically found in commercial varieties. Similarly, the L4704 lentil line
boasts more than double the iron and zinc content of standard commercial types.
Targeted, nutrition-sensitive breeding can significantly enhance nutritional security.
xi. Value Addition and Reducing Post-Harvest Losses in Pulses: Post-harvest losses in
pulses occur at various stages, from harvest to consumer consumption. A recent
NABCONS study (2022) assessed post-harvest losses across 54 crops/commodities
in all 15 agro-climatic zones of India, including major pulse-producing districts. The
estimated post-harvest losses in pulses (i.e., pigeon pea, chickpea, black gram, and
green gram) ranged from 5.65% in pigeonpea to 6.74% in chickpea. These losses are
primarily attributed to factors such as shattering of grains during harvesting, spillage
during various operations, and mishandling. To minimize these losses and improve
the overall efficiency of the pulse value chain, it is crucial to adopt advanced post-
harvest technologies and best practices.
• Reducing post-harvest loss by 1% further, the potential supply of total pulses could
increase by 0.27 MT and 0.41 MT in 2030 and 2047, respectively. The potential
increase in pigeonpea supply by 2030 is estimated to be 0.04 MT, and by 2047, it
is projected to reach 0.05 MT. Chickpea production is expected to increase by 0.15
MT in 2030 and 0.21 MT in 2047. The potential increase in green gram production
is 0.05 MT in 2030 and 0.10 MT in 2047. Black gram production is projected to
increase by 0.03 MT in 2030 and 0.05 MT in 2047.
xii. The Role of Mechanization: A Key to Increased Efficiency and Yield: Mechanization
of pulse production offers a promising avenue to enhance productivity, reduce Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 21
labour costs, and improve overall efficiency. By adopting suitable farm machinery for
various operations, such as tillage, planting, harvesting, inter-cultivation, threshing,
and processing, farmers can significantly optimize their production processes. For
example, mechanization can lead to a 10-15% increase in productivity (ICAR-IIPR
(2024)) by improving efficiency and reducing labor requirements.
xiii. The proposed strategic interventions, encompassing both horizontal and vertical
expansion approaches, offer a promising pathway to reduce import dependence.
By implementing these strategies effectively, India can significantly boost domestic
pulse production, potentially increasing total pulse production by 20.10 MT. This
substantial increase can not only have the potential to mitigate the current import
dependency of 4.739 MT but also address the projected demand gap of 15.74 MT by
2030 (i.e., the most demanding scenario), estimated through the normative approach
utilizing ICMR-NIN dietary requirement and establish India as a self-sufficient nation
in the pulse sector.
xiv. By 2030 and 2047, these interventions could lead to a projected pulses supply of
48.44 MT and 63.64 MT, achieving self-sufficiency under all three demand approaches
(i.e., Household/Static, Normative, and Behaviouristic). All the scenarios project a
surplus –i.e., 21.64 MT and 34.33 MT under the Household Approach; 2.11 MT and 13.38
MT under the Normative Approach; 13.28 MT and 12.91 MT under the Behavioristic
Approach (BAU); and 4.68 MT and 12.91 MT under the Behaviouristic Approach (HIG)
by 2030 and 2047 respectively.
xv. Over the past five years (2017-18 to 2022-23), India's pulse sector has experienced a
modest growth rate of about 2.50%. If this current growth trend continues, it will be
sufficient to meet the projected demand based on the household approach, which
considers only the population growth factor.
xvi. However, achieving self-sufficiency in pulses requires a more ambitious strategy. The
Behaviouristic Approach takes into account potential changes in food consumption
patterns resulting from factors such as rising income levels, lifestyle changes, and
price fluctuations. This necessitates a higher growth rate. Under the Business as Usual
(BAU) scenario, a compounded annual growth rate (CAGR) of 3.82% is required for
the period from 2022 to 2030. For the longer term, from 2022 to 2047, a slightly
elevated CAGR of 2.70%, compared to recent growth rates, is necessary.
xvii. The High-Income Growth (HIG) scenario presents an even more challenging outlook.
In this case, a significantly steeper CAGR of 6.69% is needed for the 2022-2030
period. For the longer-term goal of self-sufficiency by 2047, a CAGR of 2.70%, which
is slightly higher than recent growth rates, will be required from 2022 to 2047.
xviii. The Normative Approach adds another layer of complexity. It indicates that additional
efforts must be made to accelerate pulse production in order to meet the projected
dietary requirements. To meet the anticipated demand by 2030, a significantly higher
CAGR of 7.46% is necessary for the period from 2021 to 2030. For the long-term goal of
self-sufficiency by 2047, a slightly elevated CAGR of 2.66% compared to recent growth
rates is needed for the entire period from 2021 to 2047. These findings highlight the
critical need for strategic interventions to accelerate domestic production and bridge
the gap between current growth trends and self-sufficiency goals. Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 22
xix. To achieve this ambitious target, a focused approach using the "Quadrant Strategy"
on a district-wise cluster basis is essential. This strategy prioritizes clusters LA-LY,
as well HA-LY and LA-HY potential. By targeting these clusters and implementing
tailored interventions, India can maximize production.
xx. By combining the potential gains from strategic interventions with the existing
production level, India can achieve self-sufficiency in all scenarios, even with the
recent growth trend of 2.50%. A more focused and rigorous implementation of
the proposed strategic interventions is necessary to accelerate this progress. It
emphasizes a scalable approach that prioritizes clusters with LA-LY and those with
HA-LY and LA-HY potential. This more intensive approach has the potential to pave
the way for India to achieve Atmanirbharta in its pulses sector, ensuring a secure and
sustainable future for its needs.
6. Recommendations and Way Forward
Achieving self-sufficiency in pulse production is crucial for India’s food security and soil health.
NITI Aayog surveyed 885 farmers in five major pulse-producing states (i.e., Rajasthan, Madhya
Pradesh, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, and Karnataka) of the top seven to gather insights. These
findings, along with previous strategies, underpin recommendations to strengthen the pulse
sector, increase domestic production, and ensure sustainability.
i. Focus on Area Retention of Pulses and Diversification
• Crop Clusters and Technology Customization: Crop-wise clustering facilitates
horizontal and vertical expansion efforts for targeted growth in pulse production.
States and districts are grouped into four clusters (HA-HY, HA-LY, LA-HY, and LA-
LY) based on the area under cultivation and yield performance for each pulse crop,
allowing for more tailored growth strategies. Developing customized technology
specific to each cluster is essential for yield improvement. Additionally, establishing
Agro-Ecological Sub Region (AESR)-based model farms for each crop can support
the horizontal dissemination of advanced cultivation practices.
• Horizontal Expansion in Rice Fallow Areas: Utilizing just one-third of the total
rice fallow area across ten states for pulse cultivation can significantly enhance
domestic production. Estimates suggest a potential increase of up to 2.85 MT in
pulse output. This statistic underscores the immense potential of these currently
fallow lands. A combination of incentives and strategic planning is necessary to
tap into this potential effectively. Providing incentive packages for input costs and
guaranteeing remunerative prices can motivate farmers to adopt pulse cultivation
in these areas. Identifying suitable areas for pulse cultivation, with the involvement
of experts and state governments, is crucial. A phased approach, starting with pilot
projects in key states, can help refine strategies and maximize impact.
ii. Seed Traceability and Quality Assurance
• A significant factor contributing to low pulse productivity is using low-quality
traditional seed varieties. Seed is a carrier of technological advancements, and
the supply of improved varieties can significantly enhance crop performance. A Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 23
phased approach should be adopted to distribute high-quality seeds and seed
treatment kits to farmers in targeted districts with high potential for yield growth
and area expansion to address this issue. Given that a significant portion of pulse
production is concentrated in specific regions, with 50 districts contributing 50%
of the total output and 111 districts contributing 75%, these districts should be the
special focus for raising the production of pulses to attain self-sufficiency in pulses.
• Cluster-Based Seed Village: To ensure a consistent supply of high-quality seeds,
establishing cluster-based seed hubs at the block level, following the "One Block-
One Seed Village" model, is crucial. These hubs, facilitated by Farmers' Producer
Organizations (FPOs), can guarantee farmers' access to high-quality pulse seeds
on time, thereby enhancing seed and varietal replacement rates. Implementing
end-to-end traceability from breeder to farmer for quality assurance is crucial.
iii. Strengthening Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs) and District-Level Value
Chain Planning
• This can be a game changer in the pulses sector. Through this, the pulse value
chain can be easily shortened; it can also add a lot of value to the hands of pulse
growers. Identifying the pulses-growing clusters and bringing on a single platform
to integrate with the backward and forward linkages will help the farmers to reduce
the cost of production substantially.
• In addition to that, this will also help in capturing additional value by undertaking
the processing of pulse grains and delivering the product directly to urban
consumers through organized retailers. The shortening of the value chain will help
the consumers in accessing the produce at a reasonable price, even if the support
price of pulses is increased substantially. The by-products of processed pulses are
also nutritious feed for livestock, which can also be additional benefits for the
farmers if the processing mills are set up near these farmers.
iv. Effective Procurement
• The procurement of pulses after harvest needs to be strengthened immediately.
Most of the pulse growers are currently unable to reach regulated markets to
sell their produce; instead, village traders are their main buyers. Therefore, to
ensure remunerative prices for these growers, it is very important to bring the
procurement centers to the growers' doorstep, particularly during harvest season.
Standardization of prices and procurement by using mobile vans or regulating the
village traders to make public all the information related to the transactions may
reduce the ambiguities and exploitation of the smallholders. In the medium term,
it can be facilitated by forming Farmer Producer Organization (FPO) and linking it
with the National Agricultural Market through e-platforms.
v. Price Support and Market Interventions
• To ensure remunerative prices for pulse producers and incentivize cultivation,
providing a price guarantee is crucial and implement the same either by paying Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 24
the gap between MSP and prices received by the producers in the market or by
procurement by public agencies. Both these provisions are already there in the
scheme "PM AASHA" operated by the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers’ Welfare.
Its operational part needs to be strengthened for effective and comprehensive
coverage.
vi. Integrating Pulses into the Public Distribution System
• Keeping in view the widespread under- and malnutrition among women and
children in India, to achieve the target of zero hunger and good health and well-
being prescribed in sustainable development goals (SDG), it is necessary to provide
pulses to all the poor households at affordable prices. Although this would further
increase the demand for pulses, it can be managed if sufficient steps for enhancing
domestic production are already taken. Therefore, compulsory inclusion of pulses
in the existing schemes, such as the mid-day meal scheme or public distribution
system (PDS), shall be ensured so that the minimum pulse consumption by poor
households is maintained even during the scarcity in pulse production.
vii. Customization and Development of Farm Equipment
• A collaborative approach to developing small-sized multi-crop harvesting farm
machines and other farm equipment for plant protection can greatly assist
producers in lowering labor costs.
viii. Potential in Summer Pulses
• To enhance irrigation efficiency, a robust Management Information System (MIS)
network is essential, particularly during the reproductive phase of crops. This can
ensure timely irrigation and optimal water use. Additionally, opening canals to
exploit potential irrigable areas is crucial for mitigating the effects of consecutive
droughts. Emphasizing the adoption of early-maturing varieties of crops like rice,
potato, wheat, and sugarcane can help prevent pre-harvest sprouting caused by
unexpected pre-monsoon rains.
ix. Resource Requirement for Input Incentive Package
• Pulses are a legume crop, and they can take nitrogen from the environment and fix
it in the soil for plant use. The estimates of the amount and value of nitrogen fixed
by pulses in the soil in India. Different pulses fix 58-70 kg of Nitrogen per hectare
of area under their cultivation. All five pulses taken together fix 2.91 LT of Nitrogen
(N) in the soil. This quantity is equivalent to 6.48 LT of urea. Pulses, on average,
enrich soils by 66 kg N, which is valued at Rs. 3233 per hectare. Based on this, the
total value of N fixed in 27 Mha area under cultivation of pulses comes to Rs. 8811
crores. If this much nitrogen is to be applied to soil, it will involve a subsidy on urea
to the tune of Rs. 7841 crores. These facts highlight the value of ecological services
rendered by pulses to society. Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 25
• To incentivize farmers to increase pulse production, a portion of the ecological
services provided by pulse cultivation can be utilized. Implementing incentive
packages, such as providing high-quality seeds and seed treatment kits at
subsidized rates (e.g., half the MSP), can encourage farmers to expand their
cultivation, particularly in intensive pulse-producing districts.
x. Bio-fertilization Strategies
• To enhance summer crop yields, especially for pulses, several bio-fertilization
strategies have proven effective. Field monitoring across various states by DPD,
Bhopal, has shown that the use of NPK liquid bio-fertilizers significantly boosts
the productivity of summer green gram and black gram. These bio-fertilizers help
reduce the leaching of essential nutrients like potassium and nitrogen as well as
mitigate phosphorus fixation in soils, thereby making nutrients more available to
plants.
• For optimal results, it is recommended to apply NPK liquid bio-fertilizer at a rate
of 500 ml per acre, mixed with 50-100 kg of farmyard manure (FYM) or compost,
and incorporate it into the soil before sowing. Additionally, using other liquid bio-
fertilizers, such as Liquid Rhizobium, Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria (PSB), and
NPK-3 (a combination of Rhizobium, PSB, and Potassium Mobilizing Bacteria) at
the same dosage rate further enhances soil nutrient availability by converting fixed
phosphorus into a form accessible to crops.
xi. Advancing Research & Development for Pest-Resistant Pulse Varieties
Pulses, a vital source of protein, are particularly susceptible to pests and diseases.
An estimated 30% of pulse crops are lost annually due to these issues, with pests
like pod borers, aphids, and pod flies causing severe damage. Addressing these
challenges and ensuring sustainable pulse production is crucial for long-term success.
Prioritizing the development of pest-resistant varieties through the application of
modern biotechnology tools is essential to enhance the genetic resilience of pulse
crops. Additionally, fostering public-private partnerships can optimize logistics and
handling practices, addressing broader challenges within the pulse sector. Integrating
pulse crops into farmers' overall cropping systems can further optimize resource
utilization and enhance productivity.
• Developing short-duration, pest- and disease-resistant cultivars specific to
production regions: Developing improved cultivars specific to production regions
is crucial for breaking the yield barrier. The success of chickpea cultivation in the
central and southern regions serves as an excellent example. Focusing on the
development of super early varieties without yield penalties with pest- and disease
resistance can significantly enhance pulse production and productivity in India.
• Developing machine-harvestable and herbicide-tolerant varieties for HA-HY
regions/districts: Development of machine-harvestable and herbicide-tolerant
varieties of pulses, especially chickpea, lentil, mung bean, and black gram, will Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 26
allow pulses production at a commercial scale with production efficiency. This will
also allow for public-private partnerships for pulse production and market linkages.
• Climate-resilient varieties to insulate pulse production from seasonal shocks
and fluctuations: Pulses are vulnerable to climate shocks due to their nature of
cultivation in marginal areas, and the development of climate-resilient varieties
with tolerance to drought, waterlogging, frost, and heat stresses will stabilize not
only production but also market prices.
• Improved varieties enriched with nutrients (protein, iron, zinc): Pulses varieties
biofortified with protein, iron, and zinc content will contribute to nutritional security.
In addition, efforts to reduce the anti-nutritional factors such as ODAP in grass pea
will contribute to enhanced consumption of pulses in the country.
xii. Robust Early Warning Systems and Proactive Adaptation Strategies
• To mitigate the impact of adverse weather conditions like El Niño on pulse
production, robust early warning systems, and proactive adaptation strategies are
crucial. These systems should monitor weather patterns, predict potential impacts
on pulse crops, and disseminate timely advisories to farmers. In addition, developing
climate-resilient crop varieties, implementing efficient water management
practices, and diversifying cropping patterns are essential strategies for mitigating
vulnerability to extreme weather events.
xiii. Data-driven Transformation
• Addressing disparities in pulse crop yields requires a data-driven approach and
robust systems to bridge regional gaps. Advancing research and development is
essential for the transformation of the pulse sector. A deeper understanding of
climate-crop interactions, coupled with the development of innovative solutions,
is critical to enhancing the resilience of this sector. Such advancements can
provide returns that surpass the benefits offered by input subsidies. Furthermore,
implementing comprehensive monitoring systems of interventions and import
prices, leveraging ICT platforms like the SAATHI Portal, Krishi Mapper, etc. facilitates
informed decision-making, ultimately ensuring the long-term sustainability and
productivity of the pulse sector. Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 27
Chapter I:
Introduction Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 28 Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 29
Introduction
1.1 Background
Pulses
3
, annual leguminous crops, are pivotal in the global food system. Their dry grains (come
in various shapes and sizes) are rich in plant-based protein, essential minerals, dietary fibre,
vitamins, and phytochemicals. They are a valuable source of nutrition, providing valuable amino
acids for both humans and livestock. Beyond their nutritional value, pulses offer significant
benefits for sustainable agriculture, playing an important role in cropping systems because of
their ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen, enhancing their significance as crops suited for dry
and rain-fed areas, and improving soil fertility, which has been displaying slow deterioration.
Additionally, pulses are well-suited for crop diversification and intensification, providing a
sustainable approach to agriculture. With their low water and carbon footprints and soil-
conserving properties, pulses offer a valuable solution for sustainable agriculture and climate
change mitigation, particularly in rainfed regions. These multifaceted benefits emphasize
the critical role of pulses in ensuring food security, promoting environmental sustainability,
and contributing to a more resilient agriculture. The United Nations Food and Agriculture
Organization (FAO) recognizes 11 types of pulses, i.e., dry bean
4
, chickpea dry, pigeonpea dry,
lentil dry, dry pea, cowpea dry, dry broad bean/ horse bean, dry bambara bean, vetches, lupins,
and pulses n.e.c. (not elsewhere classified – minor pulses that don’t fall into one of the other
categories). Globally, pulse production has been on a steady rise, with a 3% annual increase
since the early 2000s, with developing countries accounting for nearly 75% of the world’s
total output. Asia, in particular, has emerged as a major producer, contributing more than 44%
of the global total. As of 2022, the global area dedicated to pulses reached approximately
97.09 million hectares (Mha), resulting in a total production of 96.04 million tonnes (MT) and
an average productivity rate of 0.989 tonnes per hectare (t/ha) (FAOSTAT, FAO)
5
. Pulses are
grown in 172 countries worldwide, with India being the world’s largest cultivator (~38% of the
global cultivated area for pulses), producer (~28% of global production), consumer (~27% of
world consumption), and importer (~14%) of pulses in the world (FAOSTAT, FAO 2024).
Chickpea (bengal gram/gram/chana), pigeonpea (red gram/arhar/ tur), green gram
(mungbean), black gram (urdbean/biri/mash), lentil (masur), fieldpea (pea/matar),
clusterbean (guar), kidney bean (rajmash/common bean/snap bean/french beans), mothbean
(moth), horse gram (kulthi), lathyrus (khesari/grass pea/chicking vetch/teora) and cowpea
(lobia/barbati/black-eyed pea) are the twelve major and minor pulses cultivated in about 28.9
Mha in India with production of
6
. These crops thrive in diverse climatic and edaphic conditions,
typically concentrated in a few states, with the top ten states (Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra,
3 Pulses are annual leguminous crops yielding from one to twelve grains or seeds of variable size, shape, and
colour within a pod. The term "pulses" is limited to crops harvested solely for dry grain, excluding crops
harvested green for food (green pea, green bean, etc.) classified as vegetable crops. Also excluded are those
crops used mainly for oil extraction (e.g., soybeans and groundnuts) and leguminous crops (e.g., seeds of
clover and alfalfa) used exclusively for sowing purposes. Specific pulses can be skinned and partially crushed
or split to remove the seed coat (Source: https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL).
4 This includes beans, species of Phaseolus (vulgaris, lunatus, angularis, aureus, etc.) and beans, species
of Vigna (angularis, mungo, radiata, unguiculata, etc., (e.g., common bean, mungbean, urd bean, etc.);
does not include: soya beans, green beans, green and dry lentil, bean shoots and sprouts, locust beans
(carobs), castor beans, dry broad beans, and horse beans, and dry chickpea (garbanzo bean) (Source:
https://unstats.un.org/unsd/classifications/Econ/Structure/Detail/EN/1074/01701).
5 https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#home
6 https://desagri.gov.in/# Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 30
Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Karnataka, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Jharkhand, Telangana and Tamil
Nadu) contributing about 91.28% of the total production from 89.97% of the total cultivated
area. Geographically, the optimal conditions for pulse cultivation in India include temperatures
ranging from 20°C to 27°C, rainfall between 250-600 mm, and soils ranging from sandy to loamy.
However, recent estimates indicate a decline in both area and production for the 2023-24 season,
with figures standing at 27.51 Mha and 24.25 MT, respectively (DES, MoA&FW). Chickpea reign
supreme in India’s pulse production, contributing about 47.4% of the total output over the past
five years. This dominance is followed by pigeonpea (15.4%), green gram (12.02%), black gram
(10.3%), and lentil (5.4%) (DES, MoA&FW).
Pulse crops are cultivated under various agro-climatic conditions and seasons in India. They
are often grown in marginal and less fertile soils, making efficient use of limited resources and
water, a vital component of the country’s cropping and consumption patterns. India’s vast
rainfed areas, 52% of the country’s total net sown area, support 40% of the population and
2/3
rd
of the livestock. About 90% of coarse cereals, 80% of pulses, 74% of oilseeds, 65% of
cotton, and 48% of rice are produced in rainfed regions. India’s economy has been dominated
by agriculture, which contributes to employment at 49%. Pulse cultivation impacts the
livelihoods of more than 5 crore farmers and their dependents across the country, highlighting
its importance in rural economies.
The Government of India (GoI), recognizing the importance of food and nutritional security,
enacted the Food Security Act of 2013 to ensure access to adequate, affordable, and quality
food for all. Ensuring food and nutritional security at an affordable rate for more than 1.4
billion people remains a national concern and a priority for the government. Pulses, a vital
component of the Indian food basket, contribute significantly to national food and nutritional
security. Comprising 8.05% of the total foodgrain basket over the past five years, pulses offer
a cost-effective source of plant-based protein, vitamins, dietary fibre, and minerals. Often
referred to as the “poor man’s meat,” pulses are particularly important for those with limited
access to dairy and animal products. Their role in addressing health concerns like obesity,
diabetes, and malnutrition is substantial. As a staple food, pulses are integral to Indian diets,
providing essential variability in taste and nutrients and contributing to overall well-being.
Recognizing the dual objectives of achieving food and nutritional security while enhancing
the income of farmers, the GoI has initiated various farmer-centric strategies and programs
such as the Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY), Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima
Yojana (PMFBY), Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana (PKVY), Soil Health Management (SHM)
and Soil Health Card (SHC), and the National Agriculture Market scheme (e-NAM) since 2015-
16 to achieve the targeted outcomes and instrumental in supporting agriculture production
and promoting sustainable agricultural practices. Over the years, the government of India
(GoI) has introduced numerous policies and initiatives to enhance pulse production, improve
supply chain efficiency, and stabilize prices. These interventions, while making some headway,
have not fully bridged the demand-supply gap. Key government initiatives in the pulse
sector include the All India Coordinated Pulse Improvement Project (AICPIP, 1966), Pulses
Development Scheme (1969-1974), National Pulses Development Project (NPDP) (1985-1990),
Special Food Grain Production Programme (SFPP) on Pulses (1988-1989), Technology Mission
on Oilseeds, Pulses, and Maize (TMOP&M) (1990 onwards), Integrated Scheme of Oilseeds,
Pulses, Oil palm, and Maize (ISOPOM) (2004-2010), National Food Security Mission (NFSM)
- Pulses (2007-2012), and Accelerated Pulses Production Programme (A3P) (2010-2014),
designed to actively promote key technologies like Integrated Nutrient Management (INM)
and Integrated Pest Management (IPM) to ensure higher returns for farmers and catalyze Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 31
growth in the identified pulse crops. These initiatives aim to enhance productivity, improve
quality, and ensure food security by promoting sustainable practices and technological
advancements in pulse cultivation nationwide.
However, despite these efforts, pulse production fell to 16.35 MT in 2015-16, significantly below
national demand. Consequently, India was forced to import nearly 6 MT of pulses from other
countries to bridge the gap. In response to those challenges, the GoI has launched several
initiatives since 2015-16. For instance, the Pradhan Mantri Annadata Aay Sanrakshan Abhiyan
(PM-AASHA) scheme ensures farmers’ price support through the procurement of pulses,
oilseeds, and copra at a Minimum Support Price (MSP). During the period 2014-15 to 2023-24,
a quantity of 17.052 MT of pulses has been procured under the Price Support Scheme (PSS).
The e-Samridhi Portal, a farmer-centric initiative, empowers pigeonpea, black gram, and lentil
producers by facilitating procurement at MSP through the National Agricultural Cooperative
Marketing Federation of India Limited (NAFED) and the National Cooperative Consumers
Federation of India Limited (NCCF). The Government is committed to procuring 100% of these
pulses from the registered farmers on the e-Samridhi Portal. Additionally, the government has
reinvigorated the NFSM-Pulses program with a clear roadmap to achieve self-sufficiency in the
pulse sector. It is implemented in all 28 states and 2 union territories (J&K and Ladakh), with over
60% of funds allocated to pulses to boost pulse production. Key initiatives under NFSM-Pulses
include supporting breeder seed production, establishing 150 Seed Hubs at Indian Council
of Agricultural Research (ICAR) institutes, State Agriculture Universities (SAUS), and Krishi
Vigyan Kendras (KVKs) to increase quality seed production, and distribution of seed mini-kits
of pulses free of cost to the farmers of the varieties notified within 10 years. Additionally, ICAR,
KVKs, and SAUs conduct demonstrations on improved agricultural practices. By assisting
Central Seed Agencies, the NFSM aims to enhance the availability of quality certified seeds
of the latest pulse varieties, thereby contributing to increased production and productivity.
These interventions, along with support for cluster demonstrations, improved farm machinery,
efficient water tools, plant protection, nutrient management, processing equipment, and
farmer training on cropping systems, NFSM-Pulses aims to enhance pulse production and
productivity significantly. The Targeting Rice Fallow Area (TRFA) initiative under the NFSM-
Pulses program focuses on promoting lentil cultivation in states like Assam, Bihar, Jharkhand,
Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, West Bengal, and Odisha, and green gram and black gram
cultivation in Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Jharkhand, Gujarat, West Bengal, and
Karnataka. To further support the development of the pulse value chain, the government has
implemented various schemes. The Pradhan Mantri Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (PM-RKVY)
for state-specific pulse projects with State Level Sanctioning Committee (SLSC) approval.
Per Drop More Crop (PDMC) to build irrigation infrastructure for efficient water use. The Sub-
Mission on Agricultural Mechanization (SMAM) for comprehensive farm mechanization and
drone use for timely operations. The Seed Authentication, Traceability & Holistic Inventory
(SATHI) portal ensures quality and traceability in seed production and distribution. Additionally,
schemes like the Agri Infrastructure Fund (AIF), Pradhan Mantri Formalisation of Micro Food
Processing Enterprises (PMFME), Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs), and Pradhan Mantri
Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY) provide support for integrated development and risk management
in the pulse sector. In addition to that, GoI announced a significant raise in MSP by declaring
bonuses on all major pulse crops during the years 2016-17 and 2017-18. The increase in prices
attracted farmers to increase the area under pulses, resulting in a historic 18% surge in the
area under pulse production. Furthermore, to enhance domestic availability and stabilize
prices, the Government took a significant step by approving the establishment of a buffer Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 32
stock of 0.15 MT of pulses on December 9, 2015. Recognizing the need for more impactful market
intervention, it was determined that a greater buffer stock of about 2.0 MT would be essential.
This important recommendation received the Government’s approval in September 2016. As a
result, a robust buffer of 2.050 MT of pulses was created through a strategic combination of
domestic procurement and imports by the Rabi Marketing Season (RMS) 2017-18 for regular and
effective disposals. Since 2018-19 and onwards, the Government has decided that procurement
at the MSP will take place under the PSS of the DACFW. If procurement is not necessary under
the PSF, the need for maintaining an appropriate buffer will be met using PSS stocks. Since the
Rabi season of 2017, procurement has been conducted under MSP operations of the PSS, and
pulses procured through the PSS have been subsequently transferred to the PSF to satisfy buffer
requirements. This approach has facilitated the efficient use of PSS stocks for stabilization efforts,
with controlled releases made from the PSF. As a result, harmonization between the PSS and PSF
has been achieved, ensuring that farmers receive remunerative prices while managing supply-
side interventions to stabilize consumer prices.
Implementing proactive pulse programs and robust monitoring mechanisms by GoI has led to
significant growth in the area, production, and productivity of pulses. The period from 2016-
17 to 2021-22 witnessed notable increases, with production reaching 23.13 MT in 2016-17 to
25.46 MT in 2020-21 and 27.30 MT in 2021-22, achieving a record-breaking pulse production.
During this time, pulse productivity increased nearly 38% from 0.656 t/ha in 2015-16 to 0.902
t/ha in 2022-23. Despite these advancements, India’s domestic production still falls short of
meeting the country’s total demand, resulting in imports of 2.496 MT in 2022-23 though the
import dependency has significantly decreased from about 29% in 2015-16 to around 10.4% in
2022-23. This remarkable achievement signifies a major step forward in the nation’s quest for
self-sufficiency in the pulses sector.
1.2 Rationale for Atmanirbharta in Pulses
“Atmanirbharta,” the Hindi term for self-reliance or self-sufficiency, has become a guiding
principle for Indian government policies. This pursuit of self-sufficiency holds immense strategic
value for economic advancement, food security, and cultural heritage preservation. It is pivotal
for the transformation of a country into a developed nation. Achieving self-reliance in the
pulse economy offers several compelling benefits. Firstly, reducing import dependency will
strengthen national food security and ensure greater stability in the food supply. Secondly, it
will invigorate the domestic agricultural sector by promoting pulse cultivation, which is crucial
for rainfed farmers. This move will create employment opportunities, boost rural incomes, and
stimulate local economies. Additionally, cultivating pulses improves nutritional security for the
population and enhances soil fertility, benefiting overall agricultural health. Finally, attaining
self-sufficiency in pulse production will significantly reduce foreign exchange outflows, thus
decreasing the country’s import expenditures and contributing to economic stability.
Achieving self-sufficiency in pulses is not just an economic goal; it is a strategic imperative
for a self-reliant and prosperous India. As reaffirmed by the Finance Minister, the government
is committed to strengthening the production, storage, and marketing capabilities for pulses
to achieve this objective. In the recent Union Budget for 2025-26, the Finance Minister
emphasized that ten years ago, the country made concerted efforts and succeeded in nearing
self-sufficiency in pulses. Farmers responded to this need by increasing the cultivated area
by 50%, while the government ensured procurement and offered remunerative prices. Since
then, with rising incomes and improved affordability, our consumption of pulses has increased
significantly. To further this goal, the government will launch a six-year initiative called the Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 33
"Mission for Aatmanirbharta in Pulses," with a special focus on Tur, Urad, and Masoor. This
mission will emphasize: (1) The development and commercial availability of climate-resilient
seeds, (2) Enhancing protein content, (3) Increasing productivity, (4) Improving post-harvest
storage and management, and (5) Assuring remunerative prices to farmers. Additionally, the
central agencies, such as NAFED and NCCF, will be ready to procure these three pulses from
farmers who register with them and enter into agreements over the next four years.
At the 32
nd
International Conference of Agricultural Economists (ICAE) in August 2024, the
Honorable Prime Minister highlighted India’s remarkable transformation in the agricultural
sector. Recalling the challenges faced by India’s food security during its early years of
independence, the Honorable Prime Minister emphasized the country’s remarkable progress
in becoming a global agricultural powerhouse. Today, India is the world’s largest producer of
milk, pulses, and spices and the second-largest producer of food grains, fruits, vegetables,
cotton, sugar, tea, and farmed fish. These achievements are evidence of India’s successful
policies and investments in agriculture, which have not only ensured food security at home
but also contributed to addressing global food and nutrition challenges.
1.2.1 Minimizing Import Dependency
The GoI has successfully increased pulse production through targeted policies and
interventions from about 16-19 MT (i.e., in 2010-11 to 2015-16) to 25-27 MT in the past 2-3
years. While imports peaked at 6.6 MT in 2016-17 from 3-5 MT per annum from 2010-11
to 2014-15, they have steadily declined since then with some fluctuations, reaching their
lowest level in the last ten years of around 2.47 MT in 2020-21. During 2022-23, imports
are well within 2.5 MT. These developments highlight India’s progress towards reducing
import dependency and fostering a more self-sufficient pulse sector (DGCI&S, MoC; and
DES, MoA&FW).
However, despite a nearly 60% jump in overall domestic production since 2015-16, which
has helped India cut down on imports in the last few years, external factors such as the El
Niño weather pattern in the previous year have contributed to fluctuations in pulse prices
and imports. In the last fiscal year, 2023-24, India’s pulse imports skyrocketed by 84%
year-on-year, reaching a six-year high. The import of pulses reached 4.739 MT (DGCI&S,
MoC), a stark contrast to the prior year’s 2.496 MT, which was about a 90% increase and
about 18.5% of domestic demand. In value terms, the country’s spending on imports rose
about 93% to USD 3.74 billion from only US$1.94 billion in 2022-23, largely imported from
Canada, Myanmar, Australia, Tanzania, Mozambique, and Russia, covering 87% of the total
imports. Simultaneously, India has exported 0.63 MT of pulses to the world for the worth
of US$ 0.69 billion during the year 2023-24 to major export destinations (i.e., Bangladesh,
China, UAE, USA, and Sri Lanka) (DGCI&S, MoC). The surge in imports during 2023-24,
highlights the need for continued efforts to enhance sustainable domestic production and
reduce reliance on imports. Among pulses, the import has largely surged for yellow pea
(imported from Canada and Russia) and red lentil (imported from Canada and Australia).
Primarily, these two pulses are driving the overall pulse imports. The country’s imports of
red lentil from Canada have more than doubled to about 1.2 MT, despite strained diplomatic
relations. Further, the Reserve Bank of India has highlighted that food price pressures pose
challenges in bringing inflation down to the target of 4%, and the price of pulses plays
an essential role in inflation numbers. These trends underscore the complex interplay of
global economic factors influencing global trade and domestic supply-demand dynamics.
The government is actively exploring new markets like Brazil and Argentina to diversify Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 34
import sources and stabilize the domestic pulse market.
In January 2024, the Government of India expressed confidence in achieving complete
import independence in pulses by December 2027. To facilitate this goal, a new online
portal was launched to streamline the procurement process. This portal enables farmers
to directly sell pigeonpea to the National Agricultural Cooperative Marketing Federation
of India (NAFED) or the National Cooperative Consumers’ Federation of India (NCCF) at
the minimum support price (MSP) or at the prevailing market price, whichever is higher.
Further, in a significant step towards enhancing pulse production, the government has
launched a pilot contract farming project in collaboration with the NCCF. This initiative,
rolled out in Tamil Nadu, Bihar, Jharkhand, and Gujarat, aims at cultivating pigeonpea
and lentil on 1,500 hectares of farmland. This marks the government’s first foray into
contract farming, a strategic move to expand pulse cultivation. The government aims to
boost domestic production and reduce reliance on imports by incentivizing farmers and
providing technical support.
Achieving self-sufficiency in pulses requires concerted efforts to accelerate production
and meet the growing domestic demand. If domestic production does not keep pace with
consumption, reliance on imports will inevitably increase. Therefore, it is imperative to
implement a range of strategies to enhance pulse production, meet the nutritional needs
of the growing population, improve the trade balance by reducing imports, and promote
sustainability within the Indian agricultural system.
1.2.2 Achieving Nutritional Security
Pulses stand out as nutritional powerhouses and may impact substantially on SDG 2 (Zero
Hunger). They are essential food crops globally due to their high protein content, which
can significantly improve global nutrition, eradicate hunger, and tackle chronic health
conditions like obesity and diabetes. With their balanced composition of carbohydrates
(mainly starches, 55-65% of the total weight), proteins including essential amino acids
(18-25%, much higher than cereals), fat (1-4%), and the remainder consists of water and
inedible substance pulses offer a wide-ranging nutritional package. The energy content of
most pulses is between 300 and 540 kcal/100g.
Pulses, a staple in India’s diets, align seamlessly with the ethos of self-reliance (Atmanirbhar)
in India’s agricultural sector. Pulses provide a low-fat protein source (20-25%), high in
fibre, and with a low glycemic index. Compared to cereals, pulses contain 1.67 times more
iron, 2.47 times more protein, 3.54 times more vitamin A, and 5.31 times more dietary
folate. Pulses help lower the risk of coronary heart disease due to their high dietary fibre
content, which is known to reduce low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol—a key risk
factor for the condition. Pulses also contain essential vitamins and minerals, including iron,
potassium, and folate. These can help reduce the risk of neural tube defects (NTDs) like
spina bifida in newborns and are crucial for overall health and vitality. Moreover, they are
excellent sources of antioxidants, supporting cellular protection and immune function.
As gluten-free options, pulses cater to diverse dietary needs, ensuring accessibility and
sustainability in food systems. The widespread habit of eating pulses and rice, chapatti
with pulses, and idli with pulse-infused sambhar are a few examples of this combination in
the daily Indian food platter. The nutritional value of vegetarian and plant-based diets is
notably enhanced when pulses are consumed alongside cereals.
A healthy and balanced meal (food) includes generous amounts of vegetables, adequate
whole grains and pulses or beans, and modest portions of nuts or seeds, complemented Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 35
by a selection of fruits and plain fermented yogurt or curd. It is free of added sugars or
contains very minimal amounts and is seasoned with minimal oil/fats and salt for taste.
According to the Indian Council of Medical Research -National Institute of Nutrition (ICMR-
NIN), ‘My Plate for the Day’ recommends
7
sourcing macronutrients and micronutrients
from a minimum of eight food groups, with vegetables, fruits, green leafy vegetables,
roots, and tubers forming half the plate of the recommended foods daily. The primary
portion is comprised of cereals and millets, followed by pulses, meat, eggs, nuts, oilseeds,
and dairy products like milk and curd. Intake of cereals should be limited to 45% of the
total energy, while for pulses, eggs, and flesh foods, the total energy percentage should be
around 14% to 15%. 30g of pulses can be substituted with fish/flesh foods. Total fat intake
should be less than or equal to 30% energy, while nuts, oilseeds, milk, and milk products
should contribute 8%–10% of total energy per day respectively.
However, as per the data, cereals contribute 50% to 70% of total energy daily. Pulses, meat,
poultry, and fish together contribute to 6% to 9% of the total energy per day as against
the recommended intake level of 14% of total energy from these foods. In a large segment
of the country’s population, the intake of micronutrient-dense foods (whole grains, pulses,
beans, nuts, fresh vegetables, fruits, etc.) is found to be lower than the recommended
levels, whereas, the intake of refined cereals is found to be higher. A steady increase in
the intake of unhealthy foods among people complicates the matter further. As a result,
the majority of the population, including children, suffer from malnutrition and its adverse
health outcomes.
While overall food grain production, especially cereals, has risen consistently over the past
few decades, the per capita availability of food grains indicates adequacy in cereals (464g),
with pulses remaining low. Due to the limited availability and high cost of pulses and meat,
a significant proportion of the Indian population relies heavily on cereals, resulting in poor
intake of essential macronutrients (essential amino acids and essential fatty acids) and
micronutrients. Low intake of essential nutrients can disrupt metabolism and increase the
risk of insulin resistance and associated disorders from a young age.
1.2.3 Enhancing Sustainable Development
Pulses, a vital component of global food systems, contribute significantly to sustainable
development. Beyond their nutritional value, pulses are crucial in climate resilience,
biodiversity conservation, and poverty reduction. The symbiotic relationship between
pulses and soil can enhance soil structure by improving aggregate stability, aeration, and
water-holding capacity while also supporting microbial biodiversity. This, in turn, boosts
soil health and increases crop yields. Pulses have deep root systems that allow them to
access water stored deeper in the soil, enabling them to thrive better than crops with
shallower roots under water-stressed conditions. Additionally, the resilience of pulses to
various climate stresses makes them a valuable option for adapting to climate change. By
fostering diverse crop rotations and fixing atmospheric nitrogen, the cultivation of pulses
supports several Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), including SDG 2 (Zero Hunger),
SDG 3 (Good Health and Well-being) along with SDG 13 (Climate Action) and SDG 15 (Life
on Land). By encouraging sustainable farming practices and responsible consumption,
pulses align with SDG 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production). The United Nations
designated February 10th as World Pulse Day to raise awareness of these benefits.
7 ICMR-NIN, Dietary Guidelines for Indians. Expert Committee Members-2024. https://main.icmr.nic.in/
sites/default/files/upload_documents/DGI_07th_May_2024_fin.pdf Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 36
Achieving self-sufficiency in pulses offers substantial economic benefits for India. By reducing
import dependency and enhancing domestic production, India can stabilize its economy
by mitigating fluctuations in global market prices. This stability secures food security and
boosts rural livelihoods by providing steady income opportunities for farmers engaged in
pulse cultivation. Furthermore, self-sufficiency in pulses enhances food sovereignty, ensuring
access to nutritious food for all citizens. This strategic shift towards self-reliance in pulses
strengthens India’s economic resilience and reinforces its sustainable agriculture and food
security leadership, driving holistic socio-economic development across the nation.
Recognizing the pivotal role of the pulse sector in ensuring food security, diminishing import
reliance, and sustaining rural livelihoods, the following terms of reference are outlined to
accomplish the proposed task titled “Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth
in Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta.” Understanding the interconnectedness of
various stakeholders and factors is crucial for achieving Atmanirbharta; the critical inquiries
mentioned above are explored in the following chapter and pave the way for effective
strategies to bridge the demand-supply gap and achieve self-reliance in the pulses sector.
1.3 Terms of Reference (TOR)
i. Analyzing Pulse Sector Performance and Demand-Supply Gap:
• Conduct a comprehensive review of existing literature and analyses to gain insights
into historical trends (area, production, yield, import/export, and consumption) of
major pulses in India and the global context.
• Evaluate the effectiveness of past strategies implemented to achieve self-reliance
in pulse production in India.
• Examine the intricate interplay of various factors that influence and shape India’s
pulse trade, aiming to enhance profitability and encourage farmers in the context
of benefit-cost advantages of pulse crop cultivation to attain self-sufficiency.
• Analyze the current gap between domestic demand and supply of total and significant
pulses in India, identifying key factors contributing to the current shortage.
ii. Achieving Atmanirbharta: Framework and Strategies
• Develop a comprehensive framework for formulating a practical and implementable
roadmap with actionable strategies to achieve self-sufficiency (Atmanirbharta) in
the pulse sector.
• This framework will incorporate:
• District-level Clustering for Targeted Interventions:
»Employ a data-driven four-quadrant approach (High Area-High Yield, High Area-
Low Yield, Low Area-High Yield, and Low Area-Low Yield) to categorize district-
level clusters across India for major pulses (i.e., Pigeonpea, Green gram, Lentil,
Chickpea, Pea & Beans, Moth, and Black Gram). By leveraging the quadrant analysis,
identify high-potential clusters for specific pulses, enabling targeted interventions.
»Productivity Enhancement Strategies: Develop a practical and implementable
roadmap with actionable productivity enhancement strategies (focusing on
overcoming yield stagnation) for major pulses within the identified clusters.
The proposed strategies will encompass both horizontal and vertical expansion
initiatives, aligning with the cluster framework to enhance growth in domestic
pulse production. This approach aims to attain Atmanirbharta, or self-sufficiency,
in this sector. Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 37
Chapter II: Pulses:
A Global Perspective with
a Focus on India Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 38 Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 39
2.1 Introduction
The global pulse sector presents a diverse and dynamic scenery. In 2022, the global area
under pulse
8
cultivation reached a significant 97.09 Mha, resulting in a production of 96.04 MT.
This translates to an average global yield of 0.989 t/ha (FAOSTAT, FAO)
9
. Notably, pulses are
cultivated in a staggering 172 countries worldwide. The following maps visually represent the
worldwide spatial patterns of pulse cultivated area, production, and yield (Map 2.1).
8 The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) recognizes 11 types of pulses: dry beans,
chickpea, pigeonpea, lentil, dry pea, cowpea, dry broad bean, bambara bean, vetches, lupin and pulses
n.e.s. (not elsewhere specified – minor pulses that don’t fall into one of the other categories).
9 https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#home
Pulses: A Global Perspective
with a Focus on India Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 40
Source: Authors computation from FAOSTAT database (2024)
Map 2.1: Spatial Patterns of Global Cultivated Area, Production, and Yield of Pulses (2022)
Among various pulse crops, dry bean holds the top spot in terms of cultivated area, covering
38% globally and grown in 105 countries. Chickpea, dry pea, pigeonpea, lentil, cowpea, and
other pulses
10
, with their respective shares of 15% (in 49 countries), 7% (in 95 countries),
6% (in 24 countries), 6% (in 43 countries), 16% (in 33 countries), and 11% of the total pulses
cultivated area, having its specific geographic distribution.
This diverse distribution extends to production, with dry bean again leading the pack
at 29% share of global pulse production. Other major contributors are chickpea, dry pea,
pigeonpea, lentil, cowpea, and other pulses, with respective shares of 19%, 15%, 5%, 7%, 10%,
and 15%, respectively. India’s prominence as a leading producer of several pulse crops further
underscores its significance in the global pulse market.
Interestingly, the yield varies significantly across pulse crops. Dry pea stands out with the
highest productivity at 1.979 t/ha, followed by chickpea (1.222 t/ha), lentil (1.209 t/ha),
pigeonpea (0.883 t/ha), dry bean (0.770 t/ha), and cowpea (0.643 t/ha), where other pulses
yield was 1.434 t/ha. These figures highlight the diverse productivity levels across pulse crops,
reflecting the influence of various factors such as climate, soil conditions, and cultivation
practices. These offer valuable insights for optimizing production practices and maximizing
returns. The accompanying figure (Figure 2.1) presents the crop-wise global scenario of pulses
for the year 2022. Recognizing these global trends and diverse productivity levels across
pulse varieties offers valuable insights for optimizing production practices and maximizing
returns in India’s journey towards self-sufficiency in pulses.
10 Other pulses include dry broad beans, bambara beans, vetches, lupins, and pulses n.e.c. (not elsewhere
classified – minor pulses that don’t fall into one of the other categories). Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 41
Source: Authors computation from FAOSTAT database (2024).
Figure 2.1: Global Scenario of Pulses in 2022: Crop-Wise Distribution
2.2 Temporal Analysis of Global Pulse Area, Production, and Yield Patterns: Last
Six-Decade Trends (1961-2022)
The cultivation of pulses has a long-standing tradition in almost all regions of the world. For
centuries, legumes have been integral to traditional agricultural systems. The global pulse
scenario has significantly transformed over the past six decades (Figure 2.2). While the
area under pulse cultivation experienced fluctuations and a declining trend in the initial two
decades, it exhibited an upward trend in the ‘80s followed by a declining trend in the ‘90s.
From 1961 to 2000, the global area under pulse cultivation increased from 64.01 Mha to 66.26
Mha, peaking at 70.76 Mha in 1991. However, a remarkable expansion occurred between 2000
and 2022, with the area growing from 66.26 Mha to 97.09 Mha.
Before the 2000s, global pulse production stagnated due to the widespread decline of
traditional crop rotation systems, particularly in low-income countries. This was compounded
by factors such as weak disease resilience, limited genetic diversity, inadequate access to
high-yielding varieties, and insufficient policy support for pulse growers. From 1961 to 2000,
global pulse production increased subtly from 40.78 MT to 55.86 MT. However, since the
early 2000s, the sector has experienced significant growth, averaging an annual increase of
3.27% globally until 2022. Asia and Africa have been key drivers of this growth, accounting
for over half of the production increase in the past decade. Between 2000 and 2022, global
pulse production surged from 55.86 MT to 96.04 MT. This surge is primarily driven by the
expansion of cultivation area and gradual improvements in yield, supported by advancements
in agricultural technology, better seed varieties, and improved farming practices. Per capita
pulse production globally has exhibited a fluctuating trend over the years. In the year 1961,
it stood at 13.273 kg/capita but subsequently declined to 9.209 kg/capita by 1981. It then Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 42
experienced a period of growth, reaching 11.183 kg/capita in 1990. However, a downward trend
followed till 2000, leading to stagnation between 9.0-9.4 kg/capita until 2009. Since then,
per capita production has shown a significant upward trajectory, reaching 12.072 kg/capita
in 2022, with a peak of 12.525 kg/capita in 2017 (Figure 2.3). This recent increase indicates
positive strides in global pulse production and consumption.
While the initial phase until 1975 led to a stagnant period in global pulse productivity,
subsequent years witnessed a gradual recovery and growth, peaking at 0.860 t/ha in 1990
from an initial level of 0.637 t/ha in 1961. However, productivity declined slightly to 0.840
t/ha by 2000. In recent decades, the pace of improvement in pulse yields has accelerated
significantly. By 2022, the global yield had increased to 0.989t/ha. This positive trend in yield
can play a crucial role in boosting pulse production.
Source: Authors computation from FAOSTAT database (2024)
Figure 2.2: Global Area, Production, and Yield Trend of Total Pulses (1961-2022) Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 43
Source: Authors computation from FAOSTAT (2024) and World Bank database
Figure 2.3: Global Pulse per Capita Production (kg/capita/year)
2.3 Decadal Growth Patterns: Area, Production, And Yield of Total Pulses
(1961-2022)
While the early decades of the 1960s and 1970s witnessed a decline in both the cultivated area
and production of pulses, with annual growth rates -0.89% to -0.42% for the area and -0.54%
and -0.13% for production, yields during these periods demonstrated a positive growth rate,
0.36%, and 0.29% respectively.
A significant turnaround happened in the 1980s, with marked increases in both area and
production growth, reaching 1.1% and 3.46%, respectively. Concurrently, yield growth also
accelerated to 2.33%. The 1990s saw a continued positive production growth at 0.32%,
although the cultivation area growth rate declined to -0.34%. Nevertheless, yields continued
a positive growth rate of 0.67%.
The early 2000s maintained this positive momentum, with production growth at 2.03%,
supported by a growth rate of 0.98% in the cultivation area and a further improvement in yield
growth to 1.04% from the previous decade. However, the most substantial advancements in
pulse cultivation have occurred from the 2011 to 2022 period, with the area cultivated for
pulses growing at a rate of 1.88% and global pulse production increasing by 2.55%. Yield
growth during this period also remained positive at 0.67%. Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 44
This sustained growth underscores the critical role of pulses in global agriculture and food
security. Overall, the continuous expansion of the pulse sector in the later periods highlights
its importance in enhancing food security, promoting sustainable agricultural practices, and
improving livelihoods worldwide. The decadal growth in global area, yield, and production of
total pulses is depicted in Figure 2.4.
Source: Authors computation from FAOSTAT database (2024).
Figure 2.4: Decadal Growth Rates in Area, Production, and Yield of Total Pulses in the
World (%) (1961-2022)
For a comprehensive understanding of the decadal growth trends in the global pulse area,
production, and yield, refer to Table 2.1 below. This table presents detailed data on the growth
rates of major pulse crops, including pigeonpea, chickpea, dry bean, lentil, dry pea, and
cowpea, across various decades from 1961 to 2022. The table offers valuable insights into the
evolving dynamics of pulse cultivation, production, and yield on a global scale. Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 45
Table 2.1: Decadal Growth Rates of Area, Production and Yield of Major Pulses: Global
Scenario (1961-2022)
Source: Authors computation from FAOSTAT database (2024).
2.4 Global Scenario of Major Pulses and India’s Performance Among the Top
Ten Producers in the Recent Five Years (2018-2022)
In the recent five years (Figure 2.5), dry bean has been the dominant force in global pulses
cultivation, occupying 35.97 Mha (38.23% of the total area) and contributing 27.42 MT
(30.27%) to global production. However, their relatively low yield of 0.774 t/ha highlights
the need to improve cultivation practices. Chickpea, while covering a smaller area of 14.45
Mha (15.36% of the total area) and producing 15.97 MT, which accounts for 17.63% of global
production, demonstrates a moderate yield of 1.107 t/ha, making it a significant contributor to
both area and output. Pigeonpea accounts for 5.33 MT (5.88% of the global total) grown on
6.03 Mha (6.41% of the total), producing a yield of 0.883 t/ha. Despite occupying only 5.23
Mha (5.5% of the total area), Lentil exhibits a notably higher yield of 1.188 t/ha, contributing
6.20 MT, or 6.85%, to global production. Dry pea, with an area of 7.24 Mha (7.62% of the total Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 46
area), also demonstrate the highest yield efficiency compared to other major pulse crops,
producing 13.75 MT (15.56% of the global production) with a yield of 1.9 t/ha. While covering a
substantial area of 15.07 Mha (15.54% of the total area), Cowpea has the lowest yield of 0.612
t/ha. However, they still contribute significantly to global pulse production, totalling 9.04 MT
(10.23% of the total).
This reveals significant variability in pulse yields across different types of crops. Dry pea and
lentil, in particular, demonstrate higher yield efficiency than other pulse crops, suggesting
potential opportunities for optimizing cultivation practices and improving global pulse
productivity. These insights can inform policy strategies aimed at enhancing pulse production,
especially of lentil and dry pea, and promoting sustainable agriculture.
Source: Authors computation from FAOSTAT database (2024).
Figure 2.5: Crop-Wise Pulses Global Scenario:2018-2022
India has significantly strengthened its position as a global leader in pulse production in
recent years. As the world’s largest producer and consumer of pulses, India’s contribution
to the global pulse market has been substantial. Over the past five years (2018-2022), India
has consistently maintained its position among the top pulse producers, demonstrating its
expertise in cultivating and producing a diverse range of pulse crops. The following analysis
provides a detailed comparison of India’s performance with other major producers, focusing
on key pulse crops such as pigeonpea, chickpea, dry bean, lentil, and dry pea.
11
11 Excluded cowpea from the below analysis, because in the Indian context, cowpea is a minor pulse
cultivated mainly in arid and semi-arid tracts of grown in pockets of Punjab, Haryana, Delhi, and West
UP along with a considerable area in Rajasthan, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra and Gujarat.
Niger ranks first in area (39%) and Nigeria stands 2nd rank in area (31%) at the Global level. However,
Nigeria stands first in production with a 42% share and Niger is in second position in production (29%)
followed by Burkina (8%) respectively. Under major countries, the highest productivity is recorded in
Ghana (1.662 t/ha) followed by Nigeria (0.865 t/ha) and Cameroon (0.818 t/ha). Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 47
2.4.1 Total Pulses
Over the past five years (2018-2022), India has led the world in pulse cultivation area
and production. India cultivated 33.46 Mha of pulses, accounting for 35.87% of the global
total. This significant area under cultivation is a witness to India’s commitment to pulse
production. In terms of production, India produced 24.76 MT of pulses, contributing 27.40%
of the global total (Table 2.2).
Table 2.2: Global Scenario by Top Ten Pulse Producing Countries (2018-2022)
Source: Authors computation from FAOSTAT database (2024).
While India ranks first in area and production, its yield per hectare (t/ha) is comparatively
lower than that of leading producers. The average pulse yield in India stands at 0.740 t/ha,
significantly under the global average of 0.969 t/ha, highlighting the need for intensified
efforts to enhance yield efficiency. Among the top ten pulse-producing countries, India has
the lowest yield. It’s important to note that India cultivates a wide variety of pulse crops with
different yield levels, while other countries typically focus on just one or two pulse species.
Therefore, calculating the average productivity of pulses in India might not yield accurate
representations. Ethiopia leads the yield rankings at 1.894 t/ha, followed by Canada at 1.880
t/ha, the United States at 1.874 t/ha, China at 1.821 t/ha, and Russia at 1.707 t/ha. The yield
gap in India is substantial, measuring 1.154 t/ha, which is over 2.5 times lower than Ethiopia’s
yields12 (Figure 2.6). This highlights the potential for India to narrow the yield gap and
increase productivity through more efficient agricultural practices and adopting advanced
12 In Ethiopia, faba bean followed by common bean, chickpea, lentil, and lathyrus are grown. Faba bean and
common bean (in India known as rajmash) yields are much higher as compared to other pulse crops. Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 48
technologies. India’s dominance in global pulse production is undeniable though by focusing
on enhancing yield efficiency, India can further strengthen its position in the global pulse
market and contribute more effectively to global food security. If India matches the global
average yield, there is a potential to increase pulse production by 7.66 MT, potentially making
India self-sufficient.
Figure 2.6: Yield Gap among Top Ten Pulse-Producing Countries (2018-2022)
Source: Authors computation from FAOSTAT database (2024).
2.4.2 Pigeonpea
India leads the world in both area and production of pigeonpea. India cultivated 4.63
Mha of pigeonpea, accounting for 80.36% of the global total. Regarding production, India
produced 4.01 MT of pigeonpea, contributing 78.10% of the global total (Table 2.3). Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 49
Table 2.3: Global Scenario by Top Ten Pigeonpea Producing Countries (2018-2022)
Source: Authors computation from FAOSTAT database (2024).
While India leads in area and production, its yield (t/ha) is lower than some other major
producers. India’s average pigeonpea yield was 0.866 t/ha, slightly below the global
average of 0.891 t/ha. Malawi leads with a yield of 1.666 t/ha, followed by Tanzania at 1.094
t/ha. India ranked 5
th
among major pigeonpea-producing countries, with a substantial yield
gap (i.e.,0.801 t/ha), which is more than 1.9 times lower compared to global top Malawi
(Figure 2.7), emphasizes the need for more concerted efforts to improve yield efficiency
in pigeonpea production. If India can match the global average yield, there is a potential
to increase pigeonpea production by 0.11 MT. By matching the pigeonpea yield of Malawi,
India could increase the production by 3.70 MT. India may learn from the experience of
Malawi and explore possibilities of using pigeonpea germplasm in Malawi for developing
varieties suitable for cultivation in India.
Figure 2.7: Yield Gap among Top Ten Pigeonpea-Producing Countries (2018-2022)
Source: Authors computation from FAOSTAT database (2024). Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 50
2.4.3 Chickpea
India leads the world in chickpea cultivation area and production. India cultivated 10.11
Mha of chickpea, accounting for 69.65% of the global total. In terms of production, India
produced 11.57 MT of chickpea, contributing 72.06% of the global total (Table 2.4).
Table 2.4: Global Scenario by Top Ten Chickpea Producing Countries (2018-2022)
Source: Authors computation from FAOSTAT database (2024).
While India leads in area and production, its yield (t/ha) is relatively lower than some other
major producers. India’s average chickpea yield was 1.145 t/ha, slightly above the global
average of 1.106 t/ha. Compared with other top chickpea producers, India’s performance is
mixed; its yield is lower than in countries like Ethiopia, Mexico, the USA, Myanmar, Turkey, and
Australia. These countries have demonstrated higher yields, indicating the potential for India
to improve its productivity through advancements in agricultural practices and technology.
Ethiopia leads with a yield of 2.062 t/ha, followed by Mexico at 1.872 t/ha. India ranked 7
th

among major chickpea-producing countries, with a substantial yield gap (i.e.,0.918 t/ha), more
than 1.8 times lower compared to global top Ethiopia (Figure 2.8). If India were to match the
country with the highest yield of chickpea, i.e., Ethiopia, there is a potential to increase the
production significantly by 9.27 MT. Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 51
Figure 2.8: Yield Gap among Top Ten Chickpea-Producing Countries (2018-2022)
Source: Authors computation from FAOSTAT database (2024).
2.4.4 Dry Bean
India ranks top in terms of both area and production of dry bean. India cultivated 14.48
Mha of dry beans, accounting for 40.88% of the global total. Regarding production, India
produced 5.94 MT of dry beans, contributing 21.68% of the global total (Table 2.5).
Table 2.5: Global Scenario by Top Ten Dry Bean Producing Countries (2018-2022)
Source: Authors computation from FAOSTAT database (2024). Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 52
While India leads in area and production, its yield (t/ha) is significantly lower than the top-
producing countries. India’s average dry bean yield was 0.411 t/ha, far below the global
average of 0.774 t/ha. Among the top ten producers, India ranks lowest, stressing the
need for improvements in yield efficiency. The United States leads with a yield of 2.172 t/
ha, followed by China at 1.755 t/ha. India’s yield gap is substantial (i.e.,1.761 t/ha), more
than 5.3 times lower than the global top United States (Figure 2.9). India’s larger yield
gap highlights the need to adopt more efficient agricultural practices and technologies to
narrow the yield gap and increase productivity. If India matches the global average yield,
there is a potential to increase dry bean production by 5.25 MT.
Figure 2.9: Yield Gap among Top Ten Dry Bean-Producing Countries (2018-2022)
Source: Authors computation from FAOSTAT database.
2.4.5 Lentil
India ranks second in terms of both area and production of lentil, following Canada. India
cultivated 1.42 Mha of lentil, accounting for 27.15% of the global total. In terms of production,
India produced 1.34 MT of lentil, contributing 21.66% of the global total (Table 2.6). Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 53
Table 2.6: Global Scenario by Top Ten Lentil Producing Countries (2018-2022)
Source: Authors computation from FAOSTAT database.
While India is the second largest in terms of area and production, its yield (t/ha) is significantly
lower compared to the major lentil-producing countries. India’s average lentil yield is 0.947 t/
ha, which is below the global average of 1.187 t/ha. China leads with 2.515 t/ha yield, followed
by Canada at 1.422 t/ha. India’s ranking of 9
th
among the top ten lentil-producing countries
presents an opportunity for improvement. India’s yield gap is substantial (i.e.,1.569 t/ha), more
than 2.66 times lower compared to global top China (Figure 2.10), which stresses the need
for more concerted efforts to narrow the yield gap and increase productivity. If India can
match the global average yield, there is a potential to increase lentil production by 0.34 MT.
Additionally, if India matches the country with the highest yield of lentil, i.e., China, there is a
potential to increase the production by 2.22 MT.
Figure 2.10: Yield Gap among Top Ten Lentil-Producing Countries (2018-2022)
Source: Authors computation from FAOSTAT database. Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 54
2.4.6 Dry Pea
India ranks fourth in terms of both area and production of dry pea. India cultivates 0.69 Mha
of dry pea, accounting for 9.47% of the global total, lower than the top three producers:
Canada, Russia, and China. In terms of production, India produces 0.91 MT of dry pea,
contributing 6.61% of the global total (Table 2.7).
Table 2.7: Global Scenario by Top Ten Dry Pea Producing Countries (2018-2022)
Source: Authors computation from FAOSTAT database.
India’s yield (t/ha) is significantly lower compared to the top-producing countries. India’s
average dry pea yield is 1.326 t/ha, which is below the global average of 1.899 t/ha. France
leads with a yield of 3.219 t/ha, followed by Germany at 3.109 t/ha. India’s ranking of 9
th

among the top ten dry pea-producing countries highlights the potential for India to increase
productivity. India’s yield gap is substantial (i.e.,1.893 t/ha), more than 2.43 times lower than
the global top France (Figure 2.11). If India can match the global average yield, there is a
potential to increase dry pea production by 0.39 MT. Additionally, if India matches the country
with the highest yield of dry pea, i.e., France, there is a potential to increase production by
1.30 MT. Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 55
Figure 2.11: Yield Gap among Top Ten Dry Pea-Producing Countries (2018-2022)
Source: Authors computation from FAOSTAT database.
2.5 Biotic and Abiotic Constraints Limiting Pulse Productivity in India
Various biotic and abiotic stresses significantly hinder the productivity of pulse crops in India.
The reliance on rainfed agriculture and their cultivation of marginal and submarginal lands
makes them highly vulnerable to adverse weather conditions such as drought, floods, and
extreme temperatures. Biotic stresses, including insect pests, diseases, and weeds, further
impact crop yields. The limited availability of quality seeds and other production inputs and
poor adoption of improved technologies exacerbate these challenges. Addressing these
factors through targeted interventions, such as enhanced seed availability, efficient water
management, and integrated pest management, is crucial to enhance pulse production and
ensure nutritional security.
A significant yield gap exists between research farms and farmer fields ranging from 220-601
kg/ha for different pulse crops (e.g., 477– 563 kg/ha in pigeonpea, 225–601 kg/ha in chickpea,
368–492 kg/ha in black gram, 253–510 kg/ha in lentil, 220–417 kg/ha in kidney beans, and
372–494 kg/ha in cowpea), as reported by Choudhary (2013) and Pooniya et al. (2015). Abiotic
stresses, such as drought and heat stress, pose significant challenges, particularly in arid and
semi-arid regions, leading to a 50% reduction in seed yield. Additionally, poor drainage and
waterlogging during the rainy season and salinity and alkalinity in both semi-arid tropics and
the Indo-Gangetic Plains further exacerbate the situation. Biotic stresses, including insect
pests, diseases, and weeds, also contribute to substantial yield losses, with diseases alone
accounting for 10-15% of food legume production in India, as Pande et al. (2009) reported.
To address these challenges and ensure sustainable and profitable pulse production, there is
an urgent need to develop and implement technologically feasible and economically viable
farming practices.
Each type of pulse crop encounters distinct challenges during various growing seasons, which
can greatly affect both yield and quality. Table 2.8 summarizes key biotic and abiotic stresses
across different seasons, which are majorly responsible for a large extent of the instability Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 56
and low yields in the country. This will help to determine the crucial regions/areas that require
targeted interventions and management practices to enhance pulse production and guarantee
the long-term viability of these essential crops.
Table 2.8: Key Constraints to Pulse Production in India: Biotic and Abiotic Stresses
Pulse Crop Season
Stress
BioticAbiotic
Pigeonpea
Kharif-early
Weeds, Fusarium wilt,
blight, pod borer
Waterlogging, nutrient stress
Medium late
Weeds, Fusarium wilt,
sterility mosaic, pod-
borer complex
Cold, terminal drought,
waterlogging
Pre-rabi
Weeds, wilt, leaf blight,
pod-fly
Cold, terminal drought
Chickpea
Timely sown
Weeds, Fusarium wilt,
root rot, chickpea stunt,
grey mould, pod-borer
Low temperature, Frost, Nutrient
stress
Early sown
Fusarium wilt, root rot,
blight, stunt, pod-borer
Low temperature, Frost, salinity
stress
Late sown
Weeds, Fusarium wilt,
pod-borer
Terminal drought, heat, nutrient
stress
Green Gram
Kharif
Weeds, mosaic virus,
cercospora, sucking
insect-pests
Pre-harvest sprouting, high
temperature, terminal drought
Zaid
Mosaic virus, root,
and stem rot, stem
Agromyza, sucking
insect pests
Pre-harvest sprouting, drought,
high-temperature stress
Rabi
Weeds, powdery mildew,
rust
Terminal drought
Black Gram
Kharif
Weeds, mosaic and leaf
curl virus, anthracnose
Terminal drought
Zaid
Mosaic virus, root,
and stem rot, stem
Agromyza
Pre-harvest sprouting,
temperature, drought
Rabi/Rice
fallow
Leaf spotTerminal drought
Lentil Rabi
Fusarium wilt, root rots,
rust, Stemphylium blight
Waterlogging, frost, Terminal
drought and heat
Cluster beanKharif WeedsMoisture and nutrient stress
Source: Experts consultations; Reddy 2009; and Rana et al. 2016. Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 57
2.5.1 A Review of Biotic Stress and Its Impact on Pulse Crop Productivity in India
Biotic stress refers to the damage caused to plants by living organisms, such as weeds,
insect pests, disease-causing agents, nematodes, and allelopathic chemicals. Among
these, fungi, bacteria, and viruses are particularly significant, affecting various parts of the
plant throughout all stages of growth in food legumes. The degree of damage depends
on the plant’s ability to resist specific stresses under varying environmental conditions.
Unregulated weed growth, disease outbreaks, and insect infestations can cause complete
crop failure in severe situations. These pressures drastically lower agricultural output and
quality, even in milder climates, making the produce less marketable and less profitable for
producers. The viability of pulse farming is further threatened by the cost of controlling
these pressures using pesticides, herbicides, and other control methods. Farmers and
agricultural scientists can develop targeted mitigation strategies by identifying the
specific biotic stresses associated with each pulse crop and understanding their seasonal
patterns. Integrated pest management (IPM), the cultivation of disease-resistant varieties,
and effective insect pest and weed control practices are critical approaches to minimizing
the harmful effects of biotic stress. Implementing these measures can improve pulse crop
productivity, enhance farmers’ profitability, and ensure food security. Table 2.9 details the
yield losses caused by weeds, diseases, and insect pests in key pulse crops.
Table 2.9: Impact of Biotic Stresses on Major Pulse Crops in India
Pulse Crop Weeds
Yield
Loss
(%)
Disease
Yield
Loss
(%)
Insect-
pest
Yield
Loss
(%)
Pigeonpea
Celosia argentea,
30-90
Sterility
mosaic virus,
Fusarium wilt,
Phytophthora
stem blight,
Alternaria
leaf spot and
powdery mildew
20-70
Pod-
borer
and leaf
roller
70-80
Portulaca oleracea,
Commelina
benghalensis,
Eclipta alba,
Euphorbia parviflora,
Trianthema
portulacastrum, etc.
Chickpea
Chenopodium album,
Melilotus indica, Avena
ludoviciana, Lathyrus
tuberosus, Medicago
spp. etc.
20-35
Fusarium wilt,
Ascochyta blight,
Botrytis grey
mould, stunt
virus
50-
100
Pod-
borer
and cut-
worm
10-90
Green
Gram, Black
Gram, and
Cowpea
Cynodon dactylon,
Cyprus rotundus,
Cynodon dactylon,
Cyprus rotundus,
Physalis minima etc.,
50-90
Yellow mosaic
virus, Cercosora
leaf spot,
powdery mildew,
leaf crinkle virus,
and root rot
10-
100
Pod-
borer
20-55 Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 58
Pulse Crop Weeds
Yield
Loss
(%)
Disease
Yield
Loss
(%)
Insect-
pest
Yield
Loss
(%)
Lentil
Phalaris spp., Guizotia
scabra, Avena spp.,
Chenopodium spp.,
Fumaria parviflora
~50
Rust, wilt,
Stemphylium
blight, collar rot
20-70
Pod-
borer,
aphids
_
Field Pea
Avena spp.,
Circium arvense,
Anagalis arvensis,
Chenopodium album,
etc.
15-67
Powdery mildew,
rust, downy
mildew, wilt
10-30
Stem
and
pod-
borer,
leaf
minor

Source: Experts consultations; Rana et al. (2016); Das (2008); Pande et al. (2009); Pooniya et al. 2015;
Chandrashekar et al. (2014); Satyagopal et al. (2014)
2.5.2 A Review of Abiotic Stress and Its Impact on Pulse Crop Productivity in India
Abiotic stresses such as waterlogging, drought, frost, and temperature extremities, i.e., cold
waves and heatwaves, poor soil conditions, and salinity, are some of the most detrimental
factors affecting the growth and productivity of crops, especially in rainfed and un-
irrigated regions. These are largely unavoidable and are further intensified by changing
climatic conditions. Different pulse crops face specific abiotic stresses that impact plant
physiology, morphology, biochemistry, and molecular structure and negatively impact
growth phases, and yield.
Dubey et. al. (2011) assessed the impact of climate change on pulse productivity and
adaptation by the 200 pulse growers of the Bundelkhand region of Uttar Pradesh in
India. Researchers found that the increasing temperatures and reduced rainfall directly
correlate with yield reductions in chickpea, pigeonpea, and lentil. With every 0.1
o
C increase
in temperature (maximum, minimum, and temperature differences), the yield of pigeonpea
(22.86, 9.39, and 2.90 kg/ha), chickpea (38.49, 13.46, and 12.73 kg/ha), and lentil (40.70,
14.22, and 13.46 kg/ha) declined considerably in Bundelkhand. The study highlighted that
an increase in average maximum temperature exerts a profound effect on yield compared
to the rise in minimum temperature and temperature difference. Furthermore, every drop
of 10 mm in annual rainfall reduces the yield for pigeon pea (8.05 kg/ha), chickpea (12.35
kg/ha), and lentil (13.05 kg/ha). Climate-induced shifts in post-monsoon rainfall patterns,
especially increased rainfall in January and February, worsen reproductive stress in rabi
pulses. Delayed sowing intensifies these challenges as the crop undergoes terminal heat
and drought stress that cause forced maturity, which ultimately hampers crop yield,
especially during its phenological growth period. For instance, lentil yield dropped by
33.5% in West Bengal and chickpea yield by 17.5% with delayed sowing in the same region
(Bera 2021). Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 59
Drought stress is another critical issue affecting pulse crops like chickpea, which are highly
sensitive during both vegetative and reproductive stages, resulting in yield losses of 20–
30% (Pandiyan et al. 2023). These impacts underscore the urgent need for mitigation
strategies, including molecular and physiological approaches, to enhance drought
resilience and minimize the adverse effects of climate change on pulse productivity.
Adaptation measures such as developing early maturing heat- and drought-tolerant pulse
varieties, optimizing sowing times, and employing efficient water management practices
are essential to safeguard yields and ensure food security in a changing climate.
Changing climatic patterns exacerbate the intensity and frequency of extreme events
such as droughts, floods, heatwaves, cold waves and unseasonal heavy rainfall, causing
significant environmental, agricultural as well as socio-economic impacts. In India, El Niño/
Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is the primary driver of interannual variability in the Indian
Summer Monsoon Rainfall (ISMR). It is a major climate phenomenon with a quasi-periodic
nature, characterized by significant changes in the sea surface temperatures (SSTs) over
the tropical Pacific Ocean and associated ocean-atmospheric interactions. ENSO has two
phases, i.e., the positive phase (El Niño – warm phase) and the negative phase (La Nina –
cold phase), which are typically associated with weaker and stronger ISMR, respectively.
In El Niño years, India often faces warmer temperatures and less rainfall, causing droughts
in some parts of the country. On the other hand, La Nina brings cooler sea surface
temperatures, resulting in increased rainfall in some parts of the country.
During the 21
st
century, India is predicted to experience warmer than the global average. In
the past 74 years (from 1951 to 2024), 27 years witnessed El Niño and 25 years as La Niña
years, represented in Table 2.10. In the past, El Niño events have frequently caused below-
average rainfall in various parts of the country, which has resulted in crop failure, water
scarcity, and agricultural distress (Economic Survey Report 2024).
Table 2.10: Historical El Niño and La Niña Events and their Severity-based Classification
El Niño – 27 yearsLa Niña – 25 years
Weak
(11 years)
Moderate
(7 years)
Strong
(6 years)
Very
Strong
(3 years)
Weak
(12
years)
Moderate
(6 years)
Strong
(7
years)
1952-53 1951-52 1957-58 1982-83 1954-55 1955-56 1973-74
1953-54 1963-64 1965-66 1997-98 1964-65 1970-71 1975-76
1958-59 1968-69 1972-73 2015-16 1971-72 1995-96 1988-89
1969-70 1986-87 1987-88 1974-75 2011-12 1998-99 Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 60
1976-77 1994-95 1991-92 1983-84 2020-21 1999-00
1977-78 2002-03 2023-24 1984-85 2021-22 2007-08
1979-80 2009-10   2000-01 2010-11
2004-05    2005-06
2006-07    2008-09
2014-15    2016-17
2018-19    2017-18
     2022-23
Source: Golden Gate Weather Services, 2024
The trends and impact of El Niño and La Niña events on total pulse crops area and
production over the 74 years (1951-2024) are depicted in Figure 2.12. A quadrant analysis
was employed to delve deeper into the impact of El Niño, La Niña, and normal years on
pulse cultivation. This analysis categorized years into four cases: (1) area increase and
production increase, (2) area increase and production decrease, (3) area decrease and
production increase, and (4) area decrease and production decrease. By examining the
year-on-year (YoY) changes in area, production, and productivity within each category,
the study aimed to understand the specific impact of these climatic phenomena on the
pulses sector in India. Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 61
Figure 2.12: Trends and Impacts of El Niño and La Niña Events on Total Pulse crops’ Area
and Production over the 74 years (1951-2024)
Note: In the figure above, on the x-axis, “E” represents El Niño events, and “L” represents La Niña
events. In the subsequent row, the letters “W,” “M,” “S,” and “VS” indicate the intensity of the events,
corresponding to Weak, Moderate, Strong, and Very Strong, respectively
Source: Authors’ computation Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 62
El Niño Years: Out of the 27 El Niño years recorded between 1951 and 2024, a significant
majority (15 years) witnessed a decline in both acreage and production of pulses. In these
years, the area under cultivation decreased by 2-9%, while production declined by 6-30%.
Consequently, yield also decreased, ranging from 5-25% year-on-year. Pulses production
declined to the level of 17.15 MT in the year 2014-15 and 16.35 MT in the year 2015-16 mainly
due to back-to-back droughts in the country. In two specific instances, although there was
a slight increase in the area under cultivation (2-6%), production (5-9%) and yield (10-11%)
decreased. There is also one circumstance where production decreased by 13% without
any change or no significant change in cultivated area, highlighting the complex impact of
El Niño (Table 2.11). These findings underscore the vulnerability of pulse production to El
Niño events and emphasize the need for robust strategies to mitigate its adverse effects.
Table 2.11: Impact of El Niño Intensity on Total Pulse Crops’ Area and Production (1951-2024)
Production ↑Production ↓
Area ↑
• Weak (6 years)
Area – ↑ by 0-9%
Production – ↑ by 5-38%
Productivity - ↑ by 3-28%
• Moderate (2 years)
Area – ↑ by 3-5%
Production – ↑ by 1-6%
Productivity - ↑ by 3-28%
(Note: In some cases, area increased but
insignificant increase in production and
even productivity decreased by 4%, e.g.
FY 2009-2010)
• Very Strong (2 years)
Area – ↑ by 2-6%
Production – ↓ by 5-9%
Productivity - ↓ by 10-11%
Area ↓
• Very Strong (1 year)
Area – ↓ by 4%
Production – ↑ by 3%
Productivity - ↑ by 7%
• Weak (5 years)
Area – ↓ by 2-6%
Production – ↓ by 11-30%
Productivity - ↓ by 5-25%
• Moderate (4 years)
Area – ↓ by 2-7%
Production – ↓ by 12-17%
Productivity - ↓ by 7-12%
• Strong (6 years)
Area – ↓ by 3-9%
Production – ↓ by 6-20%
Productivity - ↓ by 2-16%
Source: Authors’ computation Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 63
La Niña Years: Over the past 74 years, 25 years have experienced La Niña conditions.
During these years, 13 instances saw increases in both acreage and production, with the
area under cultivation growing by 1-8%, production by 1-41%, and productivity by 1-20%.
Interestingly, the area decreased by 1-6% in three cases while output and productivity
increased by up to 23% and 3-25%, respectively. Conversely, 8 years witnessed declines
in both acreage and production, ranging from 2-10% for area, 1-17% for production, and
4-14% for productivity. These findings underscore the complex impact of La Niña on pulse
production, with both positive and negative effects on area, production, and yield. For a
more detailed understanding, refer to Table 2.12.
Table 2.12: Impact of La Niña Intensity on Total Pulse Crops’ Area and Production
Production ↑Production ↓
Area ↑
• Weak (4 years)
Area – ↑ by 1-18%
Production – ↑ by 1-41%
Productivity - ↑ by 2-20%
(Note: FY 2016-17 recorded a large increase
in area as well as production by 18% & 41%
respectively and productivity by 20%)
• Moderate (4 years)
Area – ↑ by 2-7%
Production – ↑ by 1-11%
Productivity - ↓ by 1-5%
(Note: Notable increase in production (11%)
and productivity (8%) with only a 3% increase
in area)
• Strong (5 years)
Area – ↑ by 6-13%
Production – ↑ by 1-30%
Productivity - ↓ by 2-17%
(Note: In FY 1973-74, production increased by
1% but productivity decreased by 10%)
• Strong (1 year)
Area – ↑ by 3%
Production – ↓ by 6%
Productivity - ↑ by 12% Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 64
Production ↑Production ↓
Area ↓
• Weak (3 years)
Area – ↓ by 1-6%
Production – ↑ by 0-23%
Productivity - ↑ by 3-25%
(Note: In FY 1964-65, area reduction is only
1% but the production increased by 23%
and productivity by 25%)
• Weak (5 years)
Area – ↓ by 2-7%
Production – ↓ by 1-17%
Productivity - ↓ by 4-14% (except
for 2 years, productivity increased
by 2-5%)
(Note: In FY 2008-09, area
reduction was 7% but the
production reduction is much
less (1%) and notable increase in
productivity i.e. 5%)
• Moderate (2 years)
Area – ↓ by 3-7%
Production – ↓ by 6-12%
Productivity - ↓ by 0-10%
• Strong (1 year)
Area – ↓ by 10%
Production – ↓ by 10%
Productivity – No change
Source: Authors’ computation
Normal Years: During favorable climatic conditions (i.e., 22 normal years), India’s pulse
production witnessed significant growth. In 10 of these years, both the area under
cultivation and production increased, with acreage growing by 1-14% and output by 2-45%.
This led to a corresponding increase in productivity of 1-42% (Table 2.13). Interestingly,
despite a decrease in area, production increased in five instances, highlighting the impact
of improved agricultural practices and favorable conditions. In two cases, production and Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 65
productivity increased even with a stable area. However, in only one year, both area and
production declined. These findings underscore the complex interplay of various factors
influencing pulse production, including climatic conditions, agricultural practices, and
policy interventions.
Table 2.13: Area and Production during Normal Years
Production ↑Production ↓
Area ↑
• 10 Years
Area – ↑ by 1-14%
Production – ↑ by 2-45%
Productivity - ↑ by 1-42% (except for
FY 2013-14, decreased by 3%)
• 3 Years
Area – ↑ by 1-3%
Production – ↓ by 7-10%
Productivity - ↑ by 8-12%
Area ↓
• 5 Years
Area – ↓ by 1-5%
Production – ↑ by 3-8%
Productivity - ↑ by 8-14%
• 1 Year
Area – ↓ by 3%
Production – ↓ by 16%
Productivity - ↓ by 14%
No Change in
Area
• 2 Years
Area – No change
Production – ↑ by 4-5%
Productivity - ↑ by 4%
• 1 Year
Area – No change
Production - ↓ by 2%
Productivity - ↓ by 2%
Source: Authors’ computation
The ability of plants to effectively withstand and survive these harsh conditions is a
complex process, influenced by a range of interactions between the plants and their
specific environments. Intricate physiological, biochemical, and molecular responses
involved in these interactions, enable plants to adapt to and mitigate the adverse effects
of abiotic stresses. Understanding and enhancing these tolerance mechanisms are crucial
for improving crop resilience and sustaining agricultural productivity in vulnerable areas.
The major abiotic stresses that negatively affect pulse crop production led to a significant
reduction in crop productivity, a comprehensive analysis is presented in Table 2.14. Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 66
Table 2.14: Impact of Abiotic Stresses on Major Pulse Crops in India
Pulse Crop Abiotic stress and their impact on pulse crop
Pigeonpea
• Waterlogging:
»at the seedling stage, decreases the plant population
»even short duration of water logging, cause a decline in leaf area
development, dry weight accumulation/plant
»reduction in root dry weight
• Extreme moisture and temperature during crop growth and flowering
• High rainfall in initial crop growth stages
• Highly sensitive to temperature fluctuations, causing massive flower
drop, forced drying, and bending of apical leaves when subjected to
cold stress (<5
o
C)
• Low temperature (<4
o
C) in Northeast Plain Zone for a period of 3-4
days leading to cold injury at the flower bud initiation stage
Chickpea
• Low & High temperature
»Seedlings exposed to chilling temperature (<5
o
C) show irreversible
damage
»High temperature increases flower shedding and pollen sterility
»>42
o
C temperature at the terminal stage causes seed hardening
due to incomplete sink development
• Waterlogging
»The vegetative stage more sensitive to waterlogging
»Reduction in no. of leaves, branches, and leaf area per plant
»Reduction in yield at reproductive stage than vegetative because
of increased dropping of flowers and loss of pod setting Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 67
Pulse Crop Abiotic stress and their impact on pulse crop
Green Gram
and Black
Gram
• Waterlogging
»Vegetative stage is more sensitive to waterlogging,
»Yield reduction at the reproductive stage than vegetative because
of increased dropping of flowers or loss of pod setting
• Heat & drought stress
»High temperature during the reproductive stage shows a negative
impact on floral bud development
»Delayed flowering and maturity
• Salinity
• Pre-harvest sprouting
»Delayed rains at maturity cause pre-harvest sprouting and
asynchronous pod maturity
North region: High biomass stressed by temperature extremities leading
to long crop duration, frost damage, flower drop
South region: Low biomass stressed by terminal drought leading to short
crop duration, harsh post-anthesis period
Lentil
• Temperature
»Temperature <7
o
C show retarded growth
»Foliage growth ceases at 6-15
o
C
»>40
o
C during the reproductive stage results in complete failure of
anthesis, pod setting & induces the hardening of seeds
• Drought
• Waterlogging
Source: Rana et al (2016), Basu et al (2016), Hatfield and Prueger 2015, and https://agritech.tnau.ac.in/
agriculture/agri_drought_effect_on_crops.html
2.6 From Limited Yields to Global Leadership: Addressing Challenges and
Opportunities in India’s Pulse Production
The low productivity of pulses in India presents a complex challenge, arising from a confluence
of factors. Unlike cereals, which experience significant yield increases due to the development
of high-yielding varieties, pulses have not witnessed similar technological breakthroughs.
This lack of innovation, limited access to high-quality seeds, and inadequate knowledge of
seed management, weed control, and fertilizer application specific to pulses further hinder
pulse cultivation (Chand, 2016). Additionally, pulses are inherently susceptible to various
diseases and pests, and farmers often lack the necessary expertise to effectively manage
these challenges. Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 68
One significant challenge is the predominance of rainfed agriculture, making pulse cultivation
highly vulnerable to erratic weather conditions such as droughts and floods. Furthermore, the
cultivation of pulses on marginal lands exacerbates the problem, as these lands are often less
fertile and more susceptible to degradation. Inadequate irrigation infrastructure, particularly
in rainfed areas, results in unreliable water supply, affecting crop yields and stability.
Economic constraints also play a significant role in hindering pulse production. The fluctuating
market prices and low prices of produce, e.g., income disadvantage vis-a-vis rice & wheat,
discourage farmers from investing in pulse cultivation. Extended marketing channels with
numerous intermediaries further increase marketing costs and reduce efficiency, limiting
market access for pulse growers.
Government initiatives such as the Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana and procurement
programs have been implemented to mitigate the risks faced by pulse growers. These
initiatives aim to provide insurance coverage against yield losses and ensure remunerative
prices through price intervention. Additionally, the shift in price parity towards phosphatic
fertilizers, a crucial nutrient for pulse growth, is a positive development. However, the success
of these initiatives hinges on the availability of quality seeds and improved pulse varieties to
maximize their impact on pulse production.
Developing high-yielding, disease-resistant, and climate-resilient pulse varieties can
significantly enhance productivity. Improving access to quality seeds, fertilizers, and other
inputs can empower farmers to adopt best practices. The adoption of advanced agricultural
technologies, such as precision agriculture, Information and communications technology (ICT),
and drone technology, can further optimize resource use and increase yields. Applying
cost-effective management practices to optimize resource use and reduce production
costs is crucial. Strengthening the pulse value chain and extension services, enhancing rural
infrastructure, and promoting knowledge sharing among farmers can help address knowledge
gaps and improve farming practices.
Government initiatives like ISOPOM and NFSM Pulses, which focus on promoting sustainable
agriculture practices and providing technical assistance to farmers, can play a crucial role in
improving pulse production. Enhancing soil fertility through nitrogen fixation, adapting rainfed
agriculture to rainfall variability, and implementing crop insurance schemes can mitigate
risks and incentivize farmers to cultivate pulses. Furthermore, providing price support and
subsidizing inputs can ensure remunerative prices for farmers, encouraging them to invest
in pulse cultivation. By addressing these challenges through targeted policy interventions
and implementing appropriate strategies, a combination of technological advancements,
policy interventions, improved agricultural practices, and market support, India can accelerate
growth in pulse production, achieve self-sufficiency, and strengthen its position further in the
global pulse market. Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 69
Chapter III: Overview
Of India’s Pulse Sector:
State-Level Dynamics Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 70 Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 71
3.1 Introduction
In 2022, India maintained the leading position in the global pulse market, responsible for 38% of
global cultivation and 28% of production. Domestic pulse production has grown significantly in
the past few years, reaching . This translates to a remarkable 42% increase in total production over
the past ten years. However, recent estimates indicate a decline to 24.25 MT in the 2023-24 season.
Pulses have traditionally occupied a secondary role in cropping patterns, primarily concentrated in
rainfed ecologies. Notably, these rainfed regions sustain over 40% of India’s population and two-
thirds of its livestock, with more than 80% of total pulses cultivated there. Pulses hold historical
significance in Indian dietary patterns, serving as the sole source of high-quality protein (20-25%)
for a significant portion of the population, particularly the 43% who identify as vegetarian (urban
– 48%, rural – 41%). This vital crop provides livelihood security for over 50 million farmers and their
dependents, highlighting its immense socio-economic importance.
Chickpea (bengal gram/gram/chana), pigeonpea (red gram/arhar/tur), green gram (mung bean),
black gram (urdbean//biri/mash), lentil (masur), field pea (pea/matar), clusterbean (guar), kidney
bean (rajmash/common bean/snap bean/french bean), mothbean (moth), Horse gram (kulthi),
lathyrus (khesari/grass pea/chicking vetch/teora) and cowpea (lobia/barbati/black-eyed pea) are
the twelve major and minor pulses grown and consumed in India. Chickpea dominates India’s pulse
production, accounting for about 47.4% of the total output over the past five years. Pigeonpea
follows with a 15.4% share, followed by green gram at 12.02%, black gram at 10.3%, and lentil at
5.4% (DES, MoA&FW). Notably, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Rajasthan are the top three
pulses-producing states in the country. The top 10 states, namely Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra,
Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Karnataka, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Jharkhand, Telangana and Tamil Nadu,
collectively contribute 91.28% of the total pulse production. The following maps visually represent the
spatial patterns of pulse cultivated area, production, and yield in the country (Map 3.1).
Map 3.1: Spatial patterns of cultivated area, production, and yield of total pulses: India
(2022)
Overview Of India’s
Pulse Sector: State-Level
Dynamics Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 72 Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 73
3.2 National Area, Production, and Yield Trends of Total Pulses (1960-61 to
2022-23)
India’s area under pulse cultivation experienced fluctuations and a declining trend in the
initial three decades (Figure 3.1). There was some recovery in the area under pulses during
the mid-70s, mid-80s, and early ‘90s, but afterward, the area under pulses either stagnated
or declined. The trend has been encouraging only in recent years due to the government’s
interventions. GoI announced a significant raise in MSP by declaring bonuses on all major
pulse crops during 2016-17 and 2017-18. The increase in prices attracted farmers to increase
the area under pulse, resulting in a historic 26.6% surge in the area under pulse cultivation,
from 23.55 Mha in 2014-15 to 29.81 in 2017-18. Between 2014-15 and 2021-22, the area under
pulse cultivation increased by more than 30%, and production surged from 17.15 MT to 27.302
MT in 2021-22. This impressive growth translates to a CAGR of 6.87%, the highest recorded to
date.
Since the beginning of the green revolution in the country, cereal production has been boosted
significantly; the production of pulses, in contrast, faced a noteworthy setback. The annual
production of pulses was 11.4 MT from 1960-61 to 1965-66, the years preceding the green
revolution, and it merely increased to an average of 17.7 MT, during the 2010-11 to 2015-16. This
shows that the production of pulses increased by about 55% during the past nearly 50 years
from the onset of the green revolution, while the population surged by 171.3% during the same
period. Consequently, the per capita availability of pulses declined significantly, falling from
about 21.39 kg/year to about 15.89 kg/year. This decline led to increased imports of pulses to
meet domestic demand. In contrast, India raised cereal production substantially during the
same period, significantly higher than the growth witnessed in the population. Within cereals,
the highest increase has been seen in wheat.
Until 2015-16, India’s pulse production growth was relatively slow due to a lack of comparative
advantage compared to other major crops like rice and wheat. Key factors, such as relatively
low yields and prices compared to other crops, hindered the sector’s growth. For instance,
between 2000-01 and 2015-16, the annual growth rates of chickpea and pigeonpea, together
accounted for two-thirds of the total pulses production, were 1.42% and 0.68%, respectively.
Similarly, the annual growth rates of their minimum support prices (MSPs) (at 2011-12 prices)
were 2.4% and 4.7%, respectively. Additionally, pulses are often cultivated in marginal
environments with low and erratic rainfall and poor soil quality, making them highly vulnerable
to production risks. Pulses production declined to 17.15 MT in 2014-15 and 16.35 MT in 2015-16,
mainly due to back-to-back droughts in the country. Consequently, market prices of pulses
skyrocketed in 2015-16 and 2016-17. Recognizing the issue, the government implemented
a series of policy measures to boost production, spotting the contribution of prices and
technologies in increasing rice and wheat production. A significant increase in MSP for various
pulses was raised from 8% to 16% in 2016-17 and 2017-18, providing a much-needed incentive to
farmers, resulting in a historic 20.8% surge in the area under pulse production from 24.91 Mha
in 2015-16 to 29.81 in 2017-18 While a significant increase in MSP for pulses was implemented
between 2008-09 and 2012-13, it did not translate into substantial production growth due to
constraints in seed availability and procurement mechanisms. To address these challenges,
the government reinvigorated the NFSM-Pulses program and established seed production
hubs to ensure the supply of high-quality seeds of climate-resilient varieties. Additionally, Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 74
the government initiated a robust procurement mechanism at MSP to incentivize farmers
and stabilize prices. This comprehensive policy approach led to a remarkable 42% increase in
pulse production in 2016-17 compared to the previous year. Consequently, India’s reliance on
pulse imports decreased significantly, from about 29% in 2015-16 to around 10.4% in 2022-23.
While the initial phase of the Green Revolution led to a decline in pulse productivity, subsequent
years witnessed a gradual recovery and subsequent growth. This growth has helped mitigate
the impact of decreasing cultivation area on overall production. In recent decades, the pace of
improvement in pulse yields has accelerated significantly. By 2022-23, the average yield had
increased to 0.902 t/ha, up from 0.540 t/hain 2000-01. However, recent estimates indicate
a slight decline to 0.881 t/ha in the 2023-24 season (DES, MoA&FW). Nonetheless, even the
highest yield of pulses falls well below that of cereals (i.e., wheat and rice), and India’s pulse
yields still lag behind those of other major pulse-producing countries. Advancing research
and development, promotion of advanced agricultural technologies, and improved farming
practices are essential to bridge this gap and further enhance productivity.
Figure 3.1: National Area, Production and Yield Trend of Total Pulses (1960-61 to 2022-23)
Source: Authors’ computation, data from DES, MoA&FW
The long-term yield trends (Figure 3.2) for seven key pulse crops—pigeonpea, chickpea,
green gram, black gram, lentil, pea, and moth bean—reveal a complex interplay of factors
influencing their performance. The data indicates notable fluctuations in yields, accompanied
by a discernible upward trend over the years. These fluctuations can be attributed to
various factors, including erratic weather conditions such as droughts and floods, cultivation Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 75
on marginal lands with limited inputs, inadequate availability of quality seeds, fertilizers,
pesticides, and irrigation facilities, high susceptibility to pests and diseases, and low MSP
and procurement, all these factors contribute to low profitability and incentives. The upward
trajectory was interrupted around 2015-16, witnessed a notable dip in yield, likely due to two
consecutive years of below-normal rainfall, particularly the erratic rainfall during the 2015
monsoon season, which significantly impacted farmers across the country, especially those
reliant on monsoon rains. However, the post-2016 period witnessed an uptrend, primarily
driven by government initiatives.
Figure 3.2: Trend in Yield (t/ha) of Major Pulse Crops Grown in India (1970-71 to 2022-23)

Source: Authors’ computation, data from DES, MoA&FW
The figure above (Figure 3.2) reveals distinct yield trends for the seven pulse crops. Pea has
consistently exhibited the highest yield level among all the major pulse crops since the mid-
1980s, with yearly fluctuations in most of the years. Chickpea, following Pea, has also shown a
higher yield level than other pulse crops, particularly since the 1990s. Both pea and chickpea
have witnessed significant growth in recent years. Pigeonpea, while initially exhibiting high
yields, has seen limited growth over time. Lentil has experienced a notable increase in yield
levels, especially after 2010. Black gram generally yields lower than pea, chickpea, pigeonpea,
and lentil and showed limited growth until 2008-09. Green gram, with an overall lower average
yield than other crops except for mothbean, has shown an upward trend in recent years.
Mothbean, the lowest-yielding crop, has exhibited some improvement over time but remains
significantly lower than the other pulses. Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 76
Comparing chickpea and pigeonpea, the two most important Indian pulse crops, a stark
difference emerges when analyzing decadal average yields. Chickpea’s yield has shown a
consistent upward trend, increasing from 0.63 t/ha in the initial decade to 1.03 t/ha by 2022-
23. In contrast, pigeonpea’s yield has risen more modestly, from 0.70 t/ha to 0.79 t/ha over the
same period. While pigeonpea has experienced fluctuations, chickpea’s yield has consistently
increased across all five decades. Green gram has exhibited a significant increase in yield,
particularly in the last decade, after a period of lower yields in the earlier decades. Black gram
has shown a moderate upward trend, with a more pronounced increase in the recent period.
Lentil, initially with lower yields, has experienced a significant increase in yield, especially in
the last decade. Pea has demonstrated remarkable improvements in the 1980s, 1990s, and
2010s. Mothbean remains the lowest-yielding crop, although it has shown some progress in
recent periods.
Figure 3.3: Yield (t/ha) of Major Pulse Crops Grown in India (1970-71 to 2022-23): A Decadal
Comparison
Source: Authors’ computation, data from DES, MoA&FW
3.3. Contribution of Pulses in Total Foodgrains
While pulses account for a significant portion of the total foodgrain area, their contribution
to overall production has declined over the decades (Figure 3.4). Pulses account for 21.9%
of the total foodgrain area in 2022-23; their contribution to total production is a mere 7.9%.
This represents a significant decline from 1960-61, when pulses contributed 15.5% to total
foodgrain production despite occupying a smaller share of the cultivated area. The production
share of pulses reached its lowest point in the past six decades in 2000-01 at 5.6% and Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 77
increased to only 6.5% in 2015-16. However, government interventions initiated since 2015-
16 have revitalized the pulse sector. The government’s multi-pronged strategy to safeguard
the interests of both farmers and consumers has led to an increased contribution of pulses
to the total food grain basket. To address the declining production contribution of pulses,
the government has intensified its efforts under the FNS-Pulses (formerly known as NFSM).
This approach involves a synergistic combination of research and development, procurement,
marketing, import-export policies, etc. The share of pulses in the total foodgrain area has
increased substantially, reaching 21.86% in 2022-23, with a peak of 23.61% in 2021-22 from
18.95% in 2014-15. Similarly, the production share has risen from 6.49% in 2015-16 to an average
of 8.25% in the last three years, peaking at 8.92% in 2017-18. These positive trends indicate
the effectiveness of government policies in promoting pulse production and enhancing its
contribution to the overall foodgrain basket.
Figure 3.4: Pulses as % of Total Foodgrains Area and Production (1960-61 to 2022-23)
Source: Authors’ computation, data from DES, MoA&FW
3.4: Temporal Dynamics of Structural Breaks in Indian Pulse Production
3.4.1 Crop-wise Analysis
There has been distinct structural break in the production trajectory of total pulses during
2003-04 and 2004-05. The trend in pulse production has followed markedly different
paths before and after the fiscal year 2004-05. The average trend growth rate for pulse
production over the 55-year period leading up to 2004-05 was approximately 0.52%. In
contrast, this rate experienced a significant acceleration, rising to 4.20% in the two decades
that followed 2004-05 (please see Figure 3.5). Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 78
Figure 3.5: Total Pulse Production (MT): Structural Break (1950-51 to 2022-23)
Source: Authors’ computation, data from DES, MoA&FW
A detailed examination of individual pulse crops reveals that the structural break in 2004-
05 coincides with a notable increase in trend growth rates for several crops. Specifically, the
growth of national pulse production post-2004-05 is predominantly driven by green gram,
black gram, and chickpea, demonstrating trend growth rates of 7.2%, 5.08%, and 4.68%,
respectively. These growth rates surpass the average post-2004-05 total pulse production
trend growth rate of 4.20%. Conversely, other pulse crops, including pigeonpea, lentil, and
pea, exhibit growth rates that fall below the average for total pulse production during this
period. The structural break figures for all six pulse crops are depicted in Figure 3.6 - 3.11.
Figure 3.6: Total Pigeonpea Production (MT): Structural Break (1950-51 to 2022-23)
Source: Authors' computation, data from DES, MoA&FW Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 79
Figure 3.7: Total Chickpea (MT) Production: Structural Break (1950-51 to 2022-23)
Source: Authors' computation, data from DES, MoA&FW
Figure 3.8: Total Lentil Production (MT): Structural Break (1970-71 to 2022-23)
Source: Authors’ computation, data from DES, MoA&FW Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 80
Figure 3.9: Total Black Gram (MT) Production: Structural Break (1970-71 to 2022-23)
Source: Authors' computation, data from DES, MoA&FW
Figure 3.10: Total Green Gram (MT) Production: Structural Break (1996-97 to 2022-23)
Source: Authors’ computation, data from DES, MoA&FW Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 81
Figure 3.11: Total Pea Production: Structural Break (1976-77 to 2020-21)
Source: Authors’ computation, data from DES, MoA&FW
In terms of their share within total pulse production, green gram has experienced the most
significant increase, rising from 8.06% in 2004-05 to 14.12% in 2022-23. Chickpea also grew,
increasing its share from 41.66% to 47.08% during the same timeframe. In contrast, the share
of black gram has remained relatively same at approximately 10.1%. Given the substantial
contributions of these crops, their growth has been a key driver of India’s total pulse production
following the structural break. Notably, the shares of other pulse crops, namely pigeonpea,
lentil, and pea, have decreased by 5.16%, 1.59%, 2.67%, and 0.36%, respectively. Consequently,
targeted interventions for specific pulse crops are essential to elevate overall pulse production
growth up to 4% and beyond.
To achieve self-sufficiency in pulses, the government plans to implement a six-year initiative
entitled the "Mission for Aatmanirbharta in Pulses," with a particular focus on pigeonpea, black
gram, and lentil, as stated by the Finance Minister in the recent Union Budget for 2025-26.
This mission will prioritize: (1) the development and commercial availability of climate-resilient
seeds, (2) the enhancement of protein content, (3) increased productivity, (4) improvements
in post-harvest storage and management, and (5) the assurance of remunerative prices for
farmers. Furthermore, central agencies such as NAFED and NCCF will be prepared to procure
these three pulses from farmers who register with them and enter into agreements over the
next four years. Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 82
3.4.2 State-wise Analysis
India's pulse production, which is heavily concentrated in seven key states, experienced a
significant shift in growth dynamics after 2004-05. Madhya Pradesh (22.11%), Maharashtra
(16.46%), Rajasthan (16.3%), Uttar Pradesh (10.33%), Karnataka (7.83%), Gujarat (6.5%), and
Andhra Pradesh (4.16%) collectively contribute approximately 82.65% of the nation's total
pulse output, based on the average from 2018-19 to 2022-23. Within this group, growth
drivers underwent a notable reconfiguration. Specifically, Rajasthan emerged as the primary
catalyst for national pulse production growth, exhibiting an impressive 8.05% growth rate
after 2004-05, representing a substantial increase of 6.5% from the pre-2004-05 period.
This growth, along with Maharashtra's 4.61% and Madhya Pradesh's 4.27% growth rates,
surpassing the national average of 4.20%, demonstrates a clear regional dominance of
driving overall production expansion. Given the significant contributions of these states to
pulse production, their growth has been crucial to India’s total pulse output following the
structural break. Karnataka also showed a considerable increase of 2.88% post-2004-05,
up from 2.08% from 1950-51 to 2004-05. This marked acceleration indicates the effective
implementation of region-specific practices in the post-2004-05 era.
In contrast, the other major pulse-producing states exhibited growth rates below the
national average, highlighting a divergence in performance. Although improving from a
negative growth rate of -0.34% pre-2004-05 to a positive 1.22%, Uttar Pradesh still lags
significantly behind. Andhra Pradesh experienced a dramatic decline, shifting from a
robust 3.30% growth rate in the pre-2004-05 period to -1.94% afterward. Gujarat's modest
increase to 3.48% from 3.15% also fell short of the national average. These disparities
emphasize the need for state and district-level targeted interventions to align their
growth trajectories with national objectives. Tailored agricultural strategies are essential
to address the specific constraints faced by each state and its districts, ensuring balanced
and sustainable growth in national pulse production. The structural break figures for major
pulse-producing states are illustrated in the subsequent figures (see Figure 3.12-3.18).
Figure 3.12: Total Pulse Production in Madhya Pradesh (MT): Structural Break (1950-51 to 2022-23)
Source: Authors' computation, data from DES, MoA&FW Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 83
Figure 3.13: Total Pulse Production in Maharashtra (MT): Structural Break (1950-51 to 2022-23)
Source: Authors' computation, data from DES, MoA&FW
Figure 3.14: Total Pulse Production in Rajasthan (MT): Structural Break (1950-51 to 2022-23
Source: Authors' computation, data from DES, MoA&FW Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 84
Figure 3.15: Total Pulse Production in Uttar Pradesh (MT): Structural Break (1950-51 to
2022-23)
Source: Authors’ computation, data from DES, MoA&FW
Figure 3.16: Total Pulse Production in Karnataka (MT): Structural Break (1950-51 to 2022-23)
Source: Authors’ computation, data from DES, MoA&FW Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 85
Figure 3.17: Total Pulse Production in Gujarat (MT): Structural Break (1950-51 to 2022-23)
Source: Authors’ computation, data from DES, MoA&FW
Figure 3.18: Andhra Pradesh (MT): Structural Break (1951-52 to 2022-23)
Source: Authors’ computation, data from DES, MoA&FW Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 86
3.5 Area, Production, and Yield of Major Pulses by Major Producing States in the
Recent Five Years (2018-19 to 2022-23): A Comparative Analysis
India cultivates a diverse range of pulses across seasons. In the kharif season, major pulse crops
grown in India are pigeonpea, black gram, green gram, cowpea, horse gram, and mothbean. In
the rabi season, the major pulse crops cultivated are chickpea, lentil, pea, lathyrus, and kidney
bean. In contrast, in the spring/summer season, the major pulse crops cultivated are black
gram, green gram, and cowpea.
Rabi pulses play a dominant role in India’s pulse production. As shown in Table 3.1, rabi crops
contribute 67% to the total pulse production despite accounting for only 53% of the total area
cultivated with pulses. This significant contribution is primarily driven by chickpea, which occupies
65% of the total cultivated area and contributes 70% of the total production in the rabi season.
However, the data also highlights disparities in productivity between kharif and rabi pulses. Despite
occupying a significant portion of the cultivated area, Kharif pulses contribute relatively less to
overall production. This suggests a need for targeted interventions to improve the productivity
and efficiency of kharif pulse cultivation. Furthermore, the table reveals variations in yield across
different pulse crops and seasons. While some crops, like chickpea, exhibit relatively high yields,
others, such as black gram and green gram, have lower yields. This underscores the importance
of crop-specific strategies to enhance productivity and optimize resource use. In conclusion, the
data presented in Table 3.1 provides valuable insights into India’s pulse production scenery. By
understanding the crop-wise and season-wise trends, policymakers and researchers can develop
targeted interventions to address the specific challenges faced by different pulse crops and
improve overall pulse production in India.
Table 3.1: Crop-wise Pulses Area, Production and Yield & Season-wise Share (Average of
2018-19 to 2022-23)
Note: *Other pulses include pea, mothbean, cowpea, horse gram, lathyrus, kidney bean, and clusterbean.
Source: Authors’ computation, data from DES, MoA&FW. Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 87
3.5.1 Total Pulses (Kharif + Rabi)
India holds the position of the largest pulse producer globally, yet the average yield of
0.851 t/ha recorded from 2018-19 to 2022-23 suggests significant potential for improving
productivity throughout the country. To achieve self-sufficiency in pulses and improve
farmers’ livelihoods, it is imperative to implement strategies that focus on increasing
yields and stability, optimizing resource utilization, and addressing the challenges faced
by the pulse sector. India achieved record-high pulse production in recent years. The highest
area under pulse cultivation was recorded at 30.7 Mha in 2021-22, while the peak production
reached 27.3 MT in the same year. The productivity reached a peak of 0.902 t/ha in 2022-23.
India’s pulse production is concentrated in a few states, with the top ten states contributing
about 91.28% of the total output from 89.97% of the total area (Table 3.2). Rajasthan, the
largest state in terms of area under cultivation (i.e., 6.07 Mha), contributes 20.85% of the
total pulse-growing area. However, despite its large area, Rajasthan ranks third in terms
of production, contributing only 16.3% to the total. Madhya Pradesh, with 5.44 Mha under
cultivation (18.69% of the total area), is the largest producer, contributing 22.11% of the
total production. Maharashtra, with 4.56 Mha under cultivation (15.66% of the total area),
is the second-largest producing state, contributing 16.46% to the total production. These
top three states collectively account for a substantial portion, nearly about 55% of India’s
pulse production.
Table 3.2: Indian Scenario by Major Pulse (Kharif + Rabi) Producing States (2018-19 to
2022-23)
Source: Authors’ computation, data from DES, MoA&FW
There are significant variations in pulse yields across different states. Gujarat stands out
as the most productive state, with a 1.333 t/ha yield. In contrast, Karnataka, with a yield Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 88
of 0.623 t/ha, exhibits the lowest productivity among major pulse-producing states,
indicating a yield gap of 0.710 t/ha compared to Gujarat (Figure 3.19). This wide yield gap
underscores the potential for improving productivity in states like Karnataka.
Even the top-producing states, such as Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra, have room for
improvement. Madhya Pradesh, despite being the largest producer, has a yield gap of 0.325
t/ha compared to Gujarat, ranked fourth in terms of yield at 1.008 t/ha among the top ten
producing states. Similarly, Maharashtra, the second-largest producer, has a yield gap of
0.439 t/ha, ranked sixth with a yield of 0.894 t/h. Rajasthan, the largest state in terms of
area under pulse cultivation, has a relatively low yield of 0.665 t/ha, ranked eighth among
the top ten producing states with a substantial yield gap of 0.668 t/ha compared to Gujarat.
While six states have achieved higher productivity levels than the national average yield
of 0.851 t/ha, four major pulse-producing states—Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu,
and Karnataka—have yields below this average. If these four states can match the national
average yield, it leads to an additional 2.01 MT of major pulse production. Furthermore,
if they can achieve the yield levels of Gujarat, the highest-yielding state, the potential
increase in production will reach 7.42 MT, potentially rendering India self-sufficient in the
pulse sector. This indicates a significant potential for yield improvement in these states,
which could contribute to a substantial increase in overall pulse production.
To bridge these yield gaps and enhance overall pulse production, it is crucial to identify and
address the specific factors limiting productivity in different regions due to differences in
agro-ecological conditions. The yield gap between high-performing and low-performing
states underscores the need for targeted interventions to improve productivity. Strategies
such as adopting advanced agricultural practices, promoting high-yielding varieties,
improving seed quality and irrigation infrastructure, enhancing soil health and efficient
water management, optimizing fertilizers, pest and disease management practices,
and strengthening extension services can help bridge this gap. Develop climate-resilient
varieties amenable to machine harvest and advanced agronomic practices can further
boost pulse productivity.
Figure 3.19: Yield Gap among Major Pulse-producing States (2018-19 to 2022-23)
Source: Authors’ computation, data from DES, MoA&FW Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 89
The relationship between irrigated area and pulse yield is multifaceted and influenced by
various factors. While irrigation can significantly boost pulse yields, it’s crucial to consider
other factors such as soil fertility, climate conditions, rainfall patterns, water availability, crop
and water management practices, and access to quality seeds. Combining increased irrigation
with improved agronomic practices, a balanced approach is essential to achieving sustainable
and profitable pulse production. The figure (Figure 3.20) provides insights into the share of the
irrigated pulse area to the total irrigated food grain area across the top ten pulse-yielding states.
Figure 3.20: Share of Pulses Irrigated Area to Total Food Grain Irrigated Area by Major
Pulse Producing States (%) (2018-19 to 2022-23)
Source: Authors’ computation, data from DES, MoA&FW
3.5.2 Kharif Pulses
Kharif pulses, cultivated across 13.60 Mha in India, contribute 8.09 MT to the total
production, with the top ten states contributing about 94.55% of the total production
from 94.34% of the total area (Table 3.3). However, the national average yield of 0.595 t/
ha indicates the need to enhance the overall productivity of Kharif pulses. Ever the highest
area and production in total kharif pulses was 14.8 Mha during 2018-19 and 9.6 MT during
2016-17, respectively. The productivity reached a peak of 0.668 t/ha during 2017-18.
Rajasthan emerges as the leading state in Kharif pulse cultivation, with 3.95 Mha under
cultivation, contributing 29.04% of the national area. Despite the large area, its contribution
to total production is 21.38%. Maharashtra, the second-largest state by area, with 2.10 Mha
under cultivation, contributes 19.16% to the total production. Karnataka, the third-largest,
with 2.13 Mha, contributes 16.32%. Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 90
Table 3.3: Indian Scenario by Major Pulse (Kharif) Producing States (2018-19 to 2022-23)
Source: Authors’ computation, data from DES, MoA&FW
A significant yield gap exists across different states in Kharif pulse production. While
states like Jharkhand and Gujarat, with smaller cultivation areas, have achieved relatively
higher yields, others with larger cultivation areas, including Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh,
Maharashtra, and Karnataka, have lower productivity levels. For instance, Jharkhand, with
a small cultivation area of 0.42 Mha, has the highest yield of 0.968 t/ha, contributing
significantly to 4.94% of the total production. Similarly, despite a smaller area of 0.45 Mha,
Gujarat has a relatively higher yield of 0.870 t/ha, ranked second, showcasing more efficient
resource utilization than other top-producing states.
On the other hand, Rajasthan, the largest producing state and having the most significant
area under cultivation, records the lowest yield of 0.437 t/ha with a yield gap of 0.531
t/ha compared to Jharkhand (Figure 3.21). This highlights a notable disparity in pulse
productivity despite Rajasthan’s vast cultivated area. Madhya Pradesh, with a yield of
0.489 t/ha (ranked ninth), also faces a significant yield gap of 0.479 t/ha. Maharashtra, the
second-largest producing state with a yield of 0.740 t/ha (ranked fifth), also experiences
a 0.347 t/ha gap. Karnataka, the third-largest producing state with a yield of 0.621 t/
ha (ranked eighth), experiences a gap of 0.347 t/ha. These states are key players in
Kharif pulse production, indicating that productivity could be enhanced to utilize the
cultivated land better. While eight states have achieved higher productivity levels than
the national average yield, the remaining two states among the top ten producers, i.e.,
Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh, have a yield below the national average of 0.595 t/ha. If
these two states achieve the national average yield, there is a potential to increase major
pulse (Kharif) production by 0.82 MT. Additionally, if these states reach the yield levels Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 91
of Jharkhand, the highest-yielding state for major pulses (Kharif), there is a potential to
increase production by 3.02 MT. Addressing these disparities by increasing efficiency
and productivity in lower-yielding states could significantly boost the overall production
of Kharif pulses in the country.
Figure 3.21: Yield Gap among Major Pulse (Kharif) Producing States (2018-19 to 2022-23)
Source: Authors’ computation, data from DES, MoA&FW
3.5.3 Rabi Pulses
Rabi pulses, cultivated across 16.69 Mha in India, contribute 15.51 MT to the total production,
with the top ten states contributing about 91.37% of the total production from 88.52%
of the total area (Table 3.4). However, the national average yield of 1.076 t/ha is almost
double that of the kharif pulses. The highest area and production in total rabi pulses was
16.8 Mha during 2022-23 and 19.1 MT during 2021-22, respectively. The productivity peaked
at 1.148 t/ha during 2022-23.
Madhya Pradesh is the leading state in Rabi pulse cultivation, with 3.51 Mha under cultivation
(22.63% of the total area), contributing 27.20% of the total production. Maharashtra,
the second-largest state by area, with 2.47 Mha under cultivation, contributes 15.16% to the
total production. Rajasthan, the third-largest, with 2.12 Mha, contributes 13.84%. Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 92
Table 3.4: Indian Scenario by Major Pulse (Rabi) Producing States (2018-19 to 2022-23)
Source: Authors’ computation, data from DES, MoA&FW
The yield analysis of Rabi pulses reveals differences in productivity among the top-
producing states. Gujarat leads with 1.608 t/ha yield, significantly higher than the national
average. This reflects its efficient farming practices and favorable growing conditions.
Tamil Nadu and Karnataka show the lowest yield of 0.584 t/ha and 0.627 t/ha, leading to
a yield gap of 1.084 t/ha and 0.981 t/ha, respectively, compared with Gujarat (Figure 3.22).
This gap indicates enormous opportunities for improvement in those states’ Rabi pulse
production.
On the other hand, Madhya Pradesh, with the largest area, has a yield gap of 0.314 t/
ha (ranked second). With the second largest area, Maharashtra has a yield gap of 0.583
t/ha (ranked sixth). Rajasthan, with the third largest area, has a yield gap of 0.517 t/ha
(ranked fifth). Uttar Pradesh also has a yield gap of 0.361 t/ha (ranked third) compared to
Gujarat, which signals the potential for increased efficiency in its Rabi pulse farming. While
five states have achieved higher productivity levels than the national average yield, the
remaining five states among the top ten producers, i.e., Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, West
Bengal, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu, have a yield below the national average of 0.595 t/ha.
If these five states match the national average yield, there is a potential to increase major
pulse (rabi) production by 1.003 MT. Additionally, if these states were to reach the yield
levels of Gujarat, the highest-yielding state for major pulses (rabi), there is a significant
potential to increase production by 3.86 MT. This data underscores the significant potential
for increased efficiency in Rabi pulse farming in lower-yielding states, which can lead to a
substantial enhancement in Rabi pulse production in India. Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 93
Figure 3.22: Yield Gap among Major Pulse (Rabi) Producing States (2018-19 to 2022-23)
Source: Authors’ computation, data from DES, MoA&FW
3.5.4 Pigeonpea
Pigeonpea, commonly known as red gram, arhar, or tur, is a vital pulse crop in India,
holding significant cultural and nutritional importance. As the second most crucial pulse
crop after chickpea, it is widely consumed as split pulses or ‘dal’. Pigeonpea seeds are
rich in essential nutrients, including iron, iodine, and amino acids like lysine, threonine,
cystine, and arginine, making them valuable dietary components. This emphasis on the
nutritional value of pigeonpea will make the audience feel more informed and aware of the
importance of this crop in the Indian diet.
Pigeonpea, a tropical crop, is predominantly cultivated in semi-arid regions of India. The
sowing time and method vary based on the variety. Early-maturing varieties are typically sown
in the first fortnight of June, while medium and late-maturing varieties are sown in the second
fortnight of June. Line sowing using a seed drill or desi plough or dibbling on ridges and
beds are recommended planting methods, depending on the specific area and soil conditions.
Pigeonpea thrives in temperatures ranging from 26°C to 30°C during the rainy season and 17°C
to 22°C during the post-rainy season. It’s important to note that pigeonpea is sensitive to low
radiation levels during pod development. Flowering during the monsoon or cloudy weather
can adversely affect pod formation and yield. It is successfully grown in well-drained black
cotton soils with a pH range of 7.0-8.5. Proper soil preparation, including adequate tillage and
drainage, is crucial for optimal growth and yield. A well-prepared seedbed provides the ideal
environment for seed germination and subsequent plant development. Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 94
The total area under Pigeonpea cultivation is 4.55 Mha, resulting in a total production
of about 3.81 MT. The top ten states contribute about 97.63% of the total production
from 97.57% of the total area. The average national yield is 0.837 t/ha, which reflects
the potential for productivity improvements across the country (Table 3.5). Ever highest
area and production in pigeonpea were 5.3 Mha and 4.9 MT during 2016-17. Productivity
reached a peak of 0.967 t/ha during 2017-18.
Table 3.5: Indian Scenario by Major Pigeonpea Producing States (2018-19 to 2022-23)
Source: Authors’ computation, data from DES, MoA&FW
The production of pigeonpea is concentrated in several key states, each contributing
to the overall output in different ways. Maharashtra, the largest producer (1.11 MT) in the
country, despite having the second largest area under cultivation (27.47% of the total),
has a relatively lower yield of 0.891 t/ha, ranking seventh among the top ten producing
states. Karnataka, while having the highest area under cultivation (33.41% of the total
area), also faces challenges with a very low yield of 0.699 t/ha (ranked ninth), leading to
a total production of 1.06 MT. States like Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat, and Jharkhand exhibit
higher yields while having smaller cultivation areas. Uttar Pradesh, with a yield of 1.065 t/
ha (ranked fifth), and Gujarat, with a yield of 1.147 t/ha (ranked top), are among the top-
yielding states. Jharkhand, with a yield of 1.086 t/ha (ranked third), also demonstrates
strong productivity.
The yield gap analysis for tur highlights significant disparities among states. Andhra
Pradesh has the lowest yield of 0.323 t/ha, resulting in a substantial yield gap of 0.824
t/ha compared to Gujarat (Figure 3.23). Karnataka also faces a significant yield gap of
0.448 t/ha. Similarly, Maharashtra, the largest producer, has a yield gap of 0.256 t/ha
compared to Gujarat. While seven states have achieved higher productivity levels than
the national average yield, the remaining three states among the top ten producers, i.e., Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 95
Telangana, Karnataka, and Andhra Pradesh, have a yield below the national average of
0.837 t/ha. If these three states can achieve the national average yield, there is a potential
to increase pigeonpea production by 0.34 MT. Additionally, if these states reach the yield
levels of Gujarat, the highest-yielding state for pigeonpea, there is a potential to increase
production by 0.98 MT. Addressing these gaps can lead to enhanced overall production
and better utilization of the available cultivated land in the country.
Figure 3.23: Yield Gap among Major Pigeonpea Producing States (2018-19 to 2022-23)
Source: Authors’ computation, data from DES, MoA&FW
3.5.5 Chickpea
Chickpea, also known as Bengal gram, is the largest produced pulse in South Asia and the
third largest globally, after common bean and field pea. Chickpea is widely appreciated
as a healthy food. It is a protein-rich supplement to cereal-based diets, especially for the
poor in developing countries.
Chickpea is primarily a winter-season crop. However, it is sensitive to frost, adversely
affecting flower development and seed formation. Optimal growth and yield are achieved
in areas with moderate rainfall, ranging from 600 to 900 mm per annum. Chickpea can
be cultivated on various soil types, from coarse-textured sandy soils to fine-textured deep
black soils (vertisols). However, well-drained, deep loams or silty clay loams with a pH
ranging from 6.0 to 8.0 are considered ideal. Proper field preparation is crucial for optimal
growth. The soil should be well-tilled and drained to ensure adequate aeration and prevent
waterlogging. Removing crop residues from the previous crop can help reduce the risk Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 96
of soil-borne diseases, such as collar rot. A rough seedbed is prepared in heavy soils to
prevent compaction from winter rains, ensuring adequate soil aeration and facilitating easy
seedling emergence. The optimal sowing time for chickpea varies across regions. In North
India, rainfed conditions favor sowing in the second fortnight of October while irrigated
in the first fortnight of November. For Central and South India, the ideal sowing period is
the first fortnight of October to the first fortnight of November. Late sowing, particularly
in December or January, can reduce yield and seed quality due to moisture stress and
high temperatures during the critical pod-filling stage. Chickpea is typically sown using
line sowing methods, either with a double box seed drill or a local plough. Broad Bed and
Furrow or Ridge and Furrow methods are used in low-lying or shallow lands to reduce the
risk of wilting, as shallow-rooted crops are more susceptible to moisture stress.
The total area under chickpea cultivation in India is about 10.09 Mha, resulting in a total
production of around 11.75 MT. The top ten states contribute about 98.39% of the total
production from 98.4% of the total area. The average national yield is 1.164 t/ha, which
reflects the potential for productivity improvements across the country (Table 3.6). The
highest area, production, and productivity in chickpea was achieved in 2021-22 with 10.7
Mha, 13.5 MT, and 1.261 t/ha, respectively.
Table 3.6: Indian Scenario by Major Chickpea Producing States (2018-19 to 2022-23)

Source: Authors’ computation, data from DES, MoA&FW
Madhya Pradesh, the country’s largest producer (3.19 MT), has the second largest area
under chickpea cultivation (22.30% of the total) and has a yield of 1.421 t/ha, ranking
third among the top ten producing states. While having the highest area under cultivation Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 97
(23.09% of the total area), Maharashtra harvests a lower yield of 1.058 t/ha (ranked
seventh), leading to a total production of 2.46 MT. Rajasthan, having the third largest
area under cultivation (20.61% of the total area), also faces challenges with a lower
yield of 1.081 t/ha (ranked sixth), leading to a total production of 2.25 MT. Gujarat is
recognized for its highest productivity, with a yield of 1.702 t/ha from an area of 0.65
Mha, resulting in a total production of 1.11 MT. On the other hand, Karnataka has the
lowest yield at 0.648 t/ha, creating a yield gap of 1.054 t/ha when compared to Gujarat
(Figure 3.24). Madhya Pradesh, the largest producing state, faces a yield gap of 0.281 t/
ha. Maharashtra is the largest state in the chickpea-cultivated area, with a yield gap of
0.644 t/ha. Rajasthan has the third largest cultivated area, having a yield gap of 0.621 t/
ha. While five states have achieved higher productivity levels than the national average
yield, the remaining five states among the top ten producers, i.e., Rajasthan, Maharashtra,
Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, and Karnataka, have a yield below the national average
of 1.164 t/ha. If these five states match the national average yield, there is a potential
to increase chickpea production by 1.05 MT. Additionally, if these states reach the yield
levels of Gujarat, the highest-yielding state for chickpea, there is a potential to increase
the production by 4.30 MT. Addressing these yield gaps through improved agricultural
practices can significantly boost overall production.
Figure 3.24: Yield Gap among Major Chickpea Producing States (2018-19 to 2022-23)
Source: Authors’ computation, data from DES, MoA&FW Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 98
3.5.6 Green gram
Green gram or mungbean is a versatile legume crop that is an excellent source of high-
quality protein. It can be consumed in various forms, including whole grains, sprouts, and
split pulses (dal). Beyond human consumption, green gram is also used as a green manure
crop to improve soil fertility. Additionally, the seed husks can be used as cattle feed. In
India, green gram is cultivated in different seasons, including summer, when it can be
grown after harvesting crops like pea, chickpea, potato, and mustard. Cultivating jayad
green gram is crucial in regions with paddy-wheat crop rotations, as it helps enhance soil
fertility and diversify the cereal-based monoculture.
Green gram thrives under high temperatures, less humidity, and moderate rainfall of about
600-800 mm. Waterlogging is fatal for root development and nitrogen fixation during
the early vegetative stage. While it is primarily a rain-fed crop, it can be successfully
cultivated under assured irrigated conditions during summer, particularly in the Indo-
Gangetic plains of Northern India. The best soil for its cultivation is loam soil with good
drainage. It should be avoided on alkaline, saline, or waterlogged soils. Proper field
preparation is essential for optimal growth and yield. The land should be ploughed 2-3
times and planked to create a fine seedbed free of clods and weeds. For summer or spring
cultivation, tillage should be carried out after irrigation to ensure adequate moisture
for seed germination and early growth. The optimal sowing time for green gram varies
depending on the season. For the rainy season crop, sowing should be done during the
last week of June or the first to mid-week of July. For the summer or spring crop, sowing
should be done after the harvest of previous crops (potato, sugarcane, mustard, and
cotton, etc.), ideally in the first fortnight of March. Late sowing can adversely affect yield,
as high temperatures during the flowering stage can lead to reduced pod formation and
seed development. Water management is crucial for successful green gram cultivation
in summer. For kharif-season crops, a single life-saving irrigation during the early pod
formation stage is required. However, 3-4 irrigations may be required for summer or
spring crops. The first irrigation should be applied 20-25 days after sowing, followed
by additional irrigations at 10–15-day intervals as needed. It is important to avoid
waterlogging, especially during the flowering stage, as excess moisture can negatively
impact plant health and yield.
The total area under green gram cultivation in India is about 5.11 Mha, with a total
production of around 2.98 MT. The top ten states contribute about 93.62% of the total
production from 95.12% of the total area. The average national yield for green gram
across the country stands at 0.583 t/ha, indicating potential opportunities for improving
productivity across the country (Table 3.7). The highest area and production in green
gram were 5.6 Mha and 3.7 MT during 2021-22, respectively, and productivity peaked at
0.663 t/ha during 2022-23. Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 99
Table 3.7: Indian Scenario by Major Green Gram Producing States (2018-19 to 2022-23)
Source: Authors’ computation, data from DES, MoA&FW
Rajasthan is by far the largest producer and cultivator, covering an area of 2.45 Mha (47.95%
of the total) and achieving a total production of 1.20 MT (40.27% of the total). The yield in
Rajasthan is a real concern (i.e. only 0.492 t/ha), ranking sixth in terms of yield among the top
ten producing states. Madhya Pradesh is the second largest producer and cultivator, with
an area of 0.67 Mha (13.11% of the total) and a total output of 0.75 MT. The yield in this state
is significantly higher than Rajasthan by 0.617 t/ha (Figure 3.25), making it the leading state
in terms of yield. Maharashtra, the third largest producing state’s yield is also concerning (i.e.,
only 0.470 t/ha), ranked seventh with a yield gap of 0.639 t/ha compared to Madhya Pradesh.
Karnataka, the fourth largest producing state, also exhibits a yield gap of 0.737 t/ha (ranked
ninth) compared to Madhya Pradesh. Bihar is the fifth largest producer, resulting in a yield of
0.679 t/ha (ranked fourth) with a yield gap of 0.43 t/ha. Andhra Pradesh stands out with a yield
of 0.814 t/ha from an area of 0.1 Mha, producing 0.08 MT of green gram. This positions Andhra
Pradesh as the second-highest contributor in terms of yield. Gujarat, with an area of 0.14 Mha
and a production of 0.10 MT, yield is 0.735 t/ha, ranking it third among the states. Odisha has
the lowest yield at 0.327 t/ha, creating a yield gap of 0.782 t/ha compared to Madhya Pradesh.
While five states have achieved higher productivity levels than the national average yield,
the remaining five states are among the top ten producers, i.e., Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Tamil
Nadu, Karnataka, and Odisha, have a yield below the national average of 0.583 t/ha. If these
five states can achieve the national average yield, there is a potential to increase green gram
production by 0.45 MT. Additionally, if these states reach the yield levels of Madhya Pradesh,
the highest-yielding state for green gram, there is a potential to increase production by 2.39
MT. Addressing these gaps can lead to improved overall production and better utilization of
the cultivated land in the country. Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 100
Figure 3.25: Yield Gap among Major Green Gram Producing States (2018-19 to 2022-23)
Source: Authors’ computation, data from DES, MoA&FW
3.5.7 Black gram
Black gram, or urdbean, is a significant pulse crop cultivated across India. It is consumed
in various forms, including whole or split dal, husked, unhusked, or perched. Additionally,
it serves as nutritive fodder for milch animals. Black gram is also used as a green manure
crop to improve soil fertility. Its high lysine content makes it an excellent complement to
rice, ensuring a balanced protein intake for human nutrition.
Black gram thrives in hot and humid tropical climates. It is primarily a warm-weather crop
well-suited to regions with moderate rainfall. In northern India, where winter temperatures
are low, black gram is typically cultivated during the rainy and summer seasons. In the
Eastern states, it is also grown during winter. In contrast, with less climatic variation, central
and southern states allow for cultivation in both winter and rainy seasons. Black gram can
be cultivated on various soil types, from sandy to heavy clay. However, well-drained loam
soils with a pH of 6.5 to 7.8 are considered ideal. It is important to avoid alkaline and saline
soils. The land is prepared like any other kharif season pulse crop. However, more thorough
preparation is required for summer cultivation to create a fine seedbed free of weeds and
crop residues. The sowing time for black gram varies depending on the season. In the
kharif season, sowing is typically done in the later part of June or early July, coinciding
with the onset of the monsoon. For the rabi season, sowing is recommended in the second
fortnight of October for upland areas and the second fortnight of November for rice
fallows. In the summer, sowing is usually done between the third week of February and
the first week of April. Water management is crucial for successful black gram cultivation. Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 101
In the kharif season, irrigation is generally not required if rainfall is adequate. However, if
moisture stress occurs during the critical pod formation stage, supplemental irrigation
may be necessary. For summer crops, 3-4 irrigations are typically required at 10–15-day
intervals. Maintaining adequate soil moisture during the flowering and pod development
stages is essential for optimal yield. Black gram can tolerate partial waterlogging more
compared to mungbean.
The total area under black gram cultivation in India is about 4.58 Mha, resulting in a total
production of 2.56 MT. The top ten states contribute about 97.63% of the total production
from 97.57% of the total area. The average national yield for black gram across the country
is 0.558 t/ha, highlighting the potential for enhancing productivity (Table 3.8). Ever highest
area in black gram was 5.6 Mha during 2018-19. Production and productivity peaked during
2017-18 with 3.5 MT and 0.662 t/ha, respectively.
Table 3.8: Indian Scenario by Major Black Gram Producing States (2018-19 to 2022-23)
Source: Authors’ computation, data from DES, MoA&FW
Madhya Pradesh is by far the largest producer and cultivator, with an area of 1.70 Mha
under cultivation (37.12% of the total) and a total production of 0.78 MT (30.47% of the
total). The yield in Madhya Pradesh is a real concern (i.e. only 0.455 t/ha), ranking it ninth
in terms of yield among the top ten producing states. Andhra Pradesh, the second-largest
producing state, stands out with a significantly higher yield of 1.057 t/ha from an area
of 0.35 Mha, resulting in a total production of 0.37 MT. This makes Andhra Pradesh the
second most productive state among the top ten producers. Uttar Pradesh is the second
largest cultivator, with an area of 0.57 Mha and the country’s third-largest producer (0.29 Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 102
MT). The yield in Uttar Pradesh is also low, only 0.512 t/ha, ranking the state eighth in the
country. Tamil Nadu yielded 0.659 t/ha, ranking it sixth overall. The yield gap analysis
for black gram reveals distinct differences in productivity across states. Telangana leads,
with a yield of 1.161 t/ha, significantly above the national average of 0.558 t/ha, followed
by Andhra Pradesh. Rajasthan has the lowest yield, leading to a yield gap of 0.767 t/
ha (Figure 3.12) compared to Telangana. Madhya Pradesh, the largest producer and
cultivator, faces a yield gap of 0.706 t/ha. This highlights opportunities for increasing
yield efficiency, which could enhance overall production. Uttar Pradesh, the third largest
producer, also shows a yield gap of 0.649 t/ha. While six states have achieved higher
productivity levels than the national average yield, the remaining four states among
the top ten producers, i.e., Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, and Rajasthan,
have a yield below the national average of 0.558 t/ha. If these four states match the
national average yield, there is a potential to increase black gram production by 0.30
MT. Additionally, if these states reach the yield levels of Telangana, the highest-yielding
state for black gram, there is potential to increase production by 2.19 MT. Addressing
these yield gaps through improved agricultural practices can significantly boost overall
production.
Figure 3.26: Yield Gap among Major Black Gram Producing States (2018-19 to 2022-23)
Source: Authors’ computation, data from DES, MoA&FW Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 103
3.5.8 Lentil
Lentil, or masur, is a widely consumed pulse in India. It is primarily consumed as dal,
either whole or split, and is used in various culinary preparations, including soups and
snacks. Lentil is known for its high nutritional value, particularly its high protein content
and micronutrients, especially iron, zinc, and folate, and easy digestibility. It is often
recommended for patients due to its gentle nature on the digestive system. Additionally,
the dry leaves, stems, and empty and broken pods of lentil plants can be used as valuable
fodder for livestock.
Lentil is a cool-season crop that can tolerate severe winter conditions. It thrives in
temperatures ranging from 18°C to 30°C. Cold temperatures during vegetative growth
and warmer temperatures during maturity are ideal for optimal yield and quality. Well-
drained loam soils with a neutral pH are best for lentil cultivation. Acidic soils are not
suitable for lentil cultivation. The soil should be friable and weed-free to ensure uniform
seed depth during sowing. On heavy soils, one deep ploughing followed by two to three
cross-harrowing is needed to improve soil structure and facilitate drainage. The field
should be leveled to ensure even water distribution during irrigation by giving a gentle
slope. The optimal sowing time for lentil varies depending on the region and irrigation
conditions. In rainfed areas, sowing should be done in the first fortnight of October
in Central and South India and the second fortnight of October in North India. Under
irrigated conditions, sowing can be delayed to the first fortnight of November in North
India. Late sowing, typically in the first week of December, for rice fallows of the North
Eastern Plains Zone (NEPZ) or fields vacated late by kharif crops under irrigated
conditions. Lentil can be effectively integrated into various cropping systems. The most
common rotations under sequential cropping are as follows: in rainfed areas, lentil can
be grown after a fallow period. In irrigated areas, it can be cultivated after crops like
paddy, maize, cotton, bajra, jowar, or groundnut. Common intercropping systems for
lentil include lentil with sugarcane, lentil with linseed, and lentil with mustard. Irrigation
management is crucial for lentil cultivation. The first irrigation should be applied 40-
45 days after planting, and the second light irrigation during the pod-filling stage. The
most critical stages for moisture stress are pod formation and flower initiation. Two light
irrigations can significantly improve lentil yield in regions with limited winter rainfall and
low soil moisture, such as Central India. However, excessive irrigation can negatively
impact crop performance.
The total area under lentil cultivation in India is about 1.44 Mha, resulting in a total
production of around 1.33 MT. The top eight states contribute about 99.03% of the total
production from 97.98% of the total area. The average national yield across the country
is 0.926 t/ha, indicating room for growth in productivity across the country (Table 3.9).
Ever highest area in Lentil was 1.64 Mha during 2022-23. Production and productivity
peaked during 2017-18 with 1.62 MT and 1.047 t/ha respectively. Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 104
Table 3.9: Indian Scenario by Major Lentil Producing Countries States (2018-19 to 2022-23)
Source: Authors’ computation, data from DES, MoA&FW
Uttar Pradesh is the leading producer (0.48 MT), with 36.17% of the total production in the
country, cultivating an area of 0.49 Mha. The yield in Uttar Pradesh is 0.981 t/ha, ranking
the state second in yield among the top eight producing states. Madhya Pradesh, the
largest cultivator, covers an area of 0.50Mha (34.68% of the total), producing 0.46 MT
(34.89%). The yield in Madhya Pradesh is slightly lower than Uttar Pradesh at 0.931 t/
ha, ranking it third. West Bengal, with an area of 0.16 Mha, the third largest producing
state, produces 0.14 MT of lentil (10.45% of the total), yielding 0.859 t/ha. It ranks seventh
among the top eight producing states. Bihar also contributes significantly, with an area of
0.14 Mha and a total production of 0.12 MT, achieving a yield of 0.891 t/ha, ranked fourth.
The yield gap analysis for lentil reveals notable differences in productivity across states.
Rajasthan has the highest yield at 1.313 t/ha, significantly above the average national yield
of 0.926 t/ha. In contrast, Assam has the lowest yield at 0.762 t/ha, resulting in a yield
gap of 0.551 t/ha compared to Rajasthan (Figure 3.27). While a leading producer, Uttar
Pradesh faces a yield gap of 0.332 t/ha. Madhya Pradesh, the largest cultivator, also shows
a notable yield gap of 0.382 t/ha compared to Rajasthan. While three states have achieved
higher productivity levels than the national average yield, the remaining five states among
the top eight producers, i.e., Bihar, Uttarakhand, Jharkhand, West Bengal, and Assam, have
a yield below the national average of 0.926 t/ha. If these five states achieve the national
average yield, there is a potential to increase lentil production by 0.019 MT. Additionally, if
these states can reach the yield levels of Rajasthan, the highest-yielding state for lentil, there
is a potential to increase production by 0.16 MT. Addressing these gaps can lead to enhanced
overall production and better utilization of the available cultivated land in the country. Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 105
Figure 3.27: Yield Gap among Major Lentil Producing States (2018-19 to 2022-23)
Source: Authors’ computation, data from DES, MoA&FW
3.5.9 Pea
Pea or matar is an important pulse crop globally, ranking third in importance after dry
bean and chickpea. It is India’s third most popular rabi pulse after chickpea and lentil. Pea
contributes significantly to meeting the protein and nutrient demands of the population.
Dry grains are used in various culinary preparations, both whole and split into the ‘dal’.
Besides vegetables, Pea is cultivated as a forage crop for cattle and as a cover crop to
prevent soil erosion. However, the primary focus remains on producing mature seeds for
human consumption.
Being a winter-season crop, pea requires a cool growing season with moderate
temperatures. High temperatures are more harmful to pea crops than frost, which can
damage plants during the flowering stage. High humidity associated with cloudy weather
can lead to the spread of fungal diseases like damping-off and powdery mildew. The
optimum monthly temperature range for pea growth is 13°C-18°C. Well-drained loamy soils
(free from excessive soluble salts) with a neutral pH range of 6.5 to 7.5 are ideal for pea
cultivation. The field should be well-prepared and free of crop residues to ensure optimal
growth. Deep ploughing followed by 2-3 harrowing and planking is required to create a fine
tilth. It is important to avoid powdery seedbeds, as they can hinder drainage and aeration,
potentially leading to poor plant growth and increased disease incidence. Intercropping
with autumn sugarcane can be a beneficial practice for lentil cultivation. Pea is primarily a
rainfed crop, relying on residual soil moisture and exhibiting some drought tolerance. One
or two irrigations applied 45 days after sowing and during the pod-filling stage may be the
optimal irrigation schedule. Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 106
India’s total area under pea cultivation spans 0.75 Mha, with a total production of around
0.91 MT. The top eight states contribute about 93.41% of the total production from 92%
of the total area. The national average yield is 1.222 t/ha, though significant variations
exist between states, indicating potential for productivity improvements (Table 3.10). Pea’s
highest area and production were 1.06 Mha and 1.01 MT during 2016-17. The productivity
peaked at 1.440 t/ha during 2019-20.
Table 3.10: Indian Scenario by Major Pea Producing States (2016-15 to 2020-21)
Source: Authors’ computation, data from DES, MoA&FW
Uttar Pradesh, by far, leads the country in pea cultivation and production, contributing
45.33% of the area and 54.95% of production with a yield of 1.476 t/ha. Madhya Pradesh
follows in second place, covering 26.67% of the area and contributing 18.68% of the total
production with the lowest yield of 0.889 t/ha among the top eight producing states,
resulting in a huge yield gap of 1.913 t/ha when compared to Himachal Pradesh, the
highest yielding state (2.802 t/ha) in the country (Figure 3.28). Rajasthan, the fifth largest
producer of pea ranked second, with a yield gap of 0.483 t/ha. States like Jharkhand, West
Bengal, and Assam show yield gaps of 1.586 t/ha, 1.697 t/ha, and 1.876 t/ha, ranked fourth,
fifth, and seventh in terms of yield, respectively. While three states have achieved higher
productivity levels than the national average yield, the remaining five states among the
top eight producers, i.e., Jharkhand, West Bengal, Bihar, Assam, and Madhya Pradesh, have
yielded below the national average. If these five states match the national average yield,
there is potential to increase pea production by 0.081 MT. Additionally, if these states reach
the yield levels of Himachal Pradesh, the highest-yielding state for pea, there is a potential
to increase production by 0.60 MT. Addressing these yield gaps could lead to substantial
gains in overall pea production in India. Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 107
Figure 3.28: Yield Gap among Major Pea Producing States (2016-17 to 2020-21)
Source: Authors’ computation, data from DES, MoA&FW
3.5.10 Mothbean
Mothbean, a native crop of northern and western parts of India, is highly adaptable to
hot and dry climatic conditions. It serves multiple purposes, including food, feed, fodder,
green manure, and green pasture. The green pods of mothbean are a popular vegetable,
while the mature seeds are used to make dal. As a rich source of protein, mothbean plays
a crucial role as a cheap source of vegetable protein for balancing nutritional deficiency.
Mothbean can withstand high temperatures without compromising flowering and fruit
development. The optimal temperature range for growth and development is between
25°C and 37°C. It is primarily cultivated in dry lands of arid zones with annual rainfall
ranging from 250 to 500 mm, where proper drainage is essential to prevent waterlogging.
In arid regions like western Rajasthan, a single deep ploughing with a mouldboard plough
followed by cross-harrowing is sufficient for field preparation during good rainfall years.
Alternatively, sweep cultivation with a ferti-seed drill can be used, particularly beneficial
for intercropping in wide-spaced crops. Sowing of mothbean should ideally be done at the
onset of the monsoon, between the first and second rain showers, typically in the second
or third week of July. Delayed sowing can lead to poor germination, increased seedling
mortality, and higher susceptibility to pests and diseases. Moreover, late-sown crops may
experience moisture stress during the critical flowering stage, resulting in reduced yield
and quality. It is primarily cultivated in dry land and rainfed conditions, but one irrigation
during the pod formation stage can be beneficial in areas with prolonged dry spells.
Mothbean is typically grown as a sole crop, but it can be rotated with mustard in years
with favorable rainfall. Mixed cropping with pearl millet, cluster bean, cowpea, green gram,
and sesame can be a suitable strategy in risk-prone areas during the monsoon season. Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 108
The total area under mothbean cultivation in India spans 1.09 Mha, with a total production
of around 0.34 MT. The national average yield is 0.308 t/ha, with Rajasthan being the
dominant contributor, accounting for 97.97% of the total area and 96.42% of the production
(Table 3.11). Rajasthan’s yield is close to the national average at 0.304 t/ha, indicating
potential for productivity improvements. Though cultivating only 0.001 Mha, Himachal
Pradesh has the highest yield in the country at 1.975 t/ha, more than 1.671 t/ha of yield
than Rajasthan (Figure 3.29). Ever highest area and production achieved by Rajasthan in
mothbean were 1.39 Mha and 0.43 MT during 2016-17. The productivity peaked at 0.333
t/ha during 2019-20. If Rajasthan matches the national average yield, there is potential to
increase mothbean production by 0.005 MT. Additionally, if the state reaches the yield
levels of Himachal Pradesh, the highest-yielding state for the mothbean, there is a potential
to increase production significantly by 1.78 MT.
Table 3.11: Indian Scenario by Major Mothbean Producing States (2016-17 to 2020-21)
Source: Authors’ computation, data from DES, MoA&FW
Figure 3.29: Yield Gap among Major Mothbean Producing States (2016-17 to 2020-21)
Source: Authors’ computation, data from DES, MoA&FW Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 109
In addition to the above, India also cultivates several lesser-known but important pulses.
Cowpea, horse gram, lathyrus, kidney beans, and clusterbean are some of the other pulses
that contribute to India’s pulse production and food security.
Cowpea, also known as Lobia/Barbati/Black-eyed pea, originating from Africa and Asia,
is renowned for its drought tolerance. Its wide, droopy leaves help conserve soil moisture
through shading. Cowpea has diverse uses, including food, feed, forage, green manure,
and vegetables. The seeds are a nutritious food source for humans, while the plant material
can be used as livestock feed. Both green and dried cowpea seeds are suitable for various
culinary applications, such as canning and boiling. Cowpea is primarily cultivated in arid
and semi-arid regions of India in states like Punjab, Haryana, Delhi, West Uttar Pradesh,
Rajasthan, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, and Gujarat. While it is not a major
pulse crop in India, it plays a significant role in the diets of rural populations.
Horse gram, or kulthi, is an important pulse crop, particularly in South India. Its seeds
are used for human consumption as ‘dal’ or in various culinary preparations like ‘rasam.’
Additionally, horse gram is a valuable source of fodder for livestock. It can also be used as a
green manure crop to improve soil fertility. This crop is often cultivated when the cultivator
is unable to sow any other crop with delayed monsoon or in vacant spaces within citrus
orchards. Horse gram is primarily cultivated in the states of Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh,
Orissa, Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Bihar, West Bengal, Jharkhand, and the
foothills of Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh.
Lathyrus or khesari, originating from South Europe and Western Asia, is considered a drought-
tolerant hardy crop and is grown in low-rainfall regions under rainfed conditions during winter
when lentil and chickpea are not expected to give good yields. The crop has a unique tolerance
ability against stressful environmental conditions, not only drought but also waterlogging and
salinity. In addition to use as dal and chapatti, it is usually grown as a fodder crop. Lathyrus
leaves about 3648 kg/ha nitrogen economy for the succeeding crop. Lathyrus is primarily
cultivated in Chhattisgarh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, and West Bengal.
Kidney bean, is an important pulse crop with high-yielding potential compared to gram and
pea. Kidney bean is highly nutritious and traditionally grown in the hilly regions of Maharashtra,
Himachal Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, and the Northeastern states. Its cultivation
is now expanding to the northern plains during the rabi and summer seasons. To realize the
full potential of kidney bean production, focused attention is needed.
India is the native origin of clusterbean or guar, a crop widely cultivated in Rajasthan, Gujarat,
Haryana, and Uttar Pradesh. Rajasthan is the leading state in clusterbean cultivation and
production in India. While the seeds are consumed as a vegetable, the primary economic
value lies in clusterbean gum, a gum extracted from the clusterbean. India is a major
exporter of processed clusterbean, accounting for about 90% of global exports.
3.6 Volatility in Pulse Crop Yield- National and State Level: A Decadal Analysis
This section delves into the yield volatility of major pulse crops in India. By examining crop-
specific, state-specific, and time-specific patterns and trends, this study measures the extent
of yield variation over time. The standard deviation of growth rates is a statistical measure
employed to quantify yield volatility. Higher standard deviation values signify greater variability
in crop yield across different growth stages, indicating unstable production patterns. Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 110
This instability can be attributed to many factors, including climate change, suboptimal input
use, infrastructure limitations, and substandard agricultural practices. Identifying the precise
factors driving this instability is paramount for developing targeted strategies to enhance the
stability and sustainability of pulse production.
To assess national-level yield variability, a comprehensive analysis of seven pulse crops (i.e.,
pigeonpea, gram, green gram, black gram, lentil, pea, and mothbean) along with total pulses was
conducted across five distinct phases (1970-71 to 1979-80, 1980-81 to 1989-90, 1990-91 to 1999-00,
2000-01 to 2009-10, and 2010-11 to 2022-23). For the state-level analysis, the study considered
major producing states for each pulse crop. These states were then analyzed for yield volatility
over the same five distinct phases to understand trends and patterns in yield volatility. While
some data gaps were encountered, these were addressed through substitution from nearby years
or noted as unavailable. Understanding these volatility trends is essential for informed decision-
making in the pulse sector’s agricultural planning and risk management strategies.
3.6.1 National Level Volatility Analysis
The table (Table 3.12 and Figure 3.30) provides a detailed analysis of yield volatility for
major pulse crops across five distinct phases at the national level. Generally, for most
pulse crops (except mothbean), the volatility in crop yield ranges from 5% to 20%, while
green gram exhibits higher volatility in Phase 4, with a value of 29.9%. However, significant
variations among crops and phases highlight the need for continued efforts to improve
yield stability through targeted interventions.
Table 3.12: Volatility in Yield of Major Crops across Five Phases (%)
Crop
Phase 1
(1970/71-
1979/80)
Phase 2
(1980/81-
1989/90)
Phase 3
(1990/91-
1999/00)
Phase 4
(2000/01-
2009/10)
Phase 5
(2010/11-
2022/23)
Total Pulses 9.6 8.3 10.4 8.6 9.4
Pigeonpea
18.4 9.0 19.6 13.5 16.4
Chickpea
16.1 12.2 10.1 10.5 8.1
Green gram
14.1 11.3 15.9 29.9 10.6
Black gram
8.2 18.3 9.6 5.9 12.4
Lentil
6.5 6.8 11.5 8.2 12.6
Pea
6.7 5.5 15.7 11.4 12.6
Mothbean
115.5 180.1 73.8 184.4 24.7
Source: Authors’ computation, data from DES, MoA&FW Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 111
Figure 3.30: Volatility in Yield of Major Pulse Crops across Five Phases (%)
Source: Authors’ computation, data from DES, MoA&FW
The overall phase-wise volatility trend of the total pulse is not much fluctuating. The highest
volatility was observed in Phase 3 and the lowest in Phase 2. On average, pigeonpea
exhibited higher volatility compared to other major pulse crops. The highest volatility
was observed in Phase 3 and the lowest in Phase 2. Chickpea shows a downward trend
in volatility, reflecting yield volatility stabilization. The highest volatility was observed in
Phase 1 and the lowest in Phase 5. The volatility in the green gram is fluctuating. The
highest volatility was observed in Phase 4 and the lowest in Phase 5. In the case of black
gram, the highest volatility was observed in Phase 2 and the lowest in Phase 4. Lentil
exhibits relatively low volatility compared to other pulses in the initial phases. The highest
volatility was observed in the last phase where the lowest in Phase 1. Pea also shows
relatively low volatility, like lentil, compared to other pulses in the initial phases, with little
more fluctuations than lentil across different phases. The highest volatility was observed
in Phase 3 and the lowest in Phase 2. Mothbean consistently exhibits the highest volatility
across all phases, with the highest volatility observed in Phase 4 and the lowest in Phase
5, which is a positive sign of decreasing volatility over time.
3.6.2 State-Level Volatility Analysis
Based on the spatial-temporal analysis, phase-wise volatility in pulse crop yield in major
producing states is reported in Table 3.13. It is observed that significant variations exist
among major producing states and phases for each pulse crop. Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 112
Total Pulses: Madhya Pradesh exhibits a relatively stable yield pattern across phases, with
the highest volatility observed in Phase 4 and the lowest in Phase 2. Maharashtra shows
considerable variation in yield volatility across phases. The highest volatility is observed
in Phase 3, and the lowest in Phase 2. Rajasthan exhibits high volatility across all phases
compared to other states. However, a significant decrease in volatility is observed in Phase
5, which is lowest among all states. Uttar Pradesh shows moderate stable volatility across
phases, with the highest volatility observed in Phase 1 and the lowest in Phase 2. Karnataka
exhibits a relatively high yield volatility pattern after Rajasthan, with the highest volatility
observed in Phase 1 and the lowest in Phase 2.
Pigeonpea: At the crop-specific level, pigeonpea in Maharashtra exhibited high fluctuations
in yield volatility across phases. This state shows the highest volatility in phase 3 and the
lowest in phase 2. Karnataka shows a relatively high level of volatility across all phases
compared to others, with the highest volatility in phase 3 and the lowest in phase 2. Uttar
Pradesh shows lower volatility across phases, with the highest volatility observed in phase
1 and the lowest in phase 3. Gujarat shows a fluctuating trend in volatility across phases,
with the highest volatility observed in Phase 2 and the lowest in Phase 5. Jharkhand shows
the lowest level of volatility in the last phase, with a huge decline from the previous phase.
Madhya Pradesh shows a relatively stable trend in volatility except for the last phase, with
the highest volatility observed in phase 5 and the lowest in phase 4.
Chickpea: Madhya Pradesh exhibits relatively lower volatility across most phases compared
to other states for chickpea, with the highest volatility observed in Phase 1 and the lowest
in Phase 2. Maharashtra demonstrates a higher level of volatility across most phases than
other states, with the highest volatility observed in Phase 1 and the lowest in Phase 4. In
Rajasthan, the highest volatility was observed in Phase 4, though it declined significantly in
the last phase, the lowest among all phases. Gujarat exhibits a fluctuating trend in volatility
across phases, with the highest volatility in Phase 1 and the lowest in Phase 5. Uttar Pradesh
shows a decreasing trend in volatility over time in the initial three phases but an increasing
trend in the later phases, with the highest volatility in Phase 1 and the lowest in Phase 3.
Green gram: Rajasthan consistently showed high volatility across most phases for green
gram, with the highest volatility observed in Phase 4 and the lowest in the last phase with
a noticeable decline. Madhya Pradesh shows a lower volatility across phases than other
states except the last phase, where the highest volatility was observed and the lowest in
Phase 4. Maharashtra exhibited the highest volatility in Phase 5, followed by phase 3, and
lowest in Phase 1. Karnataka shows a fluctuating trend in volatility across phases, with the
highest volatility observed in Phase 1 and the lowest in Phase 2. Bihar shows a decreasing
trend in volatility over time, reflecting yield volatility stabilization, with the highest volatility
observed in Phase 1 and the lowest in Phase 5.
Black gram: Madhya Pradesh shows relatively low volatility for black gram across phases
compared to other states except the last phase, where the highest volatility was observed
and the lowest in Phase 1. Andhra Pradesh shows low volatility in the last three phases
compared to other states, with the highest volatility observed in Phase 2 and the lowest
in Phase 3. Uttar Pradesh shows relatively less fluctuations in volatility, with moderate
values across all phases. In this state, the highest volatility was observed in Phase 1 and the
lowest in Phase 3. Tamil Nadu shows a fluctuating trend in volatility across phases, with Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 113
the highest volatility observed in Phase 2 and the lowest in Phase 3. Rajasthan consistently
showed high volatility across all phases, with the highest volatility observed in Phase 2 and
the lowest in phase 5.
Lentil: Uttar Pradesh shows relatively low yield volatility and a stable trend compared to
other states across phases for lentil, with the highest volatility observed in Phase 5 and the
lowest in Phase 2. Madhya Pradesh shows a declining trend in volatility in the initial three
phases then the trend increases, with the highest volatility observed in Phase 5 and the
lowest in Phase 3. West Bengal exhibited the highest volatility in Phase 4 and the lowest
in the subsequent phase. Bihar shows a fluctuating trend across phases, with the highest
volatility observed in Phase 3 and the lowest in Phase 2. Jharkhand shows a relatively
stable volatility, with moderate values across the two phases.
Pea: Uttar Pradesh exhibits relatively low yield volatility and a stable trend for Pea across
phases compared to other states, except for Phase 3, where the highest volatility was
observed. The lowest volatility was observed in the final phase. Madhya Pradesh shows a
fluctuating trend in yield volatility over the initial three phases, with the highest volatility in
Phase 3 and the lowest in Phase 2. Jharkhand demonstrates an increase in volatility, with
the highest volatility observed in Phase 5. Himachal Pradesh exhibits an increasing trend
in yield volatility across phases, with the highest volatility observed in the final phase.
Rajasthan consistently showed high volatility across all phases, except for Phase 3 where
it exhibited the lowest volatility among all states. The highest volatility for Rajasthan was
observed in Phase 1.
Mothbean: For mothbean, Rajasthan consistently exhibited high volatility across all
phases, except for the final phase where it was significantly lower. The highest volatility
was observed in Phase 2. Himachal Pradesh displayed low yield volatility in phase 4 but
increased significantly in the final phase. Gujarat demonstrated a decreasing trend in yield
volatility until phase 4, with the highest volatility in phase 2 and the lowest in phase 4.
The analysis of yield volatility across different pulse crops and states over time reveals
significant variations. While states and crops have achieved low volatility and relative
stability in some cases, others continue to face challenges in terms of yield fluctuations.
Factors like climate variability, pest and disease outbreaks, and inadequate management
practices contribute to yield volatility. However, implementing improved agricultural
practices, such as adopting high-yielding varieties, efficient irrigation systems, and
integrated pest management, has led to a decline in volatility in certain regions. To further
enhance the stability of pulse production, it is crucial to promote the adoption of advanced
technologies, and strengthen extension services. Additionally, targeted interventions
that support sustainable agriculture, climate-resilient practices, and market linkages can
significantly mitigate yield volatility and ensure food security. Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 114
Table 3.13: Phase-wise Volatility in Pulses Crop Yield in Major Pulses-Producing States (%)
Major
Producing
States
Phase 1
(1970/71-
1979/80)
Phase 2
(1980/81-
1989/90)
Phase 3
(1990/91-
1999/00)
Phase 4
(2000/01-
2009/10)
Phase 5
(2010/11-
2022/23)
Total Pulses
Madhya
Pradesh
14.8 9.2 12.6 19.7 11.1
Maharashtra 16.4 15.6 43.5 18.0 36.8
Rajasthan 32.6 58.7 45.3 56.5 8.8
Uttar
Pradesh
20.6 10.5 10.6 11.5 14.8
Karnataka 35.5 17.7 24.4 21.8 22.6
Pigeonpea
Maharashtra 20.8 16.3 49.6 22.0 42.8
Karnataka 30.1 21.2 56.3 36.1 35.5
Uttar
Pradesh
40.0 13.8 9.2 15.4 21.6
Gujarat 19.7 41.9 25.3 29.4 10.5
Jharkhand    36.0 8.4
Madhya
Pradesh
26.9 26.1 19.6 16.5 30.8
Chickpea
Madhya
Pradesh
24.9 7.1 10.7 21.4 9.9
Maharashtra 42.5 26.7 28.1 14.1 24.0
Rajasthan 26.3 20.0 19.5 45.3 17.4
Gujarat 41.5 16.7 22.9 24.7 13.4
Uttar
Pradesh
39.3 16.6 5.0 17.1 26.8
Green gram
Rajasthan 57.8 160.5 104.9 287.5 26.1
Madhya
Pradesh
16.1 14.7 18.3 9.6 34.6
Maharashtra 24.0 26.8 63.5 29.2 64.2
Karnataka 83.8 29.1 48.2 60.1 37.2
Bihar 20.5 17.2 13.6 14.5 12.2 Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 115
Major
Producing
States
Phase 1
(1970/71-
1979/80)
Phase 2
(1980/81-
1989/90)
Phase 3
(1990/91-
1999/00)
Phase 4
(2000/01-
2009/10)
Phase 5
(2010/11-
2022/23)
Black gram
Madhya
Pradesh
16.3 24.3 17.6 18.5 45.2
Andhra
Pradesh
16.0 28.2 15.9 20.5 17.7
Uttar
Pradesh
38.6 24.5 21.2 23.9 21.4
Tamil Nadu 22.7 55.8 19.1 28.1 35.1
Rajasthan 66.1 101.0 37.7 72.0 32.6
Lentil
Uttar
Pradesh
13.4 11.3 12.4 14.1 18.0
Madhya
Pradesh
15.4 7.6 6.5 13.8 24.3
West
Bengal
22.5 23.5 17.5 25.4 16.3
Bihar 19.3 9.2 30.7 12.3 19.3
Jharkhand    14.1 14.3
Pea
Uttar
Pradesh
8.0 8.0 23.1 13.4 6.4
Madhya
Pradesh
21.8 7.3 24.5 15.0 16.6
Jharkhand    24.5 28.6
Himachal
Pradesh
   9.3 22.0 42.3
Rajasthan 32.1 23.2 4.4 26.4 19.0
Mothbean
Rajasthan 161.8 1176.0 91.0 355.4 24.4
Himachal
Pradesh
    15.5 676.3
Gujarat 316.5 164.5 108.7 144.7
Source: Authors’ computation, data from DES, MoA&FW Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 116
Figure 3.31: Volatility in Yield of Major Pulses in Major Producing States
Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 117

Author’s calculation Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 118
3.7 Decomposition of Pulse Crop Production - National and State Level: Decadal
Analysis
A decomposition analysis was conducted at national and state levels for major pulse crops
cultivated in India to understand the factors driving changes in pulse production. This analysis
helps to quantify the relative contributions of changes in area and yield to overall production
changes. The additive decomposition approach, which is widely used for its simplicity and
interpretability, was employed. The analysis involves comparing the initial (??????0) and at the nth
year production (????????????) levels, considering the changes in area (??????0 to ????????????) and yield (??????0 to ????????????) over
that specified period. This approach provides valuable insights into the drivers of production
growth and helps identify areas for further intervention to enhance pulse production.
For example,
??????0 = ??????0 ∗ ?????? 0
???????????? = ???????????? ∗ ????????????
The change in production, area, and yield is represented as:
∆?????? = ???????????? − ??????0
∆?????? = ???????????? − ??????0
∆?????? = ???????????? − ??????0
From above,
?????? + ∆?????? = (?????? + ∆??????) ∗ (?????? + ∆??????)
?????? = (??????0 ∗ ∆?????? ∗ 100 / ∆??????) + (??????0 ∗ ∆?????? ∗ 100 / ∆??????) + (∆?????? ∗ ∆?????? ∗ 100 / ∆??????)
Production = Yield effect + area effect + interaction effect
This analysis breaks down production changes into three components: yield effect, area
effect, and the interaction effect between area and yield. By analyzing these components
for major pulse-producing states and seven key pulse crops (pigeonpea, chickpea, green
gram, black gram, lentil, pea, and mothbean), the study provides insights into the specific
factors contributing to production over time covering five phases: 1970/71 to 1979/80 (Phase
1), 1980/81 to 1989/90 (Phase 2), 1990/91 to 1999/00 (Phase 3), 2000/01 to 2009/10 (Phase
4), and 2010/11 to 2022/23 (Phase 5).
3.7.1 National Level Decomposition Analysis
The national-level decomposition analysis reveals the dynamic interplay of yield, area, and
their interaction in driving pulse production across different phases (Table 3.14).
Total Pulse: At the national level, for total pulses, the overall decomposition analysis
suggests that yield was the dominant factor in the initial phase, while the area effect
gained prominence from Phase 2 onwards, particularly in Phase 3. The area effect drove Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 119
the change in production in phase 3. Phase 4 witnessed a more balanced contribution from
both area and yield and in the final phase (Phase 5), yield emerged again as the primary
driver. The interaction effect, while present, played a relatively minor role across all phases.
Pigeonpea: The yield effect was dominant in the initial phase, contributing significantly
to pigeonpea production. However, in the subsequent phase, area expansion gained
prominence. Interestingly, yield again became the primary driver of pigeonpea production
since the third phase.
Chickpea: The initial phase was dominated by the yield effect, which was the primary
driver of production for chickpea. Subsequently, the area effect became more significant,
particularly in Phase 3. In Phase 4, area was the primary driver, with yield and their
interaction also contributing positively. The final phase witnessed chickpea production
primarily driven by yield, with the area and the interaction effect playing supporting roles.
Green gram: In the initial phase, the yield effect played a dominant role in driving green
gram production. Subsequently, in Phases 2 and 3, both area and yield contributed
to production. In Phase 4, yield was the primary driver of production. The final phase
witnessed production was driven by a combination of area, yield, and their interaction.
Black gram: The area effect was initially the primary driver of black gram production. In
Phase 2, both area and yield contributed positively to production. Phase 3 was dominated
by area effect, while Phase 4 saw contributions from both area and yield. The final phase
witnessed a more balanced contribution from both area and yield and a positive interaction
effect.
Lentil: The yield effect was dominant in the first phase, contributing significantly to Lentil
production. In Phase 2, yield and area and their interaction also contribute positively. Phase
3 production was primarily driven by the area with positive yield and interaction effect.
The last two phases witnessed production driven primarily by yield with a positive area
and interaction effect.
Pea: In the initial phase, both area and yield contributed positively to production, although
the interaction effect had a negative impact. Phase 2 witnessed a more balanced contribution
from all three factors—area, yield, and their interaction. The area effect primarily drove
production in Phase 3. In the final two phases, the yield effect emerged as the dominant
driver of production.
Mothbean: Initially, the yield effect was dominant, contributing significantly to mothbean
production. The second phase also witnessed yield dominance. Production was primarily
driven by yield in the third phase, while the area effect contributed positively. The fourth
phase was primarily yield-driven, while the interaction effect contributed positively. The
final phase witnessed production driven by both area and yield, with a negative interaction
effect.
Overall, the analysis quantifies the relative contributions of yield, area, and their interaction
with changes in pulse production over time. Understanding these dynamics is crucial for
developing effective strategies to enhance pulse production further and achieve self-
sufficiency. Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 120
Table 3.14: Decomposition Analysis of Output for Major Pulse Crops: National Level Analysis (1970/71 to 2022/23)
Crop
Phase 1
(1970/71-1979/80)
Phase 2
(1980/81-1989/90)
Phase 3
(1990/91-1999/00)
Phase 4
(2000/01-
2009/10)
Phase 5
(2010/11-2022/23)
YAIYAIYAIYAIYAI
Total pulses96.64.6-1.211.881.27.0-47.5126.920.648.444.67.071.222.16.7
Pigeonpea138.7-42.74.026.866.17.1147.2-40.4-6.8154.2-47.1-7.1154.0-43.5-10.5
Chickpea77.730.7-8.532.568.0-0.6-380.5410.969.624.661.314.162.828.48.8
Green gram623.63-773.31159.6840.951.77.446.659.6-6.2106.0-9.02.929.355.115.7
Black gram-80.1205.4-25.351.969.3-21.2-31.0126.64.364.936.2-1.143.247.19.7
Lentil165.5-86.420.953.336.610.111.086.52.598.81.10.193.93.82.3
Pea54.061.4-15.455.433.710.8-16.9124.3-7.4101.1-17.216.1143.6-25.9-17.7
Mothbean88.422.6-11.0103.7-2.4-1.389.646.2-35.8107.5-29.622.150.469.7-20.1
Note- Y stands for Yield, A stands for Area, and I stand for Interaction
Source: Authors’ computation, data from DES, MoA&FW Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 121
3.7.2 State-Level Analysis
The state-level decomposition analysis reveals distinct patterns in the contributions of yield
effect, area effect, and their interaction effect to pulse production across major producing
states and phases (Table 3.15).
Total Pulses: In Madhya Pradesh, the yield was initially the primary driver of total pulse
production. Subsequently, the area effect gained prominence, particularly in phase 3. In
phase 4, a balanced combination of area, yield, and their interaction effect contributed
positively. The yield effect once again dominated phase 5. For Maharashtra, the initial
phase was characterized by yield dominance, followed by a balanced contribution from
area, yield, and their interaction in phase 2. However, yield effects became dominant in
phases 3 and 4. A balanced combination of area, yield, and their interaction in the final
phase contributed to production growth. In Rajasthan, yield was the primary driver in
Phase 1, followed by a shift towards area effect, particularly until Phase 3. In Phase 4,
yield regained significance, contributing positively to the interaction effect. The final
phase was primarily driven by area effect. While yield dominated the initial phase in Uttar
Pradesh, the area effect became more significant in subsequent phases. Phase 4 witnessed
contributions from both yield and area. In the final phase, a combination of yield, area,
and their interaction effect drove production growth. For Karnataka, a combination of
area, yield, and their interaction effect drove production initially. Subsequently, the area
became more significant in phase 2. Yield dominance was observed in phase 3. In phase
4, area effect was the primary driver. The final phase witnessed yield as the primary driver
of production enhancement.
Pigeonpea: In Gujarat, the area was initially the primary driver of pigeonpea production. The
area effect continued with its prominence in phase 2. In phase 3, a balanced combination
of area and yield contributed positively. In phases 4 and 5, the yield effect dominated and
contributed to the growth of pigeonpea production. For Maharashtra, the initial phase
was characterized by yield dominance, followed by a balanced contribution from area
and yield in phase 2. However, yield effects again became dominant in phases 3 and 4. In
the final phase, the area was the primary driver of production growth. In Karnataka, the
yield was the primary driver in phase 1, with some contribution from the area. This was
followed by a shift towards area effect in phase 2. In Phase 3, yield regained significance
with a minor contribution from area. However, in phase 4, a balanced combination of area
and yield contributed to growth in pigeonpea production. The area effect primarily drove
the growth in the final phase. While yield dominated the initial phase in Uttar Pradesh, the
area effect became significant in phase 3. Phase 4 witnessed contributions from both yield
and area. In the final phase, the yield effect drove production growth. For Jharkhand, a
combination of yield and the interaction effect drove production in phase 3. Subsequently,
the area became significant in phase 4 and was the primary contributor to production
growth. For Madhya Pradesh, the yield effect dominated in the initial phases, with the area
effect gaining prominence in phase 3. In phase 4, a balanced combination of area and yield
contributed positively. The area and interaction effect contributed to growth in pigeonpea
production in phase 5.
Chickpea: The area was initially the primary production driver in Madhya Pradesh. In phase
2, a balanced combination of area and yield contributed positively. In Phase 3, the yield Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 122
effect dominated, following a combination of area and yield contributing to production
growth in Phase 4. In the final phase, the yield effect was the primary driver. In Maharashtra,
yield was the primary driver in Phase 1, followed by a balanced area contribution and yield
in Phase 2. In phase 3, the area effect again gained prominence. A balanced combination
of yield and area effect marked phase 4. In phase 5, the area effect was the primary driver
of production growth. In Rajasthan, the yield effect was the primary driver of growth in
phase 1 and phase 2. However, in subsequent phases, the area effect gained prominence.
In phase 3, the area effect dominated production with a minor contribution from the
interaction effect. The area continued its dominance in phases 4 and 5, with the yield effect
contributing to some growth in phase 5. In Gujarat, the yield effect was the primary driver
in phase 1. In phases 2 and 3, the area effect gained prominence. In phase 4, a balanced
combination of the area and interaction effect contributed to production growth. In phase
5, both the area and yield contributed to growth in production, with the area effect being
the dominant one. In Uttar Pradesh, the yield effect was the primary driver of production
growth, with some contribution from the area. In phase 2, a balanced combination of yield
and area contributed to production growth. In phase 4, the area effect was the primary
driver, and finally, in phase 5, the yield effect gained prominence and contributed positively.
Green gram: In Rajasthan, the yield was the primary driver of the production in phase
1, with some contribution from the area. In phases 2 and 3, the yield was the primary
driver with contribution from the interaction effect. In phase 4, a balanced combination of
yield and interaction contributed positively. Finally, in phase 5, the area was the dominant
contributor to production. In Madhya Pradesh, the yield effect was the primary driver in
production in phase 1. Phases 2 and 3 were marked by area as the primary driver. In phase
4, the yield effect regained its prominence. In the final phase, the area and the interaction
effect contributed positively. In Maharashtra, a balanced contribution of yield and area
contributed positively in phase 1. In phases 2 and 3, the yield effect gained dominance.
In phase 4, the area effect was the primary driver of growth in green gram production.
In phase 5, the area effect dominated with a minor contribution from the yield effect. In
Karnataka, the area effect was the primary growth driver in Phase 1. In phase 2, a balanced
combination of the area and the yield effect contributed positively. In phase 3, the area
effect contributed primarily to growth. In phase 4, the yield was the primary driver, with a
minor contribution from the area. In the final phase, however, a balanced combination of
yield and area together steered growth in the production of green gram. In Bihar, in phases
1 and 2, a balanced combination of area and yield contributed positively. In phase 3, area
was the primary driver, and in phase 4, yield and area contributed positively. Finally, in
phase 5, the yield was the dominant contributor to production.
Black gram: In Madhya Pradesh, yield was the primary driver of production in phase 1, with
some contribution from the interaction effect. In phase 2, a balanced combination of yield
and area contributed positively. In phase 3, yield was the primary driver in the production
of black gram. In phase 4, yield dominated with some contribution from the area. Finally,
in phase 5, the area and interaction effects contributed positively. In Andhra Pradesh, the
area effect dominated initially in Phase 1; however, in Phase 2, the yield effect gained
prominence. In phase 3, the area effect regained its prominence. In phase 4, both area
and yield contributed positively, with the area continuing to dominate. In the final phase
5, the yield effect was the primary driver in production. In Uttar Pradesh, the yield effect Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 123
dominated in phase 1 with a minor contribution from the interaction effect. In phase 2, a
balanced combination of yield and area contributed positively. In phases 3 and 4, the area
effect was dominant. In phase 5, the yield effect was the primary driver in production with
a minor contribution from the interaction effect. In Tamil Nadu, area effect was the primary
driver with a minor contribution from yield in phase 1. In phase 2, both yield and area
contributed positively. In phase 3, the yield and interaction effect contributed positively. In
phase 4, the yield effect was dominant with a minor contribution from the area. In phase
5, both yield and area contributed positively. In Rajasthan, yield and interaction effects
contributed positively in phase 1. In phase 2, both area and yield contributed positively.
However, in phase 3, the area gained dominance with a minor contribution from the
interaction effect. In phase 4, the yield effect was dominant; in the final phase 5, area was
the primary driver in production.
Lentil: In Uttar Pradesh, yield was the primary driver of production in phase 1, with some
contribution from the interaction effect. In phases 2 and 3, a combination of area and yield
contributed positively, with area as the dominant factor. In phases 4 and 5, the yield was
the primary driver in the production of Lentil. In Madhya Pradesh, yield was the primary
driver in production in phase 1. In phase 2, a combination of yield and area contributed
positively. In phase 3, the area was the primary driver in production. In phases 4 and 5,
yield regained dominance and was the primary driver in Lentil production. In West Bengal,
area was the dominant factor in production in phase 1. However, in phase 2, yield gained
prominence. In phase 3, both yield and area contributed positively. In phases 4 and 5, area
was the dominant driver in production. In Bihar, in phase 1, yield was the primary driver in
production, with a minor contribution from the interaction effect. In subsequent phases, in
phases 2, 3, and 4, yield was the primary driver in production. In the final phase, the area
was the primary driver in production, with a minor contribution from the interaction effect.
In Jharkhand, the area effect was dominant in phases 4 and 5 and has been the primary
driver in Lentil production.
Pea: In Uttar Pradesh, the area was the primary production driver in phase 1, with a
notable contribution from yield. In phase 2, a combination of area and yield contributed
positively, with area as the dominant factor. In phase 3, the area was the primary driver in
the production of Pea. In phase 4, yield contributed positively. In phase 5, a combination
of yield and area contributed to production, with yield as the dominant factor. In Madhya
Pradesh, yield was the primary driver in production in phase 1. In phase 2, yield dominated,
with area making some contribution. In phase 3, a balanced combination of area and yield
contributed positively. In phase 4, the area dominated with some contribution from yield.
In phase 5, yield was the primary factor in production. In Jharkhand, the area contributed
positively in phases 4 and 5. In Himachal Pradesh, the area contributed positively in
phase 4 with some contribution from yield. In phase 5, the yield was the primary driver in
production, with some contribution from area. In Rajasthan, the area and the interaction
effect contributed positively in phase 1. In phase 2, yield contributed positively. In phases
3 and 4, area was the primary driver in production. In phase 5, the yield effect dominated
production. Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 124
Mothbean: In Rajasthan, the area was the primary production driver in phase 1, with a
notable contribution from yield. In phase 2, yield contributed positively. In phase 3, the
yield was the primary driver in the production of Pea, with some contribution from the
area effect. In phase 4, yield contributed positively, with a minor contribution from the
interaction effect. In phase 5, a combination of yield and area contributed to production,
with area as the dominant factor. In Himachal Pradesh, the area was the primary driver
in production in phase 4. In phase 5, yield, area, and the interaction effect contributed
positively. In Gujarat, yield was the primary driver, with some contribution from the area in
phase 3. In phase 4, yield dominated the contribution to production. In phase 5, the area
gained dominance with some contribution from yield.
The analysis highlights the complex interplay of yield, area, and their interaction in shaping
pulse production dynamics across different states and phases. While yield improvement
is crucial in enhancing production, area expansion and its interaction with yield also play
significant roles. Understanding these dynamics is essential for developing effective
strategies to enhance pulse production and achieve self-sufficiency.
Table 3.15: Decomposition Analysis of Output for Major Pulses by Major Producers: State-
Level Analysis (1970/71 to 2022/23)
States
Phase 1
(1970/71-
1979/80)
Phase 2
(1980/81-
1989/90)
Phase 3
(1990/91-
1999/00)
Phase 4
(2000/01-
2009/10)
Phase 5
(2010/11-
2022/23)
Y A IYA IY A IY A IY A I
Total Pulses
Madhya
Pradesh
157.4 -82.6 25.120.0 71.8 8.2 -165.8 125.1 50.6 40.5 43.7 15.8 82.2 10.5 7.3
Maharashtra
73.9 20.9 5.2 34.4 39.9 25.7 645.8 -389.5-156.4117.4 -11.4 -6.0 42.2 47.8 10.0
Rajasthan
82.5 30.8 -13.4-28.6141.9-13.323.0 89.8 -12.8138.9-194.9 65.9 -36.6 142.3 -5.7
Uttar
Pradesh
72.7 42.6 -15.3-40.7159.6-18.9-28.3 117.5 10.8 56.3 46.8 -3.2 60.7 31.7 7.6
Karnataka
27.4 62.6 10.0 9.2 85.4 5.3 762.9 -520.4-142.5-20.5 124.8 -4.3 89.0 9.9 1.1
Pigeonpea
Gujarat
18.2 67.7 14.2 8.5 82.8 8.8 42.1 62.5 -4.6 135.1 -13.1 -22.1456.3 -301.9-54.4
Maharashtra
86.6 10.3 3.1 47.7 35.6 16.6 93.8 3.1 3.1 101.0 -0.7 -0.3 -96.4 187.1 9.3
Karnataka
64.1 26.7 9.2 8.8 87.4 3.8 77.3 15.1 7.6 46.2 52.1 1.7 29.3 59.9 10.8
Uttar
Pradesh
71.3 33.6 -4.9 84.5 18.8 -3.3-107.2195.0 12.2 78.1 41.4 -19.5 88.6 9.9 1.5
Jharkhand
          60.2 -56.7 96.5 -136.4 39.5 -105.4
Madhya
Pradesh
103.0 -5.4 2.4 166.7 -41.1-25.7 36.0 74.1 -10.1 57.1 33.9 9.0 -544.6285.4 359.1 Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 125
States
Phase 1
(1970/71-
1979/80)
Phase 2
(1980/81-
1989/90)
Phase 3
(1990/91-
1999/00)
Phase 4
(2000/01-
2009/10)
Phase 5
(2010/11-
2022/23)
Y A IYA IY A IY A IY A I
Chickpea
Madhya
Pradesh
-246.4 431.0-84.536.3 56.7 7.0 83.2 13.1 3.7 29.6 53.8 16.6 461.3-212.5-148.8
Maharashtra 56.930.113.042.937.419.731.156.912.030.441.927.713.073.213.8
Rajasthan
70.7 39.8 -10.564.5 39.8 -4.3 -41.4 124.4 16.9 7.2 90.5 2.3 31.1 66.2 2.7
Gujarat
149.9 -87.0 37.1-44.1176.3-32.1 38.9 81.3 -20.2 6.1 52.5 41.4 9.0 60.9 30.1
Uttar
Pradesh
72.6 45.7 -18.355.4 51.7 -7.1 -25.4 116.4 9.0 8.6 93.6 -2.2 60.5 27.8 11.7
Green gram
Rajasthan
94.4 35.0 -29.566.5 10.8 22.7 104.5 -16.0 11.5 163.9-230.3 166.4 -23.1 151.4 -28.3
Madhya
Pradesh
95.1 9.1 -4.1-58.7139.7 19.0 -5.6 103.9 1.7 138.4 -29.2 -9.2 5.6 29.4 65.1
Maharashtra
47.0 44.2 8.9 60.4 17.1 22.6 102.8 -82.6 -10.1 6.6 96.0 -2.5 23.0 88.7 -11.6
Karnataka
-54.9 194.1-39.133.6 50.0 16.4-237.5419.6 -82.1 93.5 21.4 -14.9 53.7 33.4 12.9
Bihar
33.4 51.0 15.6 37.3 48.5 14.2 6.0 95.0 -1.0 47.4 58.7 -6.1 114.8 -11.5 -3.3
Black gram
Madhya
Pradesh
135.6 -52.2 16.6 53.5 76.5 -29.9127.7 -23.0 -4.7 62.4 24.9 12.7 24.8 45.2 30.0
Andhra
Pradesh
-95.5 132.7-27.297.0 -81.8-5.2 -43.0 135.2 7.8 34.8 73.1 -7.9 124.2 -10.2 -14.1
Uttar
Pradesh
144.5 -93.9 49.4 60.9 62.3 -23.3 -6.3 107.5 -1.2 0.0 100.0 0.0 127.1-39.0 11.9
Tamil Nadu
23.9 57.7 18.5 78.9 57.4 -36.3 41.4 18.7 39.8 80.2 24.4 -4.6 73.5 52.1 -25.6
Rajasthan
176.1-309.8233.749.7 77.5 -27.2-643.4 617.3 126.1150.5 -55.3 4.8 -98.6 348.3 -149.8
Lentil
Uttar
Pradesh
271.7-289.6117.920.2 64.1 15.7 31.0 66.4 2.6 170.3 -54.8 -15.5 137.6 -27.8 -9.9
Madhya
Pradesh
106.9 -10.9 3.9 48.5 44.0 7.5 7.4 88.2 4.4 64.8 28.3 6.9 86.3 4.2 9.4
West
Bengal
-244.4 298.1-43.7152.9-26.8-26.1 52.7 41.4 5.9 -3.6 102.4 1.1 1.8 95.0 3.2
Bihar
199.3 -119.119.8253.8-130.6-23.2299.3 -179.4-19.9 94.7 5.9 -0.6 -24.5 113.8 10.7 Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 126
States
Phase 1
(1970/71-
1979/80)
Phase 2
(1980/81-
1989/90)
Phase 3
(1990/91-
1999/00)
Phase 4
(2000/01-
2009/10)
Phase 5
(2010/11-
2022/23)
Y A IYA IY A IY A IY A I
Jharkhand
          -6.0 121.6 -15.6 -0.5 101.3 -0.9
Pea
Uttar
Pradesh
43.9 73.1 -17.029.5 59.4 11.1 -4.3 105.2 -0.9 149.1 -39.5 -9.6 57.6 31.6 10.8
Madhya
Pradesh
111.3 -15.7 4.4 61.9 31.4 6.7 36.9 38.2 24.8 19.4 66.8 13.8 634.4 -140.9-393.5
Jharkhand
          0.4 93.6 5.9 22.4 62.9 14.8
Himachal
Pradesh
          24.4 58.7 16.9 54.8 37.6 7.5
Rajasthan
-151.9160.5 91.4 54.5 13.0 32.5 13.4 80.3 6.3 10.5 97.7 -8.2 608.0 -214.8-293.2
Mothbean
Rajasthan
96.4 30.4 -26.8130.9 -18.8-12.194.1 45.6 -39.8109.7 -45.2 35.5 54.2 66.9 -21.1
Himachal
Pradesh
20.7 58.6 20.7 25.7 33.7 40.6
Gujarat
       92.5 45.6 -38.0475.0 -138.6-236.4 29.0 80.5 -9.5
Source: Authors’ computation, data from DES, MoA&FW Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 127
Chapter IV: The Pulse Of
India’s Trade: A Deep Dive
Into The Sector’s Dynamics Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 128 Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 129
4.1 Global Trade Dynamics: An Overview
This chapter delves into a comprehensive analysis of India’s pulse trade, examining historical
trends, contemporary patterns, and the challenges faced by the Indian pulse industry. It
also explores the role of prices, government policies, and initiatives in boosting domestic
production and achieving self-sufficiency in pulse cultivation.
Global pulse production is primarily concentrated in 39 countries, accounting for 90% of
the global production, though it’s cultivated in 172 countries worldwide. As the world’s
largest producer, India contributes approximately 28% to the worldwide total. Among the 39
major pulse producers, while eight high-income and eight upper-middle-income countries
contribute a significant portion to global pulse production, accounting for 17% and 18%,
respectively, most of the production comes from 23 low-income and lower-middle-income
countries, particularly those in dryland regions of South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. Despite
facing numerous challenges, such as poverty, climate change, and limited resource access,
these countries contribute significantly to global pulse production, accounting for 55% of the
total. Eleven low-income countries account for 13% of global pulse production, eight of which
are drylands in sub-Saharan Africa, contributing 11% to global production. Similarly, twelve
lower middle-income countries account for 43% of global pulse production, eight of which are
drylands in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, contributing 37% to global production. This
highlights the importance of pulses in these regions’ food security and sustainable livelihoods.
The global pulse trade has witnessed about 27% growth over the past decade, expanding
from 15 MT to 19 MT. It is projected to reach 22 MT by 2033 (OECD-FAO 2024), accounting for
approximately 20% of global pulse production (IGC, Rabo Research 2024). Dry pea, chickpea,
and lentil dominate international trade, constituting 68% of the total. Despite being a major
consumer, Asia relies heavily on imports, accounting for 52% of global consumption but only
43% of production. Interestingly, Africa has expanded its production and consumption over
the past decade and has remained largely self-sufficient. These regional disparities highlight
the potential for increased trade and investment in the global pulse market.
The global pulse trade is a significant market; about 20% of global pulse production is traded
internationally, with Canada as the leading exporter. India and China, on the other hand, are
the leading importers of pulses. In 2022, the total export value reached USD 12.5 billion, a
notable increase from USD 9.77 billion in 2020. Canada, Myanmar, Australia, Russia, the United
States, and Mozambique are the leading exporters of pulses globally, having respective global
export shares of 26.6% (4.1 MT), 11.2% (1.72 MT), 10.3% (1.6 MT), 9.4% (1.45 MT), 4.6% (0.69
MT) and 3.3% (0.51 MT). While the largest producer and consumer, India ranked ninth in global
exports, accounting for about 2.5% of the worldwide export market. On the import side, China
is the largest importer in terms of quantity with 16.6% (2.55 MT) in global imports, followed
by India (15.5%, 2.38 MT), Turkey (7.9%, 1.22 MT), Pakistan (7.1%, 1.09 MT), the United Arab
Emirates (5.4%, 0.82 MT), and the USA (4.7%, 0.72 MT) (UN Comtrade, as reported by the
Importing countries). Regarding import value, India is at the top, followed by China. Looking
The Pulse Of India’s Trade:
A Deep Dive Into The
Sector’s Dynamics Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 130
ahead, Canada is expected to maintain its dominance as the primary exporter, to grow to 5.7
MT by 2033, with Australia and Russia also playing significant roles with 2.8 MT and 2.1 MT
of exports by 2033, respectively. While nominal international pulse prices are projected to
decrease until 2025, they are expected to increase slightly thereafter. However, in real terms,
prices are anticipated to decline (OECD-FAO 2024). These trends underscore the dynamic
nature of the global pulse trade and the opportunities and challenges faced by key players.
The significant health and environmental benefits associated with pulses have led governments
of pulse-producing countries to support farmers, thereby strengthening market growth. The
European Union’s Protein Strategy highlights the importance of pulses as a key ingredient
in meat substitute products. As consumer awareness of health and sustainability grows,
pulses are increasingly being integrated into daily diets as whole foods and as ingredients
in processed foods. Urbanization, changing lifestyles, and the demand for convenient and
healthy snack foods further fuel the demand for pulses, particularly in ready-to-eat (RTE)
products. Additionally, the rising popularity of pulse flour as a healthier alternative to wheat
flour drives its use in various food products, including snacks and confectionery. As India’s
purchasing power grows and dietary preferences evolve, the demand for pulses is expected
to increase further, putting pressure on domestic supply.
4.2 India: Import-Export Dynamics in the Pulse Sector
As a major producer and consumer, domestic production, consumption patterns, and global
market trends influence India’s import-export dynamics. While India is a net importer of pulses,
it also exports certain pulse varieties to specific markets. The country’s import dependence
highlights the need for strategic policy interventions to enhance domestic production and
reduce reliance on imports.
4.2.1 Import Dynamics
The data reveals a fluctuating trend in India’s self-sufficiency in the pulses sector over the
past decades (Figure 4.1). While India maintained a high level of self-sufficiency in the
initial two decades (1980-81 to 2000-01), exceeding 90%, the increasing gap between
domestic production and consumption has led to a gradual decline in self-sufficiency
after 2000-01. Pulse imports, minimal in 1980-81 (0.17 MT), surged to nearly 6 MT in 2015-
16. This significant rise in imports, coupled with the relatively slow growth in domestic
production, has substantially increased India’s import dependency, from 1.84% in 1980-81
to approximately 29% in 2015-16. The import of pulses has grown at a rate of 9.82% since
1980–81, while the domestic supply of pulses for consumption has increased by only 1.86%
during the corresponding period. Since 2016-17, India has significantly reduced its import
dependency on pulses. Import volumes peaked at 6.61 MT in 2016-17 and declined to 2.496
MT in 2022-23. This reduction is reflected in the value of imports, which decreased from
$4.2 billion in 2016-17 to $1.94 billion in 2022-23. The import decline can be attributed to
factors such as increased domestic production and supportive government policies. Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 131
Figure 4.1 Pulses: Share of Imports & Self-Sufficiency over the Years (1980-81 to 2022-23) (%)
Source: Authors’ computation, data from DES, MoA&FW; DGCI&S, MoC
The import of certain pulse varieties, mainly yellow/white pea (matar) and chickpea (chana),
has declined remarkably in recent years. At their peak, annual yellow/white pea imports
exceeded 3 MT, and chickpea imports reached over 1 MT. This surge in yellow/white pea was
because yellow/white pea from Canada, Russia, Ukraine, and Lithuania were substituted for
chickpea when their prices surged due to lower Indian production. However, government
interventions, such as encouraging farmers to expand cultivation during the winter-spring
season, supported by a 60% import duty on chickpea imposed in March 2018, and increased
robust government procurement at MSP, has led to a significant increase in domestic
production after 2016-17. As a result, imports of these pulses have reduced significantly.
While this success story highlights the impact of government interventions, similar success
has not been replicated for pulses like pigeonpea. The production of pigeonpea in India
has experienced a significant decline of nearly 32.04% between 2016-17 and 2022-23. This
decrease has directly contributed to the rising prices of pigeonpea. Experts attribute this
decline to a shift in farmer preferences towards short-duration varieties of pigeonpea and
shifting to more profitable crops like banana, cotton, sugarcane, and soybean. As these
crops offer higher returns, farmers are increasingly opting for them, leading to a decrease
in pigeonpea cultivation. Further, pigeonpea cultivation requires about eight months. In
contrast, crops like lentil, black gram, wheat, bajra, corn, mustard, and cotton have an
approximately 50% shorter cultivation period, making them more attractive to farmers.
This trend has implications for domestic and consumer prices, highlighting the need for
policy interventions to encourage pigeonpea production and ensure a stable supply. Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 132
Despite significant government efforts towards self-sufficiency, recent data shows India’s
import dependency has surged to unprecedented levels in the fiscal year 2023-24 due to
external factors like the El Niño weather pattern. Pulse imports soared by 84% year-on-
year, reaching a six-year high of 4.739 MT, compared to 2.496 MT in the previous year. This
represents a substantial increase of 90% compared to the prior year’s imports and accounts
for approximately 18.5% of domestic demand. The pulses sowing area has also reduced
gradually in the same period, from 30.731 Mha in 2021-22 to 27.505 Mha in 2023-24. In two
years, the sowing area was reduced by 10.5% and production by almost 11.2%. Regarding
value, India’s pulse import expenditure rose by 93% to USD 3.74 billion, up from USD 1.94
billion in 2022-23. Major suppliers of these imported pulses include Canada, Myanmar,
Australia, Tanzania, Mozambique, and Russia, collectively accounting for approximately
87% of the total imports. This significant increase in both volume and value highlights the
growing reliance on imports to meet domestic demand despite government efforts to
encourage self-sufficiency.
India’s increased reliance on pulse imports in 2023-24 was primarily driven by a surge in
red lentil (masur) and yellow pea and a rise in black gram imports. Despite diplomatic
tensions, red lentil imports from Canada more than doubled, reaching 1.2 MT. Canada and
Australia accounted for nearly 98% of India’s lentil imports. Similarly, yellow pea imports
from Russia and Turkey increased significantly. To bridge the production gap, India also
imported pigeonpea and black gram. Mozambique, Myanmar, and Tanzania were the
primary sources of pigeonpea imports, accounting for nearly 90%, while Myanmar was the
leading supplier of black gram, contributing about 96% of total imports (Figure 4.2).
Figure 4.2: Trade of Pulses: Major Import Sources
Source: Authors’ computation, data from UPAg, APEDA, and DGCIS, GoI Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 133
Among the top imported pulse crops from 2015-16 to 2023-24, pea emerged as the most
significant import, averaging 1.23 MT per year. Lentil followed closely, with an average
import of 0.92 MT. Pigeonpea, chickpea, black gram, and green gram were the next most
imported pulses, with annual averages of 0.61 MT, 0.50 MT, 0.47 MT, and 0.18 MT, respectively.
In the latest fiscal year, pea imports substantially increased, followed by lentil, chickpea,
and black gram. Conversely, pigeonpea and green gram imports declined compared to the
previous year (Figure 4.3).
Figure 4.3: Import by Pulse Crops (2015-16 to 2023-24)
Source: Authors’ computation, data from DGCIS, GoI
Imports are crucial in meeting India’s pulse deficit and stabilizing domestic prices. In the
ever-evolving realm of global trade, these figures reflect a statistical surge in imports
and beckon to delve deeper into the economic dynamics at play. The reliance on imports
is not without its challenges. Exporters in surplus countries often capitalize on India’s
import demand by raising prices, making imports less reliable for price stabilization.
Despite increased imports, pulse prices in India remained elevated, in double digits, and
accelerated in the 2023-24 agricultural year. The government has imposed stock limits on
pulses to address this issue and urged states to monitor hoarding activities. The Reserve
Bank of India has also highlighted that food price pressures pose challenges in bringing
inflation down to the target of 4%, and the price of pulses plays an essential role in inflation
numbers. To address this issue, the GoI has implemented a series of measures. To enhance
consumer access to affordable pulses, the Government has implemented a program to
convert stocks of chana (chickpea), mung (green gram), and masur (lentil) into subsidized
“Bharat Dal” for retail distribution. This initiative commenced with the launch of subsidized
chana dal and whole chana in the retail market on October 23, 2024. The allocated chana
stock is being sold in an 80:20 ratio of dal to whole form, packaged in 1 kg pack. The Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 134
maximum retail price (MRP) is set at Rs. 70/kg for chana dal and Rs. 58/kg for whole
chana. Retail outlets of NAFED, NCCF, Kendriya Bhandar, and other designated channels
are distributing Bharat chana dal and whole chana to consumers. Previously, chana dal
was sold at subsidized rates of Rs. 60 per kg for 1 kg packs and Rs. 55 per kg for 30 kg
packs to improve consumer affordability. The Government also approved converting mung
stock into mung dal (Dhuli) and mung dal (Sabut) and masur stock into masur dal for retail
distribution. To ensure affordability, the MRP for Bharat mung dal (Dhuli) is set at Rs.107
per kg, and Bharat mung dal (Sabut) at Rs.93 per kg. This pricing strategy incorporates
a Rs.1,500 per quintal discount on the issue price (based on the MSP of the mung stock).
The MRP for Bharat masur dal has been determined at Rs. 89 per kg, considering prevailing
market prices for masur dal. Bharat mung and masur dal are made accessible to consumers
through a network of retail outlets, including those operated by NAFED, NCCF, Kendriya
Bhandar, Safal, and online e-commerce platforms.
Furthermore, a total of 6.793 MT of pulses has been transferred from the PSS stocks to
replenish the buffer stock of the PSF as part of the Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Anna
Yojana (PMGKAY/ANB) initiatives. Additionally, 0.488 MT of pulses have been procured
under PSF, 0.709 MT has been sourced from imported pulses, and 0.607 MT of pulses have
been replenished from PSS. As of 02.12.2024, 0.759 MT (including PMGKAY/ANB) of pulses
have been disposed of, while 1.011 MT of pulses is available in the PSF buffer. During the
fiscal year 2024-25, the following transactions pertaining to pulses were recorded: 0.441
MT of pulses were transferred from the PSS (DA&FW) to the PSF (DoCA). Additionally,
0.023 MT of pulses were procured through the PSF, while 0.025 MT were obtained from
imported sources. Furthermore, 0.055 MT of pulses were replenished from the PSS. As of
December 2, 2024, a cumulative total of 0.564 LMT of pulses had been disposed of.
13
In conjunction with this initiative, the GoI has implemented stock limits on pigeonpea and
desi chickpea to curtail hoarding practices. Furthermore, the government has permitted
zero-duty imports of a variety of pulses, including pigeonpea, black gram, lentil, and
yellow pea, to enhance domestic supply. The integration of these measures, along with
substantial progress in Kharif pulse sowing, has contributed to the stabilization of market
prices. Notably, in July 2024, prices for chickpea, pigeonpea, and black gram decreased by
up to 4% across prominent mandis.
However, enhancing domestic pulse production is essential, given the limitations of
relying on imports. The frequent recurrence of price volatility and import dependency
underscores the need for a robust domestic pulse production system. While imports
can provide temporary relief, they are not a sustainable solution. India must prioritize
domestic production to ensure long-term food security and price stability. By increasing
the area under cultivation and improving yields, India can reduce import dependence
and stabilize domestic prices. This strategic shift requires a comprehensive approach,
including promoting advanced agricultural practices, improved seed technology, and
supportive policies to incentivize farmers. By promoting sustainable farming practices,
and strengthening the domestic value chain, India can achieve self-sufficiency in pulse
production and ensure food security for its growing population.
13 https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2088051#:~:text=Subsequently%2C%20
after%20due%20deliberation%2C%20it,which%20regular%20disposal%20was%20undertaken Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 135
4.2.2 Export Dynamics
India’s pulse exports have fluctuated over the years, reflecting market conditions and
production variations. Starting from 0.10 MT in 2009-10, pulse exports increased to
0.21 MT by 2010-11. Although the export volume declined slightly in the following year,
India maintained a relatively steady export trend, reaching a high of 0.35 MT in 2013-
14. Exports remained varied from 2014-15 to 2021-22, with the lowest being 0.14 MT in
2016-17. However, the trend took a remarkable upward turn, especially in recent years. In
2021-22, pulse exports reached 0.39 MT, and this surge continued in 2022-23, recording
an impressive 0.76 MT— the highest in the period (Figure 4.4). This data highlights India’s
growing capacity to export pulses, contributing to its position as a key player in the global
pulse market.
The country has exported 0.63 MT of pulses worth of Rs. 5,689.40 Crores or USD 686.93
million during 2023-24. Key export destinations include Bangladesh, China, the United
Arab Emirates, the USA, and Sri Lanka. Pulses exports from India have witnessed significant
exponential growth over the past three financial years (FY). In FY20, they amounted to
$211.13 million; in FY23, they surged to $686.93 million. Chickpea is the most exported
pulse crop from India (about 44.6% of total pulse export), followed by lentil (19.6%), pea
(15.7%), black gram (9%), pigeonpea (6.7%), and green gram (4.4%) in the last three years,
respectively. While increased production has contributed to this growth, challenges such
as inadequate storage facilities, limited shelf life, variability in seed size, strong domestic
demand, and differences in maturity levels continue to impact India’s export potential.
Addressing these challenges is crucial to enhance further India’s position as a global
supplier of pulses.
Figure 4.4: Pulse Exports from India: A Growing Trend (2009-10 to 2023-24)
Source: Authors’ computation, data from MOAFW, APEDA, and DGCIS, GOI Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 136
4.3 Stabilizing Pulse Markets: Why Counter-Cyclical Policies Outperform
Reactive Trade Measures
The stability of markets is a complex issue influenced by various factors, including supply
and demand dynamics, government policies, global market conditions, and unpredictable
weather. Governments often intervene in agricultural markets to stabilize prices and to protect
domestic producers and consumers from price fluctuations. However, the effectiveness of
these interventions can vary significantly since they are complex and a big challenge for
policymakers.
The Cobweb Phenomenon, an economic theory explaining cyclical price fluctuations in
agricultural markets, highlights the challenges inherent in this balancing act. Farmers are
incentivized to increase production when prices rise, leading to increased supply in the
following period; prices can decline, discouraging future production. Conversely, farmers
may reduce production when prices are low, leading to potential supply shortages and price
increases in the future. This cyclical pattern can destabilize the market and create uncertainty
for farmers and consumers (Figure 4.5).
Figure 4.5: The Cobweb Phenomenon: How Supply and Demand Influence Agricultural
Markets
Source: Authors’ computation
One common approach is implementing reactive trade policies, such as imposing import or
export restrictions. While these measures may seem like a quick fix, they can inadvertently
exacerbate price volatility. When prices decline, governments may impose import restrictions
to protect domestic producers. However, this can lead to reduced production the following
year, as farmers perceive the crop as less profitable. Consequently, lower supply can increase Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 137
prices, prompting export restrictions to keep domestic prices low (Figure 4.6). This cyclical
pattern can perpetuate price instability and hinder long-term market development. Reactive
Trade Policy can exacerbate the Cobweb phenomenon, while Counter-cyclical policies may
offer a more practical approach to stabilizing markets. By implementing policies that offset
price fluctuations and focusing on increasing productivity, governments can mitigate the
impact of supply and demand shocks, dampen price swings, and reduce uncertainty for
farmers. This approach requires careful planning and effective implementation to promote a
more sustainable and resilient agricultural sector.
Figure 4.6: Stabilizing Pulse Markets: Reactive Trade Policy Exacerbates the Cobweb
Phenomenon
Source: Authors’ computation
4.4 Bridging the Gap: Government Strategies to Balance Import Dependence
and Domestic Production
India’s pulse trade policy has historically aimed to balance domestic supply and demand,
ensuring affordable prices for consumers while protecting domestic producers. India has often
resorted to import liberalization to address chronic deficits, with low or zero import duties.
However, as global demand for pulses increased, India has also implemented import restrictions
and tariffs to safeguard domestic interests. The government’s strategy has involved ensuring
adequate supply, stabilizing prices, and supporting domestic production. While imports can
provide temporary relief, a long-term solution is enhancing domestic production through
technological advancements, improved agricultural practices, and supportive policies.
India’s pulse import policy has significantly changed over the past few decades. During the
1970s and 1980s, pulses imports were strictly regulated through licensing. However, with
the onset of economic liberalization in the 1990s, India adopted a more liberal approach to
international trade. Between 1988 and 1995/96, pulses were subject to a 10% import duty,
which was subsequently reduced to 5% in 1996/97 and completely removed in November
1998. In 1999/2000, the government further relaxed import regulations by withdrawing Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 138
quantitative restrictions and relying solely on tariff-based measures. However, in response to
domestic price pressures, import duties of 5% were reintroduced in 2001 and increased to 10%
in 2002/03. During the food price crisis of 2007-2009, the government temporarily reinstated
duty-free imports of pulses to alleviate domestic shortages. The period between June 2006
and February 2017 marked a significant phase with low import duties and minimal restrictions.
This period coincided with increased global demand for pulses, leading to higher international
prices. However, a shortfall in domestic production in India, as witnessed in 2015-2016, due
to factors like adverse weather conditions, exacerbated the situation, making it difficult to
import certain pulse varieties, such as pigeon pea and black gram, even at inflated prices.
This highlighted the complex challenge of balancing import dependence with the need to
incentivize domestic production. The GoI has implemented a multifaceted strategy to address
this, including a dynamic import policy and farmer-centric Minimum Support Prices (MSPs) for
pulse crops. In March 2017, a 10% import duty was imposed on lentil and pigeonpea. Further
from November 2017 to March 2018, import duties on chickpea, pea, large chickpea, and lentil
were increased to 60%, 50%, 40%, and 30%, respectively. Additionally, export restrictions were
lifted on these commodities in November 2017. From 2017-18 onwards, pulses trade policy
and import tariffs are detailed in Table 4.1. In addition, GoI announced a significant increase
in MSP by declaring bonuses on all major pulse crops during the years 2016-17 and 2017-18.
The rise in prices attracted farmers to increase the area under pulse, resulting in a historic
26.6% surge in the area under pulse production, from 23.55 Mha in 2014-15 to 29.81 in 2017-
18. Between 2014-15 and 2021-22, the area under pulse cultivation increased by more than
30%, and production surged from 17.15 MT to 27.302 MT in 2021-22. This impressive growth
translates to a CAGR of 6.87%, the highest recorded to date. Additionally, the government
initiated a robust procurement mechanism at MSP to incentivize farmers and stabilize prices.
A careful balance between import restrictions and domestic production incentives from the
government highlights the government’s commitment to ensuring continued availability
for domestic consumption as well as protecting domestic producers. This combination of
import duty adjustments, temporary exemptions, and extended free imports highlights the
multifaceted nature of India’s dynamic import policy.
Table 4.1: Pulses Trade Policy Timelines
Year Trade Policy and Import Tariffs
During
1970s &
1980s
India follows a protectionist trade policy: the government restricts imports,
imposes quantitative restrictions, quotas, tariffs, and various other equally
prohibitive trade mechanisms, and puts pulses on a “special list.”
1979
Pulses are placed under an open general license, making it possible for any
public or private sector entity to import without approval or any restriction.
1980–1990 Import duties on pulses decline.
1989–1994 Imposed a 10% import duty on pulses
1995 Imposed a 5% import duty on pulses Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 139
Year Trade Policy and Import Tariffs
2000 Eliminated import duty on pulses
2001 Reinstated 5% import duty on pulses
2001–2003 Increased import duty to 10%
2006-2017 No import duty (June 2006 to February 2017)
March 201710% import duty on lentil and pigeonpea
2017-18
August 2017: 200,000 tons import quota for pigeon pea; 300,000 tons for
black gram and green gram (150,000 tons each).
November 2017: Import duty on pea increased to 50%; export ban lifted.
December 2017: Import duty on lentil and chickpea increased to 30%.
February 2018: Import duty on chickpea further increased to 40%.
March 2018: Import duty on desi chickpea increased to 60%; 40% on kabuli
chickpea.
2018-19
Quota restriction (QR) on:
Black gram and green gram: 150,000 tons each
Pigeon pea: 200,000 tons
Pea: 100,000 tons
June 2018: Import duty on kabuli and desi chickpea increased to 60%, and
on lentil to 30%
2019-20
QR on pea: 150,000 tons
QR on black gram and green gram: 150,000 tons each, increased to 400,000
tons on black gram in December 2019
QR on pigeon pea: 200,000 tons, and increased to 400,000 tons in July 2019
June 2019: Basic import duty on lentil increased to 50%
2020-21
QR on pea and green gram: 150,000 tons each
QR on pigeon pea and black gram: 400,000 tons each
June 2020: Basic import duty on lentil reduced to 10% (June to August 2020)
February 2021: imposed AIDC: chickpea 50%, bengal gram 30%, kabuli chana
50%, Yellow pea 40%, lentil 20%. Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 140
Year Trade Policy and Import Tariffs
2021-22
QR on green gram: 150,000 tons
QR on pigeon pea: 400,000 tons
QR on black gram: 400,000 tons
Import policy: QR removed on green gram, black gram and pigeon pea) up
to 31.10.2021, but import duty remained
July 2021: Basic import duty on lentil reduced to zero, AIDC lowered from
20% to 10%, Social Welfare surcharge of 10% remained unchanged
Dec 2021: Extension of “Free” Import policy for Pigeonpea and Black gram
up to 31st Mar 2022 from 31st Dec 2021
February 2022: Import policy for green gram revised from “Free” to
“Restricted” (Reference: Gazette ID: CG-DL-E-11022022)
2022-23
March 2022: No QR on black gram and pigeon pea up to 31.03.2023, subject
to existing import duties, and further extended up to 31.03.2024.
December 2022: Government extended free import of Black gram and
Pigeonpea up to March 31, 2024. (DGFT Notification no. 52 /2015-2020)
March 2023: Govt. removed Basic Custom Duty of 10% on whole Pigeonpea
w.e.f. March 04, 2023
June 2023: Imposition of stock limit on Pulses (Pigeonpea & Black gram)
w.e.f. June 02, 2023 till October 31, 2023
September 2023: Govt removes custom duty on certain U.S. origin products,
including lentil
November 2023: Govt raised Pigeonpea and Black gram Stock limits till 31
December 2023
December 2023: Extension of the nil import duty on Lentil (Masur) (of
previous notification) until 31st March 2025. Govt allows duty-free import of
Yellow Pea until March 31, 2024. Govt. extends duty-free import of Pigeonpea
and Black gram until March 2025
2023-24
May 2024: Revising basic duty on certain pulses like Bengali gram (desi chana)
to 40%. Additionally, extensions made to customs duties on other pulses,
including Bengal gram, with modifications valid until 31st October 2024
June 2024: The government imposes stock limits on Pigeonpea and Chana
(including kabuli chana) till September 30, 2024.
July 2024: The Government Excluded kabuli chana from Stock Limit Purview
until September 30, 2024
Note: AIDC: Agriculture Infrastructure Development Cess; Quantitativerestrictions do not apply to
Governments’ import commitments under any
Bilateral or Regional Agreement or Memorandum of Understanding.
Source: Updated by authors using data from DGFT, Ministry of Commerce,
GOI. Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 141
To incentivize domestic pulse production, the Indian government annually announces Minimum
Support Prices (MSPs) for key pulse crops, including pigeonpea, chickpea, green gram, black
gram, and lentil. In 2018-19, the government adopted a pre-determined principle to fix MSPs
at 1.5 times the cost of production. This policy change aimed to provide a significant return
to farmers. Since 2013-14, MSPs for these crops have consistently increased, with substantial
percentage and absolute increases over the years (Figure 4.7). Among these, lentil exhibited
the maximum increase in MSP, i.e., 127.1%, followed by green gram (92.9%), chickpea (82.3%),
pigeonpea (75.6%), and black gram (72.1%), respectively. In terms of absolute increase, green
gram had the maximum increase (Rs 4,182/quintal), followed by lentil (Rs 3,750/quintal),
pigeonpea (Rs 3,250/quintal), black gram (Rs 3,100/quintal), and chickpea (Rs 2,550/quintal).
This significant rise underscores the government’s efforts to support and incentivize the
production of pulses. This producer-focused approach ensures financial security for farmers,
promoting increased pulse cultivation. These initiatives have been vital in motivating farmers
to grow pulses and boosting domestic production.
The cost of production varies significantly among pulse crops. Green gram has the highest
cost of production at Rs 5788 per quintal, followed by black gram at Rs 4883, pigeonpea at Rs
4761, lentil at Rs 3405, and chickpea at Rs 3400. However, in terms of margin over cost, lentil
offers the highest return at 88.7%, followed by chickpea (60.0%), pigeonpea (58.6%), black
gram (51.5%), and green gram (50.0%). This information highlights the varying profitability
potential of different pulse crops (Figure 4.7).
Figure 4.7: Minimum Support Price (Rs per quintal), Cost of Production (Rs per quintal).
and Margin over Cost of Production (%)
Note: *For rabi crops (i.e., chickpea and lentil) cost of production and margin over cost is based on 2023-24.
Source: CACP, MoA&FW and PIB 2024
14
14 https://pib.gov.in/PressNoteDetails.aspx?NoteId=151901&ModuleId=3&reg=3&lang=1 Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 142
By acknowledging the historical context, employing a dynamic trade policy focusing on price
stabilization and long-term import reduction strategies, and offering producer-centric MSPs,
the Government is actively working towards achieving a sustainable balance between import
dependence, domestic production encouragement, and consumer welfare. A nuanced approach
considering both cultivation economics and import dependence is crucial for success. Policy
interventions should encourage the cultivation of high-return pulse crops. These crops offer
a strategic advantage due to their favorable return-on-cost ratios. Additionally, exploring
measures to reduce the production cost of pulse crops can further enhance profitability and
incentivize farmers. By prioritizing high-return crops and implementing strategic import
management, India can significantly reduce import reliance and establish a self-sufficient
pulses sector. This strategy fosters a win-win situation for producers, consumers, and the
nation’s food security. Improving storage and warehousing for pulses can address excess
production, helping stabilize prices in years of low output. Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 143
Chapter V: Demand And
Supply Of Pulses In India Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 144 Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 145
5.1. Introduction
Pulses are a highly nutritious food source, rich in protein, dietary fibre, vitamins, minerals,
phytochemicals, and complex carbohydrates. Beyond their caloric contribution, they offer
numerous health benefits, including improved digestion, reduced blood glucose levels,
minimized inflammation, lower cholesterol, and prevention of chronic diseases like diabetes,
heart disease, and obesity. While global consumption patterns vary based on dietary
preferences and availability, pulses are generally less prone to wastage than other crops. Their
long shelf life and resistance to spoilage make them a valuable food security option, especially
for households facing food insecurity.
India is the largest cultivator, producer, and consumer, accounting for about 38% of global
pulse cultivation, 28% of global production, and 27% of global consumption. Canada, China,
and the European Union are the next significant producers, each contributing around 5%
to worldwide production. The Asian market accounts for 52% of global consumption but
produces only 43% making it the most significant import destination.
Global per capita pulse consumption declined from 7.51 kg/year in 1960 to 5.85 kg/year in
2000 due to slow yield growth, elevated prices, and shifted preferences away from pulses
as human diets became richer in animal proteins, sugar, and fats (Figure 5.1). However, with a
growing recognition of the nutritional benefits of pulses, global per capita consumption has
started to increase after 2000 and reached 7.23 kg/year in 2023 from 5.85 kg/year in 2000
(OECD-FAO 2024). This growth is primarily driven by rising incomes in countries where pulses
are a staple food, particularly India, where a significant portion of the population is vegetarian.
Pulses can be processed into various forms, including whole pulses, split pulses, flours, and
fractions like protein, starch, and fibre, expanding their applications across meat and snack
foods, bakery and beverages, and batter and breading industries. As pulses offer numerous
health benefits, including high protein content with a range of essential nutrients and low
environmental impact, they are increasingly embraced by health and environmentally-
conscious consumers as valuable meat substitutes. This growing demand, coupled with the
rising popularity of plant-based diets, is driving the global pulse market. Rapid urbanization
and changing lifestyles have led to a surge in demand for convenient and healthy snack foods,
further fuelling the demand for pulses as an ingredient in processed foods. The increasing
use of pulses in ready-to-eat (RTE) products is also expected to significantly impact their
future role in agriculture. As consumer preferences evolve and the demand for sustainable
and nutritious food sources grows, pulses are poised to regain prominence in diets worldwide.
The global pulse market is projected to grow continuously, with per capita consumption
expected to reach 8.6 kg/year by 2033. This growth is anticipated across almost all regions
over the coming decade, with the largest increase expected in Europe, where consumption is
projected to increase at a rate of 3% per annum (OECD-FAO 2024).
Demand And Supply Of
Pulses In India Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 146
Figure 5.1: Per Capita Consumption of Pulses by Region (kg/year/capita)
Source: OECD Agriculture Statistics database
The growing recognition of pulses’ health and environmental benefits has led governments of
pulse-producing countries to support farmers and promote pulse cultivation. The European
Union’s Protein Strategy, which prioritizes pulses as a major ingredient in meat substitutes,
further underscores the increasing importance of pulses in the global food systems. As
consumer demand for healthy and sustainable food products continues to rise, pulses are
likely to play a pivotal role in agricultural production and diets.
5.2 Trends in Pulse Consumption in India: Rural and Urban India
Pulses and pulse products consumption patterns in India exhibit variations between urban and
rural areas. Data from the National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO) indicates a decline
in per capita pulse consumption in both rural and urban India over the past decade (Table 5.1
and Figure 5.2). Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 147
Table 5.1: Per Capita Consumption of Total Pulse and Different Pulse Crops (kg/year): Rural
and Urban (NSSO rounds)
Source: Author’s compilation from several NSSO rounds, MoSPI, Government of India. Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 148
Figure 5.2: Per Capita Consumption of Total Pulses & Pulse Products (kg/year): Rural and
Urban (1993-94 to 2022-23)
Source: Author’s compilation from NSSO rounds
Urban areas witnessed a more pronounced decrease in the last decade, with consumption
falling from 10.96 kg/year/capita in 2011-12 to 10.27 kg/year/capita in 2022-23. Rural areas
experienced a smaller reduction, from 9.53 kg/year/capita to 9.25 kg/year/capita. Among
individual pulses, pigeonpea remains the most popular in both urban (2.85 kg/year) and rural
(2.62 kg/year) India. However, its consumption has significantly decreased since 1993-94,
from 4.02 kg/year and 2.92 kg/year in urban and rural areas respectively. Interestingly, only
chana saw a notable rise in consumption during this period among all the individual pulses,
with a substantial increase in urban areas (from 1.34 kg/year to 2.36 kg/year) and in rural areas
(from 1.1 kg/year to 2.09 kg/year).
A notable disparity exists in pulse consumption between urban and rural India (Map 5.1). Per
capita consumption is consistently higher in urban areas across all states and UTs. Nationally,
the urban-rural gap in consumption stands at 0.08 kg/person/month. However, this gap is more
pronounced in certain states and UTs, surpassing the national average. Chhattisgarh exhibits
the highest disparity, followed by Telangana, Delhi, Arunachal Pradesh, Haryana, Tamil Nadu,
Manipur, Jammu & Kashmir, Sikkim, Jharkhand, and West Bengal (Map 5.2). Understanding
these urban-rural disparities is crucial for designing targeted interventions to promote pulse
consumption and address specific needs. Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 149
Map 5.1: Spatial Disparities in Consumption of Pulses and Pulse Products (kg/person/
month) across Indian States and UTs: Urban vs Rural (2022-23)

Source: Author’s compilation from NSSO rounds and HCES (2022-23), MoSPI, Government of India
Map 5.2: Urban-Rural Disparities in Pulses and Pulse Products Consumption (kg/person/
month) across Indian States and UTs (2022-23)
Source: Author’s compilation from NSSO rounds and HCES (2022-23), MoSPI, Government of India Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 150
This section delves into the consumption trends of different pulse crops in rural-urban
sceneries, highlighting the factors influencing these disparities. Pigeonpea remains the most
popular pulse in both urban and rural India, constituting about 29.1% and 29.8% of total
consumption, respectively, in 2022-23 (Figure 5.3). While popular in both urban and rural
areas, chickpea exhibits slightly higher consumption in rural areas (15.2%) compared to urban
areas (14.1%). Urban areas exhibit higher consumption of green gram (15.5%) compared to
rural areas (13.6%). This could be attributed to its increased usage in urban culinary practices
or its higher accessibility and affordability in urban areas. Lentil is more prominent in rural
diets, accounting for 15.8% of total pulse consumption, compared to 11.3% in urban areas. This
disparity may reflect stronger cultural preferences and affordability considerations in rural
areas. Urban areas consume more black gram (12.4%) than rural areas (9.8%), which could be
due to its usage in diverse urban culinary preparations. Pea are more popular in urban areas
(3.2%) than in rural areas (2.9%), possibly due to their increased usage of urban dishes. Rural
areas exhibit higher consumption of other pulses, such as moth, cowpea, horsegram, lathyrus,
rajmash, and guar, at 2.6% compared to 2.0% in urban areas, likely due to their availability,
affordability, and traditional dietary preferences. Lastly, urban areas show higher consumption
of pulse products (12.5%) than rural areas (10.5%), particularly ready-to-eat (RTE) foods,
indicating a growing trend towards convenience and processed foods.
Overall, pulses play a crucial role in both urban and rural diets, but with distinct consumption
patterns. While some pulses are universally popular, others exhibit variations based on regional
and cultural preferences, income levels, lifestyle, and accessibility. Understanding these trends
is essential for developing effective strategies to promote pulse consumption and ensure food
security.
Figure 5.3: Percentage Share of Consumption by Different Pulse Crops: Rural and Urban
India (2022-23)

Source: Author’s compilation from MoSPI, Government of India Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 151
5.2.1 Trends in Pulse Consumption in India: Regional Disparities
Regional variations exist in per capita pulse consumption, with each zone bringing its
unique preferences. Pigeonpea is widely consumed in urban areas of Central and Western
India, as well as in rural areas of South and Central India. Green gram is particularly popular
in urban areas of Western India, while rural areas of South and Western India also strongly
prefer it. Lentil is the most favored pulse in both urban and rural areas of North-Eastern
and Eastern India. Black gram is commonly consumed in both urban and rural areas of
South India. Chickpea are favored in urban and rural areas of North India and rural areas
of South India. Other pulses, except pea, are more commonly consumed in rural areas
of North India. Pea are most popular in urban areas of South India. Pulse products are
especially popular in urban areas of South India, followed by North and Western India
(Figure 5.4). This regional disparity in pulse consumption highlights the diverse culinary
preferences and dietary habits across different regions of India.
The consumption patterns of various pulse types exhibit significant regional variations,
influenced by factors such as income levels, cultural preferences, ease of cooking, and
dietary habits. Traditional diets, ease of cooking, and agricultural practices play a crucial
role in shaping consumption patterns in rural areas. For instance, in rural South India,
pigeonpea and black gram are widely consumed due to their suitability for local agro-
climatic conditions and cultural preferences. Similarly, lentil are a staple in North-Eastern
and Eastern India. Urban areas, particularly in South India, show a preference for processed
pulse products, indicating a shift towards convenience and modern lifestyles. However,
traditional pulse consumption patterns persist in North and Western India. Pulse products
constitute a significant portion of the total consumption in both these regions (Figure 5.5).
Understanding these regional variations is crucial to developing targeted interventions
and promoting the consumption of diverse pulse types. By tailoring strategies to specific
regional needs and preferences, it is possible to enhance dietary diversity and improve
nutritional outcomes.
Figure 5.4: Crop-wise Per Capita Pulse Consumption (kg/person/month): Regional Disparity
(Urban and Rural) (2022-23)

Source: Authors’ computation from MoSPI, GoI Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 152
Figure 5.5: Share of Crop-wise Pulse Consumption by Region: Urban and Rural India (2022-23)

Source: Crop-wise Per Capita Pulse Consumption (kg/person/month): Regional Disparity (Urban and Rural) (2022-23)
5.3 Trend in Monthly Per Capita Consumption Expenditure (MPCE) Pattern:
1999-2000 to 2022-23
The trend in the average MPCE in India’s rural and urban areas since 1999 is shown in Table
5.2. In 1999-2000, the average MPCE in rural areas was `486; in urban areas, it was `855. Over
the years, there has been a significant increase in average MPCE, indicating higher spending
power and improved living standards. By 2022-23, the average MPCE in rural areas surged
to `3,773; in urban areas, it reached `6,459, up 164% and 146%, respectively, since 2011-12.
Adjusted to 2011-12 prices, the growth is 40% in rural and 33% in urban areas. This substantial
rise reflects a notable improvement in purchasing capacity and living standards, which could
boost economic growth through higher demand for goods and services. Furthermore, the
urban-rural difference in average MPCE has decreased from 84% in 2011-12 to 71% in 2022-23
at current prices and from 84% to 75% at 2011-12 prices (HCESs 2022-23). This shrinking gap
suggests economic improvements in rural areas, likely due to effective rural development and
better infrastructure. Furthermore, the trend is reflective of higher retail inflation in urban
areas, as per capita consumption doesn’t vary much between urban and Rural areas. Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 153
Table 5.2: Trend in Level of Average Monthly Per Capita Expenditure (1999-00 to 2022-23):
Rural and Urban
Source: Author’s compilation from NSSO rounds and HCES (2022-23), MoSPI, GoI
Complementing the rise in MPCE (as shown in Table 5.2), Table 5.3 reveals a significant shift
in dietary patterns across India. Over the past two decades, there has been a notable decline
in the MPCE share of cereals and pulses in both rural and urban areas. In 1999-00, cereals
accounted for a substantial portion of the average household expenditure, comprising 22.23%
in rural areas and 12.39% in urban areas. However, by 2022-23, this share had significantly
decreased to 4.91% and 3.64%, respectively. Similarly, the share of pulses and pulse products
declined from 3.94% and 2.95% in 1999-00 to 2.01% and 1.39% in 2022-23 in rural and urban
areas, respectively. Interestingly, the rate of decline in the MPCE share of cereals and pulses
was more pronounced in rural areas compared to urban areas.
In contrast to the declining trend in cereals and pulses, the share of other food groups in
average MPCE has increased in both rural and urban India. The share of ‘milk and milk products,’
‘fruits,’ and ‘beverages and processed food’ has grown significantly in both rural and urban
areas from 2011-12 to 2022-23. While the share of ‘egg, fish, and meat’ has increased in rural
areas, it has remained relatively stable in urban areas. This shift in dietary patterns suggests a
growing preference towards more diverse, nutritious, and convenient food items. As incomes
rise and lifestyles change, consumers are increasingly opting for processed foods, ready-to-
eat meals, and other convenience foods.
Concurrently, the share of food items in the average household expenditure has also declined
over the period. In 1999-00, food items accounted for a significant portion of the average
MPCE, comprising 59.4% in rural areas and 48.06% in urban areas. However, by 2022-23, this
share had decreased to 46.38% in rural areas and 39.17% in urban areas. This trend indicates
an evolving consumption pattern in India, with a growing preference for non-food items likely
influenced by increasing incomes, urbanization, and lifestyle changes. Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 154
Table 5.3: Trend in the Share of Consumption of Cereals, Pulses and Pulse Products and
Food items (1999-00 to 2022-23): Rural and Urban
Note: For the years 1999-00 & 2004-05, the percentage shares are based on Mixed Reference Period
(MRP) estimates, and for the years 2009-10, 2011-12 and 2022-23, these are based on Modified Mixed
Reference Period (MMRP) estimates.
Source: Author’s compilation from NSSO rounds and HCES (2022-23), MoSPI, Government of India
Furthermore, a compelling trend is where the average MPCE on all food items increased about
6 times from 1999-00 to 2022-23; it has increased only about 4 times for pulses and pulse
products in rural and 3.6 times in urban India, respectively. From 1999-00 to 2022-23, rural
MPCE on pulses and pulse products rose from `19.1 to `75.8; similarly, urban areas exhibited
an increase, from `25.2 to `89.8 (Table 5.4). This data aligns with the observed trend in the
above table (Table 5.3).
Table 5.4: Trend in the Level of Average MPCE on Pulses and Pulse Products (1999-2022):
Rural and Urban
Source: Author’s compilation from NSSO rounds and HCES (2022-23), MoSPI, Government of India Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 155
5.4 Demand Projections of Pulses by 2030 and 2047 in India
To project future demand for pulses and pulse products, it is essential to understand the
country’s historical trends in per capita net availability. The per capita net availability of
pulses
15
in India has exhibited a complex trajectory over the past several decades. Initially,
between 1950-51 and 1970-71, there was a 14.5% decline, from 22.16 kg/year to 18.94 kg/year.
Subsequently, a more significant decrease of 40.4% occurred between 1970-71 and 1980-81,
reducing availability to 11.28 kg/year. However, a turnaround began in the following decades.
Between 1980-81 and 2000-01, a gradual increase of 2.9% was observed, bringing the per
capita availability to 11.61 kg/year. A more substantial surge of 48.1% followed between 2000-
01 and 2022-23, reaching 17.19 kg/year (Figure 5.6).
This significant increase in per capita net availability can be attributed to various factors,
including rising incomes, urbanization, changing lifestyles, evolving dietary preferences, and a
growing awareness of the nutritional benefits of pulses. Understanding these dynamic trends
is crucial for developing effective strategies to promote pulse production and consumption,
ensuring both food security and dietary diversity in India.
Figure 5.6: Trends in Per Capita Net Availability of Pulses in India (1950-51 to 2022-23)
Source: Authors’ computation, data from DES, MoA&FW
Pulses demand projections for household consumption have been worked out using the
following three approaches. i.e., (i) Static / Household Approach, using the population
projection (Annexure II) and the base year per capita net availability. This approach assumes
short-term static behavior of consumption; (ii) Normative Approach, based on the dietary
requirement as recommended by the ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition (NIN) and
15 This is per capita net availability for consumption, estimated by Gross Production (-) seed, feed & wastage,
(-) exports (+) imports, and (-) change in stocks. Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 156
population projection; (iii) Behavioristic Approach, which considers changes in the behavior
of consumption of different food items on account of changing per capita income and prices,
measured in terms of income/expenditure elasticities, base year per capita net availability and
population projection.
5.4.1 Static/Household Approach
The projected population growth for India, as reported by the World Bank, indicates a
substantial increase from 1.41 billion in 2021 to 1.52 billion by 2030 and further to 1.66 billion
by 2047. The proportion of the urban population is anticipated to rise from 36% in 2023 to
51% by 2047 (Annexure II). This growth trajectory signifies a significant demographic shift.
The rising population will continue driving pulses and pulse products demand in India. The
Static/Household Approach estimates projected demand to reach 26.8 MT by 2030 and
29.3 MT by 2047. These projections are based on population growth forecasts and a base
year per capita net availability of 17.69 kg/year (the last three-year average per capita
consumption), translating to a total demand of 24.89 MT in 2022.
Figure 5.7: Total Household Demand for Pulses and Pulse Products (2022-2047, in MT)
Source: Author’s computations
5.4.2. Normative Approach
A balanced diet comprising a variety of nutrient-rich foods, is essential for maintaining
good health, preventing all the adverse effects of nutritional deficiencies, and ensuring
optimal growth and development. However, modern dietary patterns, influenced by
urbanization and globalization, are increasingly shifting towards processed foods, refined Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 157
carbohydrates, and unhealthy fats, contributing to the rise of non-communicable diseases
(NCDs). Ideally, a balanced diet should include cereals (up to 45% of total calories), pulses,
eggs, and meat (14-15% of total calories), supplying good quality proteins and essential
amino acids through natural food combinations and the remaining calories should be from
nuts, vegetables, fruits, and milk. Fat intake should be limited to 30% of total calories, with
essential fatty acids sourced from nuts, oilseeds, milk products, and seafood contributing
8-10% of daily caloric intake. In other words, this will ensure 50%–55% of total calories
from carbohydrates, 10%–15% from proteins, and 20%–30% from dietary fats (ICMR-NIN
2024). However, the current dietary patterns in India deviate from these recommendations.
Cereals, for instance, contribute significantly to the daily diet, i.e., 50-70% of total daily
energy intake often exceeding the recommended limit of 45%; while pulses, meat, poultry,
and fish contribute only 6-9%, falling short of the recommended 14% of total energy.
The recent Household Consumption Expenditure Survey (HCES) 2022-23 data reveals
that the pulse consumption in the average Indian diet remains well below the ICMR-NIN
dietary recommended levels, leading to a widening gap between current consumption
and the nutritional requirements from pulses across all states and UTs, both in rural and
urban areas. The below figure (Figure 5.8) illustrates the significant gap between the
current per capita consumption of pulses and the recommended dietary intake set by
ICMR-NIN. While Himachal Pradesh exhibits the highest per capita consumption of 1.32 kg/
person/month (in both rural and urban), it still falls short of the recommended levels for
both vegetarians (2.55 kg/person/month) and non-vegetarians (1.65 kg/person/month).
This gap underscores the urgent need for increased awareness among the population
regarding the importance of protein consumption, particularly from pulses as an affordable
source. Promoting higher pulse intake through education and awareness campaigns will
be essential to closing this nutritional gap, improving health outcomes, and ensuring food
security for future generations.
Further, despite this shortfall, India’s domestic pulse production has struggled to keep pace
with demand, necessitating imports to meet consumption needs. As India’s population
grows and dietary preferences evolve, the demand for affordable and nutritious food
sources like pulses is expected to increase. To ensure a stable supply of pulses, addressing
challenges such as low productivity, biotic and abiotic stresses, and inadequate
infrastructure is crucial. By implementing effective strategies and promoting sustainable
agricultural practices, India can strive to increase domestic pulse production and reduce
its reliance on imports. Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 158
Figure 5.8: Statewise Gap Between Average Actual Consumption of Pulses and Pulse
Products and Recommended Quantity of Consumption (kg/person/month) for Vegetarians
and Non-Vegetarians set by ICMR-NIN: Urban and Rural India
Source: Author’s computations from HCES (2022-23), MoSPI, GoI and ICMR-NIN (2024)
A normative approach has been employed here to project the future demand for pulses
in the country based on the ICMR-NIN dietary recommendation. This approach utilizes
per capita dietary consumption recommendations provided by ICMR-NIN, segmenting
the population into sedentary and moderate activity levels based on research by the
ICMR-INDIAB Collaborative Study Group. Dietary pulse requirements, obtained in grams
per person per day (g/p/d) from the Working Group Report by ICMR-NIN (2024), are
converted to kilograms per person per year (kg/p/year) for further analysis (Table 5.5).
By understanding the future demand based on recommended consumption levels and
population demographics, effective and efficient strategies may be developed to bridge
the production-consumption gap and ensure food and nutritional security. This analysis
provides valuable insights into potential demand and a comprehensive assessment of
India’s future pulse needs, enabling informed decision-making for sustainable and equitable
food systems. Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 159
Table 5.5: Dietary Requirements of Pulses
Age groupg/p/dkg/p/yr
0-10 years58.3421.29
11-17 years
Male123.3445.01
Female96.6735.28
18-59 years
Male
Sedentary8531.02
Moderate12043.80
Female
Sedentary6021.90
Moderate9032.85
60<
Male7527.37
Female7025.55
Source: ICMR-NIN (2024)
Further, Table 5.5 offers a granular view of pulse demand patterns across various
demographic groups in India, revealing the evolving dynamics of dietary habits and
lifestyle choices (2022 to 2047). The data showcases total pulse consumption by age,
gender, and activity level for 2022, amounting to 43.38 MT. Looking ahead, the Normative
Approach projects a rise in pulse demand to 46.33 MT by 2030 and 50.26 MT by 2047
(Table 5.6). This disaggregated approach provides valuable insights to comprehend the
specific demand patterns of different demographic groups.
Table 5.6: Projected Demand for Each Group and Total Demand (2022-2047, MT)
Year
Children
(0-10)
Male
(11-17)
Female
(11-17)
Sedentary
Male
(18-59)
Moderate
Male
(18-59)
Sedentary
Female
(18-59)
Moderate
Female
(18-59)
Male
( >60)
Female
( >60)
Total
2022 5.50 4.15 2.95 6.12 10.29 5.54 4.88 1.97 1.9643.38
2023 5.45 4.132.94 6.20 10.42 5.61 4.94 2.03 2.0243.74
2024 5.40 4.112.93 6.28 10.55 5.68 5.00 2.11 2.1044.15
2025 5.36 4.08 2.91 6.35 10.68 5.75 5.06 2.18 2.1744.54
2026 5.33 4.05 2.89 6.42 10.80 5.81 5.11 2.26 2.2544.92
2027 5.29 4.01 2.87 6.49 10.92 5.87 5.17 2.34 2.3345.29
2028 5.26 3.97 2.84 6.56 11.03 5.93 5.22 2.42 2.4145.65
2029 5.24 3.93 2.82 6.63 11.14 5.98 5.27 2.50 2.4945.99
2030 5.21 3.88 2.79 6.69 11.24 6.04 5.32 2.59 2.5746.33
2031 5.20 3.83 2.76 6.74 11.34 6.09 5.36 2.67 2.6646.64
2032 5.19 3.79 2.73 6.79 11.42 6.13 5.40 2.76 2.7446.95
2033 5.17 3.75 2.71 6.84 11.49 6.17 5.43 2.85 2.8347.24
2034 5.15 3.712.69 6.88 11.57 6.21 5.47 2.94 2.9247.53 Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 160
Year
Children
(0-10)
Male
(11-17)
Female
(11-17)
Sedentary
Male
(18-59)
Moderate
Male
(18-59)
Sedentary
Female
(18-59)
Moderate
Female
(18-59)
Male
( >60)
Female
( >60)
Total
2035 5.13 3.68 2.67 6.92 11.63 6.24 5.50 3.03 3.0147.81
2036 5.11 3.65 2.66 6.95 11.69 6.27 5.52 3.12 3.1148.08
2037 5.09 3.63 2.65 6.98 11.73 6.30 5.55 3.21 3.2048.34
2038 5.06 3.62 2.65 7.01 11.78 6.32 5.57 3.30 3.2948.59
2039 5.03 3.61 2.65 7.03 11.81 6.34 5.58 3.40 3.3948.83
2040 5.00 3.60 2.64 7.04 11.83 6.36 5.60 3.49 3.4949.05
2041 4.97 3.58 2.64 7.05 11.85 6.37 5.61 3.60 3.5949.27
2042 4.94 3.57 2.64 7.06 11.87 6.38 5.62 3.70 3.6949.47
2043 4.90 3.55 2.63 7.07 11.88 6.39 5.62 3.81 3.8049.65
2044 4.87 3.54 2.62 7.07 11.88 6.39 5.63 3.92 3.9149.82
2045 4.83 3.52 2.61 7.07 11.88 6.39 5.63 4.03 4.0249.98
2046 4.79 3.50 2.60 7.06 11.87 6.39 5.63 4.14 4.1350.13
2047 4.75 3.48 2.59 7.06 11.86 6.39 5.63 4.25 4.2550.26
Source: Author’s computations
Figure 5.9: Total Normative Demand for Pulses and Pulse Products (2022-2047, in MT)
Source: Author’s computations Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 161
5.4.3. Behaviouristic Approach
The final approach for demand projection is the behavioral approach, which considers the
changing preferences of consumers on different food items with the changes in income
(i.e., expenditure) and price. The demand Equation 5.1 is given below:
Where D
t
is the household demand for a commodity in year t; D
0
is the per capita
consumption of the commodity in the base year, y is growth in per capita income; e is the
expenditure elasticity of demand for the commodity; and N
t
is the projected population in
the year t. Expenditure elasticities are important parameters for projecting future demand.
Expenditure elasticity varied widely across locations, income groups, and regions due to
changes in production environment, tastes, and preferences.
Understanding the demand structures and consumer behaviour is critical for informing
a wide range of development policies. As economic growth progresses, average per
capita income typically rises, leading to a decrease in the per capita consumption of
staple foods - a trend consistent with Engel’s Law (1857) i.e., the proportion of income
spent on food declines as average household income rises, and indicative of improved
welfare. Furthermore, urbanization drives diversification within the food basket, which, as
documented by Kumar (1997) and Rao (2000), enhances the quality of life by contributing
to better nutritional status and overall well-being of the population. Consumer demand
theory seeks to understand how rational consumers allocate a limited budget across
various goods when faced with different prices. This allocation process results in a specific
consumption bundle. Changes in income and relative prices lead to adjustments or
diversification within this bundle, reflected by the income and price elasticities of demand for
different food groups. Accurately estimating these elasticities and their projected changes
is vital for future policy decisions. Consequently, the chosen estimation technique is based
on a functional form that incorporates realistic assumptions about consumer behavior,
a two-stage behaviouristic food demand modelling approach, i.e., the Quadratic Almost
Ideal Demand System (QUAIDS) model, builds upon the Almost Ideal Demand System
(AIDS) framework (Deaton & Muellbauer, 1980) by incorporating a quadratic expenditure
term as it relaxes the linearity assumption of the AIDS in the expenditure function,
acknowledging the potential non-linear relationship between income and expenditure.
This extension allows for the modelling of non-linearities in Engel curves. Notably, the
Engel curve for food exhibits log-linearity and stability over time and across societies both
(Banks et al., 1997; Beatty & Larsen, 2005; Blundell et al. 1998; Leser, 1963; Yatchew, 2003).
Due to their consistency with consumer theory, exact aggregation properties, and ease
of estimation, AIDS-based approaches have become the preferred method for demand
system estimation in the literature. The suitability of the QUAIDS framework for modelling
consumer preferences has been empirically validated in numerous studies (e.g., Abdulai,
2002; Moro & Sckokai, 2000; Banks et al., 1997; Blundell & Robin, 1999; Fisher et al., 2001;
Abdulai & Aubert, 2004; Gould & Villarreal, 2006; Molina & Gil, 2005; Poi, 2002, 2008, and
2012; IMF, 2016).
This framework rests on a two-stage budgeting assumption, where consumers allocate
their income sequentially. In the first stage, consumers prioritize broad categories, such as
food versus non-food items. This translates to a choice between the budget allocated to
food and the remaining budget for all other goods and services. Consequently, the initial Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 162
stage of QUAIDS involves estimating a first-step budgeting equation. Here, the focus is on
how much of the total expenditure is dedicated to food, conditional on the consumption of
non-food categories. The non-linear relationship between income and food expenditure,
characterized by a decreasing share of income spent on food with rising income, is captured
by including a quadratic expenditure term. Notably, as the model only considers two broad
expenditure categories - food and non-food - the adding-up restriction on expenditure
weights allows for simplified estimation using single-equation least squares regression.
The second stage of the QUAIDS model delves into the intra-food allocation decisions. Here,
consumers make simultaneous choices regarding allocating their total food expenditure
across specific food items. This stage translates to estimating a system of simultaneous
equations within the QUAIDS framework, each representing the demand for a specific food
item category. While independent demand equations for individual food items may seem
intuitive, can overlook crucial substitution and complementarity effects between different
food products. These effects can significantly impact the demand for specific items. To
address this limitation, a system of equations approach is employed within the broader
food category and allows for estimating demand for various food items while accounting
for their interdependencies. The two-stage budgeting framework, therefore, leverages
reasonable assumptions about consumer behaviour. These assumptions include the
separability of choices regarding food versus non-food consumption and the separability
of choices within the food category. This approach balances these simplifications with the
ability to capture important characteristics of demand for individual food items through
the system of equations.
The two-stage QUAIDS model estimates food expenditure elasticity for specific items.
This elasticity measures consumer demand (expenditure) responsiveness for an item to
changes in their total food budget. In simpler terms, it reflects the perceived importance
of that specific item within consumers’ food baskets.
While significant shifts in consumption expenditure and dietary patterns have likely
occurred in the past decade, existing elasticity estimates lack this crucial update. To
address this gap, this model adopts an alternative approach. It leverages Private Final
Consumption Expenditure (PFCE) data from 2013-14 to 2022-23 alongside Consumer Price
Index (CPI) data from the same timeframe. This combined dataset allows us to estimate
demand/expenditure elasticities for different food items, capturing the recent changes
in consumption expenditure patterns and their impact on demand for pulses. While this
data has certain limitations and is not a direct replacement for Household Consumption
Expenditure Survey (HCES) data, this approach offers valuable insights into the evolving
dynamics of pulse consumption in India. Future research efforts could benefit from more
granular data on these categories to improve elasticity estimates.
The above data set categorizes expenditure on food into six key groups reflecting the
Indian household consumption basket: Cereals and products (c1), Pulses and pulse
products (c2), Eggs, Fish, and Meat (c3), Milk and Milk products (c4), Vegetables and
Fruits (c5), and Others (Oils and fats + Sugar, jam, honey, chocolate, and confectionery +
Non-alcoholic beverages which include Coffee, tea and cocoa, Mineral waters, soft drinks,
fruit and vegetable juices, etc.) (c6). Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 163
The estimated expenditure elasticities, categorized by food groups in Table 5.7, offer
valuable insights into consumer spending patterns. Based on total food expenditure,
these elasticities allow for classifying food groups into three distinct categories. The first
category encompasses ‘high-income elasticity products,’ including milk and milk products
(i.e., 1.2), eggs, fish and meat (i.e., 1.1), and “Others” (Oils and fats + Sugar, jam, honey,
chocolate, and confectionery + Non-alcoholic beverages which include Coffee, tea and
cocoa, Mineral waters, soft drinks, fruit and vegetable juices, etc.) (i.e., 1.3). These groups
exhibit elasticity greater than 1, indicating that a rise in total food expenditure will lead
to a proportionally larger increase in spending on these items. The second category
comprises ‘unit income elasticity products,’ including fruits and vegetables (i.e., 1.0). For
these items, expenditure is expected to rise at a rate comparable to the overall increase
in food spending. Finally, the third category comprises ‘less-than-unity income elasticity
products,’ primarily cereals and products (i.e., 0.68) and pulses and pulse products (i.e.,
0.79). These staples are likely to see a slower rise in expenditure relative to the growth in
total food spending.
Table 5.7: Food Expenditure Demand Elasticities
Expenditure elasticity: with respect to total expenditure on food
c1: Cereals and products0.68
c2: Pulses and products0.79
c3: Egg, Fish, and meat1.1
c4: Milk and milk products1.2
C5: Vegetables and Fruits1.0
c6: Others (Oils and fats + Sugar, jam, honey, chocolate, and
confectionery + Non-alcoholic beverages which include Coffee,
tea and cocoa, Mineral waters, soft drinks, fruit and vegetable
juices, etc.)
1.3
Source: Authors’ estimation
Engel’s Law posits a declining income share dedicated to food as incomes rise, and our data
(Table 5.7) corroborates this notion. Expenditure on staples like cereals and pulses exhibits
a less-than-unity income elasticity, signifying a proportional decrease in consumption with
increasing income (Figures 5.10 and 5.11). This trend resonates with Bennett’s Law (1941),
reflecting a shift from calorie-dense staples to more nutrient-rich and higher-value foods
as incomes improve (Figures 5.12 to 5.15). Furthermore, our findings coincide with India’s
rising personal income and urbanization over the past decade. These factors likely influence
households to purchase more processed and packaged foods, potentially impacting overall
dietary patterns. Understanding these evolving consumption patterns, with a growing
demand for diverse food options, is essential for informing future policy decisions. By
recognizing this shift, specific policies can be envisioned that promote balanced dietary
choices, boost domestic production of essential food groups, and ensure long-term food
security for the nation. Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 164
Figure 5.10: Predicted Cereals Expenditure Weights with Total Expenditure on Food
X-axis: Logarithm of total expenditure on food
Y-axis: Cereals and products: predicted weight in the total food budget
Source: Authors’ estimation
Figure 5.11: Predicted Pulses and Pulse Products Expenditure Weights with Total Expenditure
on Food
X-axis: Logarithm of total expenditure on food
Y-axis: Pulses and products: predicted weight in the total food budget
Source: Authors’ estimation Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 165
Figure 5.12: Predicted Egg, Fish, and Meat Expenditure Weights with Total Expenditure on
Food
X-axis: Logarithm of total expenditure on food
Y-axis: Egg, Fish, and meat: predicted weight in the total food budget
Source: Authors’ estimation
Figure 5.13: Predicted Milk and Milk Products Expenditure Weights with Total Expenditure
on Food
X-axis: Logarithm of total expenditure on food
Y-axis: Milk and milk products: predicted weight in the total food budget
Source: Authors’ estimation Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 166
Figure 5.14: Predicted Vegetables and Fruits Expenditure Weights with Total Expenditure
X-axis: Logarithm of total expenditure on food
Y-axis: Vegetables and Fruits: predicted weight in the total food budget
Source: Authors’ estimation
Figure 5.15: Predicted Others Expenditure Weights with Total Expenditure on Food
X-axis: Logarithm of total expenditure on food
Y-axis: Others (Oils and fats + Sugar, jam, honey, chocolate, and confectionery + Non-
alcoholic beverages which include Coffee, tea and cocoa, Mineral waters, soft drinks, fruit
and vegetable juices, etc): predicted weight in the total food budget
Source: Authors’ estimation Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 167
In a large segment of the country’s population, the intake of micronutrient-dense foods
(whole grains, pulses, beans, nuts, fresh vegetables, fruits, etc.) is found to be lower
than the recommended levels, low intake of essential nutrients can disrupt metabolism
and increase the risk of insulin resistance and associated disorders from a young age.
Consumption of pulses would contribute to meeting the recommended daily allowance of
proteins and also contribute to fibre and micronutrients. Further, given growing concerns
about food and nutrition security, which is key to attaining SDG 2, this behaviouristic
approach considers a consumption cap to assess the future demand trajectories based
on the maximum required demand for pulse observed in India during the entire period of
2022-2047 as per the ICMR-NIN recommended dietary requirement of pulses across age,
gender, and physical activity level, i.e., 30.62 kg/person/year. This consumption cap is then
integrated into the demand estimation equation (5.1) to project future pulse demand. The
demand estimation utilizes the base year per capita net availability of 17.69 kg/person/
year, per capita income growth rate, and expenditure elasticity of pulses derived from the
two-stage QUAIDS model.
The two-scenario framework employed in the behaviouristic approach clearly shows
India’s potential pulses demand trajectory (Figure 5.16 and 5.17). Under the Business as
Usual (BAU) scenario (i.e., reflecting the average Net National Income (NNI) per capita
growth at constant prices over the past decade), demand for pulses and pulse products is
projected to reach 35.16 MT by 2030 and 50.73 MT by 2047 (Figure 5.16). Considering India’s
aspirations of becoming a developed nation by 2047, this analysis additionally considers
the demand for pulses under a High-Income Growth (HIG) scenario. To achieve this
ambitious target, economic growth acceleration to 7.6-9.0% is projected to be necessary
(RBI, 2023; PTI, 2023). Assuming an estimated 8% annual per capita NNI growth, this HIG
scenario projected a demand of 43.76 MT by 2030 and 50.73 MT by 2047 (Figure 5.17).
Furthermore, the analysis suggests that India’s per capita consumption is expected to
reach the maximum required demand for pulse based on the ICMR-NIN recommended
dietary requirement by 2039 under BAU Scenario-I and by 2031 under HIG Scenario-II
respectively. This represents an eight-year advancement compared to the BAU situation.
These projections highlight the significant impact that rapid economic growth can have
on pulses demand in India. Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 168
Figure 5.16: Total Behaviouristic Demand for Pulses and Pulse Products (MT, 2022-2047):
BAU Scenario-I
Source: Authors’ estimation
Figure 5.17: Total Behaviouristic Demand for Pulses and Pulse Products (MT, 2022-2047):
HIG Scenario-II
Source: Authors’ estimation Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 169
5.5 Projections of Pulses Production by 2030 and 2047 in India
A comprehensive approach, utilizing various models and techniques, was employed
to forecast India’s total pulse production under a Business-As-Usual (BAU) scenario.
Historical data on pulse production, sourced from the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers
Welfare (MoA&FW), served as the foundation for this analysis. Univariate time series
analysis formed the core, utilizing models like Autoregressive Integrated Moving Averages
(ARIMA), Generalized Regression Neural Networks (GRNN), Extreme Learning Machines
(ELM), Holt’s Smoothing, and linear and quadratic trend regressions. The Geometric Mean
Growth Rate (GMGR) and Average Annual Growth Rate (AAGR) were also employed. The
model exhibiting the best fit or producing the least error for each specific case was then
selected to forecast pulse production up to 2047. This rigorous approach ensures the
reliability and accuracy of the estimations.
This study expands upon existing pulse production forecasts in India by delving deeper
than aggregate historical data. While conventional methods focus solely on aggregate
production, this approach takes a more granular look, employing forecasting techniques
not only at the aggregate level for total pulses but also at the individual level for major and
minor pulses: i.e., chickpea (bengal gram/chana), pigeonpea (arhar/ tur/ red gram), green
gram (mung bean), black gram (urdbean/biri/mash), lentil (masur), fieldpea (matar/pea),
mothbean (moth), horse gram (kulthi), lathyrus (khesari/grass pea/chicking vetch/teora),
and other pulses (i.e., cowpea, rajmash, and guar). This granular approach offers valuable
insights into the future production potential of various pulse crops across India.
The following sections present comprehensive national-level projections until 2047. This
analysis is categorized to provide granular insights for informed policy decisions. Firstly,
aggregated projections for the total pulse production, including all major and minor pulse
crops, are presented. Subsequently, disaggregated national-level projections are provided
for the individual pulse crop production of each major and major pulse crop.
5.5.1. National Level Projected Production of Total Pulses (based on aggregated
data) by 2030 and 2047
Holt’s smoothing model emerged as the most suitable method for forecasting national-
level total pulse production. This model leveraged historical data from the period 1950 to
2022. The forecast suggests a steady increase in production, reaching an estimated 34.45
MT by 2030 and 51.57 MT by 2047 (Figure 5.18), up from 26.06 MT in 2022. Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 170
Figure 5.18: National Level Projected of Total Pulses (based on aggregate level data) by
2030 and 2047
Source: Authors’ estimation, data from DES, MoA&FW
5.5.2. National Level Projected Production of Individual Pulse Crops by 2030 and 2047
Building upon the methodology outlined in Section 5.3, this analysis presents disaggregated
forecasts for individual pulse crop production in India. A more nuanced and detailed
understanding of future trends can be obtained by forecasting each major pulse crop’s
production individually. Interestingly, the aggregated production estimates derived from
these individual forecasts (32.1 MT by 2030 and 50.7 MT by 2047) closely align with the
projections based on aggregate data (Figure 5.19). This convergence between the two
approaches strengthens the validity and reliability of the overall production forecasts.
Figure 5.19: National Level Projected Production of Individual Pulse Crops by 2030 and
2047: National Level Projected Production of Individual Pulse Crops by 2030 and 2047
Source: Authors’ estimation, data from DES, MoA&FW Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 171
To gain deeper insights into the future production potential of each pulse crop, individual
crop-wise projections have been presented in Figure 5.20. The projected trends for each
crop, including pigeonpea, gram, green gram, black gram, lentil, pea, moth, horse gram,
and lathyrus, can help identify specific intervention areas. This granular approach enables
the development of targeted strategies to address the unique challenges and opportunities
associated with each pulse crop. By strategically allocating resources and implementing
tailored support measures, India can work towards optimizing the production potential of
different pulse crops and ensuring a sustainable supply of these essential nutrients.
Figure 5.20: National Level Projected Production of Individual Pulse Crops (distinctly) by
2030 and 2047 Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 172 Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 173 Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 174 Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 175
Source: Authors’ estimation, data from DES, MoA&FW Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 176
5.6 Pulses: Demand-Supply Gap Analysis by 2030 and 2047
A comprehensive approach has been employed to project the future demand-supply gap for
pulses, focusing on net consumption availability. This involved considering various factors
such as gross production, imports, exports, stock changes, and seed, feed, and wastage. The
average percentage share of seed, feed, and wastage of gross production over the past decade
(11.2%) was utilized to estimate the supply of pulses, smoothing out short-term fluctuations.
By following this multi-step approach, the national-level pulse supply is projected to be 30.6
MT by 2030 and 45.8 MT by 2047 (Table 5.8). However, it is crucial to acknowledge that
unforeseen factors could potentially impact these projections.
Table 5.8: Projected Supply at the National Level by 2030-31 and 2047-48
Source: Authors’ estimation
Multiple scenarios have been considered to project future demand-supply gaps for pulses.
The household/static approach scenario projects a surplus situation. By 2030, a surplus of
3.79 MT is anticipated, increasing to 16.48 MT by 2047 (Table 5.9).
The normative approach scenario, grounded in the recommended dietary intake levels set
by ICMR-NIN, presents a contrasting outlook. It reveals a significant demand-supply gap of
15.74 MT by 2030, which is expected to decrease to 4.47 MT by 2047. To bridge this gap,
India would need to increase its pulse production substantially, and pulse output would
need to grow by a factor of 1.86 times and 2.02 times by 2030 and 2047 from the current Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 177
supply level, respectively. The substantial gap in the short run starkly contrasts the current
gap of 4.739 MT in 2023-24. This divergence highlights the potential impact of promoting
healthier consumption habits. Policy interventions that encourage the adoption of ICMR-NIN’s
recommended intake levels and strategies to boost domestic pulse production are essential
to ensure a sustainable and secure future for India’s pulse sector.
Under the behaviouristic approach, the BAU scenario estimates a gap of 4.57 MT is projected
by 2030, increasing slightly to 4.94 MT by 2047. To bridge this gap, pulse output would need to
grow by a factor of 1.41 times and 2.04 times by 2030 and 2047, respectively, from the current
supply level. The HIG scenario projects a significant gap of 13.17 MT by 2030, decreasing
to 4.94 MT by 2047. To achieve equilibrium, pulse output would need to be amplified by a
factor of 1.76 times and 2.04 times by 2030 and 2047, respectively. The behavioral approach
highlights the potential impact of different economic growth scenarios on pulse demand
and supply. As income levels rise, dietary preferences may shift. To ensure a sustainable and
secure future for the pulse sector, it is crucial to consider these diverse scenarios and develop
appropriate strategies to address potential challenges and opportunities.
Table 5.9: Projected Demand-Supply Gap of Pulses at the National Level by 2030 and 2047
Year
Household
Approach
Normative
Approach
Behaviouristic
Approach (BAU)
Behaviouristic
Approach (HIG)
Supply
(MT)
Demand
(MT)
GAP
(MT)
Supply
(MT)
Demand
(MT)
GAP
(MT)
Supply
(MT)
Demand
(MT)
GAP
(MT)
Supply
(MT)
Demand
(MT)
GAP
(MT)
203030.5926.80
(+)
3.79
30.5946.33
(-)
15.74
30.5935.16
(-)
4.57
30.5943.76
(-)
13.17
204745.7929.31
(+)
16.48
45.7950.26
(-)
4.47
45.7950.73
(-)
4.94
45.7950.73
(-)
4.94
Source: Authors’ estimation
The projected demand-supply gaps for pulses, particularly under the normative approach,
highlight a significant challenge for India’s food and nutrition security. To address this, a
multi-pronged strategy is necessary. On the supply side, efforts must be made to enhance
pulse production. This can be achieved through yield improvement, strategic area expansion,
adoption of advanced technologies and efficient and effective farming practices, and the
promotion of high-yielding varieties through quality seed supply. Improving processing and
marketing infrastructure can also enhance the value chain and incentivize farmers.
On the demand side, promoting healthy consumption practices aligned with ICMR-NIN
recommendations is crucial. This involves creating awareness about the nutritional benefits
of pulses, encouraging their inclusion in diverse dietary patterns, and addressing consumer
preferences and perceptions.
By implementing a comprehensive strategy that addresses both supply and demand-side
factors, India can work towards bridging the gap in the pulses sector and ensuring a sustainable
future for this vital commodity. 178 Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 179
Chapter VI: Strategies and
Roadmap to Achieve Self-Sufficiency
for Atmanirbharta in Pulses Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 180 Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 181
6.1: Introduction
Achieving self-sufficiency (Atmanirbharta) in pulses is a crucial national objective for India.
Pulses are vital in ensuring food security, nutritional quality, and soil health. To meet these
objectives, a comprehensive strategy is essential to boost pulse production and reduce reliance
on imports. This strategy should address various factors, such as encouraging the adoption
of advanced technologies, improving seed quality and accessibility, promoting sustainable
agricultural practices, enhancing irrigation facilities, and providing adequate market support
to farmers. By prioritizing the pulse sector, India can strengthen its food security, improve
public health, and contribute to sustainable agriculture.
The pulses’ unique properties can significantly advance several Sustainable Development
Goals (SDGs). By providing essential nutrients such as protein, fibre, vitamins, and minerals,
pulses support the achievement of SDG 2 (Zero Hunger), enhancing resource-use efficiency,
which focuses on ending hunger, ensuring food security, improving nutrition, and promoting
sustainable agriculture. Moreover, their positive impact on human health aligns with SDG 3 (Good
Health and Well-being). Pulses’ lower carbon and energy footprints, including their ability to
fix nitrogen which helps to enhance soil fertility reducing dependence on synthetic fertilizers
and mitigating greenhouse gas emissions, contributes to SDG 13 (Climate Action) and SDG 15
(Life on Land), promoting climate change mitigation and biodiversity conservation through
crop rotation, fostering resilient and ecologically balanced agroecosystems. By encouraging
sustainable farming practices and responsible consumption, pulses also contribute to SDG 12
(Responsible Consumption and Production).
Like oilseeds, a significant challenge in India’s pulse production is the reliance on rainfed
agriculture, with nearly 80% of pulse-growing areas dependent on rainfall. This makes the
sector vulnerable to unpredictable weather patterns, leading to fluctuating production levels.
Additionally, the limited expansion of irrigation coverage, which has increased by only 4% over
the past decade (i.e., 23% to 27%), further exacerbates the situation. Stagnant and fluctuating
yields and insufficient access to quality inputs also constrain pulse production. Addressing
these challenges is crucial to ensure a stable and sustainable pulse supply.
At the same time, the rising demand for pulses is driven by the increasing population, changing
dietary preferences, and awareness of their nutritional benefits, which has placed pressure on
domestic supply. To overcome these challenges and achieve self-sufficiency, a multi-pronged
approach is required to address pulses’ production, sustainability, and marketability.
To achieve self-sufficiency, India must adopt a multifaceted strategy focusing on three key
pillars: (i) value addition and reducing post-harvest losses in pulses, (ii) expanding the area
under pulse cultivation (Horizontal Expansion) and (iii) improving productivity (Vertical
Expansion). Figure 6.1 presents an inclusive strategy for accelerating growth and achieving
self-sufficiency (Atmanirbharta) in the Indian pulses sector.
Strategies and Roadmap
to Achieve Self-Sufficiency
for Atmanirbharta in Pulses Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 182
Figure 6.1: Strategies Devised for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
Horizontal and Vertical Expansion Strategies derived from the district-wise Quadrant
Approach are shown in Table 6.1. This data-driven approach involves developing district-level
crop clusters using four quadrants [i.e., (i) High Area-High Yield (HA-HY), (ii) High Area-Low
Yield (HA-LY), (iii) Low Area-High Yield (LA-HY), and (iv) Low Area-Low Yield (LA-LY)]
for pulse crops cultivated in India. The classification is based on districts’ average % share of
pules cultivated area and yield performance data for the following years: 2020-21, 2021-22,
and 2022-23 for specific pulse crops. ‘High Area’ refers to the district where the % share of
pulses cultivated area exceeds the national average for a specific pulse crop, while ‘Low Area’
falls below this benchmark. Similarly, ‘High Yield’ is defined by yields surpassing the national
average, whereas ‘Low Yield’ indicates yields below the national average.
HA-HY cluster, with high area and high yields, should prioritize vertical expansion strategies
focused on maximizing yield. Drawing insights from global leaders in pulse production may
be instrumental in further enhancing these regions’ performance. These countries, among
global leaders, have achieved significant advancements in seed technology, precision
agriculture, irrigation management, and integrated pest management systems apart from
using GM-modified varieties. Learning from these leading producers can identify areas for
improvement and implement targeted strategies to optimize pulse crop cultivation practices
further. HA-LY cluster, characterized by high area but lower yields, requires vertical expansion
initiatives to close the yield gaps and boost productivity through good agronomic practices.
Here, benchmarking against India’s top-performing districts can provide valuable guidance.
Conversely, LA-HY cluster, with smaller cultivated areas but high yields, presents opportunities
for horizontal expansion to increase their pulse production footprint. These regions can also
learn from national leaders to further improve cultivation practices. Finally, LA-LY cluster,
with low cultivated areas and yields, needs a comprehensive approach combining horizontal
and vertical expansion strategies. Benchmarking against the best-performing districts will be
essential for this cluster to identify and implement improvements. Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 183
Table 6. 1: Quadrant Strategy for Horizontal and Vertical Expansion
Pulse Crop
Yield
High
Low
Area
High
High Area (>National average %
share area under pulses);
and High Yield (> National average
yield)
(Benchmark: Global Best
Performer(s))
(Strategy: Vertical Expansion)
High Area (>National average % share
area under pulses);
and Low Yield (< National average
yield)
(Benchmark: Country Best
Performer(s))
(Strategy: Vertical Expansion)
Low
Low Area (<National average %
share area under pulses); and High
Yield (> National average yield)
(Benchmark: Country Best
Performer(s))
(Strategy: Horizontal Expansion)
Low Area (<National average % share
area under pulses); and Low Yield (<
National average yield)
(Benchmark: Country Best
Performer(s))
(Strategy: Horizontal + Vertical
Expansion)
In addition, the Horizontal Expansion Strategy includes the Rice Fallow Area Expansion
and intercropping Approach. There is significant potential in utilizing rice fallow lands for
pulse cultivation during the non-rice cropping season. By promoting suitable crop rotations,
implementing effective management practices, and providing targeted incentives, farmers
can be encouraged to grow pulses during these fallow periods, effectively increasing overall
land utilization and production capacity. These combined efforts will lead to a geographically
expansive and diversified pulse production, contributing significantly to India’s self-sufficiency
(Atmanirbharta) goals.
Complementing the district-wise quadrant strategy, a geographically targeted cluster-based
approach holds significant promise for accelerating pulse sector growth. This quadrant
analysis will allow for customized interventions and help to optimize the resource allocation
by focusing on each cluster separately. In the HA-HY cluster, crop retention programs
incentivize farmers to maintain production, ensuring a stable domestic supply. Conversely,
strategic diversification initiatives can be introduced in quadrants with lower existing pulse
production (particularly the LA-LY cluster). These initiatives involve cultivating higher-yielding
varieties of pulse crops, fostering a more geographically diversified production landscape.
This targeted strategy, coupled with initiatives like the expansion of fallow land cultivation,
improved farming practices, ensuring seed accessibility and quality, market linkages with
efficient post-harvest management, and advanced production technologies adoption, holds
significant promise for maximizing the impact of the Atmanirbharta strategy and fostering a
resilient domestic pulses production system. Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 184
6.2 Quadrant Strategy for Diversification and Accelerated Growth
To devise targeted strategies for achieving self-sufficiency in pulses, a district-wise Quadrant
Analysis has been conducted for each major pulse crop, including pigeonpea, chickpea,
green gram, black gram, lentil, pea, and mothbean. This analysis categorized districts into
four clusters based on their recent performance in both horizontal (area) and vertical (yield)
dimensions: High Area-High Yield (HA-HY), High Area-Low Yield (HA-LY), Low Area-High
Yield (LA-HY), and Low Area-Low Yield (LA-LY). By identifying these clusters, this setting
allows tailored interventions to the specific needs of each region. For instance, HA-HY clusters
may focus on further optimizing yields, while HA-LY clusters may prioritize improving yield
levels. Similarly, LA-HY clusters can explore opportunities for area expansion, and LA-LY
clusters may require a combination of area expansion and yield improvement strategies. This
data-driven approach provides a valuable framework for guiding future interventions and
accelerating progress towards self-sufficiency in pulses.
6.2.1 District-wise Quadrant Strategy: Pigeonpea
The district-wise Quadrant Analysis for pigeonpea has identified specific strategies for
different regions. The HA-HY cluster, comprising 48 districts across eight states [i.e.
Jharkhand (18 districts), Uttar Pradesh (9 districts), Maharashtra (8 districts), Gujarat (6
districts), Madhya Pradesh (3 districts), Tamil Nadu (2 districts), Telangana (1 district),
Uttarakhand (1 district)], presents an opportunity to optimize yields through the adoption
of advanced agricultural practices and technologies. By benchmarking against global
leaders like Malawi and Tanzania, these regions can prioritize best practices and implement
them to enhance productivity.
Further, the quadrant analysis exposes opportunities for targeted interventions across other
clusters. The LA-HY cluster, encompassing 212 districts spread across 21 states [i.e., Uttar
Pradesh (34 districts), Bihar (33 districts), Gujarat (21 districts), Tamil Nadu (22 districts),
West Bengal (18 districts), Haryana (17 districts), Madhya Pradesh (13 districts), Rajasthan
(13 districts), Punjab (8 districts), Arunachal Pradesh (6 districts), Assam (6 districts),
Telangana (4 districts), Meghalaya (4 districts), Maharashtra (3 districts), Karnataka (3
districts), Uttarakhand (2 districts), Andhra Pradesh (1 district), Chhattisgarh (1 district),
Himachal Pradesh (1 district), Kerala (1 district), Nagaland (1 district)] amongst others,
requires a focus on horizontal expansion to increase the cultivated area by identifying
suitable areas for pigeonpea cultivation. These districts may benefit from benchmarking
against the national leader(s) to identify areas for further improvement. The HA-LY cluster
comprises 55 districts across eleven states [i.e., Maharashtra (13 districts), Telangana (11
districts), Karnataka (7 districts), Jharkhand (6 districts), Andhra Pradesh (5 districts),
Gujarat (3 districts), Madhya Pradesh (3 districts), Tamil Nadu (3 districts) Chhattisgarh
(2 districts), Tripura (1 district), Uttar Pradesh (1 district)] necessitate vertical expansion
initiative to enhance their yield. Benchmarking against the country’s top performer(s),
these districts can identify and adopt best practices in areas like seed technology, precision
agriculture, and pest management. The LA-LY cluster, consisting of 239 districts, spread
across 20 states, the majority of districts from Madhya Pradesh (33 districts), Uttar Pradesh
(29 districts), Assam (26 districts Chhattisgarh (25 districts), Karnataka (20 districts), Andhra
Pradesh (19 districts), Telangana (16 districts), Arunachal Pradesh (12 districts), Maharashtra (10 Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 185
districts), Nagaland (10 districts), Rajasthan (10 districts)] amongst others presents the utmost
challenge. These districts require a comprehensive approach that involves both horizontal
and vertical expansion. This dual approach is essential to ensure significant improvements in
pulse production in these regions. Benchmarking against the success of the country’s best
performer(s) will be crucial for these states to identify areas for improvement and implement
effective strategies to boost both acreage and productivity.
The spatial distribution of pigeonpea clusters across India, as depicted in Map 6.1, reveals
distinct clusters of districts based on their area and yield performance: red for the LA-LY,
yellow for the LA-HY, light blue for the HA-LY, and green for HA-HY. This spatial mapping
offers valuable insights into the recent performance across districts and regional variations
regarding both horizontal (area) and vertical (yield) dimensions of pigeonpea cultivation.
It can be used to formulate targeted interventions to enhance area and productivity
and address specific challenges different regions face. By focusing on the strengths and
weaknesses of each cluster, strategies need to be devised to optimize resource allocation.
Map 6.1: Pigeonpea: District-wise Clusters
Source: Authors’ computation, data from DES, MoA&FW
Note: Based on the average percentage area of pigeonpea to total cropped area: 2.38% and average
yield: 0.975 t/ha (2020-21 to 2022-23) Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 186
6.2.2 District-wise Quadrant Strategy: Chickpea
The district-wise quadrant analysis for chickpea reveals that the HA-HY cluster comprises
99 districts from Madhya Pradesh (31 districts), Rajasthan (16 districts), Jharkhand (14
districts), Uttar Pradesh (11 districts), Gujarat (10 districts), Maharashtra (7 districts), Andhra
Pradesh (5 districts), Telangana (4 districts), Karnataka (1 district). While demonstrating
strong performance, these districts under this cluster can further enhance their yield
by benchmarking against global leaders like Ethiopia, Mexico, USA, and Myanmar. The
LA-HY cluster includes 165 districts from Uttar Pradesh (55 districts), Telangana (26
districts), Madhya Pradesh (18 districts), West Bengal (16 districts), Andhra Pradesh (12
districts), Haryana (9 districts), Gujarat (7 districts), Punjab (6 districts), Rajasthan (5
districts), Bihar (4 districts), Himachal Pradesh (3 districts) Kerala (2 districts), Jharkhand
(1 district), Meghalaya (1 district). These districts, characterized by high yields but smaller
areas, should focus on horizontal expansion to increase production. Mainpuri from Uttar
Pradesh district boasts the highest yield at 2.506 t/ha followed by Guntur (2.39 t/ha) and
Kakinada (2.37 t/ha) from Andhra Pradesh. The HA-LY cluster consists of 63 districts, with
Chatra (Jharkhand) and Latur (Maharashtra) leading in terms of the percentage of the
total cropped area allocated to pulses. These districts need to adopt vertical expansion
strategies to improve yields and align with the top-performing districts in India. Finally,
the LA-LY cluster, comprising 208 districts, primarily from Assam (29 districts) followed
by Bihar (26 districts) and Chhattisgarh (22 districts), Karnataka (20 districts), Tamil Nadu
(15 districts), requires a comprehensive approach involving both horizontal and vertical
expansion to significantly enhance production and move towards national average levels.
The spatial distribution of chickpea clusters across India is depicted in Map 6.2.
Map 6.2: Chickpea: District-wise Clusters
Source: Authors’ computation, data from DES, MoA&FW
Note: Based on the average percentage area of chickpea to total cropped area: 4.36% and average yield:
1.157 t/ha (2020-21 to 2022-23) Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 187
6.2.3: District-wise Quadrant Strategy: Green Gram
The district-wise quadrant analysis for green gram reveals that the HA-HY cluster, covering
53 districts, mostly from Jharkhand (12 districts), Madhya Pradesh (11 districts), followed
by Bihar (6 districts), Andhra Pradesh (5 districts), Maharashtra (3 districts), Tamil Nadu (3
districts) represent the top-performing regions. All the districts under this cluster should
aim to compete with global leaders. The LA-HY cluster includes 234 districts, of which 43
districts are from Uttar Pradesh, 25 districts are from Gujarat, 19 districts are from Arunachal
Pradesh, 18 districts are from Assam, 17 districts are from West Bengal, 16 districts are from
Bihar, 13 districts are from Telangana, 11 districts from Punjab, 10 districts from Andhra
Pradesh, 10 districts from Jharkhand, 8 districts from Nagaland, 7 districts from Tripura,
5 districts from Tamil Nadu, 4 districts from Uttarakhand, amongst others. These districts
should focus on horizontal expansion to increase the cultivated area. The HA-LY cluster,
consisting of 82 districts, is from 15 states. Majority of these districts are from Odisha (17
districts), Rajasthan (16 districts), Maharashtra (12 districts), and Karnataka (9 districts),
amongst others. Districts like Nagaur and Puru from Rajasthan top this category when it
comes to the percentage of the area of pulses to total cropped area for the green gram
but lag in yield. Hence, more efforts are needed to increase such regions’ productivity and
match the performance of top-performing districts. Finally, LA-LY cluster, encompassing
250 districts, requires significant attention to improve both area and yield. Primarily, districts
in Uttar Pradesh (29 districts), Chhattisgarh (26 districts), Madhya Pradesh (26 districts),
Tamil Nadu (22 districts), Karnataka (21 districts), and Telangana (15 districts) fall under
this category and need targeted interventions to enhance their area and productivity. The
spatial distribution of green gram clusters across India is depicted in Map 6.3.
Map 6.3: Green Gram: District-wise Clusters
Source: Authors’ computation, data from DES, MoA&FW
Note: Based on the average percentage area of green gram to total cropped area: 1.57 % and average
yield: 0.678 t/ha (2020-21 to 2022-23) Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 188
6.2.4: District-wise Quadrant Strategy: Black Gram
The district-wise quadrant analysis for black gram identified that the HA-HY cluster
includes 68 districts, 22 are from Jharkhand, followed by Andhra Pradesh(10 districts),
Tamil Nadu (6 districts), Maharashtra (5 districts), Uttar Pradesh (5 districts), Uttarakhand
(4 districts), Assam (4 districts), Gujarat (3 districts), Telangana (2 districts), Tripura (2
districts), Nagaland (2 districts), Madhya Pradesh (1 district), Puducherry (1 district),
Arunachal Pradesh (1 district) representing the top-performing regions. These districts
should aim to compete with global leaders in terms of yield. The LA-HY cluster consisting
of 193 districts, of which 32 districts are from Uttar Pradesh, 28 districts from Telangana,
and 24 districts from Bihar, 22 districts from Arunachal Pradesh, amongst others, requires
a focus on horizontal expansion to increase the cultivated area. Karimnagar and Peddapalli
from Telangana have high yields compared to the national average of black gram but lag in
the area under cultivation. The HA-LY cluster has 97 districts, of which the majority are from
are from Madhya Pradesh (20 districts), Tamil Nadu (13 districts), Maharashtra (9 districts),
and Chhattisgarh (8 districts). These districts need to adopt vertical expansion strategies
to improve yields. Districts like Chhatarpur and Sagar from Madhya Pradesh occupy the
top position in the area under black gram cultivation but lag behind the national average
yield, which needs attention to vertical expansion. Finally, the LA-LY cluster encompassing
237 districts, primarily from Uttar Pradesh (29 districts), Karnataka (28 districts), Madhya
Pradesh (28 districts), and Odisha (19 districts), necessitates a comprehensive approach
involving both horizontal and vertical expansion to enhance production significantly. The
spatial distribution of black gram clusters across India is depicted in Map 6.4.
Map 6.4: Black Gram: District-wise Clusters
Source: Authors’ computation, data from DES, MoA&FW
Note: Based on the average percentage area of black gram to total cropped area: 2.28% and average
yield: 0.680 t/ha (2020-21 to 2022-23) Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 189
6.2.5: District-wise Quadrant Strategy: Lentil
The district-wise quadrant analysis for lentil has identified specific strategies for different
regions. The HA-HY cluster, comprising 46 districts, primarily from Madhya Pradesh (13
districts), followed by Uttar Pradesh (11 districts) and Jharkhand (8 districts), represents
the top-performing regions in the country. Jabalpur from Madhya Pradesh takes first
place in terms of highest yield at 1.646 t/ha. Sagar from Madhya Pradesh occupies the
largest area at 83,107 hectares for the production of lentil in India. These districts should
aim to further enhance their yield performance by benchmarking against global leaders
like China, Australia, Canada, and Turkey. The LA-HY cluster, consisting of 131 districts,
primarily from Uttar Pradesh (32 districts), Madhya Pradesh (24 districts), and Rajasthan
(24 districts), requires a focus on horizontal expansion to increase the cultivated area. The
HA-LY cluster, with 52 districts, predominantly from Jharkhand (13 districts) and Uttar
Pradesh (12 districts), needs to adopt vertical expansion strategies, such as improved
seed varieties and advanced agronomic practices, to close the yield gaps and enhance
yield gains. Ramgarh and Sahibganj from Jharkhand occupied first place in the HA-LY
cluster in terms of percentage area under lentil of total cropped area. Jharkhand, along
with states like Assam, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, and West Bengal, needs to
focus on increasing the yield of lentil. The LA-LY cluster encompasses 145 districts, majorly
from Assam (27 districts), Chhattisgarh (25 districts), and Uttar Pradesh (20 districts).
These districts deserve maximum attention, as both area expansion and yield expansion
strategies offer great scope to increase lentil production. The spatial distribution of lentil
clusters across India is depicted in Map 6.5.
Map 6.5: Lentil: District-wise Clusters
Source: Authors’ computation, data from DES, MoA&FW
Note: Based on the average percentage area of lentil to the total cropped area: 1.42% and average yield:
0.912 t/ha (2020-21 to 2022-23) Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 190
6.2.6: District-wise Quadrant Strategy: Pea
The district-wise quadrant analysis for pea reveals that the HA-HY cluster covers 28
districts, of which 8 are from Uttar Pradesh, 7 from Himachal Pradesh, and 6 from Arunachal
Pradesh, among others representing the top-performing regions. The districts under this
cluster should aim to further optimize their production practices and benchmark against
global leaders to enhance yield and overall productivity. The LA-HY cluster, including 75
districts, particularly from Uttar Pradesh (37) and Rajasthan (26), requires a focus on
horizontal expansion to increase the cultivated area. The HA-LY cluster, with 72 districts
in total, includes 19 districts from Jharkhand and 10 from Uttar Pradesh, among others,
and needs to prioritize vertical expansion to improve yield. Jhansi from Uttar Pradesh and
Chhattarpur from Madhya Pradesh claim the highest area but fail to impress in productivity.
Finally, the LA-LY cluster, comprising 238 districts, primarily from Madhya Pradesh (42
districts), Bihar (30 districts), Assam (26 districts), and Chhattisgarh (27 districts), along
with West Bengal (20 districts), necessitates a comprehensive approach to enhance both
area and yield. The spatial distribution of pea clusters across India is depicted in Map 6.6.
Map 6.6: Pea: District-wise Clusters
Source: Authors’ computation, data from DES, MoA&FW
Note: Based on the average percentage area of pea to total cropped area: 1.03%:and average yield: 1.546
t/ha (2020-21 to 2022-23)
6.2.7: District-wise Quadrant Strategy: Mothbean
Rajasthan is the dominant contributor, accounting for 97.97% of the area and 96.42% of the
production in the country. The district-wise quadrant analysis for mothbean reveals that
Barmer district in Rajasthan, Bandipore in Jammu & Kashmir, and Ahmadabad in Gujarat
are representative of the HA-HY cluster, showcasing the potential for high yield and a large Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 191
proportion of mothbean area to total cropped area. By replicating the success of these
districts, especially that of Barmer, and implementing targeted strategies in other regions,
India can significantly enhance mothbeans production and contribute to food security. The
HA-LY cluster consists of only 6 districts from Rajasthan and 1 from Haryana. Bikaner and
Churu from Rajasthan stand out due to the area involved in mothbean cultivation, which is
one of the largest in India, but again yield-wise, it falls behind the national average. Hence,
vertical expansion in these regions is crucial to enhancing mothbean production. The LA-
HY cluster encompasses 39 districts, with the majority of the districts from Gujarat (15
districts), followed by Jammu & Kashmir (10 districts), and Rajasthan (8 districts), which
needs to focus on horizontal expansion. Finally, the LA-LY cluster with 22 districts, primarily
comprising districts from Rajasthan (10 districts), Haryana (10 districts), and Gujarat (2
districts), requires a comprehensive approach to enhance both area and yield. The spatial
distribution of mothbean clusters across India is depicted in Map 6.7.
Map 6.7: Mothbean: District-wise Clusters
Source: Authors’ computation, data from DES, MoA&FW
Note: Based on average percentage area of mothbean to total cropped area: 0.83% and average yield:
0.466 t/ha (2020-21 to 2022-23)
Following establishing district clusters through the quadrant analysis, Annexure III outlines
a strategic roadmap for horizontal and vertical expansion across various pulse crops
cultivated in India. This data-driven approach categorizes districts into specific clusters
based on their area and yield performance, enabling the identification of areas that require
either horizontal expansion, vertical expansion, or a combination of both. This strategic
framework empowers policymakers and stakeholders to allocate resources effectively and
implement targeted interventions to boost pulse production and achieve self-sufficiency.
It is crucial to understand pulse cultivation’s spatial and temporal dynamics at the district
level to devise effective strategies for enhancing pulse production and achieving self- Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 192
sufficiency. The provided maps (Map 6.8) illustrate the evolution of key pulse crops
(pigeonpea, chickpea, green gram, black gram, lentil, pea, and mothbean) over the
past two decades (2000-03 to 2020-23). By identifying districts that have experienced
significant gains or losses in area, production, and yield, this analysis aims to inform
targeted interventions and policy decisions to optimize pulse production as a supplement
to the above quadrant analysis. Districts have been categorized into three subgroups
16
,
based on their performance:
• Districts with ‘Loss’: These districts experienced a decrease ((i.e., <0).
• Districts with “Gain”: These districts showed a positive change, nevertheless below
the national average (i.e., >0 & < national average).
• Districts with “Maximum Gain”: These districts exhibited significant growth, surpassing
the national average (i.e., > national average).
By identifying districts that have experienced significant gains or losses in terms of area,
production, and yield, this analysis aims to inform targeted interventions and policy
decisions to optimize pulse production. In conjunction with the quadrant analysis, this
spatial analysis provides a comprehensive framework for developing effective strategies
to enhance pulse production and ensure food security.
Map 6.8: Evolution of Key Pulse Crops (Pigeonpea, Chickpea, Green Gram, Black Gram,
Lentil, Pea, and Mothbean) over the Past Two Decades

16 If the national average is negative (i.e., for mothbean area and yield) then the three categories are defined
as: (i) ‘Maximum Loss’: defined as < national average, (ii) ‘Loss’: defined as > national average and <0, (iii)
‘Gain’: defined as >0.
Pigeonpea (Arhar)Pigeonpea (Arhar)
National average gain: 1495.2048 haNational average gain: 2326.4 t Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 193

Green Gram (Mungbean)Green Gram (Mungbean)
Chickpea (Chana/Gram)Chickpea (Chana/Gram)
Chickpea (Chana/Gram)Pigeonpea (Arhar)
National average gain: 0.2763 t/ha
National average gain: 9714.3 t
National average gain: 3004.44 ha
National average gain: 5561.345 ha
National average gain: 0.354 t/ha
National average gain: 2921.78 t Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 194

Black Gram (Urdbean)
Lentil (Masur)
Black Gram (Urdbean)
Black Gram (Urdbean)
Lentil (Masur)
National average gain: 0.338 t/ha
National average gain: 1755.15 t
National average gain: 751.279 ha
National average gain: 1900.50 ha
National average gain: 0.322 t/ha
National average gain: 1109.622 t
Green Gram (Mungbean) Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 195

Lentil (Masur) Pea
Pea
Mothbean
Pea
Mothbean
National average gain: 0.223 t/ha
National average gain: 650.6618 t
National average gain: 378.767 ha
National average gain: 0.367 t/ha
National average loss: -39.131 haNational average gain: 164.14 t Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 196
Source: Authors’ computation, data from DES, MoA&FW
By customizing policy measures to tackle the distinct challenges and opportunities within
each cluster, this cluster-specific approach has the potential to significantly improve the
effectiveness of initiatives aimed at enhancing production and yield in the pulses sector.
The identified district clusters utilizing quadrant analysis of seven major pulse crops
significantly aid in targeted interventions across different clusters, optimizing resource
allocation and policy efforts. To boost domestic pulse production, vertical expansion
through the adoption of advanced technologies and efficient farming practices is crucial.
By implementing precision agriculture, utilizing drones for monitoring, and optimizing
irrigation and nutrient management, yields can be significantly increased. Additionally,
climate-resilient, high-yielding varieties biofortified with iron and zinc will enhance
productivity and adaptability to changing climatic conditions. To safeguard pulse crops,
it is essential to protect them from biotic stresses such as weeds, insect pests, disease-
causing agents, and abiotic stresses by adopting advanced technological interventions
and effective management practices. Efficient pest and disease management strategies,
such as integrated pest management, can minimize crop losses. Moreover, implementing
measures to mitigate the impact of abiotic stresses, like drought, heat stress, poor soil
conditions, and waterlogging, is critical for optimal crop growth and yield.
By employing underutilized rice fallow areas for pulse cultivation, horizontal expansion
can further contribute to increased production. By effectively managing and expanding
these areas, India can tap into its untapped potential and achieve self-sufficiency in pulse
production.
6.3 Horizontal Expansion
6.3.1 Horizontal Expansion in Rice Fallow Areas
Rice fallows, lowland kharif sown rice areas that remain uncropped during Rabi (winter),
represent a significant potential for horizontal expansion in pulse production. These fallows
arise due to various factors like early monsoon withdrawal leading to soil moisture stress at
planting time of winter crops, waterlogging, excessive moisture in November/December,
Mothbean
National average loss: -0.0006 t/ha Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 197
lack of appropriate varieties of winter crops for late planting, and socio-economic
problems (NAAS, 2013; Ali and Kumar, 2009). Strategic research focussing on rice-fallow
systems holds immense potential for maximizing total cultivated land (Kar & Kumar, 2009).
However, establishing a second crop during the Rabi (winter) season presents challenges
due to potential abiotic and biotic stresses encountered in the post-rainy season (Kumar
et al., 2018).
Among the states, Madhya Pradesh (MP) and Chhattisgarh have the highest combined
area under rice fallow at 4.38 Mha (78.21%), followed by Bihar and Jharkhand with 2.2
Mha (36.85%). West Bengal, Odisha, and Maharashtra also have significant areas under
rice fallow, while Assam, Uttar Pradesh, and Andhra Pradesh have comparatively smaller
extents. The total rice fallow area across all states amounts to 11.65 Mha.
Since leveraging rice fallows for pulse cultivation presents a significant opportunity to
expand India’s domestic pulse production, identifying potential crops suitable for pulse
cultivation in rice fallows is important. An overview of pulse crops suitable for cultivation in
rice fallow areas across various Indian states is provided in Table 6.2. For instance, Madhya
Pradesh and Chhattisgarh are well-suited for chickpea, black gram, lentil, grass pea, green
gram, and pea, while Bihar and Jharkhand offer a range including chickpea, green gram,
lentil, grass pea and pea. West Bengal and Odisha present a varied selection, with black
gram, green gram, lentil, grass pea, and pea being suitable choices. Maharashtra suggests
chickpea and black gram. Assam prioritizes green gram, black gram, chickpea, pea, and
lentil, while Uttar Pradesh offers chickpea, green gram, black gram, lentil, and pea as viable
choices. Lastly, Andhra Pradesh recommends green gram and black gram.
Table 6.2: Potential Pulse Crops Suitable for Rice Fallow States
StateCrops
MP + Chhattisgarh Chickpea, Black gram, Lentil, Green Gram, Pea, Grass pea
Bihar + Jharkhand Chickpea, Green Gram, Lentil, Pea, Grass pea
West BengalBlack gram, Green Gram, Lentil, Pea, Grass pea
OdishaGreen Gram, Black gram, Pea, Lentil, Grass pea
MaharashtraChickpea, Black gram, Grass pea
AssamGreen Gram, Black gram, Chickpea, Pea, Lentil
Uttar PradeshChickpea, Green Gram, Black gram, Lentil, Pea
Andhra Pradesh Green gram, Black gram
Source: Author’s compilation from research studies
Since rice fallows can accommodate millets, pulses, and oilseed crops, determining the
optimal mix of these crops has become a pressing concern, especially with government
intervention emphasizing the cultivation of all three. Table 6.3 highlights suitable pulse
options for specific regions. The total rice fallow area is divided into three equal parts: one-
third for millets, one-third for pulses, and one-third for oilseeds. However, their productivity
must be evaluated to effectively compare pulse crops. Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 198
Table 6.3: Potential Production of Pulse Crops from Utilized Rice Fallow Areas in Selected
Districts
Source: Authors’ computation
Utilizing just one-third of the total rice fallow area across ten states for pulse cultivation has
the potential to enhance domestic production significantly. Estimates suggest a potential Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 199
increase of up to 2.85 MT in pulse output. This statistic underscores the immense potential
of these currently fallow lands.
Leveraging state-specific crop suitability, significant potential exists for enhancing pulse
production across various regions. In Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh, chickpea, black
gram, lentil, green gram, and pea cultivation could increase total output to 1.55 MT. Similarly,
Bihar and Jharkhand hold the potential to reach 0.07 MT by introducing chickpea, green
gram, lentil, and pea. West Bengal also presents promising opportunities. With black gram,
green gram, lentil, and pea cultivation, West Bengal’s production could rise to 0.51 MT.
Odisha’s output could reach 0.21 MT by cultivating green gram, black gram, pea, and lentil.
By strategically cultivating green gram and black gram in rice fallows, Maharashtra’s pulse
output could increase to 0.16 MT. Assam, with its suitability for green gram, black gram,
chickpea, pea, and lentil, can achieve a production boost of up to 0.14 MT. Uttar Pradesh
can leverage rice fallows for pulse production, with chickpea, green gram, black gram,
lentil, and pea identified as suitable options, potentially elevating the state’s yield to 0.12
MT. Lastly, Andhra Pradesh can also leverage rice fallows for pulse production with green
gram and black gram, potentially boosting the state’s yield to 0.09 MT.
6.3.2 Horizontal Expansion through Inter-cropping
Moreover, intercropping pulses with sugarcane in regions like Uttar Pradesh and Maharashtra
can unlock an additional 3 Mha of cultivable land, potentially yielding 2.4 MT of pulses.
17

Similarly, optimizing the rice-wheat cropping system in states like Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, and
Haryana can make space for an additional 4 Mha for pulse cultivation, with the potential
to increase production by 2.8 MT
18
(ICAR-IIPR 2024). By implementing these horizontal
expansion strategies, India can unlock a substantial 8.05 MT of additional pulse production,
contributing towards self-sufficiency. In West Bengal, Assam, Tripura, and Meghalaya, there
is an opportunity to introduce super early varieties of lentil, chickpea, grass pea, and pea
between kharif rice and boro rice. The potential of intercropping with other crops, such as
cotton, millets, cucurbits, and vegetables, may be explored strategically for the horizontal
expansion of kharif season pulses, especially for green gram and black gram, in Uttar
Pradesh, Bihar, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu. In this direction, pigeonpea
can be intercropped with soybean, sorghum, cotton, millets, and groundnut under rainfed
upland conditions in Andhra Pradesh, the Malwa Plateau of Madhya Pradesh, the Vidarbha
region of Maharashtra, North Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu. Spring/summer pulses (after the
harvest of wheat, rapeseed mustard, pea, potato, etc.) are another area that holds great
promise for the horizontal expansion of black gram and green gram in western and central
Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, and West Bengal. It is also worth noting
that western Rajasthan encompasses 7.5 Mha, with a cropping intensity of about 100%,
presenting a significant opportunity to expand the area dedicated to pulses, potentially
increasing cropping intensity to 130-140%. Since this region relies on rainfed agriculture,
incentives for water harvesting initiatives, such as farm ponds and micro-irrigation systems,
could be effective. Additionally, Madhya Pradesh allocates 6.6 Mha to soybean cultivation,
presenting considerable opportunities for intercropping pulses. Similarly, in Maharashtra,
pulses have been successfully intercropped with soybeans on a large scale.
17 Considering average productivity 0.8 t/ha.
18 Considering average productivity 0.7 t/ha. Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 200
6.4 Technological Interventions: Vertical Expansion in Pulse Crops
The results of Cluster Frontline Demonstration (CFLD)
19
on pulses since 2015-2016 under NFSM
conducted on major pulse crops (i.e., Pigeonpea, Chickpea, Greengram, Blackgram, Lentil,
Pea, Mothbean, Horsegram) under real farm situations in different agro-ecological conditions
of India, revealed a significant yield gap between current farmer practices and Technological
Interventions (TI)
20
. This gap ranged from 24% in pea to a substantial 68% in pigeonpea (Table
6.4). By addressing this issue through the widespread use of established and reliable technologies,
domestic pulse production could potentially increase by approximately 46.3% (i.e., 12.05 MT).
Considering factors like seed, feed, and wastage, the overall supply of pulses could increase
by 10.7 MT. Additionally, this increased production will enhance the profitability of pulse crop
farmers, promoting a more self-sufficient and resilient agricultural sector. To realize this potential,
a dedicated program focusing on adopting advanced technologies, including improved varieties,
modern farm machinery, high-quality seeds, and good agronomic practices, is essential. These
figures underscore the transformative potential of technological interventions and hold the key
to bridging the current demand-supply gap, ensuring India’s self-sufficiency in the pulses sector.
Figure 6.2: Technological Interventions
Table 6.4: Gap Between Potential (with Technological Interventions) and Actual Production
(MT) for Major Pulses
Source: Authors’ estimations based on the results of CFLDs under NFSM and NMOOP.
19 The major objective of Front-Line Demonstrations (FLDs) is to demonstrate the productivity potentials
and profitability of the latest and improved pulse production technologies under real farm conditions.
20 Use of healthy and disease tolerant seeds, seed treatment, timely sowing, right method of sowing, timely
weeding, integrated pest management (IPM), recommended spacing, improved varieties and hybrids,
recommended crop sequence, application of gypsum, application of sulphur and boron, spraying of cycocel,
integrated nutrient management (INM), integrated weed management (IWM), and integrated water
management. Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 201
6.4.1 Abiotic and Biotic Stress Management: Mitigating the Impact on Pulse
Production
Effective management strategies for both abiotic and biotic stresses are crucial to ensuring
pulses’ sustainable and productive cultivation. These stresses, including drought, heat
stress, pests, and diseases, can significantly impact yield and quality. A comprehensive
approach involving a combination of sustainable agronomic practices, technological
innovations, and strategic policy interventions is necessary to address these challenges.
i. Enhancing Pulse Production with Sustainable Practices: Adopting economical and
sustainable farming practices is crucial for enhancing and sustaining pulse production.
These methods effectively tackle biotic and abiotic challenges, reducing reliance on
chemical solutions while minimizing environmental impact. Key strategies include
implementing integrated pest management (IPM) to control pests and diseases,
using biopesticides and biofertilizers to promote natural pest control and improve soil
health, engaging in crop rotation and intercropping to break disease cycles and boost
soil fertility, and selecting resistant varieties to prevent crop losses. Additionally, it’s
important to identify safe herbicides for post-emergence applications, particularly
for Kharif pulses, where weeds can greatly reduce yield. Focusing on developing
pest-resistant varieties, especially for pigeonpea, against threats like the pod borer,
webfly, and maruca, as well as hybrids, is also essential. Moreover, integrating new
technologies such as drones for spraying crops—particularly for arhar, which is
difficult to spray due to its height and dense canopy—can provide significant benefits.
ii. Mitigating Abiotic and Biotic Stresses: Reducing the effects of abiotic and biotic
stresses requires a comprehensive strategy. Selecting crops wisely, especially
those that are drought-resistant, tolerant, early-maturing, and short-duration, can
greatly improve resilience. Healthy, disease-free seeds and suitable seed treatments
can further reduce the effects of various stresses. Implementing effective crop
management practices—like nutrient management, efficient irrigation, and timely
weed control—is vital for maximizing growth and yield. Moreover, employing
integrated pest and disease management strategies can safeguard crops from pests
and diseases, thereby ensuring their full yield potential.
iii. Improving Soil Health and Water Management: Improving soil health and water
management is essential for sustainable pulse production. Deep ploughing in dryland
areas can conserve soil moisture and promote root development, leading to higher
yields. Conservation tillage systems minimize soil disturbance and can improve soil
health, reduce erosion, and enhance water infiltration.
iv. Adapting to Climate Change: In the face of climate change, the development
and utilization of climate-resilient crop varieties are increasingly important. These
varieties can withstand adverse weather conditions, such as drought, heat stress, and
flooding, ensuring stable yields. By implementing these strategies, pulse production
can be stabilized and increased, even in challenging environmental conditions.
To further accelerate pulse production and ensure food security, promoting high-
performing pulse cultivars is essential. These cultivars, developed through rigorous
breeding programs, possess desirable traits such as drought tolerance, heat tolerance, Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 202
disease resistance, and improved yield potential. By encouraging the adoption of these
varieties, India can significantly enhance its pulse production and strengthen its position
in the global pulse market. The table below (Table 6.5) presents a selection of promising
pulse cultivars that have been identified as particularly well-suited to withstand abiotic
and biotic stress conditions in India.
Table 6.5: Promising Pulse Cultivars for Stress Tolerance in India
Pulse Crop Varieties Biotic Features Varieties Abiotic Features
Pigeonpea
Pusa Arhar 16,
GRG 152
Resistant to sterility
mosaic (both) and
tolerant to wilt,
pod-borer
GT 105, Pusa 2018-
2, UPAS 120
Escape drought due
to short duration
IPA 203,
Pant Arhar
6, Godawari
(BDN 2013-41),
IPA 15-06,
Resistant to wilt
and sterility mosaic
IPH 9-05, Phule
Damayanti, KRG 33,
Asha, BRG 3,
Suitable for early
sowing under
delayed monsoon
KRG 33, TDRG
59, Phule
Damayanti,
Resistant to wilt
and SMD, Tolerant
to pod fly and pod
borer
Rajendra Arhar
2
Resistant to root
knot and cyst
nematodes
Chickpea
Kota Desi
Chana 3,
Kundan,
Samriddhi,
Pusa Chickpea
20211, Kanak,
SA 1, Pusa 256,
Uday, Pusa
372, Pusa G 186
Resistant to
wilt, tolerant to
Ascochyta blight
ICCV 10, JG 16,
Pratao Chana 1, RVG
201, RVG 202, RVG
203, Pusa 1088,
Saatvik, Advika,
Pusa JG 16, IPC L
4-14
Tolerant to drought
stress
GNG 2461, GJG
0809, CSJ 515,
Him Palam
Chana 1
Tolerant to
Ascochyta blight
HC 7, IPC 2006-77,
GNG 2299, Pant
Gram 5
Late sown
conditions
PBG 9, Pusa
Chickpea
20211, Kota
Desi Chana 3
Moderately
resistant to wilt and
dry root-rot
JG 14, Indira Chana,
JG 315, JG 11, RSG
888, GNG 663, Pant
G 186
Tolerant to Heat
stress
BDG 72, Co 3
Resistant to wilt
and collar rot
VijayDelayed Monsoon
Pusa 1105
Moderately
resistant to wilt and
dry root-rot
PDG 4Cold Stress Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 203
Pulse Crop Varieties Biotic Features Varieties Abiotic Features
Green
Gram
IPM 410-3, IPM
205-7, SML
2015, ML 1839,
LGG 600, MH
1772, LGG 610
Resistant to yellow
mosaic
IPM 295-7MH 1762,
IPM 512-1, SML 1115
Suitable for
drought stress
IPM 512-1, MH
1142, MH 1142,
Pusa 1372
Resistant to
yellow mosaic,
Cercospora
leaf spot and
anthracnose
MH 1762,
Urdbean leaf circle
virus ND Root-
knot nematode
resistant
IPM 205-7, IPM
409-4, IPM 302-2,
IPM 312-20, GM 7
Delayed monsoon
DGGV 2, GJM
1701
Powdery-mildew
resistant
IPM 410-3, IPM 2 14,
OBGG 58, VBN 6,
LGG 607
Heat tolerant
Black Gram
Pant U 30,
IPU 13-1, IPU
10-26, Pant
Urd 12, OBG
41, Kota Urd 5
Resistant to yellow
mosaic
KPU 18-1, Mash
1190, Mukundra Urd
2, Kota Urd 4
Drought stress
Mash 1190,
Mukundra Urd
2, LBG 787,
VBN 9
Powdery-mildew
resistant
KUG 878, Kota Urd
5, Pant U 31, Pant
U 19
Delayed monsoon
Lentil
LH 17-19, LL
1613, IPL 220,
Resistant to rust
and wilt
Pusa Shweta, PDL 1 Salinity stress
VL Masur 103,
DPL 62, LLS
669, HUL 57
Resistant to rust
Kota Masur 4,
L 4717, Pant
L 8,
Resistant to wilt
and blight
JL 3, RVL 31,
Vamban
Drought Stress
Pant L 5
Resistant to wilt,
rust and blight
Mothbean
CZMO 18-5,
CZMO 18-2,
RMO 2251
Resistant to yellow
mosaic
CAZRI Moth 3, 1,
CZM
Drought resistant
and delayed
monsoon
RMO 225, RMO
423, CZMPO 18-5
Heat stress
CZMO 18-5, CZMO
18-2, RMO 2251
Suitable for rainfed
condition Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 204
Pulse Crop Varieties Biotic Features Varieties Abiotic Features
Rajmash
Shalimar
Rajmash 3,
Shalimar
Rajmash 4,
Shalimar 1, RKR
1033, Phule Viraj
Resistant to BCMV,
Anthracnose
Shalimar Rajmash 3Moisture Stress
Cowpea
Pant Lobia-3
Resistant to yellow
mosaic virus and
bacterial blight
Jammu Lobia super
60
Suitable to rainfed
conditions
Pant Lobia-5
Tolerant to aphids,
thrips, bruchids and
resistant to cowpea
yellow mosaic virus
Shalimar Cowpea-2
(SKUA-WCP-149)
Suitable to rainfed
conditions
TPTC 29
(Tirupati
cowpea-1)
Moderately
resistant to dry
root rot and yellow
mosaic virus
PGCP 6
Escape drought due
to short duration
DC 15
Tolerant to aphids
and pod borer,
moderate resistant
to dry root rot and
yellow mosaic virus
Pant Lobia 7
(PGCP 24)
Resistant to cowpea
mosaic virus.
Jammu Lobia
super 60
Resistant to yellow
mosaic virus
VBN 4 (VCP
14-001)
Resistant to bean
common mosaic
virus
GC 1601
(Gujarat
Cowpea 8)
Moderately
resistant to cowpea
yellow mosaic virus
and free from dry
root rot
Shalimar
Cowpea- 2
(SKUA-
WCP-149)
Resistant to
cowpea mosaic
various and
ascochyta blight
Phule Vithai
(Phule CP-
05040)
Moderately
resistant to color
rot and leaf spot
Phule
Rakhumai (PCP
0306-1)
Moderaltely
resistant to
cercospora leaf
spot
CPD 119
Moderately reistant
to mosaic, root rot
and Cercspora Leaf
Spot Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 205
Pulse Crop Varieties Biotic Features Varieties Abiotic Features
Field pea
IPFD 12-2
Resistant to
Powdery mildew
IPFD 2014-2
Moderately reistant
to pod borer, aphid,
leaf miner and
nematode
Pant Pea 250
Resistant to
powdery mildew,
rust, Ascophyta
blight and root rot
diseases
Pant Pea 243
Moderately
resistant against
powdery mildew,
rust, Ascophyta
blight, and root rot
diseases
IPF-16-13
Moderately
resistant to PM,
rust & resistant to
pod bearer, aphid
and leaf minor
HFP 1428
Resistant to
powdery mildew,
ascochyta blight
& root rot and
moderately
resistant to rust
Pant Pea-347
(Pant P 347)
Resistant to
powdery mildew &
Ascochyta blight
and moderately
resistant to rust
and root & rot
diseases.
Source: Experts’ consultations
A key component of this integrated strategy is developing and adopting pulse varieties
that are resistant or tolerant to various biotic and abiotic stresses. This can be achieved
through the strategic application of biotechnology tools in crop improvement, offering
the potential to enhance the genetic resilience of pulse crops. By focusing on developing
stress-resistant varieties and integrating them with improved agronomic practices, India
can significantly boost pulse productivity and contribute to the nutritional security of
its population. To ensure the successful implementation of these strategies, continued
research, innovation, and the dissemination of knowledge to farmers are crucial. By
empowering farmers with the necessary tools and knowledge, we can mitigate the impact
of stresses on pulse crops and ensure sustainable and resilient agriculture. Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 206
6.4.2 Pulse Varietal Development through Genetic Diversity and Modern Breeding
Techniques
India possesses a vast genetic diversity of pulse crops, with the ICAR–National Bureau of
Plant Genetic Resources (NBPGR) holding a collection of around 70,000 accessions of
various pulse species. However, much of this genetic wealth remains underutilized. To fully
harness these resources, existing breeding programs must be modernized to efficiently
extract desirable traits from this genetic pool and develop improved varieties or hybrids.
Incorporating modern tools such as genomics can help accelerate the varietal development
process, reducing the time required to bring new, high-performing varieties to the field.
21

The major thrusts of pulse-breeding programs include improving genetic potential and
enhancing tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses.
Improvement in the Varietal Replacement Rate (VRR) of major pulse crops in India
indicates the percentage of area sown with improved varieties, reflecting the adoption
of newer, more productive crop varieties by farmers. Higher VRR is crucial for enhancing
yield, as newer varieties often have better resistance to diseases, pests, and adverse
climatic conditions.
Table 6.6: Varietal Replacement Rate (VRR) of Major Pulses in India (2018-19 vs 2023-24)
CropVarietal Replacement Rate (%)
2018-192023-24
Less than 10
years
Less than 5
years
Less than 10
years
Less than 5
years
Pigeonpea 36.53.597.2 65.6
Chickpea 54.541.490.341.6
Green gram 68.521.194.037.9
Black gram 32.96.390.859.2
Lentil 53.820.499.6057.9
Source: Department of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare, GOI
Table 6.6 shows a significant increase in VRR across all pulse crops from 2018-19 to 2023-
24. For instance, the VRR Pigeonpea improved from 36.5% to 97.2% (for varieties less than
10 years old), indicating a widespread adoption of improved varieties. Similarly, Chickpea,
Green gram, Black gram, and Lentil also saw increases, with notable improvements in the
adoption of varieties less than 5 years old, especially in Pigeonpea and Black gram. These
signify efforts to promote newer pulse varieties, aiming to boost production, improve
farmer income, and enhance nutritional security in India.
A multi-pronged strategy is essential to enhance the outreach of improved pulse varieties
to grassroots farmers. This includes the distribution of seed mini-kits and strengthening
agricultural extension services by training local officers and setting up demonstration
plots to showcase the benefits of new varieties. Collaborating with KVKs, Farmer Producer
Organizations (FPOs), and cooperatives can help in bulk procurement and distribution of
seeds, making them more affordable and accessible.
21 https://naas.org.in/Policy%20Papers/policy%20116.pdf Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 207
6.4.3 Post-Emergence Herbicide in Pulses: A Pathway to Enhanced Yield and
Production
The sensible use of post-emergence herbicides in pulse crops can significantly enhance
yields and overall production. By effectively controlling weeds, these herbicides can
optimize resource utilization, reduce competition for nutrients and water, and ultimately
boost crop productivity.
As depicted in the table (Table 6.7), the application of specific herbicides, such as
Imazethapyr, Quizalofop-p-ethyl, Clodinafop-propargyl + sodium acifluorfen, and
Topramezone, can lead to substantial yield increases in various pulse crops. For instance,
the use of Imazethapyr, Quizalofop-p-ethyl, and Clodinafop-propargyl + sodium acifluorfen
in pigeonpea, green gram, and black gram can result in a yield increase of 28.9%, 33.1%, and
37.6% respectively, translating to an additional 1.6 MT, 1.1 MT and 0.75 MT of production.
Similarly, applying Topramezone and Quizalofop-p-ethyl in chickpea and lentil can boost
yields by 19.6% and 15.2%, leading to an additional 2.7 MT and 0.75 MT of production,
respectively. In aggregate, adopting post-emergence herbicides across key pulse crops
can potentially increase overall pulse production by an estimated 6.9 MT.
However, it is crucial to use these herbicides responsibly and in accordance with
recommended practices to minimize potential environmental impacts. By adopting
integrated weed management strategies, including cultural, mechanical, and biological
methods, farmers can further optimize herbicide use and maximize the benefits of these
technologies.
Table 6.7: Good Agronomic Practices for Yield Optimization: Potential of Post-Emergence
Herbicide in Pulses
Crop Recommendation
Herbicide
required
(‘000 T)
Yield
increase (%)
Increase in
production
(MT)
Pigeonpea
Imazethapyr,
Quizalofop-p-ethyl and
clodinafop-propargyl +
sodium acifluorfen
10.1 28.9 1.6
Green gram
15.6 37.6 0.75
3.00 33.1 1.1
Black gram
Chickpea Topramezone0.65 19.6 2.7
Lentil Quizalofop-p-ethyl 2.84 15.2 0.75
Total Potential Gain In Pulse Production6.9
Source: ICAR & IIPR 2024
6.4.4 Enhancing Nutritional Quality in Pulses through Nutrition-Sensitive Breeding
Programs
The nutrient profile of pulses can be enhanced by integrating nutritional quality traits into
breeding programs. Certain genotypes have been found to possess significantly higher
nutrient content. For example, some chickpea varieties (such as ICC 5912) and pigeonpea Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 208
lines (HPL 8, HPL 40) contain 26-27% protein, compared to the 20-22% typically found in
commercial varieties. Similarly, lentil varieties L4704 and IPL 220 boast more than double
standard commercial types’ iron and zinc content. Utilizing such traits through targeted,
nutrition-sensitive breeding programs makes it possible to significantly advance efforts
toward achieving nutritional security.
22
6.5 Value Addition and Reducing Post-Harvest Losses in Pulses
Post-harvest losses in pulses occur at various stages, from harvest to consumer consumption.
A recent NABCONS study (2022) assessed post-harvest losses across 54 crops/commodities
in all 15 agro-climatic zones of India, including major pulse-producing districts. The estimated
post-harvest losses in pulses (i.e., pigeon pea, chickpea, black gram, and green gram) ranged
from 5.65% in pigeonpea to 6.74% in chickpea (Figure 6.3). These losses are primarily attributed
to factors such as shattering of grains during harvesting, spillage during various operations,
and mishandling. To minimize these losses and improve the overall efficiency of the pulse
value chain, it is crucial to adopt advanced post-harvest technologies and best practices.
Figure 6.3: Post Harvest Loss % in Major Pulses
Source: NABCONS 2022
Pigeonpea: Post-harvest losses in pigeonpea were significant, with 4.67% occurring at the
farm level and 0.99% at the market level, totalling 5.65%. Harvesting (1.1%) and threshing
(1.84%) were the primary contributors to farm-level losses, while processing (0.35%) and
transport (0.27%) accounted for market-level losses. These findings indicate a reduction in
post-harvest losses compared to a previous ICAR-CIPHET (2015) study, which reported a
6.36% loss. This improvement can be attributed to factors such as increased use of threshers,
improved cultivation practices promoted by ICAR, KVKs, and SAUs, and shorter storage
durations at the farm level.
22 https://naas.org.in/Policy%20Papers/policy%20116.pdf Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 209
Chickpea: Post-harvest losses in chickpea were estimated to be 6.74%, with 5.89% occurring
at the farm level and 0.85% at the market level. Harvesting (1.49%) and threshing (2.00%)
were the primary contributors to farm-level losses, while transport (0.30%) accounted for
market-level losses. These findings indicate a reduction in post-harvest losses compared to a
previous study by ICAR-CIPHET (2015), which reported a loss of 8.41%. The improvement in
post-harvest losses can be attributed to factors such as the adoption of improved varieties,
increased use of threshers, and enhanced storage capacity in recent years.
Green gram: Post-harvest losses in green gram were estimated at 6.19%, with 5.30% occurring
at the farm level and 0.89% at the market level. Harvesting (1.81%) and threshing (1.53%)
were the primary contributors to farm-level losses, while wholesaler-level losses accounted
for 0.33%. This study found lower post-harvest losses compared to a previous study by ICAR-
CIPHET (2015), which reported a loss of 6.60%.
Black gram: Post-harvest losses in black gram were estimated at 5.83%, with 4.95% occurring
at the farm level and 0.88% at the market level. Harvesting (1.44%) and threshing (1.17%) were
the primary contributors to farm-level losses, while wholesaler (0.24%) and retailer (0.23%)
levels accounted for market-level losses. This study found lower post-harvest losses (5.83%)
compared to a previous study by ICAR-CIPHET (2015), which reported a loss of 7.07%. The
improvement in post-harvest losses can be attributed to factors such as increased storage
capacity and the increased use of threshers since 2015.
To minimize post-harvest losses in pulses, a comprehensive approach is essential. This includes
exploiting genetic variability to improve milling characteristics, thereby enhancing processing
efficiency and reducing waste. Developing pulse varieties with resistance to stored grain
pests is crucial to prevent damage during storage. Additionally, the design and dissemination
of efficient harvesting and threshing equipment can streamline the post-harvest process,
minimizing losses at the farm level. The establishment of advanced and efficient dal mills will
improve processing efficiency, while the development of improved storage technologies will
help to preserve the quality of pulses over longer periods, ensuring reduced spoilage and
better returns for farmers. Reducing post-harvest loss by 1% further, the potential supply of
total pulses could increase by 0.27 MT and 0.41 MT in 2030 and 2047, respectively (Figure
6.4). The potential increase in pigeonpea supply by 2030 is estimated to be 0.04 MT, and by
2047, it is projected to reach 0.05 MT. Chickpea production is expected to increase by 0.15 MT
in 2030 and 0.21 MT in 2047. The potential increase in green gram production is 0.05 MT in
2030 and 0.10 MT in 2047. Black gram production is projected to increase by 0.03 MT in 2030
and 0.05 MT in 2047. Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 210
Source: Authors’ computation
Figure 6.4: Potential Increase in Pulses Supply by 2030 and 2047 by Minimizing Post-
Harvest Losses
6.6 The Role of Mechanization: A Key to Increased Efficiency and Yield
Mechanization of pulse production offers a promising avenue to enhance productivity, reduce
labor costs, and improve overall efficiency. By adopting suitable farm machinery for various
operations, such as tillage, planting, harvesting, inter-cultivation, threshing, and processing,
farmers can significantly optimize their production processes. The benefits of mechanization
are manifold:
• Productivity Gain: Mechanization can lead to a 10-15% increase in productivity (ICAR-
IIPR (2024) by improving efficiency and reducing labor requirements.
• Timely Operations: Mechanized operations ensure timely sowing and harvesting,
which is crucial for maximizing yields and reducing losses.
• Optimal Plant Population: Mechanized planting techniques help maintain proper
plant population, leading to better resource utilization and higher yields.
• Reduced Cost of Production: By reducing labor costs and improving efficiency,
mechanization can significantly reduce the overall cost of production.
• Improved Labor Efficiency: Mechanization can alleviate the physical burden on
farmers and improve the efficiency of human labor.
To fully realize the potential of mechanization, several key considerations are necessary:
• Development of improved Varieties amenable to machine harvest: Developing pulse
varieties that are suitable for mechanized harvesting is essential. Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 211
• Modification of Machinery: Adapting existing machinery or developing new machinery
specifically designed for pulse crops is crucial.
• Promotion of Custom Hiring: Encouraging the adoption of custom hiring services can
make mechanization accessible to small and marginal farmers.
• Leveraging Technology: Using drones and UAVs for spraying can further improve
efficiency and precision in crop management.
By embracing mechanization and adopting innovative technologies, India can significantly
enhance its pulse production and contribute to food security and rural prosperity.
6.7 Potential Increase in Pulse Production through Strategic Interventions
India’s growing reliance on pulse imports, increasing from 2.496 MT in 2022-23 to 4.739
MT in the last fiscal year, necessitates a comprehensive strategy to achieve self-sufficiency.
The proposed strategies, encompassing both horizontal and vertical expansion approaches,
offer a promising pathway to reduce import dependence. By implementing these strategies
effectively, India can significantly boost domestic pulse production, potentially increasing total
pulse production by 20.10 MT, as outlined in Table 6.8. This substantial increase can not only
have the potential to mitigate the current import dependency of 4.739 MT but also address
the projected demand gap of 15.74 MT by 2030 (i.e., the most demanding scenario), estimated
through the normative approach utilizing ICMR-NIN dietary requirement and establish India
as a self-sufficient nation in the pulse sector.
Table 6.8: Potential Increase in Pulse Production (MT) through Strategic Interventions (MT)
Source: Authors’ estimations Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 212
The outlined strategies for increasing domestic pulse production through strategic interventions
hold immense potential. By 2030 and 2047, these interventions could lead to a projected
pulses supply of 48.44 MT and 63.64 MT (Table 6.9), achieving self-sufficiency under all three
demand approaches (i.e., Household/Static, Normative, and Behaviouristic). All the scenarios
project a surplus –i.e., 21.64 MT and 34.33 MT under the Household Approach; 2.11 MT and
13.38 MT under the Normative Approach; 13.28 MT and 12.91 MT under the Behavioristic
Approach (BAU); and 4.68 MT and 12.91 MT under the Behaviouristic Approach (HIG) by 2030
and 2047 respectively. These estimations highlight the importance of increasing domestic
production and considering potential shifts in consumption patterns when formulating long-
term strategies for achieving pulse self-sufficiency.
Table 6.9: Projected Pulses Demand-Supply Gap at the National Level by 2030 and 2047
(in MT), adding Potential Increase through Strategic Interventions: Household Approach,
Normative Approach, and Behaviouristic Approach (BAU and HIG)
Source: Authors’ estimations
To bridge the potential import gap, particularly in the Normative Approach to fulfilling
nutritional requirements from pulses consumption for each individual in the country,
significant production increase envisioned through strategic interventions needs prioritized
implementation. Realizing this ambitious target will necessitate a focused approach that
leverages the “Quadrant Strategy” on a district-wise cluster basis. This data-driven strategy
involves identifying and exploiting the potential opportunities within each district cluster for
specific pulse crops. It emphasizes a scalable approach that prioritizes clusters with LA-
LY and those with HA-LY and LA-HY potential. By strategically targeting these clusters
and implementing tailored interventions, India can maximize its production potential and
effectively address the near-term challenges posed by potential consumption increases.
Over the past five years (2017-18 to 2022-23), India’s pulse sector has experienced a modest
growth rate of approximately 2.50%. If this trend continues, it will be sufficient to meet the
projected demand based solely on population growth, as considered by the Household
Approach.
However, achieving self-sufficiency in pulses requires a more ambitious strategy. The
Behaviouristic Approach takes into account potential changes in food consumption patterns Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 213
resulting from factors such as rising income levels, lifestyle changes, and price fluctuations.
This necessitates a higher growth rate. Under the Business as Usual (BAU) scenario, a CAGR
of 3.82% is required for the period from 2022 to 2030. For the longer term, from 2022 to
2047, a slightly elevated CAGR of 2.70%, compared to recent growth rates, is necessary. The
High-Income Growth (HIG) scenario presents an even more challenging outlook. In this case, a
significantly steeper CAGR of 6.69% is needed for the 2022-2030 period. For the longer-term
goal of self-sufficiency by 2047, a CAGR of 2.70%, which is slightly higher than recent growth
rates, will be required from 2022 to 2047.
The Normative Approach adds another layer of complexity. It indicates that additional
efforts must be made to accelerate pulse production in order to meet the projected dietary
requirements. To meet the anticipated demand by 2030, a significantly higher CAGR of 7.46%
is necessary for the period from 2021 to 2030. For the long-term goal of self-sufficiency
by 2047, a slightly elevated CAGR of 2.66% compared to recent growth rates is needed for
the entire period from 2021 to 2047. These findings highlight the critical need for strategic
interventions to accelerate domestic production and bridge the gap between current growth
trends and self-sufficiency goals.
Table 6.10: Required CAGR for Self-Sufficiency in Pulses: Considering BAU & Strategic
Interventions Scenarios across Normative, Household & Behaviouristic Approaches (BAU
and HIG)
Source: Authors’ estimations
The proposed strategic interventions, if implemented effectively, hold significant promise for
India’s pulses sector. These measures could significantly boost domestic production and help
achieve self-sufficiency. By combining these gains with the existing production level, India can
achieve self-sufficiency in all scenarios, even with the recent growth trend of 2.50%. A more
focused and rigorous implementation of the proposed strategic interventions is necessary
to accelerate this progress. This more intensive approach has the potential to pave the way
for India to achieve Atmanirbharta (self-reliance) in its pulses sector, ensuring a secure and
sustainable future for its needs. Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 214
6.8 Disaggregated Growth Requirements for Achieving Atmanirbharta in Pulse
Crops: By 2030 and 2047
Achieving Atmanirbharta (self-reliance) in India’s pulse sector requires a comprehensive analysis of
individual pulse crops, including detailed aggregated demand-supply assessments. This approach
recognizes the differences among crops such as pigeonpea, chickpea, greengram, blackgram,
lentil, and pea, each with its unique production efficiencies, consumption patterns, and import
dependencies. To create effective policy interventions, it is essential to look beyond aggregate
data and focus on the specific dynamics of each crop. This involves thoroughly evaluating historical
data to quantify domestic production and consumption variations, account for fluctuating import/
export volumes, and understand regional dietary preferences that influence pulse demand. Such
detailed analysis helps set growth targets tailored to each pulse crop’s unique challenges and
opportunities, strengthening a self-sufficient national pulse ecosystem.
To quantify the growth trajectories needed for achieving Atmanirbharta, a rigorous comparative
analysis of recent trends in production, imports, exports, and demand is vital. This framework
requires precisely estimating the percentage increase in domestic production needed to
meet projected demand. Policymakers can identify critical bottlenecks and design specific
interventions by comparing historical growth rates with targeted rates. This comparative
analysis serves as an essential framework, offering a strategic roadmap for planning and
decision-making to enhance the growth of individual pulse crop production. The primary
objective is to formulate a data-driven strategy that effectively drives the pulse sector toward
achieving self-sufficiency.
This study uses a multi-faceted, step-by-step analytical approach to estimate the required
production growth rates for individual pulse crops to meet projected demand by 2030 and 2047,
facilitating self-sufficiency. The estimation is based on the gap between domestic production
and demand, explicitly quantifying the percentage increase in production necessary to satisfy
domestic demand for each pulse crop, using data from 2015-16 to 2023-24. Considering the
observed fluctuations in domestic pulse crop production, imports, and exports, the analysis
examines three scenarios for estimating demand for 2030 and 2047:
• Scenario 1 represents the average percentage of production increase needed over
the entire period (2015-16 to 2023-24),
• Scenario 2 focuses on the average percentage needed over the last five years (2019-
20 to 2023-24), and
• Scenario 3 looks at the average percentage increase required over the last three
years (2021-22 to 2023-24), providing a comprehensive and nuanced view.
The resulting data in Table 6.11 delineates the percentage increase in domestic production
required to meet domestic demand for six key pulse crops in India: pigeonpea, chickpea,
greengram, blackgram, lentil, and pea. The analysis spans from 2015-16 to 2023-24, with three
distinct average periods provided to offer a more nuanced understanding of the evolving
dynamics within the pulse sector. This detailed presentation of data allows for a granular
comparison of required growth rates across different timeframes, enabling policymakers
to identify trends, assess the effectiveness of past interventions, and formulate targeted
strategies to achieve Atmanirbharta in the Indian pulse sector. Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 215
Table 6.11: Gap Between Domestic Production and Demand: % of Production Increase that was
Required to Meet the Domestic Demand for Individual Pulse Crops (2015-16 To 2023-24)
Source: Authors’ computation based on the data from DES, MoA&FW, and MoC&I, GoI
The insights derived from the above table are presented below, with a detailed explanation
for each pulse crop.
Pigeonpea: Persistent and Growing Deficit
Pigeonpea demonstrates a consistently significant gap between domestic production and
demand. Over the long term, from 2015-16 to 2023-24, an average production increase of
16.14% was required to meet domestic demand. Notably, this gap has widened in recent
years, with the average required increase jumping to 17.62% between 2019-20 and 2023-24,
and further escalating to 22.33% in the most recent three years (2021-22 to 2023-24). This
escalating deficit highlights the urgent need for targeted interventions to boost pigeonpea
production and ensure self-sufficiency.
Chickpea: Indicating an Improved Balance
Chickpea demonstrate a gradual transition from a deficit to a surplus, indicating an improved
balance. Over the long term (2015-16 to 2023-24), an average production increase of 3.50%
was needed, indicating a moderate deficit. However, in recent years, production has improved
significantly. The average required increase dropped to 0.46% between 2019-20 and 2023-24
and even turned into a surplus (-0.33%) in the most recent three years. While this improvement
is promising, the inherent volatility suggests that careful monitoring and strategic interventions
are crucial to maintaining this delicate balance.
Green gram: Marginal Deficit but Narrowing
Green Gram shows a relatively stable and marginal deficit. Over the long term (2015-16 to
2023-24), an average production increase of 7.09% was required. This gap has narrowed in
recent years, with the average required increase dropping to 1.95% between 2019-20 and
2023-24 and further to 1.76% in the most recent three years. While the deficit is relatively
small, continued efforts are needed to achieve self-sufficiency. Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 216
Black gram: Consistent and Growing Shortfall
Black Gram consistently shows a significant deficit, similar to pigeonpea. Over the long term
(2015-16 to 2023-24), an average production increase of 17.40% was needed. This deficit has
persisted and even slightly increased in recent years, with the average required increase rising
to 17.80% between 2019-20 and 2023-24 and further to 20.04% in the most recent three
years. This trend highlights the urgent need for targeted interventions to address the growing
production shortfall in black gram.
Lentil: Significant Import Dependence
Lentil exhibits a very high deficit, indicating significant import dependence. Over the long
term (2015-16 to 2023-24), an average production increase of 67.15% was required. This high
deficit has persisted recently, with the average required increase rising to 68.49% between
2019-20 and 2023-24. Although it slightly dropped to 64.41% in the most recent three years, it
remains substantially high. This emphasizes the need for substantial efforts to boost domestic
lentil production and reduce import reliance.
Pea: Highly Volatile
Pea is characterized by high volatility in the demand-supply gap, with significant surpluses
in some years and deficits in others. Over the long term (2015-16 to 2023-24), an average
production increase of 131.65% was required, heavily influenced by extreme deficits in the
early years. However, the deficit has significantly decreased in recent years, with the average
required increase dropping to 35.23% between 2019-20 and 2023-24 and further to 31.58%
in the most recent three years. Despite the recent improvement, the inherent volatility
necessitates strategies to stabilize production.
The above analysis reveals that lentil, pigeonpea, and black gram are the major concerns,
consistently exhibiting production deficits and demanding immediate and substantial efforts
to boost domestic output through strategic interventions. Chickpea and green gram show
a more balanced production and demand scenario but require continued monitoring. Pea
is highly volatile, but its consumption demand is relatively less than other pulse crops.
Nevertheless, pragmatic strategies are required to stabilize output and reduce fluctuations.
This detailed analysis emphasizes the need for targeted policies and interventions for each
pulse crop to achieve Atmanirbharta in India’s pulse sector, focusing on boosting production,
stabilizing output, and reducing import reliance.
Building on the earlier estimations of the required production increases to meet the domestic
demand for individual pulse crops, along with the projected production forecasts under
the BAU scenario (outlined in Chapter 5), Table 6.12 shows the anticipated gaps between
domestic demand and production for pigeonpea, chickpea, green gram, black gram, lentil,
and pea. This analysis, conducted under three distinct scenarios reflecting varying historical
production averages, provides critical insights into both the near-term (2030) and long-term
(2047) trends and challenges associated with achieving self-sufficiency in India’s pulse sector Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 217
Table 6.12: Projected Gap between Domestic Demand and Production (MT): 2030 and 2047
Source: Authors’ computation
Required vs. Historical CAGR of Pulse Crops Production to Meet the Projected Domestic
Demand by 2030 and 2047
The tables below (Table 6.13 and Table 6.14) present the required CAGR of production from
2023 to 2030 and from 2023 to 2047 to meet the projected domestic demand for six pulse
crops (pigeonpea, chickpea, green gram, black gram, lentil, and pea), juxtaposed with the
historical CAGR under three distinct scenarios. Based on varying historical data periods, these
scenarios provide a comparative analysis of past trends and future requirements for achieving
self-sufficiency by 2030 and 2047.
To Meet Projected Domestic Demand by 2030
Pigeonpea: For Pigeonpea, the required CAGR consistently exceeds the historical CAGR
across all scenarios. Scenario 1, based on long-term trends, necessitates a 4.24% CAGR, while
the historical was 3.53%. Scenario 2 shows a required CAGR of 4.43% against a historical of
0.38%, indicating that a significant acceleration is needed. Scenario 3, reflecting recent trends,
demands the highest CAGR of 5.01%, compared to a negative historical CAGR of -7.83%,
highlighting a critical need for a substantial turnaround in production.
Chickpea: Chickpea shows an encouraging picture. Scenarios 1 and 2 indicate that the
required CAGR (2.62% and 2.19%, respectively) is lower than the historical (7.44% and 4.74%),
suggesting that current growth rates, if maintained, will have a surplus, exceeding the projected
demand. However, Scenario 3 requires a 2.07% CAGR, slightly higher than the historical 1.70%,
indicating a need for marginal acceleration.
Green gram: Green Gram demonstrates a positive picture. The required CAGR ranges from
4.28% to 5.04% across the three scenarios, significantly lower than the historical CAGR,
ranging from 7.41% to 11.57%. This indicates that recent high growth rates not only meet future
demand but will also create a surplus.
Black gram: Black Gram requires a reasonable acceleration in growth. The required CAGR
ranges from 5.32% to 5.65% across the scenarios. Scenarios 1 and 2 show a need for slightly
higher growth compared to the historical, while Scenario 3 requires a slightly below the Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 218
historical 6.70%.
Lentil: Lentil presents a significant challenge. The required CAGR is consistently high, ranging
from 10.83% to 11.22%, indicating a substantial increase in production is needed. The historical
CAGR ranges from 2.52% to 6.45%, highlighting a large gap that needs to be bridged to meet
the 2030 demand.
Pea: Pea requires a substantial acceleration in growth. The required CAGR ranges from 8.14%
to 17.24%, depending on the scenario. The historical CAGR is consistently low, ranging from
3.62% to 3.98%, indicating a need for a significant boost in production to meet the 2030
demand.
Table 6.13: To Meet Projected Domestic Demand by 2030: Required CAGR (2023-2030) vs
Historical CAGR in Three Scenarios
Source: Authors’ computation
To Meet Projected Domestic Demand by 2047
Pigeonpea: For Pigeonpea, the required CAGR consistently exceeds the historical CAGR in
Scenarios 2 and 3. Scenario 1 requires a 2.67% CAGR, lower than the historical 3.53%. However,
Scenario 2 requires 2.73% compared to a historical 0.38%, and Scenario 3 demands 2.89%
against a negative historical -7.83%, indicating a significant acceleration is needed, particularly
considering recent trends.
Chickpea: Chickpea shows a consistent trend across all scenarios. The required CAGR ranges
from 2.11% to 2.27%, significantly lower than the historical CAGR, which ranges from 1.70% to
7.44%. This suggests that current growth trends if maintained, could comfortably meet the
projected demand by 2047 and will have a surplus.
Green gram: Green Gram also demonstrates a consistent pattern, with the required CAGR
ranging from 4.10% to 4.32% across the three scenarios, all significantly lower than the
historical CAGR, which ranges from 7.41% to 11.57%. This indicates that the current growth
trajectories are sufficient to meet the projected demand by 2047.
Black gram: Black Gram requires a moderate adjustment in growth. The required CAGR
ranges from 3.62% to 3.72% across the scenarios. Scenario 1 and 3 show lower required
growth compared to the historical 4.22% and 6.70%, respectively, while Scenario 2 requires a
significant turnaround from a negative historical CAGR of -2.41% to a required CAGR of 3.64%.
This suggests that while long-term trends are favorable, recent fluctuations necessitate careful Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 219
monitoring and potential adjustments.
Lentil: Lentil presents a significant challenge. The required CAGR is consistently high, ranging
from 5.40% to 5.50%, indicating a substantial increase in production is needed. The historical
CAGR ranges from 2.52% to 6.45%, highlighting a large gap that needs to be bridged to meet
the 2047 demand.
Pea: Pea requires a substantial acceleration in growth compared to historical trends. The
required CAGR ranges from 5.18% to 7.69%, while the historical CAGR is consistently below
4%, indicating a need for a significant boost in production to meet the 2047 demand. Scenario
1 requires a significant increase from the historical 3.62%, while Scenarios 2 and 3 require
adjustments from 3.95% and 3.98%, respectively.
Table 6.14: To Meet Projected Domestic Demand by 2047: Required CAGR (2023-2047) vs
Historical CAGR in Three Scenarios
Source: Authors’ computation
The detailed analysis presented here highlights various challenges and opportunities in India’s
pulse crops as the country strives to meet projected domestic demand by 2030 and 2047.
Notably, Chickpea and green gram demonstrate promising trajectories, with current growth
patterns suggesting they are on course to meet future needs. Conversely, Pigeonpea, while
exhibiting potential for long-term growth, necessitates a substantial acceleration in production,
particularly when considering recent trends. Lentil and pea, emerge as critical areas requiring
significant intervention to boost production levels. While not facing the same magnitude of
challenges, black gram necessitates vigilant monitoring and strategic adjustments to ensure
sustained growth. This detailed comparison of required versus historical growth rate patterns
and trends for each pulse crop provides essential insights for crafting targeted strategies
to achieve Atmanirbharta in the pulse sector. By clearly delineating the disparities between
current and targeted growth rates, this analysis enables the prioritization of interventions and
the efficient allocation of resources. Identifying specific percentage increases required for
each crop empowers a focused and tailored approach, distinguishing between crops needing
rapid acceleration and those requiring incremental improvements. Moreover, the data-
driven methodology employed here empowers effective progress tracking towards targets.
In conclusion, the findings emphasize the imperative for a dynamic and adaptive strategy
capable of responding to evolving market dynamics and technological advancements to
secure India’s sustainable and self-reliant pulse economy. Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 220 Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 221
Chapter VII:
Recommendations and
Way Forward Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 222 Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 223
The period after 2004 witnessed a marked acceleration in India's pulse production, largely
influenced by targeted government schemes like ISOPOM, NFSM-Pulses, and A3P, indicating
crucial lessons for achieving self-sufficiency. The Integrated Scheme of Oilseeds, Pulses, Oil Palm,
and Maize (ISOPOM), launched in 2004, consolidated various crop development programs,
leading to stabilized production levels and reduced import dependence. The scheme's focus
on distributing High Yielding Varieties (HYVs), adopting modern agricultural technologies, and
enhancing market interventions contributed to increased cultivation areas and improved yields,
with average pulse yields rising to around 0.690 t/ha by the end of the scheme. ISOPOM's
integrated approach and better resource allocation highlight the importance of a coordinated
framework in boosting pulse production, despite challenges like inadequate infrastructure and
limited reach in remote areas.
Complementing these efforts, the Accelerated Pulses Production Programme (A3P), launched
in 2010, aimed to accelerate pulse production through cluster demonstrations of advanced
agricultural practices. By focusing on large-scale demonstrations, distributing high-quality
seeds, and providing financial and technical support to farmers, A3P showcased the potential
of modern technologies in increasing pulse yields. While its impact was primarily limited to
the demonstration areas, A3P provided valuable lessons for future pulses development efforts,
underscoring the need for sustained support and wider adoption of demonstrated technologies
to achieve broader self-sufficiency goals.
The National Food Security Mission (NFSM) - Pulses, initiated in 2007, further propelled the
growth trajectory by emphasizing area expansion, productivity enhancement, and modern
technologies. The mission-mode approach ensured that interventions were effectively
implemented and resources reached the intended beneficiaries. The NFSM-Pulses component
successfully increased pulse production by over 20% by the end of the Eleventh Plan,
demonstrating the effectiveness of a targeted mission-mode approach in achieving specific
production targets. The successes of NFSM-Pulses led to its extension and expansion,
reinforcing the importance of sustained efforts and consistent implementation for long-term
gains in pulse production and productivity. The government has reinvigorated the NFSM-
Pulses program from 2016-17 onwards with a clear roadmap to achieve self-sufficiency in the
pulse. It is implemented in all 28 states and 2 union territories (J&K and Ladakh), with over
60% of funds allocated to pulses to boost pulse production. Key initiatives under NFSM-Pulses
include supporting breeder seed production, establishing 150 Seed Hubs at Indian Council
of Agricultural Research (ICAR) institutes, State Agriculture Universities (SAUS), and Krishi
Vigyan Kendras (KVKs) to increase quality seed production, and distribution of seed mini-
kits of pulses free of cost to the farmers of the varieties notified within 10 years. Additionally,
ICAR, KVKs, and SAUs conduct demonstrations on improved agricultural practices. By assisting
Central Seed Agencies, the NFSM aims to enhance the availability of quality certified seeds
of the latest pulse varieties, thereby contributing to increased production and productivity.
These interventions, along with support for cluster demonstrations, improved farm machinery,
efficient water tools, plant protection, nutrient management, processing equipment, and farmer
training on cropping systems, NFSM-Pulses aims to significantly enhance pulse production and
productivity. The Targeting Rice Fallow Area (TRFA) initiative under the NFSM-Pulses program
focuses on promoting lentil cultivation in states like Assam, Bihar, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh,
Madhya Pradesh, West Bengal, and Odisha, and green gram and black gram cultivation in Tamil
Nadu, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Jharkhand, Gujarat, West Bengal, and Karnataka.
Recommendations and
Way Forward Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 224
Achieving self-sufficiency in pulse production is a crucial national priority for India. This goal
is vital for ensuring food security, maintaining nutritional balance, and promoting soil health.
A well-structured strategic approach is necessary to tackle key challenges while harnessing
India's strengths in pulse cultivation. To address this need, NITI Aayog conducted a primary
field survey involving 885 farmers across five of the top seven pulse-producing states:
Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, and Karnataka (detailed in Annexure
IV). The insights gathered from this survey, along with a comprehensive strategy and roadmap
presented in earlier chapters and lessons learned from previous strategies (detailed in Annexure
I), serve as the foundation for the following recommendations. These recommendations aim
to strengthen India's pulse sector, increase domestic production, ensure self-reliance, and
promote long-term sustainability.
7.1 Focus on Area Retention of Pulses and Diversification
Crop Clusters and Technology Customization
Crop-wise clustering facilitates both horizontal and vertical expansion efforts for targeted
growth in pulse production. States and districts are grouped into four clusters (HA-HY, HA-
LY, LA-HY, and LA-LY) based on the area under cultivation and yield performance for each
pulse crop, allowing for more tailored growth strategies (refer to Chapter VI for details).
Developing customized technology specific to each cluster is essential for yield improvement.
Additionally, establishing Agro-Ecological Sub Region (AESR)-based model farms for each
crop can support the horizontal dissemination of advanced cultivation practices.
Horizontal Expansion in Rice Fallow Areas
Utilizing just one-third of the total rice fallow area across ten states for pulse cultivation has
the potential to enhance domestic production significantly. Estimates suggest a potential
increase of up to 2.85 MT in pulse output. This statistic underscores the immense potential of
these currently fallow lands. A combination of incentives and strategic planning is necessary
to effectively tap into this potential. Providing incentive packages for input costs and
guaranteeing remunerative prices can motivate farmers to adopt pulse cultivation in these
areas. Identifying suitable areas for pulse cultivation, with the involvement of experts and
state governments, is crucial. A phased approach, starting with pilot projects in key states,
can help refine strategies and maximize impact.
In short, a systems approach incorporating crop-specific and region-specific cluster strategies
is essential to increase the area and production of pulse crops.
7.2 Seed Traceability and Quality Assurance
A significant factor contributing to low pulse productivity is the use of low-quality traditional
seed varieties. Seed is a carrier of technological advancements, and the supply of improved
varieties can significantly enhance crop performance. A phased approach should be adopted
to distribute high-quality seeds and seed treatment kits to farmers in targeted districts
with high potential for yield growth and area expansion to address this issue. Given that a
significant portion of pulse production is concentrated in specific regions, with 50 districts
contributing 50% of the total output and , these districts should be the special focus for
raising the production of pulses to attain self-sufficiency in pulses (see annexure). Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 225
• Cluster-Based Seed Village: To ensure a consistent supply of high-quality seeds,
establishing cluster-based seed hubs at the block level, following the “One Block-One
Seed Village” model, is crucial. These hubs, facilitated by Farmers’ Producer Organizations
(FPOs), can guarantee farmers’ access to high-quality pulse seeds on time, thereby
enhancing seed replacement rates and varietal replacement rates. Implementing end-
to-end traceability from breeder to farmer for quality assurance is crucial.
7.3 Strengthening Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs) and District-Level
Value Chain Planning
This can be a game changer in the pulses sector. Through this, the pulse value chain can be
easily shortened; it can also add a lot of value to the hands of pulse growers. Identifying the
pulses-growing clusters and bringing on a single platform to integrate with the backward and
forward linkages will help the farmers substantially reduce production costs.
This will also help capture additional value by processing pulse grains and delivering the
product directly to urban consumers through organized retailers. The shortening of the value
chain will help the consumers in accessing the produce at a reasonable price, even if the
support price of pulses is increased substantially. The by-products of processed pulses are
also nutritious feed for livestock, which can also benefit the farmers if the processing mills are
set up near these farmers.
7.4 Effective procurement
The procurement of pulses after harvest needs to be strengthened immediately. Most of the
pulse growers are currently unable to reach regulated markets to sell their produce; instead,
village traders are their main buyers. Therefore, to ensure remunerative prices for these growers,
it is essential to bring the procurement centers to the growers’ doorstep, particularly during
harvest season. Standardizing prices and procurement by using mobile vans or regulating the
village traders to make public all the transactions’ information may reduce the smallholders’
ambiguities and exploitation. In the medium term, it can be facilitated by forming FPOs and
linking it with the National Agricultural Market through e-platforms.
7.5 Price Support and Market Interventions
To ensure remunerative prices for pulse producers and incentivize cultivation, providing a
price guarantee is crucial and implement the same either by paying the gap between MSP and
prices received by the producers in the market or by procurement by public agencies. Both
these provisions are already there in the scheme “PM-AASHA” operated by the MoA&FW. Its
operational part needs to be strengthened for effective and comprehensive coverage.
7.6 Integrating Pulses into Public Distribution System
Keeping in view the widespread under- and malnutrition among women and children in India,
to achieve the target of zero hunger and good health and well-being prescribed in sustainable
development goals (SDG), it is necessary to provide pulses to all the poor households at
affordable prices. Although this would further increase the demand for pulses, it can be
managed if sufficient steps for enhancing domestic production are already taken. Therefore,
compulsory inclusion of pulses in the existing schemes, such as the mid-day meal scheme or
public distribution system (PDS), shall be ensured so that the minimum pulse consumption by
poor households is maintained even during the scarcity in pulse production. Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 226
7.7 Customization and Development of Farm Equipment
A collaborative approach to developing small-size multi-crop harvesting farm machines and other
farm equipment for plant protection can be of great help to the producers in reducing labor costs.
7.8 Potential of Summer Pulses
To enhance irrigation efficiency, a robust Management Information System (MIS) network is
essential, particularly during the reproductive phase of crops. This can ensure timely irrigation
and optimal water use. Additionally, opening canals to exploit potential irrigable areas is
crucial for mitigating the effects of consecutive droughts. Emphasizing the adoption of early-
maturing varieties of crops like rice, potato, wheat, and sugarcane can help prevent pre-
harvest sprouting caused by unexpected pre-monsoon rains.
7.9 Resource Requirement for Input Incentive Package
Pulses are a legume crop and they can take nitrogen from the environment and fix it in the
soil for use by the plant. The estimates of the amount and value of nitrogen fixed by pulses in
the soil in India are presented in Table 7.1. Different pulses fix 58-70 kg of Nitrogen per hectare
of area under their cultivation. This way, all five pulses taken together fix 2.91 LT of N in the
soil. This quantity is equivalent to 6.48 LT of urea. Pulses, on average, enrich soils by 66 kg
N, which is valued at Rs. 3233 per hectare. Based on this, the total value of N fixed in 27 Mha
area under cultivation of pulses comes to Rs. 8811 crores. If this much nitrogen is to be applied
to soil it will involve a subsidy on urea to the tune of Rs. 7841 crores. These facts highlight the
value of ecological services rendered by pulses to society.
To incentivize farmers to increase pulse production, a portion of the ecological services
provided by pulse cultivation can be utilized. Implementing incentive packages, such as
providing high-quality seeds and seed treatment kits at subsidized rates (e.g., half the MSP),
can encourage farmers, particularly in intensive pulse-producing districts, to expand their
cultivation (Chand 2024).
Table 7.1 : Quantity and Value of Nitrogen fixed by Pulse Crops in Soil
Crop Area under
crop
(000 ha)
Nitrogen
fixed/ha
(kg)
Price of N
in Urea +
Subsidy
Value of N
per ha
(Rs)
Total
(Rs.
Crore)
Pigeonpea 4900 69 48.9 3373 1653
Chickpea 10740 70 48.9 3422 3676
Black gram 4633 63 48.9 3080 1427
Green gram 5550 61 48.9 2982 1655
Lentil 1412 58 48.9 2836 400
Sum 27236 66 48.9 3235 8811
Source: Chand, 2024 Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 227
7.10 Bio-fertilization Strategies
To enhance summer crop yields, especially for pulses, several bio-fertilization strategies have
proven effective. Field monitoring across various states by DPD, Bhopal, has shown that
the use of NPK liquid bio-fertilizers significantly boosts the productivity of summer green
gram and black gram. These bio-fertilizers help reduce the leaching of essential nutrients
like potassium and nitrogen, as well as mitigate phosphorus fixation in soils, thereby making
nutrients more available to plants.
For optimal results, it is recommended to apply NPK liquid bio-fertilizer at a rate of 500
ml per acre, mixed with 50-100 kg of farmyard manure (FYM) or compost, and incorporate
it into the soil before sowing. Additionally, using other liquid bio-fertilizers, such as Liquid
Rhizobium, Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria (PSB), and NPK-3 (a combination of Rhizobium,
PSB, and Potassium Mobilizing Bacteria) at the same dosage rate further enhances soil nutrient
availability by converting fixed phosphorus into a form accessible to crops.
7.11 Advancing Research & Development for Pest-Resistant Pulse Varieties
Pulses, a vital source of protein, are particularly susceptible to pests and diseases. An
estimated 30% of pulse crops are lost annually due to these issues, with pests like pod borers,
aphids, and pod flies causing severe damage. Prioritizing the development of pest-resistant
varieties through the application of modern biotechnology tools is essential to enhance
the genetic resilience of pulse crops. Additionally, fostering public-private partnerships can
optimize logistics and handling practices, addressing broader challenges within the pulse
sector. Integrating pulse crops into farmers’ overall cropping systems can further optimize
resource utilization and enhance overall productivity.
• Developing Short-Duration and Pest- and Disease-Resistant Cultivars Specific to
Production Regions: Developing improved cultivars specific to production regions is
crucial for breaking the yield barrier. The success of chickpea cultivation in the central
and southern regions serves as an excellent example. Focusing on the development
of super early varieties without yield penalties with pest- and disease resistance can
significantly enhance pulse production and productivity in India.
• Developing machine-harvestable and herbicide-tolerant varieties for HA-HY
regions/districts: Development of machine-harvestable and herbicide-tolerant
varieties of pulses, especially chickpea, lentil, mung bean, and black gram, will allow
pulses production at a commercial scale with production efficiency. This will also
allow for public-private partnerships for pulse production and market linkages.
• Climate-resilient varieties to insulate pulse production from seasonal shocks and
fluctuations: Pulses are vulnerable to climate shocks due to their nature of cultivation
in marginal areas, and the development of climate-resilient varieties with tolerance to
drought, waterlogging, frost, and heat stresses will stabilize not only production but
also market prices. Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 228
• Improved varieties enriched with nutrients (protein, iron, zinc): Pulses varieties
biofortified with protein, iron, and zinc content will contribute to nutritional security.
In addition, efforts to reduce the anti-nutritional factors such as ODAP in grass pea
will contribute to enhanced consumption of pulses in the country.
7.12 Robust Early Warning Systems and Proactive Adaptation Strategies
To mitigate the impact of adverse weather conditions like El Niño on pulse production, robust
early warning systems, and proactive adaptation strategies are crucial. These systems should
monitor weather patterns, predict potential impacts on pulse crops, and disseminate timely
advisories to farmers. Additionally, developing climate-resilient varieties, promoting efficient
water management practices, and diversifying cropping patterns can help reduce vulnerability
to extreme weather events. Utilizing satellite-based yield monitoring or AI-driven predictive
models can also stabilize production and decrease dependency on imports.
7.13 Data-Driven Transformation
Addressing disparities in pulse crop yields requires a data-driven approach and robust
systems to bridge regional gaps. Advancing research and development is essential for the
transformation of the pulse sector. A deeper understanding of climate-crop interactions,
coupled with the development of innovative solutions, is critical to enhancing the resilience
of this sector. Such advancements can provide returns that surpass the benefits offered by
input subsidies. Furthermore, implementing comprehensive monitoring systems, leveraging
ICT platforms like the SAATHI Portal and Krishi Mapper, will provide real-time insights and
facilitate informed decision-making, ultimately ensuring the long-term sustainability and
productivity of the pulse sector. Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 229
List of
Annexures Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 230 Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 231
ANNEXURE-I: Pulses Self-Sufficiency: Lessons from the Past Strategies
As the world’s largest producer and consumer of pulses, India still faces a considerable gap
between domestic production and demand, necessitating substantial imports. This paradox
persists despite the country’s favorable agricultural conditions, which support the cultivation
of various pulses, including chickpea, pigeon pea, lentil, black gram, and green gram etc.
Source: Author’s own compilation
Figure AI.1: Past Strategies Timeline for Pulses Schemes
Pulses are integral to the Indian diet, providing a primary protein source for a large population
segment. Over the years, the Indian government has introduced numerous policies and
initiatives to enhance pulse production, improve supply chain efficiency, and stabilize prices. Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 232
These interventions, while making some headway, have not fully bridged the demand-supply
gap. To pave the way for achieving self-reliance in pulses, it is crucial to critically examine
past policy approaches, identifying what has worked and where gaps remain. This will serve
as a foundation for formulating more effective strategies to ensure sustainable growth in the
pulses sector. The chapter delves into the key government interventions in the pulses sector,
assessing their objectives, successes, and limitations.
i. All India Coordinated Pulse Improvement Project (AICPIP) – 1966
The All India Coordinated Pulse Improvement Project (AICPIP) was launched in 1966
by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) as a government initiative
during the early years of India’s Green Revolution. This pioneering project aimed
to address the country’s growing demand for pulses, a critical protein source in the
Indian diet. AICPIP sought to enhance the production and productivity of pulses
by developing high-yielding and disease-resistant varieties, as well as promoting
modern agronomic practices.
Initially, AICPIP focused on breeding improved varieties of major pulses like chickpea,
pigeon pea, green gram, black gram, and lentil. These efforts led to the release of
numerous High Yielding Varieties (HYVs), which were instrumental in increasing
pulse yields Since the inception of AICRP in pulses, a total of 188 varieties have
been developed and released in pigeonpea. In the last 10 years alone, 62 superior
varieties of pigeonpea have been developed by various NARS partners. These also
include 6 hybrids each developed through GMS and CMS-based systems. In green
gram, a total of 141 varieties have been developed after 1985. These include 56
varieties developed after 2013. In case of black gram 121 improved varieties have
been developed after 1985 including 50 varieties developed in the last 10 years. In
arid legumes, a total of 61 varieties have been developed till date. These include 32
varieties of cowpea, 21 each of cluster bean and horse gram and 8 of moth bean.
Despite these successes, the project faced limited infrastructure, inadequate irrigation
facilities, and dependence on monsoon rains, leading to inconsistent production
outcomes, particularly in rain-fed regions.
However, AICPIP laid a crucial foundation for future pulse development programs in
India. The project’s research and development activities provided valuable insights
that guided subsequent efforts in the pulses sector.
The most significant evolution of AICPIP was its transformation into the Directorate of
Pulses Research (DPR) in 1984. This upgrade marked a transition from a coordinated
project to a dedicated research institution, reflecting the growing importance of pulses
in India’s agricultural strategy. The DPR, headquartered in Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh,
continued the work initiated under AICPIP, focusing on advanced research in pulse
crop improvement, disease resistance, and agronomy. The establishment of DPR
helped consolidate the gains made under AICPIP and ensured sustained attention
to the pulses sector, which remains vital for India’s food and nutritional security.
In conclusion, the All India Coordinated Pulse Improvement Project was a landmark
government initiative that significantly impacted pulse production in India. While it
encountered certain limitations, the project laid the groundwork for more extensive
future initiatives, forming the Directorate of Pulses Research, which remains vital
in boosting pulse productivity nationwide. DPR was elevated to an institute Indian Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 233
Institute of Pulses Research (IIPR), along with three All India Coordinated Research
Projects (AICRPs) and one All India Coordinated Network Project (AINP) in 1993,
later resulted in the merger of the AICRPs and AINP into two distinct AICRPs (Rabi
and Kharif Pulses).
ii. Pulses Development Scheme (1969-1974)
The Pulses Development Scheme was launched during the Fourth Five-Year Plan
(1969-1974) by the Government of India. It was one of the early efforts to enhance the
production of pulses, a staple in the Indian diet, to meet the growing domestic demand.
The scheme aimed to introduce improved varieties of pulses and modern production
technologies to farmers across the country. Initially, the focus was on increasing the
area under pulse cultivation and improving yields through the distribution of High
Yielding Varieties (HYVs) of seeds and better agricultural practices.
While the scheme succeeded in raising awareness among farmers about improved
pulse varieties and cultivation techniques, its impact was limited due to inadequate
infrastructure and resource allocation. During this period, India’s pulse production
saw a modest increase, with the area under cultivation expanding slightly from around
22 million hectares in the late 1960s to about 23.5 million hectares by 1974. However,
due to challenges like inadequate irrigation and reliance on monsoon rains, the yield
improvements were not as significant as hoped. The average yield of pulses during
this period remained relatively low, hovering around 400-450 kg/ha. Additionally,
the reach of the scheme was constrained by the lack of irrigation facilities and
dependence on monsoon rains, which often led to inconsistent production outcomes.
Despite these challenges, the Pulses Development Scheme set the stage for future
interventions in the pulses sector.
In conclusion, although the Pulses Development Scheme was not a transformative
success, it was instrumental in laying the groundwork for subsequent pulses
development initiatives. The experiences and lessons learned from this scheme
informed the design of more focused and comprehensive programs in later years.
iii. National Pulses Development Project (NPDP) (1985-1990)
The National Pulses Development Project (NPDP) was launched during the Seventh
Five-Year Plan (1985-1990) as a significant effort to consolidate earlier centrally
sponsored schemes aimed at enhancing pulses production in India. The NPDP was
conceived in response to the continued shortfall in pulse production, which was
inadequate to meet the country’s growing demand. The project aimed to increase
pulse production through an integrated approach, focusing on the distribution of
quality seeds, pest management, and modern agricultural practices.
The NPDP was successful in integrating various pulse development efforts under
one umbrella, thereby streamlining the distribution of resources and improving
coordination among stakeholders. However, the project’s impact was uneven, as the
benefits were not uniformly distributed across all regions. The variability in state-
level implementation capacities and differences in climatic conditions contributed to
the mixed results. During its implementation from 1985 to 1990, the NPDP succeeded
in improving yields. The average yield increased from around 540 kg/ha in the early
1980s to about 580 kg/ha by 1990. Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 234
In conclusion, the NPDP marked a critical step forward in pulses development, bringing
a more coordinated and focused approach to the sector. While it faced challenges
in achieving uniform success across the country, it provided valuable insights that
shaped future pulses development strategies. The National Pulses Development
Project (NPDP), as it was originally conceived, has been discontinued. However,
its objectives and strategies were absorbed into subsequent programs such as the
Integrated Scheme of Oilseeds, Pulses, Oil Palm, and Maize (ISOPOM) and later into
the National Food Security Mission (NFSM)
iv. Special Food Grain Production Programme (SFPP) on Pulses (1988-1989)
The Special Food Grain Production Programme (SFPP) on Pulses was launched in
1988-1989 as a 100% centrally assisted program to supplement the ongoing efforts
under the National Pulses Development Project (NPDP). The program was initiated in
response to the urgent need to increase pulse production and reduce the country’s
dependence on imports. SFPP focused on providing immediate support to farmers
through distributing high-quality seeds, pest control measures, and other agricultural
inputs.
SFPP succeeded in achieving a short-term increase in pulse production, particularly
in regions where the program was implemented effectively. However, the program’s
impact was limited by its short duration and the lack of sustained follow-up efforts.
Additionally, the program faced challenges related to the timely distribution of
resources and the varying capacities of state governments to implement the program.
In conclusion, while SFPP provided a timely boost to pulse production, its short-term
nature and implementation challenges limited its long-term impact. Nevertheless, it
highlighted the importance of providing targeted support to farmers and paved the
way for more comprehensive programs in the future.
v. Technology Mission on Oilseeds, Pulses, and Maize (TMOP&M) (1990 onwards)
The Technology Mission on Oilseeds, Pulses, and Maize (TMOP&M) was launched
in 1990 to integrate pulses development into a broader mission that also included
oilseeds and maize. This mission-mode approach was designed to address the
challenges in pulses production through a comprehensive strategy that encompassed
crop protection, post-harvest technology, input support, and market interventions. The
mission aimed to enhance the production and productivity of pulses by adopting modern
agricultural technologies and improving market access. The mission contributed to a
steady increase in production for pulses, with pulse yields improving from around 580
kg/ha in the early 1990s to approximately 635 kg/ha by the early 2000s.
TMOP&M was successful in increasing pulse production and reducing the country’s
reliance on imports. The mission’s focus on technology adoption and market support
contributed to its overall success. However, managing multiple crops under one
mission sometimes diluted the focus on pulses, leading to variable outcomes across
different regions.
In conclusion, TMOP&M represented a significant advancement in pulse development,
demonstrating the benefits of an integrated approach. Although challenges remained
in maintaining a consistent focus on pulses, the mission laid a strong foundation for
future initiatives in the sector. Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 235
vi. Integrated Scheme of Oilseeds, Pulses, Oil Palm, and Maize (ISOPOM) (2004-2010)
Launched in April 2004, the Integrated Scheme of Oilseeds, Pulses, Oil Palm,
and Maize (ISOPOM) was an effort to consolidate and streamline various crop
development programs into a single, more effective framework. ISOPOM aimed to
increase the production of these crops through a coordinated approach that included
the distribution of High Yielding Varieties (HYVs) of seeds, the adoption of modern
agricultural technologies, and enhanced market interventions.
ISOPOM successfully stabilized production levels and reduced the country’s
dependence on imports, particularly for pulses and oilseeds. For pulses, the scheme
contributed to an increase in the area under cultivation and a modest rise in yield. By the
end of the scheme, the average yield of pulses had improved to around 690 kg/ha, and
pulse production showed a steady upward trend. The scheme’s integrated approach
allowed for better resource allocation and focused interventions, contributing to its
overall success. However, challenges such as inadequate infrastructure and limited
reach in remote areas sometimes limit the scheme’s effectiveness.
In conclusion, ISOPOM played a crucial role in consolidating crop development
programs, particularly benefiting the pulses sector by providing a focused and
integrated approach. While challenges remained, the scheme’s successes provided
valuable lessons for future interventions.
vii. National Food Security Mission (NFSM) - Pulses (2007-2012)
The National Food Security Mission (NFSM) - Pulses was launched in 2007-08
during the Rabi season as part of a broader mission to address the stagnation in
pulses production and meet the growing domestic demand. The NFSM-Pulses is
being implemented in 638 districts of 29 states. The mission aimed to increase pulse
production by 2 MT by the end of the Eleventh Five-Year Plan through strategies
such as area expansion, productivity enhancement, and the adoption of modern
technologies.
NFSM-Pulses was successful in achieving its production targets, with pulses
production increasing by more than 20% by the end of the Eleventh Plan. The
mission-mode approach ensured that interventions were effectively implemented
and that resources reached the targeted districts and farmers. However, challenges
such as inconsistent fund flow and varying state-level implementation capacities
were noted. The NFSM-Pulses component from 2007-2012 was highly successful and
has since been continued and expanded under the ongoing National Food Security
Mission (NFSM). The success of the mission led to its extension in subsequent Five-
Year Plans, with continued efforts to boost pulse production and productivity across
India.
In conclusion, NFSM-Pulses was a successful initiative that significantly contributed
to increasing pulse production in India. The mission played a vital role in reducing
import dependency and stabilizing domestic supply, although the need for better
execution and consistency in implementation was highlighted. During 2016-17, new
initiatives like distribution of seed mini-kits of newer varieties of pulses free of cost
to farmers, production of quality seed, creation of seed hubs at SAU and KVKs,
strengthening of bio-fertilizers and bioagent labs at SAUs/ICAR Institutes, cluster Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 236
front line demonstration by KVKs and enhancing up breeder seed production at ICAR
institutes and SAUs have been included under NFSM during 2016-17 for enhancing
pulses production and productivity.
viii. Accelerated Pulses Production Programme (A3P) (2010-2014)
The Accelerated Pulses Production Programme (A3P) was launched in 2010 as a
centrally sponsored initiative under the National Food Security Mission (NFSM)
to accelerate pulses production through a cluster demonstration approach. The
program was designed to address the continued shortfall in pulse production by
demonstrating improved technologies in high-potential areas. Out of the INR 780.72
crore released under the A3P scheme in 2010/11-2012/13, nearly 80 percent were
spent on improving and upgrading technologies of pulses.
A3P focused on conducting large-scale demonstrations of advanced agricultural
practices, distributing high-quality seeds, and providing financial and technical
support to farmers in targeted regions. The program aimed to showcase the potential
of modern technologies in increasing pulse yields and to encourage widespread
adoption among farmers. A3P aimed to demonstrate improved technologies for
major pulse crops like chickpea, black gram, green gram and lentil in compact blocks
covering one million hectares of potential pulse areas.
A3P succeeded in increasing pulses production in the targeted areas, with significant
improvements in yields observed in regions where the program was effectively
implemented. However, the program faced challenges in scaling up and sustaining
its impact beyond the demonstration clusters, and its long-term success depended
on the continued support and adoption of the demonstrated technologies.
In conclusion, A3P was a successful initiative that demonstrated the potential of
modern agricultural technologies in increasing pulse production. While its impact
was limited to the demonstration areas, the program provided valuable lessons for
future pulses development efforts. Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 237
ANNEXURE-II: Projected Population - All India (2021-2047)
Table AII.1: Projected Population - All India (2021-2047)
Year Total
population(000’s)
Rural
population(000’s)
Urban population(000’s)
2011 1257621.19 864287.59393333.60
2012 1274487.22 871315.93403171.29
2013 1291132.06 877931.07413200.99
2014 1307246.51 883907.80423338.71
2015 1322866.51 889270.55433595.95
2016 1338636.34 894450.03444186.31
2017 1354195.68 899185.93455009.75
2018 1369003.31 903131.48465871.83
2019 1383112.05 906325.66476786.39
2020 1396387.13 908684.96487702.17
2021 1407563.84 909384.77498179.07
2022 1417173.17 908804.81508368.36
2023 1428627.66 909121.50519506.16
2024 1441719.85 910200.99531518.86
2025 1454606.72 910831.09543775.63
2026 1467231.21 910989.19556242.02
2027 1479578.52 910650.99568927.53
2028 1491671.05 909859.67581811.38
2029 1503470.60 908592.39594878.21
2030 1514994.08 906845.16608148.92
2031 1526208.89 904614.53621594.36
2032 1537108.04 901913.51635194.52
2033 1547689.84 898728.01648961.83
2034 1557919.81 895071.67662848.14
2035 1567802.26 890950.67676851.59
2036 1577302.81 886381.09690921.72
2037 1586438.62 881409.43705029.19
2038 1595245.78 876077.08719168.70
2039 1603664.86 870405.14733259.72
2040 1611676.33 864358.13747318.20
2041 1619318.36 858012.03761306.33
2042 1626585.38 851354.79775230.59
2043 1633430.53 844369.24789061.29
2044 1639837.77 837055.19802782.58
2045 1645863.19 829465.67816397.52
2046 1651513.76 821611.58829902.18
2047 1656777.05 813494.10843282.95
Source: World Bank Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 238
ANNEXURE-III.1: Tailored Interventions for District-Specific Growth: A Multi-
Crop Strategy Matrix based on 2020-21, 2021-22, and 2022-23 Data
Table AIII.1.1: Pigeonpea
Horizontal Expansion [Low
Area-High Yield (LA-HY)]
212 districts
Vertical Expansion [High
Area-Low Yield (HA-LY)]
55 districts
Horizontal & Vertical
Expansion [Low Area-Low
Yield (LA-LY)]
239 districts
NTR (Andhra Pradesh),
Upper Subansiri (Arunachal
Pradesh), Papum Pare
(Arunachal Pradesh),
Lower Subansiri (Arunachal
Pradesh), West Siang
(Arunachal Pradesh), Lower
Siang (Arunachal Pradesh),
Lepa Rada (Arunachal
Pradesh), Biswanath
(Assam), Sonitpur (Assam),
Baksa (Assam), Kamrup
Metropolitan (Assam),
Sivasagar (Assam), Majuli
(Assam), Jamui (Bihar),
Gaya (Bihar), Nawada
(Bihar), Banka (Bihar),
Siwan (Bihar), Sheikhpura
(Bihar), Patna (Bihar),
Purba Champaran (Bihar),
Vaishali (Bihar), Jehanabad
(Bihar), Samastipur (Bihar),
Begusarai (Bihar), Bhojpur
(Bihar), Bhagalpur (Bihar),
Muzaffarpur (Bihar),
Kaimur (Bhabua) (Bihar),
Aurangabad (Bihar),
Saran (Bihar), Gopalganj
(Bihar), Darbhanga (Bihar),
Khagaria (Bihar), Arwal
(Bihar), Munger (Bihar),
Lakhisarai (Bihar), Rohtas
(Bihar), Nalanda (Bihar),
Madhubani (Bihar), Sheohar
(Bihar), Buxar (Bihar),
Pashchim Champaran
(Bihar), Kishanganj
(Bihar), Sitamarhi (Bihar),
Madhepura (Bihar), Bijapur
(Chhattisgarh), Ahmadabad
(Gujarat), Junagadh
(Gujarat), Sabar Kantha
(Gujarat), Aravalli (Gujarat),
Rajkot (Gujarat),
Prakasam (Andhra Pradesh),
Sri Sathya Sai (Andhra
Pradesh), Nandyal (Andhra
Pradesh), Anantpur
(Andhra Pradesh), Palnadu
(Andhra Pradesh), Koriya
(Chhattisgarh), Balrampur
(Chhattisgarh), Tapi (Gujarat),
The Dangs (Gujarat), Valsad
(Gujarat), Garhwa (Jharkhand),
Pakur (Jharkhand), Godda
(Jharkhand), Sahibganj
(Jharkhand), Dumka
(Jharkhand), Ranchi
(Jharkhand), Kalaburagi
(Karnataka), Vijayapura
(Karnataka), Bidar (Karnataka),
Yadgir (Karnataka),
Raichur (Karnataka),
Bagalkote (Karnataka),
Koppal (Karnataka),
Sidhi (Madhya Pradesh),
Umaria (Madhya Pradesh),
Shahdol (Madhya Pradesh),
Yavatmal (Maharashtra),
Washim (Maharashtra),
Latur (Maharashtra), Hingoli
(Maharashtra), Amravati
(Maharashtra), Nanded
(Maharashtra), Osmanabad
(Maharashtra), Nandurbar
(Maharashtra), Solapur
(Maharashtra), Aurangabad
(Maharashtra), Bhandara
(Maharashtra), Palghar
(Maharashtra), Jalgaon
(Maharashtra), Tiruppattur
(Tamil Nadu), Vellore (Tamil
Nadu), Karur (Tamil Nadu),
Vikarabad (Telangana),
Narayanpet (Telangana),
Sangareddy (Telangana),
Adilabad (Telangana),
Mahabubnagar (Telangana),
Kurnool (Andhra Pradesh),
Annamayya (Andhra
Pradesh), Y.S.R. (Andhra
Pradesh), Chittoor (Andhra
Pradesh), Alluri Sitharama
Raju (Andhra Pradesh),
Parvathipuram Manyam
(Andhra Pradesh), Bapatla
(Andhra Pradesh), Sri Potti
Sriramulu Nellore (Andhra
Pradesh), Tirupati (Andhra
Pradesh), Anakapalli
(Andhra Pradesh),
Konaseema (Andhra
Pradesh), Guntur (Andhra
Pradesh), Visakhapatnam
(Andhra Pradesh),
Srikakulam (Andhra
Pradesh), Kakinada (Andhra
Pradesh), Vizianagaram
(Andhra Pradesh), Eluru
(Andhra Pradesh), East
Godavari (Andhra Pradesh),
Krishna (Andhra Pradesh),
Upper Dibang Valley
(Arunachal Pradesh), Upper
Siang (Arunachal Pradesh),
Kamle (Arunachal Pradesh),
East Kameng (Arunachal
Pradesh), Pakke Kessang
(Arunachal Pradesh), Siang
(Arunachal Pradesh), Tirap
(Arunachal Pradesh), East
Siang (Arunachal Pradesh),
Longding (Arunachal
Pradesh), Lower Dibang
Valley (Arunachal Pradesh),
Namsai (Arunachal
Pradesh), Lohit (Arunachal
Pradesh), Dima Hasao
(Assam), West Karbi
Anglong (Assam), Karbi
Anglong (Assam), Goalpara
(Assam), Kokrajhar Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 239
Horizontal Expansion [Low
Area-High Yield (LA-HY)]
212 districts
Vertical Expansion [High
Area-Low Yield (HA-LY)]
55 districts
Horizontal & Vertical
Expansion [Low Area-Low
Yield (LA-LY)]
239 districts
Navsari (Gujarat), Gir
Somnath (Gujarat), Amreli
(Gujarat), Jamnagar
(Gujarat), Morbi (Gujarat),
Surendranagar (Gujarat),
Bhavnagar (Gujarat), Botad
(Gujarat), Kheda (Gujarat),
Patan (Gujarat), Mahesana
(Gujarat), Porbandar
(Gujarat), Banas Kantha
(Gujarat), Anand (Gujarat),
Kachchh (Gujarat),
Gandhinagar (Gujarat),
Gurugram (Haryana),
Jhajjar (Haryana),
Mahendragarh (Haryana),
Faridabad (Haryana),
Rohtak (Haryana), Bhiwani
(Haryana), Sonipat
(Haryana), Hisar (Haryana),
Charki Dadri (Haryana),
Panipat (Haryana),
Panchkula (Haryana),
Rewari (Haryana),
Yamunanagar (Haryana),
Jind (Haryana), Kurukshetra
(Haryana), Ambala
(Haryana), Sirsa (Haryana),
Mandi (Himachal Pradesh),
Haveri (Karnataka), Udupi
(Karnataka), Kodagu
(Karnataka), Palakkad
(Kerala), Chhindwara
(Madhya Pradesh), Panna
(Madhya Pradesh),
Jabalpur (Madhya Pradesh),
Damoh (Madhya Pradesh),
Seoni (Madhya Pradesh),
Katni (Madhya Pradesh),
Sagar (Madhya Pradesh),
Hoshangabad (Madhya
Pradesh), Morena (Madhya
Pradesh), Balaghat (Madhya
Pradesh), Ujjain (Madhya
Pradesh), Bhind (Madhya
Pradesh), Niwari (Madhya
Pradesh), Gadchiroli
(Maharashtra), Gondiya
(Maharashtra),
Ranga Reddy (Telangana),
Jogulamba Gadwal
(Telangana), Wanaparthy
(Telangana), Yadadri
Bhuvanagiri (Telangana),
Jangoan (Telangana), Siddipet
(Telangana), Dhalai (Tripura),
Sonbhadra (Uttar Pradesh)
(Assam), Bongaigaon
(Assam), Darrang (Assam),
Chirang (Assam), Udalguri
(Assam), Kamrup (Assam),
South Salmara Mancachar
(Assam), Nagaon (Assam),
Barpeta (Assam), Morigaon
(Assam), Cachar (Assam),
Karimganj (Assam),
Hailakandi (Assam),
Golaghat (Assam), Tinsukia
(Assam), Nalbari (Assam),
Charaideo (Assam), Dhubri
(Assam), Dhemaji (Assam),
Lakhimpur (Assam),
Dibrugarh (Assam), Jorhat
(Assam), Kabeerdham
(Chhattisgarh),
Surguja (Chhattisgarh),
Jashpur (Chhattisgarh),
Surajpur (Chhattisgarh),
Bametara (Chhattisgarh),
Rajnandgaon
(Chhattisgarh), Durg
(Chhattisgarh), Raigarh
(Chhattisgarh), Gaurela-
Pendra-Marwahi
(Chhattisgarh), Mungeli
(Chhattisgarh), Gariaband
(Chhattisgarh), Korba
(Chhattisgarh), Sukma
(Chhattisgarh), Dakshin
Bastar Dantewada
(Chhattisgarh), Balod
(Chhattisgarh), Baloda
Bazar (Chhattisgarh),
Janjgir - Champa
(Chhattisgarh), Bastar
(Chhattisgarh), Raipur
(Chhattisgarh), Bilaspur
(Chhattisgarh), Uttar Bastar
Kanker (Chhattisgarh),
Kondagaon (Chhattisgarh),
Narayanpur (Chhattisgarh),
Mahasamund
(Chhattisgarh), Dhamtari
(Chhattisgarh), Dohad
(Gujarat), Mahisagar
(Gujarat), Palwal (Haryana), Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 240
Horizontal Expansion [Low
Area-High Yield (LA-HY)]
212 districts
Vertical Expansion [High
Area-Low Yield (HA-LY)]
55 districts
Horizontal & Vertical
Expansion [Low Area-Low
Yield (LA-LY)]
239 districts
Kolhapur (Maharashtra),
South West Garo Hills
(Meghalaya), West Garo
Hills (Meghalaya), East Garo
Hills (Meghalaya), North
Garo Hills (Meghalaya),
Wokha (Nagaland),
Sahibzada Ajit Singh
Nagar (Punjab), Malerkotla
(Punjab), Ludhiana
(Punjab), Jalandhar
(Punjab), Moga (Punjab),
Barnala (Punjab), Amritsar
(Punjab), Sangrur (Punjab),
Udaipur (Rajasthan),
Pratapgarh (Rajasthan),
Dhaulpur (Rajasthan),
Alwar (Rajasthan), Pali
(Rajasthan), Bharatpur
(Rajasthan), Jhalawar
(Rajasthan), Tonk
(Rajasthan), Ganganagar
(Rajasthan), Dausa
(Rajasthan), Sikar
(Rajasthan), Hanumangarh
(Rajasthan), Bikaner
(Rajasthan), Ranipet
(Tamil Nadu), Erode (Tamil
Nadu), Theni (Tamil Nadu),
Salem (Tamil Nadu),
Tiruvannamalai (Tamil
Nadu), Virudhunagar (Tamil
Nadu), Perambalur (Tamil
Nadu), Namakkal (Tamil
Nadu), Ariyalur (Tamil
Nadu), Coimbatore (Tamil
Nadu), Tiruppur (Tamil
Nadu), Thiruvallur (Tamil
Nadu), Kanchipuram (Tamil
Nadu), Thanjavur (Tamil
Nadu), Kallakurichchi (Tamil
Nadu), Chengalpattu (Tamil
Nadu), Tenkasi (Tamil
Nadu), Cuddalore (Tamil
Nadu), Viluppuram (Tamil
Nadu), Thiruvarur (Tamil
Nadu), Tirunelveli (Tamil
Nadu), Ramanathapuram
(Tamil Nadu),
Solan (Himachal Pradesh),
Bilaspur (Himachal
Pradesh), Shimla
(Himachal Pradesh),
Ballari (Karnataka),
Tumakuru (Karnataka),
Chikkaballapura
(Karnataka), Chitradurga
(Karnataka), Vijayanagar
(Karnataka), Belagavi
(Karnataka), Bangalore
(Karnataka), Ramanagara
(Karnataka), Bengaluru
Rural (Karnataka),
Kolar (Karnataka),
Mysuru (Karnataka),
Davanagere (Karnataka),
Chamarajanagara
(Karnataka), Mandya
(Karnataka), Hassan
(Karnataka), Gadag
(Karnataka),
Chikkamagaluru
(Karnataka), Dharwad
(Karnataka), Shivamogga
(Karnataka), Uttara
Kannada (Karnataka),
Pathanamthitta (Kerala),
Raisen (Madhya Pradesh),
Betul (Madhya Pradesh),
Alirajpur (Madhya Pradesh),
Anuppur (Madhya
Pradesh), Rewa (Madhya
Pradesh), Satna (Madhya
Pradesh), Dindori (Madhya
Pradesh), Jhabua (Madhya
Pradesh), Mandla (Madhya
Pradesh), West Nimar
(Madhya Pradesh), East
Nimar (Madhya Pradesh),
Barwani (Madhya Pradesh),
Chhatarpur (Madhya
Pradesh), Sehore (Madhya
Pradesh), Sheopur (Madhya
Pradesh), Dewas (Madhya
Pradesh), Dhar (Madhya
Pradesh), Bhopal (Madhya
Pradesh), Vidisha (Madhya
Pradesh), Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 241
Horizontal Expansion [Low
Area-High Yield (LA-HY)]
212 districts
Vertical Expansion [High
Area-Low Yield (HA-LY)]
55 districts
Horizontal & Vertical
Expansion [Low Area-Low
Yield (LA-LY)]
239 districts
Nirmal (Telangana),
Kamareddy (Telangana),
Khammam (Telangana),
Nizamabad (Telangana),
Kanpur Dehat (Uttar
Pradesh), Pratapgarh (Uttar
Pradesh), Jaunpur (Uttar
Pradesh), Ballia (Uttar
Pradesh), Kanpur Nagar
(Uttar Pradesh), Azamgarh
(Uttar Pradesh), Chandauli
(Uttar Pradesh), Sultanpur
(Uttar Pradesh), Ghazipur
(Uttar Pradesh), Jalaun
(Uttar Pradesh), Amethi
(Uttar Pradesh), Auraiya
(Uttar Pradesh), Mahoba
(Uttar Pradesh), Mau (Uttar
Pradesh), Etawah (Uttar
Pradesh), Faizabad (Uttar
Pradesh), Farrukhabad
(Uttar Pradesh), Mathura
(Uttar Pradesh), Unnao
(Uttar Pradesh), Kannauj
(Uttar Pradesh), Bara Banki
(Uttar Pradesh), Firozabad
(Uttar Pradesh), Mainpuri
(Uttar Pradesh), Agra (Uttar
Pradesh), Amroha (Uttar
Pradesh), Jhansi (Uttar
Pradesh), Sambhal (Uttar
Pradesh), Budaun (Uttar
Pradesh), Shahjahanpur
(Uttar Pradesh), Rampur
(Uttar Pradesh), Bareilly
(Uttar Pradesh), Shamli
(Uttar Pradesh), Bijnor
(Uttar Pradesh), Pilibhit
(Uttar Pradesh), Uttarkashi
(Uttarakhand), Dehradun
(Uttarakhand), Alipurduar
(West Bengal), Puruliya
(West Bengal), Birbhum
(West Bengal), Paschim
Bardhaman (West Bengal),
Jhargram (West Bengal),
South Twenty Four Pargana
(West Bengal), Uttar
Dinajpur (West Bengal),
Shajapur (Madhya
Pradesh), Harda (Madhya
Pradesh), Rajgarh (Madhya
Pradesh), Ratlam (Madhya
Pradesh), Ashoknagar
(Madhya Pradesh), Agar
Malwa (Madhya Pradesh),
Indore (Madhya Pradesh),
Gwalior (Madhya Pradesh),
Mandsaur (Madhya
Pradesh), Datia (Madhya
Pradesh), Neemuch
(Madhya Pradesh),
Shivpuri (Madhya
Pradesh), Tikamgarh
(Madhya Pradesh), Guna
(Madhya Pradesh), Dhule
(Maharashtra), Ahmadnagar
(Maharashtra), Ratnagiri
(Maharashtra), Sangli
(Maharashtra), Nashik
(Maharashtra), Raigarh
(Maharashtra), Thane
(Maharashtra), Pune
(Maharashtra), Satara
(Maharashtra), Sindhudurg
(Maharashtra), South
Garo Hills (Meghalaya),
Tuensang (Nagaland),
Longleng (Nagaland),
Kohima (Nagaland),
Peren (Nagaland),
Phek (Nagaland), Mon
(Nagaland), Mokokchung
(Nagaland), Dimapur
(Nagaland), Zunheboto
(Nagaland), Kiphire
(Nagaland), Tarn Taran
(Punjab), Banswara
(Rajasthan), Dungarpur
(Rajasthan), Karauli
(Rajasthan), Sirohi
(Rajasthan), Bhilwara
(Rajasthan), Jaipur
(Rajasthan), Sawai
Madhopur (Rajasthan),
Chittaurgarh (Rajasthan),
Kota (Rajasthan), Bundi
(Rajasthan), Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 242
Horizontal Expansion [Low
Area-High Yield (LA-HY)]
212 districts
Vertical Expansion [High
Area-Low Yield (HA-LY)]
55 districts
Horizontal & Vertical
Expansion [Low Area-Low
Yield (LA-LY)]
239 districts
Murshidabad (West
Bengal), Maldah (West
Bengal), Darjiling (West
Bengal), Jalpaiguri (West
Bengal), Nadia (West
Bengal), Bankura (West
Bengal), North Twenty Four
Parganas (West Bengal),
Dakshin Dinajpur (West
Bengal), Hooghly (West
Bengal), Medinipur West
(West Bengal), Purba
Bardhaman (West Bengal)
Madurai (Tamil Nadu),
Tiruchirappalli (Tamil
Nadu), Dindigul (Tamil
Nadu), Pudukkottai (Tamil
Nadu), Sivaganga (Tamil
Nadu), Thoothukkudi
(Tamil Nadu), Medchal
Malkajgiri (Telangana),
Medak (Telangana),
Nagarkurnool (Telangana),
Bhadradri Kothagudem
(Telangana), Rajanna
Sircilla (Telangana), Jagitial
(Telangana), Mancherial
(Telangana), Suryapet
(Telangana), Mahabubabad
(Telangana), Warangal
Urban (Telangana),
Nalgonda (Telangana),
Karimnagar (Telangana),
Warangal Rural (Telangana),
Peddapalli (Telangana),
Jayashankar (Telangana),
Mulugu (Telangana), North
Tripura (Tripura), Khowai
(Tripura), Unokoti (Tripura),
Gomati (Tripura), West
Tripura (Tripura), South
Tripura (Tripura), Sipahijala
(Tripura), Gautam Buddha
Nagar (Uttar Pradesh),
Balrampur (Uttar Pradesh),
Aligarh (Uttar Pradesh),
Rae Bareli (Uttar Pradesh),
Hathras (Uttar Pradesh),
Sant Kabir Nagar (Uttar
Pradesh), Bulandshahr
(Uttar Pradesh), Deoria
(Uttar Pradesh), Gonda
(Uttar Pradesh), Ghaziabad
(Uttar Pradesh), Gorakhpur
(Uttar Pradesh), Basti (Uttar
Pradesh), Ambedkar Nagar
(Uttar Pradesh), Shrawasti
(Uttar Pradesh), Hapur
(Uttar Pradesh), Etah (Uttar
Pradesh), Sitapur (Uttar
Pradesh), Bahraich (Uttar
Pradesh), Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 243
Horizontal Expansion [Low
Area-High Yield (LA-HY)]
212 districts
Vertical Expansion [High
Area-Low Yield (HA-LY)]
55 districts
Horizontal & Vertical
Expansion [Low Area-Low
Yield (LA-LY)]
239 districts
Siddharthnagar (Uttar
Pradesh), Kasganj (Uttar
Pradesh), Lucknow (Uttar
Pradesh), Baghpat (Uttar
Pradesh), Hardoi (Uttar
Pradesh), Kushinagar (Uttar
Pradesh), Kheri (Uttar
Pradesh), Meerut (Uttar
Pradesh), Mahrajganj (Uttar
Pradesh), Moradabad (Uttar
Pradesh), Lalitpur (Uttar
Pradesh), Rudraprayag
(Uttarakhand), Chamoli
(Uttarakhand), Garhwal
(Uttarakhand), Almora
(Uttarakhand), Nainital
(Uttarakhand), Pithoragarh
(Uttarakhand), Champawat
(Uttarakhand) Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 244
Table AIII.1.2: Chickpea
Horizontal Expansion [Low
Area-High Yield (LA-HY)]
165 districts
Vertical Expansion [High
Area-Low Yield (HA-LY)]
63 districts
Horizontal & Vertical
Expansion [Low Area-Low
Yield (LA-LY)]
208 districts
Palnadu (Andhra Pradesh),
Annamayya (Andhra
Pradesh), Chittoor (Andhra
Pradesh), Parvathipuram
Manyam (Andhra Pradesh),
Sri Potti Sriramulu Nellore
(Andhra Pradesh), NTR
(Andhra Pradesh), Anakapalli
(Andhra Pradesh), Guntur
(Andhra Pradesh), Kakinada
(Andhra Pradesh),
Vizianagaram (Andhra
Pradesh), East Godavari
(Andhra Pradesh), Krishna
(Andhra Pradesh), Patna
(Bihar), Bhojpur (Bihar),
Rohtas (Bihar), Buxar
(Bihar), Vadodara (Gujarat),
Chota Udaipur (Gujarat),
Surat (Gujarat), Sabar
Kantha (Gujarat), Mahesana
(Gujarat), Banas Kantha
(Gujarat), Gandhinagar
(Gujarat), Jhajjar (Haryana),
Rohtak (Haryana), Sonipat
(Haryana), Hisar (Haryana),
Charki Dadri (Haryana),
Panipat (Haryana), Jind
(Haryana), Sirsa (Haryana),
Fatehabad (Haryana),
Bilaspur (Himachal Pradesh),
Sirmaur (Himachal Pradesh),
Una (Himachal Pradesh),
Jamtara (Jharkhand),
Kasaragod (Kerala),
Wayanad (Kerala), Sidhi
(Madhya Pradesh), Shahdol
(Madhya Pradesh), Rewa
(Madhya Pradesh), Jabalpur
(Madhya Pradesh), Mandla
(Madhya Pradesh), Barwani
(Madhya Pradesh), Morena
(Madhya Pradesh), Bhopal
(Madhya Pradesh), Shajapur
(Madhya Pradesh),
Anantpur (Andhra Pradesh),
West Karbi Anglong
(Assam), Lakhisarai (Bihar),
Kabeerdham (Chhattisgarh),
Bametara (Chhattisgarh),
Rajnandgaon (Chhattisgarh),
Durg (Chhattisgarh),
Mungeli (Chhattisgarh),
The Dangs (Gujarat),
Dohad (Gujarat), Mahisagar
(Gujarat), Ahmadabad
(Gujarat), Surendranagar
(Gujarat), Patan (Gujarat),
Yamunanagar (Haryana),
Latehar (Jharkhand),
Palamu (Jharkhand),
Chatra (Jharkhand),
Pakur (Jharkhand), Gumla
(Jharkhand), Lohardaga
(Jharkhand), Purbi Singhbhum
(Jharkhand), Pashchimi
Singhbhum (Jharkhand),
Ranchi (Jharkhand), Vijayapura
(Karnataka), Bidar (Karnataka),
Yadgir (Karnataka),
Bagalkote (Karnataka),
Koppal (Karnataka),
Chitradurga (Karnataka),
Gadag (Karnataka),
Dharwad (Karnataka),
Alirajpur (Madhya Pradesh),
Anuppur (Madhya Pradesh),
Dindori (Madhya Pradesh),
Yavatmal (Maharashtra),
Latur (Maharashtra), Hingoli
(Maharashtra), Amravati
(Maharashtra), Nanded
(Maharashtra), Chandrapur
(Maharashtra), Osmanabad
(Maharashtra), Parbhani
(Maharashtra), Nandurbar
(Maharashtra), Solapur
(Maharashtra), Aurangabad
(Maharashtra),
Sri Sathya Sai (Andhra
Pradesh), Karbi Anglong
(Assam), Biswanath
(Assam), Goalpara
(Assam), Kokrajhar
(Assam), Bongaigaon
(Assam), Sonitpur
(Assam), Darrang (Assam),
Chirang (Assam), Udalguri
(Assam), Baksa (Assam),
Kamrup (Assam), South
Salmara Mancachar
(Assam), Nagaon (Assam),
Kamrup Metropolitan
(Assam), Barpeta (Assam),
Morigaon (Assam), Cachar
(Assam), Karimganj
(Assam), Hailakandi
(Assam), Golaghat
(Assam), Tinsukia (Assam),
Nalbari (Assam), Dhubri
(Assam), Dhemaji (Assam),
Lakhimpur (Assam),
Dibrugarh (Assam), Jorhat
(Assam), Majuli (Assam),
Hojai (Assam), Jamui
(Bihar), Gaya (Bihar),
Nawada (Bihar), Banka
(Bihar), Siwan (Bihar),
Sheikhpura (Bihar),
Vaishali (Bihar), Jehanabad
(Bihar), Samastipur
(Bihar), Begusarai (Bihar),
Bhagalpur (Bihar),
Muzaffarpur (Bihar),
Kaimur (Bhabua) (Bihar),
Aurangabad (Bihar),
Saran (Bihar), Gopalganj
(Bihar), Darbhanga
(Bihar), Khagaria (Bihar),
Arwal (Bihar), Munger
(Bihar), Nalanda (Bihar),
Madhubani (Bihar),
Pashchim Champaran
(Bihar), Kishanganj (Bihar), Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 245
Horizontal Expansion [Low
Area-High Yield (LA-HY)]
165 districts
Vertical Expansion [High
Area-Low Yield (HA-LY)]
63 districts
Horizontal & Vertical
Expansion [Low Area-Low
Yield (LA-LY)]
208 districts
Rajgarh (Madhya Pradesh),
Agar Malwa (Madhya
Pradesh), Indore (Madhya
Pradesh), Ujjain (Madhya
Pradesh), Bhind (Madhya
Pradesh), Gwalior (Madhya
Pradesh), Datia (Madhya
Pradesh), Tikamgarh
(Madhya Pradesh), Niwari
(Madhya Pradesh), South
West Garo Hills (Meghalaya),
Barnala (Punjab), Sangrur
(Punjab), Bathinda (Punjab),
Fazilka (Punjab), Hoshiarpur
(Punjab), Mansa (Punjab),
Banswara (Rajasthan),
Karauli (Rajasthan), Alwar
(Rajasthan), Bharatpur
(Rajasthan), Bundi
(Rajasthan), Vikarabad
(Telangana), Narayanpet
(Telangana), Sangareddy
(Telangana), Kumuram
Bheem Asifabad (Telangana),
Mahabubnagar (Telangana),
Ranga Reddy (Telangana),
Jogulamba Gadwal
(Telangana), Wanaparthy
(Telangana), Siddipet
(Telangana), Medchal
Malkajgiri (Telangana),
Medak (Telangana),
Nagarkurnool (Telangana),
Bhadradri Kothagudem
(Telangana), Rajanna
Sircilla (Telangana), Jagitial
(Telangana), Mancherial
(Telangana), Suryapet
(Telangana), Mahabubabad
(Telangana), Warangal Urban
(Telangana), Nalgonda
(Telangana), Karimnagar
(Telangana), Khammam
(Telangana),
Bid (Maharashtra),
Bhandara (Maharashtra),
Dhule (Maharashtra),
Gadchiroli (Maharashtra),
Ahmadnagar (Maharashtra),
Nashik (Maharashtra),
Pune (Maharashtra), West
Garo Hills (Meghalaya),
Zunheboto (Nagaland), Wokha
(Nagaland), Ganganagar
(Rajasthan), Hanumangarh
(Rajasthan), Bikaner
(Rajasthan), Ajmer (Rajasthan),
Churu (Rajasthan), Jaisalmer
(Rajasthan), West Tripura
(Tripura
Madhepura (Bihar),
Katihar (Bihar), Koriya
(Chhattisgarh), Balrampur
(Chhattisgarh), Surguja
(Chhattisgarh), Jashpur
(Chhattisgarh), Surajpur
(Chhattisgarh), Raigarh
(Chhattisgarh), Gaurela-
Pendra-Marwahi
(Chhattisgarh), Gariaband
(Chhattisgarh), Korba
(Chhattisgarh), Sukma
(Chhattisgarh), Dakshin
Bastar Dantewada
(Chhattisgarh), Balod
(Chhattisgarh), Baloda
Bazar (Chhattisgarh),
Janjgir - Champa
(Chhattisgarh), Bastar
(Chhattisgarh), Raipur
(Chhattisgarh), Bilaspur
(Chhattisgarh),
Uttar Bastar Kanker
(Chhattisgarh), Kondagaon
(Chhattisgarh), Narayanpur
(Chhattisgarh),
Mahasamund
(Chhattisgarh), Dhamtari
(Chhattisgarh), Bharuch
(Gujarat), Narmada
(Gujarat), Panch Mahals
(Gujarat), Tapi (Gujarat),
Valsad (Gujarat), Aravalli
(Gujarat), Navsari
(Gujarat), Kheda (Gujarat),
Anand (Gujarat), Kachchh
(Gujarat), Gurugram
(Haryana), Mahendragarh
(Haryana), Mahabubabad
(Telangana), Warangal
Urban (Telangana),
Nalgonda (Telangana),
Karimnagar (Telangana), Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 246
Horizontal Expansion [Low
Area-High Yield (LA-HY)]
165 districts
Vertical Expansion [High
Area-Low Yield (HA-LY)]
63 districts
Horizontal & Vertical
Expansion [Low Area-Low
Yield (LA-LY)]
208 districts
Nizamabad (Telangana),
Peddapalli (Telangana),
Jayashankar (Telangana),
Mulugu (Telangana),
Mirzapur (Uttar Pradesh),
Bhadohi (Uttar Pradesh),
Prayagraj (Uttar Pradesh),
Balrampur (Uttar Pradesh),
Jaunpur (Uttar Pradesh),
Ballia (Uttar Pradesh),
Azamgarh (Uttar Pradesh),
Aligarh (Uttar Pradesh),
Chandauli (Uttar Pradesh),
Sultanpur (Uttar Pradesh),
Hathras (Uttar Pradesh), Sant
Kabir Nagar (Uttar Pradesh),
Bulandshahr (Uttar Pradesh),
Ghazipur (Uttar Pradesh),
Deoria (Uttar Pradesh),
Amethi (Uttar Pradesh),
Auraiya (Uttar Pradesh),
Mau (Uttar Pradesh), Gonda
(Uttar Pradesh), Ghaziabad
(Uttar Pradesh), Gorakhpur
(Uttar Pradesh), Basti (Uttar
Pradesh), Ambedkar Nagar
(Uttar Pradesh), Shrawasti
(Uttar Pradesh), Hapur
(Uttar Pradesh), Etawah
(Uttar Pradesh), Etah (Uttar
Pradesh), Faizabad (Uttar
Pradesh), Bahraich (Uttar
Pradesh), Siddharthnagar
(Uttar Pradesh), Farrukhabad
(Uttar Pradesh), Mathura
(Uttar Pradesh), Kasganj
(Uttar Pradesh), Unnao
(Uttar Pradesh), Kannauj
(Uttar Pradesh), Bara Banki
(Uttar Pradesh), Firozabad
(Uttar Pradesh), Baghpat
(Uttar Pradesh), Kushinagar
(Uttar Pradesh), Mainpuri
(Uttar Pradesh), Agra (Uttar
Pradesh),
Khammam (Telangana),
Nizamabad (Telangana),
Peddapalli (Telangana),
Jayashankar (Telangana),
Mulugu (Telangana),
Mirzapur (Uttar Pradesh),
Bhadohi (Uttar Pradesh),
Prayagraj (Uttar Pradesh),
Balrampur (Uttar Pradesh),
Jaunpur (Uttar Pradesh),
Ballia (Uttar Pradesh),
Azamgarh (Uttar Pradesh),
Aligarh (Uttar Pradesh),
Chandauli (Uttar Pradesh),
Sultanpur (Uttar Pradesh),
Hathras (Uttar Pradesh),
Sant Kabir Nagar (Uttar
Pradesh), Bulandshahr
(Uttar Pradesh), Ghazipur
(Uttar Pradesh), Deoria
(Uttar Pradesh), Amethi
(Uttar Pradesh), Auraiya
(Uttar Pradesh), Mau
(Uttar Pradesh), Gonda
(Uttar Pradesh),
Ghaziabad (Uttar
Pradesh), Gorakhpur
(Uttar Pradesh), Basti
(Uttar Pradesh), Ambedkar
Nagar (Uttar Pradesh),
Shrawasti (Uttar Pradesh),
Hapur (Uttar Pradesh),
Etawah (Uttar Pradesh),
Etah (Uttar Pradesh),
Faizabad (Uttar Pradesh),
Bahraich (Uttar Pradesh),
Siddharthnagar (Uttar
Pradesh), Farrukhabad
(Uttar Pradesh), Mathura
(Uttar Pradesh), Kasganj
(Uttar Pradesh), Unnao
(Uttar Pradesh), Kannauj
(Uttar Pradesh), Bara
Banki (Uttar Pradesh), Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 247
Horizontal Expansion [Low
Area-High Yield (LA-HY)]
165 districts
Vertical Expansion [High
Area-Low Yield (HA-LY)]
63 districts
Horizontal & Vertical
Expansion [Low Area-Low
Yield (LA-LY)]
208 districts
Meerut (Uttar Pradesh),
Mahrajganj (Uttar Pradesh),
Sambhal (Uttar Pradesh),
Budaun (Uttar Pradesh),
Shahjahanpur (Uttar
Pradesh), Moradabad (Uttar
Pradesh), Rampur (Uttar
Pradesh), Bareilly (Uttar
Pradesh), Shamli (Uttar
Pradesh), Lalitpur (Uttar
Pradesh), Bijnor (Uttar
Pradesh), Pilibhit (Uttar
Pradesh), Muzaffarnagar
(Uttar Pradesh), Saharanpur
(Uttar Pradesh), Alipurduar
(West Bengal), Puruliya
(West Bengal), Birbhum
(West Bengal), Paschim
Bardhaman (West Bengal),
Jhargram (West Bengal),
Uttar Dinajpur (West
Bengal), Murshidabad (West
Bengal), Maldah (West
Bengal), Jalpaiguri (West
Bengal), Bankura (West
Bengal), Dakshin Dinajpur
(West Bengal), Hooghly
(West Bengal), Medinipur
West (West Bengal), Purba
Bardhaman (West Bengal),
Cooch Behar (West Bengal),
Purba Medinipur (West
Bengal).
Firozabad (Uttar Pradesh),
Baghpat (Uttar Pradesh),
Kushinagar (Uttar
Pradesh), Mainpuri (Uttar
Pradesh), Agra (Uttar
Pradesh), Meerut (Uttar
Pradesh), Mahrajganj
(Uttar Pradesh),
Sambhal (Uttar Pradesh),
Budaun (Uttar Pradesh),
Shahjahanpur (Uttar
Pradesh), Moradabad
(Uttar Pradesh), Rampur
(Uttar Pradesh), Bareilly
(Uttar Pradesh), Shamli
(Uttar Pradesh), Lalitpur
(Uttar Pradesh), Bijnor
(Uttar Pradesh), Pilibhit
(Uttar Pradesh),
Muzaffarnagar (Uttar
Pradesh), Saharanpur
(Uttar Pradesh),
Alipurduar (West Bengal),
Puruliya (West Bengal),
Birbhum (West Bengal),
Paschim Bardhaman
(West Bengal), Jhargram
(West Bengal), Uttar
Dinajpur (West Bengal),
Murshidabad (West
Bengal), Maldah (West
Bengal), Jalpaiguri (West
Bengal), Bankura (West
Bengal), Dakshin Dinajpur
(West Bengal), Hooghly
(West Bengal), Medinipur
West (West Bengal), Purba
Bardhaman (West Bengal),
Cooch Behar (West
Bengal), Purba Medinipur
(West Bengal). Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 248
Table AIII.1.3: Green Gram
Horizontal Expansion [Low-
Area-High Yield (LA-HY)]
234 districts
Vertical Expansion [High
Area-Low Yield (HA-LY)]
82 districts
Horizontal & Vertical
Expansion [Low Area-Low
Yield (LA-LY)]
250 districts
Nandyal (Andhra Pradesh),
Palnadu (Andhra Pradesh),
Kurnool (Andhra Pradesh),
Annamayya (Andhra Pradesh),
Chittoor (Andhra Pradesh),
Alluri Sitharama Raju (Andhra
Pradesh), Tirupati (Andhra
Pradesh), Visakhapatnam
(Andhra Pradesh), East
Godavari (Andhra Pradesh),
Krishna (Andhra Pradesh),
Upper Dibang Valley
(Arunachal Pradesh), Upper
Siang (Arunachal Pradesh),
Kamle (Arunachal Pradesh),
East Kameng (Arunachal
Pradesh), Pakke Kessang
(Arunachal Pradesh), Upper
Subansiri (Arunachal Pradesh),
Siang (Arunachal Pradesh),
Papum Pare (Arunachal
Pradesh), Lower Subansiri
(Arunachal Pradesh), Tirap
(Arunachal Pradesh), East
Siang (Arunachal Pradesh),
Longding (Arunachal
Pradesh), Lower Dibang Valley
(Arunachal Pradesh), Lower
Siang (Arunachal Pradesh),
Lepa Rada (Arunachal
Pradesh), Namsai (Arunachal
Pradesh), Lohit (Arunachal
Pradesh), Anjaw (Arunachal
Pradesh), Changlang
(Arunachal Pradesh), Karbi
Anglong (Assam), Biswanath
(Assam), Goalpara (Assam),
Kokrajhar (Assam), Sonitpur
(Assam), Darrang (Assam),
Chirang (Assam),
Parvathipuram Manyam
(Andhra Pradesh),
Anakapalli (Andhra
Pradesh), Srikakulam
(Andhra Pradesh),
Kakinada (Andhra
Pradesh), Vizianagaram
(Andhra Pradesh), West
Karbi Anglong (Assam),
Darbhanga (Bihar),
Madhubani (Bihar),
Kishanganj (Bihar),
Araria (Bihar), Saharsa
(Bihar), Supaul (Bihar),
Kachchh (Gujarat), Purbi
Singhbhum (Jharkhand),
Kalaburagi (Karnataka),
Bidar (Karnataka),
Yadgir (Karnataka),
Bagalkote (Karnataka),
Koppal (Karnataka),
Tumakuru (Karnataka),
Belagavi (Karnataka),
Gadag (Karnataka),
Dharwad (Karnataka),
Katni (Madhya Pradesh),
Yavatmal (Maharashtra),
Washim (Maharashtra),
Hingoli (Maharashtra),
Buldana (Maharashtra),
Akola (Maharashtra),
Nanded (Maharashtra),
Jalna (Maharashtra),
Nandurbar (Maharashtra),
Jalgaon (Maharashtra),
Dhule (Maharashtra),
Ahmadnagar
(Maharashtra),
Sindhudurg
(Maharashtra),
Sri Potti Sriramulu Nellore
(Andhra Pradesh),
NTR (Andhra Pradesh),
Konaseema (Andhra
Pradesh), Dima Hasao
(Assam), Bongaigaon
(Assam), Kamrup (Assam),
Nagaon (Assam), Barpeta
(Assam), Cachar (Assam),
Hailakandi (Assam),
Golaghat (Assam), Tinsukia
(Assam), Charaideo (Assam),
Dhemaji (Assam), Dibrugarh
(Assam), Jorhat (Assam),
Jamui (Bihar), Gaya (Bihar),
Nawada (Bihar), Sheikhpura
(Bihar), Jehanabad (Bihar),
Gopalganj (Bihar), Khagaria
(Bihar), Arwal (Bihar), Munger
(Bihar), Lakhisarai (Bihar),
Koriya (Chhattisgarh),
Balrampur (Chhattisgarh),
Kabeerdham (Chhattisgarh),
Surguja (Chhattisgarh),
Jashpur (Chhattisgarh),
Surajpur (Chhattisgarh),
Bametara (Chhattisgarh),
Rajnandgaon (Chhattisgarh),
Durg (Chhattisgarh),
Gaurela-Pendra-Marwahi
(Chhattisgarh), Mungeli
(Chhattisgarh), Gariaband
(Chhattisgarh), Korba
(Chhattisgarh), Sukma
(Chhattisgarh), Dakshin
Bastar Dantewada
(Chhattisgarh), Balod
(Chhattisgarh), Baloda Bazar
(Chhattisgarh), Janjgir -
Champa (Chhattisgarh), Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 249
Horizontal Expansion [Low-
Area-High Yield (LA-HY)]
234 districts
Vertical Expansion [High
Area-Low Yield (HA-LY)]
82 districts
Horizontal & Vertical
Expansion [Low Area-Low
Yield (LA-LY)]
250 districts
Udalguri (Assam), Baksa
(Assam), South Salmara
Mancachar (Assam), Kamrup
Metropolitan (Assam),
Morigaon (Assam), Karimganj
(Assam), Nalbari (Assam),
Dhubri (Assam), Lakhimpur
(Assam), Sivasagar (Assam),
Hojai (Assam), Siwan
(Bihar), Patna (Bihar), Purba
Champaran (Bihar), Begusarai
(Bihar), Bhojpur (Bihar),
Bhagalpur (Bihar), Kaimur
(Bhabua) (Bihar), Aurangabad
(Bihar), Saran (Bihar), Rohtas
(Bihar), Nalanda (Bihar), Buxar
(Bihar), Pashchim Champaran
(Bihar), Sitamarhi (Bihar),
Katihar (Bihar), Purnia (Bihar),
Raigarh (Chhattisgarh),
Bastar (Chhattisgarh),
Bharuch (Gujarat), Narmada
(Gujarat), Vadodara (Gujarat),
Panch Mahals (Gujarat), Tapi
(Gujarat), Chota Udaipur
(Gujarat), The Dangs (Gujarat),
Valsad (Gujarat), Surat
(Gujarat), Dohad (Gujarat),
Mahisagar (Gujarat), Sabar
Kantha (Gujarat), Aravalli
(Gujarat), Rajkot (Gujarat),
Navsari (Gujarat), Gir Somnath
(Gujarat), Amreli (Gujarat),
Jamnagar (Gujarat), Morbi
(Gujarat), Botad (Gujarat),
Kheda (Gujarat), Banas Kantha
(Gujarat), Anand (Gujarat),
Gandhinagar (Gujarat),
Devbhumi Dwarka (Gujarat),
Rohtak (Haryana), Charki Dadri
(Haryana), Bilaspur (Himachal
Pradesh),
Anugul (Odisha),
Balangir (Odisha),
Bargarh (Odisha),
Baudh (Odisha), Cuttack
(Odisha), Deogarh
(Odisha), Dhenkanal
(Odisha), Gajapati
(Odisha), Ganjam
(Odisha), Jagatsinghapur
(Odisha), Jajapur
(Odisha), Kalahandi
(Odisha), Kendrapara
(Odisha), Khordha
(Odisha), Nayagarh
(Odisha), Nuapada
(Odisha), Puri (Odisha),
Karaikal (Puducherry),
Sirohi (Rajasthan),
Pali (Rajasthan),
Jaipur (Rajasthan),
Tonk (Rajasthan),
Ganganagar (Rajasthan),
Sikar (Rajasthan),
Hanumangarh
(Rajasthan), Bikaner
(Rajasthan), Ajmer
(Rajasthan), Barmer
(Rajasthan), Churu
(Rajasthan), Jaisalmer
(Rajasthan), Jalor
(Rajasthan), Jhunjhunun
(Rajasthan), Jodhpur
(Rajasthan), Nagaur
(Rajasthan), Madurai
(Tamil Nadu),
Virudhunagar (Tamil
Nadu), Thoothukkudi
(Tamil Nadu), Cuddalore
(Tamil Nadu),
Thiruvarur (Tamil Nadu),
Mayiladuthurai (Tamil
Nadu),
Raipur (Chhattisgarh),
Bilaspur (Chhattisgarh), Uttar
Bastar Kanker (Chhattisgarh),
Kondagaon (Chhattisgarh),
Narayanpur (Chhattisgarh),
Mahasamund (Chhattisgarh),
Dhamtari (Chhattisgarh),
Bijapur (Chhattisgarh),
Ahmadabad (Gujarat),
Surendranagar (Gujarat),
Bhavnagar (Gujarat), Patan
(Gujarat), Mahesana (Gujarat),
Palwal (Haryana), Gurugram
(Haryana), Jhajjar (Haryana),
Mahendragarh (Haryana),
Faridabad (Haryana),
Sonipat (Haryana), Panipat
(Haryana), Rewari (Haryana),
Jind (Haryana), Kurukshetra
(Haryana), Ambala (Haryana),
Sirsa (Haryana), Fatehabad
(Haryana), Kaithal (Haryana),
Karnal (Haryana), Solan
(Himachal Pradesh), Shimla
(Himachal Pradesh),
Mandi (Himachal Pradesh),
Chamba (Himachal Pradesh),
Una (Himachal Pradesh),
Anantnag (Jammu &
Kashmir), Bandipore (Jammu
& Kashmir), Baramula (Jammu
& Kashmir), Badgam (Jammu
& Kashmir), Kishtwar (Jammu
& Kashmir), Kulgam (Jammu
& Kashmir), Pulwama (Jammu
& Kashmir), Udhampur
(Jammu & Kashmir),
Lohardaga (Jharkhand),
Vijayapura (Karnataka),
Raichur (Karnataka), Ballari
(Karnataka), Chikkaballapura
(Karnataka), Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 250
Horizontal Expansion [Low-
Area-High Yield (LA-HY)]
234 districts
Vertical Expansion [High
Area-Low Yield (HA-LY)]
82 districts
Horizontal & Vertical
Expansion [Low Area-Low
Yield (LA-LY)]
250 districts
Kullu (Himachal Pradesh),
Sirmaur (Himachal Pradesh),
Doda (Jammu & Kashmir),
Samba (Jammu & Kashmir),
Garhwa (Jharkhand),
Palamu (Jharkhand),
Godda (Jharkhand),
Sahibganj (Jharkhand),
Simdega (Jharkhand),
Gumla (Jharkhand),
Deoghar (Jharkhand),
Ranchi (Jharkhand), Giridih
(Jharkhand), Jamtara
(Jharkhand), Burhanpur
(Madhya Pradesh), Betul
(Madhya Pradesh), Mandla
(Madhya Pradesh), Barwani
(Madhya Pradesh), Seoni
(Madhya Pradesh), Morena
(Madhya Pradesh), Sheopur
(Madhya Pradesh), Balaghat
(Madhya Pradesh), Bhopal
(Madhya Pradesh), Vidisha
(Madhya Pradesh), Rajgarh
(Madhya Pradesh), Ratlam
(Madhya Pradesh), Bhind
(Madhya Pradesh), Guna
(Madhya Pradesh), Nashik
(Maharashtra), Kolhapur
(Maharashtra), Pune
(Maharashtra), Tuensang
(Nagaland), Longleng
(Nagaland), Kohima
(Nagaland), Peren (Nagaland),
Phek (Nagaland), Mon
(Nagaland), Mokokchung
(Nagaland), Dimapur
(Nagaland), Nabarangapur
(Odisha), Sambalpur (Odisha),
Ludhiana (Punjab), Moga
(Punjab), Tarn Taran (Punjab),
Barnala (Punjab),
Nagapattinam (Tamil
Nadu), Vikarabad
(Telangana), Yadadri
Bhuvanagiri (Telangana),
Khammam (Telangana),
Mahoba (Uttar Pradesh),
South Twenty Four
Pargana (West Bengal)
Chitradurga (Karnataka),
Vijayanagar (Karnataka),
Bangalore (Karnataka),
Ramanagara (Karnataka),
Bengaluru Rural (Karnataka),
Kolar (Karnataka), Mysuru
(Karnataka), Davanagere
(Karnataka), Chamarajanagara
(Karnataka), Mandya
(Karnataka), Hassan
(Karnataka), Chikkamagaluru
(Karnataka), Haveri
(Karnataka), Shivamogga
(Karnataka), Uttara
Kannada (Karnataka),
Udupi (Karnataka), Kodagu
(Karnataka), Singrauli
(Madhya Pradesh),
Sidhi (Madhya Pradesh),
Umaria (Madhya Pradesh),
Shahdol (Madhya Pradesh),
Chhindwara (Madhya
Pradesh), Panna (Madhya
Pradesh), Alirajpur (Madhya
Pradesh), Anuppur (Madhya
Pradesh), Rewa (Madhya
Pradesh), Satna (Madhya
Pradesh), Dindori (Madhya
Pradesh), Jhabua (Madhya
Pradesh), Chhatarpur
(Madhya Pradesh), Dhar
(Madhya Pradesh), Shajapur
(Madhya Pradesh),
Ashoknagar (Madhya
Pradesh), Agar Malwa
(Madhya Pradesh), Indore
(Madhya Pradesh), Ujjain
(Madhya Pradesh), Gwalior
(Madhya Pradesh), Mandsaur
(Madhya Pradesh), Datia
(Madhya Pradesh), Neemuch
(Madhya Pradesh), Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 251
Horizontal Expansion [Low-
Area-High Yield (LA-HY)]
234 districts
Vertical Expansion [High
Area-Low Yield (HA-LY)]
82 districts
Horizontal & Vertical
Expansion [Low Area-Low
Yield (LA-LY)]
250 districts
Amritsar (Punjab), Sangrur
(Punjab), Bathinda (Punjab),
Faridkot (Punjab), Firozpur
(Punjab), Mansa (Punjab),
Sri Muktsar Sahib (Punjab),
Dharmapuri (Tamil Nadu),
Krishnagiri (Tamil Nadu),
Erode (Tamil Nadu),
Pudukkottai (Tamil Nadu),
Kanniyakumari (Tamil
Nadu), Jogulamba Gadwal
(Telangana), Wanaparthy
(Telangana), Siddipet
(Telangana), Kamareddy
(Telangana), Nagarkurnool
(Telangana), Bhadradri
Kothagudem (Telangana),
Rajanna Sircilla (Telangana),
Jagitial (Telangana), Mancherial
(Telangana), Nalgonda
(Telangana), Peddapalli
(Telangana), Jayashankar
(Telangana), Mulugu
(Telangana), Dhalai (Tripura),
North Tripura (Tripura), Khowai
(Tripura), Unokoti (Tripura),
Gomati (Tripura), South Tripura
(Tripura), Sipahijala (Tripura),
Bhadohi (Uttar Pradesh),
Kaushambi (Uttar Pradesh),
Fatehpur (Uttar Pradesh),
Prayagraj (Uttar Pradesh),
Varanasi (Uttar Pradesh),
Kanpur Dehat (Uttar Pradesh),
Gautam Buddha Nagar
(Uttar Pradesh), Pratapgarh
(Uttar Pradesh), Jaunpur
(Uttar Pradesh), Ballia (Uttar
Pradesh), Kanpur Nagar
(Uttar Pradesh), Azamgarh
(Uttar Pradesh), Aligarh (Uttar
Pradesh),
Shivpuri (Madhya Pradesh),
Tikamgarh (Madhya Pradesh),
Niwari (Madhya Pradesh),
Wardha (Maharashtra),
Latur (Maharashtra),
Amravati (Maharashtra),
Nagpur (Maharashtra),
Chandrapur (Maharashtra),
Solapur (Maharashtra),
Aurangabad (Maharashtra),
Bid (Maharashtra), Bhandara
(Maharashtra), Palghar
(Maharashtra), Gadchiroli
(Maharashtra), Gondiya
(Maharashtra), Ratnagiri
(Maharashtra), Sangli
(Maharashtra), Raigarh
(Maharashtra), Thane
(Maharashtra), Baleshwar
(Odisha), Bhadrak (Odisha),
Jharsuguda (Odisha),
Kandhamal (Odisha),
Kendujhar (Odisha), Koraput
(Odisha), Malkangiri (Odisha),
Mayurbhanj (Odisha),
Rayagada (Odisha), Sonepur
(Odisha), Sundargarh
(Odisha), Fazilka (Punjab),
Udaipur (Rajasthan),
Dungarpur (Rajasthan),
Pratapgarh (Rajasthan),
Dhaulpur (Rajasthan),
Karauli (Rajasthan), Alwar
(Rajasthan), Bhilwara
(Rajasthan), Sawai Madhopur
(Rajasthan), Chittaurgarh
(Rajasthan), Bharatpur
(Rajasthan), Kota (Rajasthan),
Bundi (Rajasthan),
Jhalawar (Rajasthan),
Dausa (Rajasthan), Baran
(Rajasthan), Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 252
Horizontal Expansion [Low-
Area-High Yield (LA-HY)]
234 districts
Vertical Expansion [High
Area-Low Yield (HA-LY)]
82 districts
Horizontal & Vertical
Expansion [Low Area-Low
Yield (LA-LY)]
250 districts
Chandauli (Uttar Pradesh),
Hathras (Uttar Pradesh),
Bulandshahr (Uttar Pradesh),
Ghazipur (Uttar Pradesh),
Deoria (Uttar Pradesh),
Auraiya (Uttar Pradesh),
Mau (Uttar Pradesh), Gonda
(Uttar Pradesh), Ghaziabad
(Uttar Pradesh), Gorakhpur
(Uttar Pradesh), Basti
(Uttar Pradesh), Hapur
(Uttar Pradesh), Etah (Uttar
Pradesh), Bahraich (Uttar
Pradesh), Siddharthnagar
(Uttar Pradesh), Farrukhabad
(Uttar Pradesh), Mathura
(Uttar Pradesh), Kasganj
(Uttar Pradesh), Kannauj
(Uttar Pradesh), Baghpat
(Uttar Pradesh), Hardoi (Uttar
Pradesh), Kushinagar (Uttar
Pradesh), Mainpuri (Uttar
Pradesh), Agra (Uttar Pradesh),
Meerut (Uttar Pradesh),
Mahrajganj (Uttar Pradesh),
Shamli (Uttar Pradesh), Bijnor
(Uttar Pradesh), Pilibhit
(Uttar Pradesh), Saharanpur
(Uttar Pradesh), Almora
(Uttarakhand), Champawat
(Uttarakhand), Hardwar
(Uttarakhand), Udham
Singh Nagar (Uttarakhand),
Alipurduar (West Bengal),
Puruliya (West Bengal),
Birbhum (West Bengal),
Paschim Bardhaman (West
Bengal), Uttar Dinajpur (West
Bengal), Murshidabad (West
Bengal), Maldah (West Bengal),
Darjiling (West Bengal), Nadia
(West Bengal),
Rajsamand (Rajasthan),
Tiruppattur (Tamil Nadu),
Vellore (Tamil Nadu), Karur
(Tamil Nadu), Ranipet
(Tamil Nadu), Tiruchirappalli
(Tamil Nadu), Theni (Tamil
Nadu), Tiruvannamalai
(Tamil Nadu), Perambalur
(Tamil Nadu), Dindigul
(Tamil Nadu), Ariyalur
(Tamil Nadu), Coimbatore
(Tamil Nadu), Tiruppur
(Tamil Nadu), Sivaganga
(Tamil Nadu), Kanchipuram
(Tamil Nadu), Thanjavur
(Tamil Nadu), Kallakurichchi
(Tamil Nadu), Chengalpattu
(Tamil Nadu), Tenkasi (Tamil
Nadu), Viluppuram (Tamil
Nadu), Tirunelveli (Tamil
Nadu), Ramanathapuram
(Tamil Nadu), Chennai
(Tamil Nadu), Narayanpet
(Telangana), Adilabad
(Telangana), Kumuram
Bheem Asifabad (Telangana),
Mahabubnagar (Telangana),
Ranga Reddy (Telangana),
Jangoan (Telangana),
Nirmal (Telangana), Medchal
Malkajgiri (Telangana),
Medak (Telangana), Suryapet
(Telangana), Mahabubabad
(Telangana), Warangal Urban
(Telangana), Karimnagar
(Telangana), Warangal Rural
(Telangana), Nizamabad
(Telangana), Chitrakoot (Uttar
Pradesh), Hamirpur (Uttar
Pradesh), Sonbhadra (Uttar
Pradesh), Mirzapur (Uttar
Pradesh), Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 253
Horizontal Expansion [Low-
Area-High Yield (LA-HY)]
234 districts
Vertical Expansion [High
Area-Low Yield (HA-LY)]
82 districts
Horizontal & Vertical
Expansion [Low Area-Low
Yield (LA-LY)]
250 districts
Bankura (West Bengal),
Dakshin Dinajpur (West
Bengal), Hooghly (West
Bengal), Medinipur West (West
Bengal), Purba Bardhaman
(West Bengal), Cooch
Behar (West Bengal), Purba
Medinipur (West Bengal), and
Howrah (West Bengal)
Banda (Uttar Pradesh),
Sultanpur (Uttar Pradesh),
Rae Bareli (Uttar Pradesh),
Sant Kabir Nagar (Uttar
Pradesh), Jalaun (Uttar
Pradesh), Amethi (Uttar
Pradesh), Ambedkar Nagar
(Uttar Pradesh), Shrawasti
(Uttar Pradesh), Faizabad
(Uttar Pradesh), Sitapur
(Uttar Pradesh), Lucknow
(Uttar Pradesh), Unnao
(Uttar Pradesh), Bara Banki
(Uttar Pradesh), Firozabad
(Uttar Pradesh), Kheri (Uttar
Pradesh), Amroha (Uttar
Pradesh), Jhansi (Uttar
Pradesh), Sambhal (Uttar
Pradesh), Budaun (Uttar
Pradesh), Shahjahanpur (Uttar
Pradesh), Moradabad (Uttar
Pradesh), Rampur (Uttar
Pradesh), Bareilly (Uttar
Pradesh), Lalitpur (Uttar
Pradesh), Muzaffarnagar
(Uttar Pradesh), Nainital
(Uttarakhand), Jhargram
(West Bengal), Jalpaiguri
(West Bengal), North Twenty
Four Parganas (West Bengal)
Top of Form Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 254
Table AIII.1.4: Black Gram
Horizontal Expansion [Low
Area-High Yield (LA-HY)]
193 districts
Vertical Expansion [High
Area-Low Yield (HA-LY)]
97 districts
Horizontal & Vertical
Expansion [Low Area-
Low Yield (LA-LY)]
237 districts
Sri Sathya Sai (Andhra
Pradesh), Anantpur (Andhra
Pradesh), Kurnool (Andhra
Pradesh), Annamayya
(Andhra Pradesh), Chittoor
(Andhra Pradesh), Alluri
Sitharama Raju (Andhra
Pradesh), NTR (Andhra
Pradesh), Guntur (Andhra
Pradesh), Visakhapatnam
(Andhra Pradesh), East
Godavari (Andhra Pradesh),
Upper Dibang Valley
(Arunachal Pradesh),
Upper Siang (Arunachal
Pradesh), Kamle (Arunachal
Pradesh), East Kameng
(Arunachal Pradesh),
Pakke Kessang (Arunachal
Pradesh), Upper Subansiri
(Arunachal Pradesh), Siang
(Arunachal Pradesh),
Papum Pare (Arunachal
Pradesh), Lower Subansiri
(Arunachal Pradesh), Tirap
(Arunachal Pradesh), East
Siang (Arunachal Pradesh),
Longding (Arunachal
Pradesh), Lower Dibang
Valley (Arunachal Pradesh),
Lower Siang (Arunachal
Pradesh), Lepa Rada
(Arunachal Pradesh),
Namsai (Arunachal Pradesh),
Lohit (Arunachal Pradesh),
Anjaw (Arunachal Pradesh),
Changlang (Arunachal
Pradesh), Kra Daadi
(Arunachal Pradesh), Kurung
Kumey (Arunachal Pradesh),
Prakasam (Andhra Pradesh),
Parvathipuram Manyam
(Andhra Pradesh), Anakapalli
(Andhra Pradesh), West Karbi
Anglong (Assam), Lakhimpur
(Assam), Majuli (Assam),
Koriya (Chhattisgarh), Surguja
(Chhattisgarh), Jashpur
(Chhattisgarh), Surajpur
(Chhattisgarh), Raigarh
(Chhattisgarh), Kondagaon
(Chhattisgarh), Narayanpur
(Chhattisgarh), Mahasamund
(Chhattisgarh), Valsad
(Gujarat), Aravalli (Gujarat),
Patan (Gujarat), Mahesana
(Gujarat), Yamunanagar
(Haryana), Chamba (Himachal
Pradesh), Kishtwar (Jammu &
Kashmir), Godda (Jharkhand),
Lohardaga (Jharkhand),
Bidar (Karnataka), Yadgir
(Karnataka), Sidhi (Madhya
Pradesh), Narsimhapur
(Madhya Pradesh), Raisen
(Madhya Pradesh), Panna
(Madhya Pradesh), Alirajpur
(Madhya Pradesh), Rewa
(Madhya Pradesh), Satna
(Madhya Pradesh), Damoh
(Madhya Pradesh), West
Nimar (Madhya Pradesh),
Chhatarpur (Madhya Pradesh),
Sagar (Madhya Pradesh),
Sheopur (Madhya Pradesh),
Vidisha (Madhya Pradesh),
Harda (Madhya Pradesh),
Ashoknagar (Madhya
Pradesh), Datia (Madhya
Pradesh), Shivpuri (Madhya
Pradesh),
Palnadu (Andhra
Pradesh), Tirupati (Andhra
Pradesh), Konaseema
(Andhra Pradesh),
Dima Hasao (Assam),
Karbi Anglong (Assam),
Goalpara (Assam),
Kokrajhar (Assam),
Chirang (Assam), Udalguri
(Assam), Kamrup (Assam),
Nagaon (Assam), Kamrup
Metropolitan (Assam),
Morigaon (Assam), Cachar
(Assam), Karimganj
(Assam), Hailakandi
(Assam), Golaghat
(Assam), Tinsukia
(Assam), Charaideo
(Assam), Dhemaji
(Assam), Dibrugarh
(Assam), Jorhat (Assam),
Sivasagar (Assam),
Balrampur (Chhattisgarh),
Kabeerdham
(Chhattisgarh), Bametara
(Chhattisgarh),
Rajnandgaon
(Chhattisgarh), Durg
(Chhattisgarh), Gaurela-
Pendra-Marwahi
(Chhattisgarh), Mungeli
(Chhattisgarh), Gariaband
(Chhattisgarh), Korba
(Chhattisgarh), Sukma
(Chhattisgarh), Dakshin
Bastar Dantewada
(Chhattisgarh), Balod
(Chhattisgarh), Baloda
Bazar (Chhattisgarh),
Janjgir - Champa
(Chhattisgarh), Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 255
Horizontal Expansion [Low
Area-High Yield (LA-HY)]
193 districts
Vertical Expansion [High
Area-Low Yield (HA-LY)]
97 districts
Horizontal & Vertical
Expansion [Low Area-
Low Yield (LA-LY)]
237 districts
Shi Yomi (Arunachal
Pradesh), Biswanath
(Assam), Sonitpur (Assam),
Darrang (Assam), Baksa
(Assam), Nalbari (Assam),
Hojai (Assam), Gaya (Bihar),
Nawada (Bihar), Siwan
(Bihar), Patna (Bihar),
Vaishali (Bihar), Jehanabad
(Bihar), Samastipur
(Bihar), Begusarai (Bihar),
Bhagalpur (Bihar), Kaimur
(Bhabua) (Bihar), Saran
(Bihar), Gopalganj (Bihar),
Darbhanga (Bihar), Khagaria
(Bihar), Arwal (Bihar),
Rohtas (Bihar), Madhubani
(Bihar), Pashchim Champaran
(Bihar), Kishanganj (Bihar),
Madhepura (Bihar), Katihar
(Bihar), Purnia (Bihar),
Saharsa (Bihar), Supaul
(Bihar), Bharuch (Gujarat),
Narmada (Gujarat), Tapi
(Gujarat), Surat (Gujarat),
Junagadh (Gujarat),
Rajkot (Gujarat), Amreli
(Gujarat), Morbi (Gujarat),
Surendranagar (Gujarat),
Bhavnagar (Gujarat),
Porbandar (Gujarat),
Banas Kantha (Gujarat),
Shimla (Himachal Pradesh),
Mandi (Himachal Pradesh),
Kinnaur (Himachal Pradesh),
Kullu (Himachal Pradesh),
Una (Himachal Pradesh),
Barwani (Madhya Pradesh),
Katni (Madhya Pradesh),
Balaghat (Madhya Pradesh),
Washim (Maharashtra),
Latur (Maharashtra), Nashik
(Maharashtra),
Tikamgarh (Madhya Pradesh),
Guna (Madhya Pradesh),
Niwari (Madhya Pradesh),
Yavatmal (Maharashtra),
Hingoli (Maharashtra), Akola
(Maharashtra), Nanded
(Maharashtra), Nandurbar
(Maharashtra), Solapur
(Maharashtra), Palghar
(Maharashtra), Jalgaon
(Maharashtra), Dhule
(Maharashtra), Cuttack
(Odisha), Gajapati (Odisha),
Ganjam (Odisha), Jajapur
(Odisha), Kendrapara
(Odisha), Malkangiri
(Odisha), Nayagarh (Odisha),
Nuapada (Odisha), Puri
(Odisha), Rayagada (Odisha),
Karaikal (Puducherry),
Mahe (Puducherry),
Dungarpur (Rajasthan),
Bhilwara (Rajasthan), Sawai
Madhopur (Rajasthan), Kota
(Rajasthan), Bundi (Rajasthan),
Tonk (Rajasthan), Ajmer
(Rajasthan), Baran (Rajasthan),
Vellore (Tamil Nadu), Karur
(Tamil Nadu), Ranipet (Tamil
Nadu), Tiruchirappalli (Tamil
Nadu), Virudhunagar (Tamil
Nadu), Dindigul (Tamil
Nadu), Ariyalur (Tamil
Nadu), Thoothukkudi (Tamil
Nadu), Tenkasi (Tamil Nadu),
Cuddalore (Tamil Nadu),
Thiruvarur (Tamil Nadu),
Mayiladuthurai (Tamil Nadu),
Nagapattinam (Tamil Nadu),
Hamirpur (Uttar Pradesh),
Kanpur Nagar (Uttar Pradesh),
Rae Bareli (Uttar Pradesh),
Amethi (Uttar Pradesh),
Bastar (Chhattisgarh),
Raipur (Chhattisgarh),
Bilaspur (Chhattisgarh),
Uttar Bastar Kanker
(Chhattisgarh), Dhamtari
(Chhattisgarh), Bijapur
(Chhattisgarh), Vadodara
(Gujarat), Panch Mahals
(Gujarat), Chota Udaipur
(Gujarat), Dohad (Gujarat),
Mahisagar (Gujarat),
Ahmadabad (Gujarat),
Navsari (Gujarat),
Jamnagar (Gujarat), Botad
(Gujarat), Kheda (Gujarat),
Anand (Gujarat), Kachchh
(Gujarat), Gandhinagar
(Gujarat), Devbhumi
Dwarka (Gujarat),
Bhiwani (Haryana),
Panchkula (Haryana),
Kurukshetra (Haryana),
Ambala (Haryana), Solan
(Himachal Pradesh),
Bilaspur (Himachal
Pradesh), Kangra
(Himachal Pradesh),
Sirmaur (Himachal
Pradesh), Anantnag
(Jammu & Kashmir),
Baramula (Jammu &
Kashmir), Doda (Jammu &
Kashmir), Jammu (Jammu
& Kashmir), Kathua
(Jammu & Kashmir),
Punch (Jammu &
Kashmir), Rajouri (Jammu
& Kashmir), Reasi (Jammu
& Kashmir), Samba
(Jammu & Kashmir),
Udhampur (Jammu &
Kashmir), Kalaburagi
(Karnataka), Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 256
Horizontal Expansion [Low
Area-High Yield (LA-HY)]
193 districts
Vertical Expansion [High
Area-Low Yield (HA-LY)]
97 districts
Horizontal & Vertical
Expansion [Low Area-
Low Yield (LA-LY)]
237 districts
Thane (Maharashtra),
Pune (Maharashtra),
Satara (Maharashtra),
Tuensang (Nagaland),
Longleng (Nagaland),
Kohima (Nagaland),
Peren (Nagaland), Phek
(Nagaland), Mon (Nagaland),
Mokokchung (Nagaland),
Dimapur (Nagaland), Kiphire
(Nagaland), Nabarangapur
(Odisha), Sahibzada Ajit
Singh Nagar (Punjab),
Hoshiarpur (Punjab),
Pratapgarh (Rajasthan),
Dharmapuri (Tamil Nadu),
Krishnagiri (Tamil Nadu),
Madurai (Tamil Nadu),
Erode (Tamil Nadu),
Salem (Tamil Nadu),
Perambalur (Tamil Nadu),
Sivaganga (Tamil Nadu),
Kanchipuram (Tamil Nadu),
Kanniyakumari (Tamil Nadu),
Vikarabad (Telangana),
Narayanpet (Telangana),
Sangareddy (Telangana),
Kumuram Bheem Asifabad
(Telangana), Mahabubnagar
(Telangana), Ranga Reddy
(Telangana), Jogulamba
Gadwal (Telangana),
Jangoan (Telangana),
Siddipet (Telangana), Nirmal
(Telangana), Kamareddy
(Telangana), Medchal
Malkajgiri (Telangana),
Nagarkurnool (Telangana),
Bhadradri Kothagudem
(Telangana), Rajanna
Sircilla (Telangana), Jagitial
(Telangana), Mancherial
(Telangana),
Mahoba (Uttar Pradesh),
Unnao (Uttar Pradesh), Hardoi
(Uttar Pradesh), Jhansi (Uttar
Pradesh), Lalitpur (Uttar
Pradesh), Puruliya (West
Bengal)
Vijayapura (Karnataka),
Raichur (Karnataka),
Bagalkote (Karnataka),
Koppal (Karnataka),
Ballari (Karnataka),
Tumakuru (Karnataka),
Chikkaballapura
(Karnataka), Chitradurga
(Karnataka), Vijayanagar
(Karnataka), Belagavi
(Karnataka), Bangalore
(Karnataka), Ramanagara
(Karnataka), Bengaluru
Rural (Karnataka),
Kolar (Karnataka),
Mysuru (Karnataka),
Davanagere (Karnataka),
Chamarajanagara
(Karnataka), Mandya
(Karnataka), Hassan
(Karnataka), Gadag
(Karnataka),
Chikkamagaluru
(Karnataka), Dharwad
(Karnataka), Haveri
(Karnataka), Shivamogga
(Karnataka), Uttara
Kannada (Karnataka),
Udupi (Karnataka),
Dakshina Kannada
(Karnataka), Singrauli
(Madhya Pradesh), Umaria
(Madhya Pradesh),
Burhanpur (Madhya
Pradesh), Shahdol
(Madhya Pradesh),
Chhindwara (Madhya
Pradesh), Betul (Madhya
Pradesh), Anuppur
(Madhya Pradesh), Dindori
(Madhya Pradesh), Jhabua
(Madhya Pradesh), Mandla
(Madhya Pradesh), Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 257
Horizontal Expansion [Low
Area-High Yield (LA-HY)]
193 districts
Vertical Expansion [High
Area-Low Yield (HA-LY)]
97 districts
Horizontal & Vertical
Expansion [Low Area-
Low Yield (LA-LY)]
237 districts
Suryapet (Telangana),
Mahabubabad (Telangana),
Warangal Urban (Telangana),
Nalgonda (Telangana),
Karimnagar (Telangana),
Warangal Rural (Telangana),
Khammam (Telangana),
Nizamabad (Telangana),
Peddapalli (Telangana),
Jayashankar (Telangana),
Mulugu (Telangana), Khowai
(Tripura), Unokoti (Tripura),
Gomati (Tripura), South
Tripura (Tripura), Sipahijala
(Tripura), Fatehpur (Uttar
Pradesh), Prayagraj (Uttar
Pradesh), Varanasi (Uttar
Pradesh), Gautam Buddha
Nagar (Uttar Pradesh),
Jaunpur (Uttar Pradesh),
Ballia (Uttar Pradesh),
Chandauli (Uttar Pradesh),
Hathras (Uttar Pradesh),
Bulandshahr (Uttar Pradesh),
Ghazipur (Uttar Pradesh),
Auraiya (Uttar Pradesh),
Ghaziabad (Uttar Pradesh),
Ambedkar Nagar (Uttar
Pradesh), Hapur (Uttar
Pradesh), Etawah (Uttar
Pradesh), Farrukhabad
(Uttar Pradesh), Kasganj
(Uttar Pradesh), Kannauj
(Uttar Pradesh), Firozabad
(Uttar Pradesh), Baghpat
(Uttar Pradesh), Kushinagar
(Uttar Pradesh), Mainpuri
(Uttar Pradesh), Kheri (Uttar
Pradesh), Amroha (Uttar
Pradesh), Meerut (Uttar
Pradesh), Mahrajganj (Uttar
Pradesh), Shahjahanpur
(Uttar Pradesh),
East Nimar (Madhya
Pradesh), Seoni (Madhya
Pradesh), Hoshangabad
(Madhya Pradesh), Morena
(Madhya Pradesh),
Sehore (Madhya Pradesh),
Dewas (Madhya Pradesh),
Dhar (Madhya Pradesh),
Bhopal (Madhya Pradesh),
Shajapur (Madhya
Pradesh), Rajgarh
(Madhya Pradesh), Ratlam
(Madhya Pradesh), Agar
Malwa (Madhya Pradesh),
Indore (Madhya Pradesh),
Ujjain (Madhya Pradesh),
Bhind (Madhya Pradesh),
Gwalior (Madhya Pradesh),
Mandsaur (Madhya
Pradesh), Neemuch
(Madhya Pradesh),
Wardha (Maharashtra),
Amravati (Maharashtra),
Nagpur (Maharashtra),
Chandrapur (Maharashtra),
Jalna (Maharashtra),
Parbhani (Maharashtra),
Aurangabad
(Maharashtra), Bhandara
(Maharashtra), Gadchiroli
(Maharashtra), Gondiya
(Maharashtra), Ratnagiri
(Maharashtra), Raigarh
(Maharashtra), Kolhapur
(Maharashtra), Sindhudurg
(Maharashtra), Anugul
(Odisha), Balangir
(Odisha), Baleshwar
(Odisha), Bargarh
(Odisha), Baudh (Odisha),
Bhadrak (Odisha),
Deogarh (Odisha),
Dhenkanal (Odisha), Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 258
Horizontal Expansion [Low
Area-High Yield (LA-HY)]
193 districts
Vertical Expansion [High
Area-Low Yield (HA-LY)]
97 districts
Horizontal & Vertical
Expansion [Low Area-
Low Yield (LA-LY)]
237 districts
Moradabad (Uttar Pradesh),
Rampur (Uttar Pradesh),
Bareilly (Uttar Pradesh),
Bijnor (Uttar Pradesh),
Pilibhit (Uttar Pradesh),
Dehradun (Uttarakhand),
Rudraprayag (Uttarakhand),
Chamoli (Uttarakhand),
Almora (Uttarakhand),
Pithoragarh (Uttarakhand),
Champawat (Uttarakhand),
Bageshwar (Uttarakhand),
Hardwar (Uttarakhand),
Udham Singh Nagar
(Uttarakhand), Birbhum
(West Bengal), Paschim
Bardhaman (West Bengal),
Uttar Dinajpur (West Bengal),
Murshidabad (West Bengal),
Maldah (West Bengal), Nadia
(West Bengal), Hooghly
(West Bengal), Purba
Bardhaman (West Bengal),
Cooch Behar (West Bengal)
Jagatsinghapur (Odisha),
Jharsuguda (Odisha),
Kalahandi (Odisha),
Kandhamal (Odisha),
Kendujhar (Odisha),
Khordha (Odisha), Koraput
(Odisha), Mayurbhanj
(Odisha), Sambalpur
(Odisha), Sonepur (Odisha),
Sundargarh (Odisha),
Amritsar (Punjab),
Gurdaspur (Punjab),
Pathankot (Punjab),
Banswara (Rajasthan),
Udaipur (Rajasthan),
Dhaulpur (Rajasthan),
Karauli (Rajasthan),
Sirohi (Rajasthan), Pali
(Rajasthan), Jaipur
(Rajasthan), Chittaurgarh
(Rajasthan), Bharatpur
(Rajasthan), Jhalawar
(Rajasthan), Ganganagar
(Rajasthan), Dausa
(Rajasthan), Hanumangarh
(Rajasthan), Churu
(Rajasthan), Jalor
(Rajasthan), Jodhpur
(Rajasthan), Nagaur
(Rajasthan), Rajsamand
(Rajasthan), Tiruppattur
(Tamil Nadu), Theni (Tamil
Nadu), Namakkal (Tamil
Nadu), Coimbatore (Tamil
Nadu), Tiruppur (Tamil
Nadu), Thiruvallur (Tamil
Nadu), Chengalpattu (Tamil
Nadu), Ramanathapuram
(Tamil Nadu), Adilabad
(Telangana), Medak
(Telangana), North Tripura
(Tripura), Chitrakoot (Uttar
Pradesh), Sonbhadra (Uttar
Pradesh), Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 259
Horizontal Expansion [Low
Area-High Yield (LA-HY)]
193 districts
Vertical Expansion [High
Area-Low Yield (HA-LY)]
97 districts
Horizontal & Vertical
Expansion [Low Area-
Low Yield (LA-LY)]
237 districts
Mirzapur (Uttar Pradesh),
Bhadohi (Uttar Pradesh),
Kaushambi (Uttar Pradesh),
Banda (Uttar Pradesh),
Kanpur Dehat (Uttar
Pradesh), Balrampur (Uttar
Pradesh), Azamgarh (Uttar
Pradesh), Aligarh (Uttar
Pradesh), Sultanpur (Uttar
Pradesh), Sant Kabir Nagar
(Uttar Pradesh), Deoria
(Uttar Pradesh), Mau (Uttar
Pradesh), Gonda (Uttar
Pradesh), Gorakhpur (Uttar
Pradesh), Basti (Uttar
Pradesh), Shrawasti (Uttar
Pradesh), Etah (Uttar
Pradesh), Faizabad (Uttar
Pradesh), Sitapur (Uttar
Pradesh), Bahraich (Uttar
Pradesh), Siddharthnagar
(Uttar Pradesh), Mathura
(Uttar Pradesh), Bara
Banki (Uttar Pradesh),
Agra (Uttar Pradesh),
Shamli (Uttar Pradesh),
Muzaffarnagar (Uttar
Pradesh), Saharanpur
(Uttar Pradesh), Alipurduar
(West Bengal), Jhargram
(West Bengal), South
Twenty Four Pargana (West
Bengal), Darjiling (West
Bengal), Jalpaiguri (West
Bengal), Bankura (West
Bengal), North Twenty Four
Pargana (West Bengal),
Dakshin Dinajpur (West
Bengal), Medinipur West
(West Bengal), Purba
Medinipur (West Bengal),
Howrah (West Bengal),
Kalimpong (West Bengal)
Bottom of Form Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 260
Table AIII.1.5: Lentil
Horizontal Expansion [Low
Area-High Yield (LA-HY)]
131 districts
Vertical Expansion [High
Area-Low Yield (HA-LY)]
52 districts
Horizontal & Vertical
Expansion [Low Area-Low
Yield (LA-LY)]
145 districts
Kamle (Arunachal Pradesh),
Lower Siang (Arunachal
Pradesh), Lepa Rada (Arunachal
Pradesh), Biswanath (Assam),
Darrang (Assam), Siwan
(Bihar), Purba Champaran
(Bihar), Vaishali (Bihar),
Samastipur (Bihar), Begusarai
(Bihar), Bhojpur (Bihar), Saran
(Bihar), Gopalganj (Bihar),
Khagaria (Bihar), Buxar (Bihar),
Katihar (Bihar), Kondagaon
(Chhattisgarh), Panipat
(Haryana), Panchkula (Haryana),
Kurukshetra (Haryana),
Sirsa (Haryana), Kaithal
(Haryana), Karnal (Haryana),
Solan (Himachal Pradesh),
Bilaspur (Himachal Pradesh),
Shimla (Himachal Pradesh),
Mandi (Himachal Pradesh),
Chamba (Himachal Pradesh),
Kangra (Himachal Pradesh),
Kinnaur (Himachal Pradesh),
Kullu (Himachal Pradesh),
Sirmaur (Himachal Pradesh),
Una (Himachal Pradesh),
Bandipore (Jammu & Kashmir),
Singrauli (Madhya Pradesh),
Sidhi (Madhya Pradesh),
Burhanpur (Madhya Pradesh),
Chhindwara (Madhya Pradesh),
Rewa (Madhya Pradesh),
Jabalpur (Madhya Pradesh),
Satna (Madhya Pradesh),
Jhabua (Madhya Pradesh),
Katni (Madhya Pradesh),
Chhatarpur (Madhya Pradesh),
Hoshangabad (Madhya
Pradesh), Sheopur (Madhya
Pradesh),
West Siang (Arunachal
Pradesh), West Karbi
Anglong (Assam),
Chirang (Assam), Barpeta
(Assam), Jamui (Bihar),
Gaya (Bihar), Nawada
(Bihar), Sheikhpura
(Bihar), Bhagalpur (Bihar),
Aurangabad (Bihar),
Madhubani (Bihar),
Latehar (Jharkhand),
Ramgarh (Jharkhand),
Palamu (Jharkhand),
Chatra (Jharkhand), Pakur
(Jharkhand), Sahibganj
(Jharkhand), Saraikela-
Kharsawan (Jharkhand),
Hazaribagh (Jharkhand),
Khunti (Jharkhand), Purbi
Singhbhum (Jharkhand),
Pashchimi Singhbhum
(Jharkhand), Ranchi
(Jharkhand), Jamtara
(Jharkhand), Anuppur
(Madhya Pradesh), West
Nimar (Madhya Pradesh),
Seoni (Madhya Pradesh),
Agar Malwa (Madhya
Pradesh), Zunheboto
(Nagaland), Wokha
(Nagaland), West Tripura
(Tripura), Chitrakoot
(Uttar Pradesh),
Hamirpur (Uttar Pradesh),
Sonbhadra (Uttar
Pradesh), Mirzapur (Uttar
Pradesh), Banda (Uttar
Pradesh), Balrampur
(Uttar Pradesh), Mahoba
(Uttar Pradesh), Shrawasti
(Uttar Pradesh),
Upper Dibang Valley
(Arunachal Pradesh),
Upper Subansiri (Arunachal
Pradesh), Siang (Arunachal
Pradesh), Papum Pare
(Arunachal Pradesh),
Lower Subansiri (Arunachal
Pradesh), Tirap (Arunachal
Pradesh), East Siang
(Arunachal Pradesh), Lower
Dibang Valley (Arunachal
Pradesh), Anjaw (Arunachal
Pradesh), Dima Hasao
(Assam), Karbi Anglong
(Assam), Goalpara (Assam),
Kokrajhar (Assam),
Bongaigaon (Assam),
Sonitpur (Assam), Udalguri
(Assam), Kamrup (Assam),
South Salmara Mancachar
(Assam), Nagaon (Assam),
Kamrup Metropolitan
(Assam), Morigaon
(Assam), Cachar (Assam),
Karimganj (Assam),
Hailakandi (Assam),
Golaghat (Assam), Tinsukia
(Assam), Nalbari (Assam),
Charaideo (Assam), Dhubri
(Assam), Dhemaji (Assam),
Lakhimpur (Assam),
Dibrugarh (Assam),
Jorhat (Assam), Sivasagar
(Assam), Majuli (Assam),
Hojai (Assam), Banka
(Bihar), Muzaffarpur (Bihar),
Kaimur (Bhabua) (Bihar),
Darbhanga (Bihar), Munger
(Bihar), Rohtas (Bihar),
Kishanganj (Bihar), Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 261
Horizontal Expansion [Low
Area-High Yield (LA-HY)]
131 districts
Vertical Expansion [High
Area-Low Yield (HA-LY)]
52 districts
Horizontal & Vertical
Expansion [Low Area-Low
Yield (LA-LY)]
145 districts
Dewas (Madhya Pradesh), Dhar
(Madhya Pradesh), Bhopal
(Madhya Pradesh), Ratlam
(Madhya Pradesh), Indore
(Madhya Pradesh), Ujjain
(Madhya Pradesh), Bhind
(Madhya Pradesh), Gwalior
(Madhya Pradesh), Neemuch
(Madhya Pradesh), Tikamgarh
(Madhya Pradesh), Guna
(Madhya Pradesh), Niwari
(Madhya Pradesh), South
West Garo Hills (Meghalaya),
South Garo Hills (Meghalaya),
East Garo Hills (Meghalaya),
North Garo Hills (Meghalaya),
East Khasi Hills (Meghalaya),
Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar
(Punjab), Amritsar (Punjab),
Gurdaspur (Punjab), Banswara
(Rajasthan), Dhaulpur
(Rajasthan), Alwar (Rajasthan),
Sirohi (Rajasthan), Bhilwara
(Rajasthan), Sawai Madhopur
(Rajasthan), Chittaurgarh
(Rajasthan), Bharatpur
(Rajasthan), Kota (Rajasthan),
Bundi (Rajasthan), Jhalawar
(Rajasthan), Tonk (Rajasthan),
Ganganagar (Rajasthan), Sikar
(Rajasthan), Hanumangarh
(Rajasthan), Bikaner
(Rajasthan), Ajmer (Rajasthan),
Baran (Rajasthan), Churu
(Rajasthan), Jalor (Rajasthan),
Jhunjhunun (Rajasthan),
Jodhpur (Rajasthan), Nagaur
(Rajasthan), Rajsamand
(Rajasthan), Dhalai (Tripura),
Bhadohi (Uttar Pradesh),
Kaushambi (Uttar Pradesh),
Fatehpur (Uttar Pradesh),
Sitapur (Uttar Pradesh),
Bara Banki (Uttar
Pradesh), Kheri (Uttar
Pradesh), Mahrajganj
(Uttar Pradesh), Tehri
Garhwal (Uttarakhand),
Bageshwar (Uttarakhand),
Alipurduar (West Bengal),
Birbhum (West Bengal),
Paschim Bardhaman
(West Bengal),
Murshidabad (West
Bengal), Nadia (West
Bengal), North Twenty
Four Parganas (West
Bengal), Dakshin Dinajpur
(West Bengal)
Sitamarhi (Bihar),
Madhepura (Bihar),
Araria (Bihar), Purnia
(Bihar), Saharsa
(Bihar), Supaul (Bihar),
Koriya (Chhattisgarh),
Balrampur (Chhattisgarh),
Kabeerdham (Chhattisgarh),
Surguja (Chhattisgarh),
Jashpur (Chhattisgarh),
Surajpur (Chhattisgarh),
Bametara (Chhattisgarh),
Rajnandgaon
(Chhattisgarh), Durg
(Chhattisgarh), Raigarh
(Chhattisgarh), Gaurela-
Pendra-Marwahi
(Chhattisgarh), Mungeli
(Chhattisgarh), Gariaband
(Chhattisgarh), Korba
(Chhattisgarh), Dakshin
Bastar Dantewada
(Chhattisgarh), Balod
(Chhattisgarh), Baloda
Bazar (Chhattisgarh),
Janjgir-Champa
(Chhattisgarh), Bastar
(Chhattisgarh), Raipur
(Chhattisgarh), Bilaspur
(Chhattisgarh), Uttar Bastar
Kanker (Chhattisgarh),
Narayanpur (Chhattisgarh),
Mahasamund
(Chhattisgarh), Dhamtari
(Chhattisgarh), Palwal
(Haryana), Hisar (Haryana),
Charki Dadri (Haryana),
Ambala (Haryana),
Baramula (Jammu &
Kashmir), Jammu (Jammu &
Kashmir), Kathua (Jammu &
Kashmir), Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 262
Horizontal Expansion [Low
Area-High Yield (LA-HY)]
131 districts
Vertical Expansion [High
Area-Low Yield (HA-LY)]
52 districts
Horizontal & Vertical
Expansion [Low Area-Low
Yield (LA-LY)]
145 districts
Varanasi (Uttar Pradesh),
Gautam Buddha Nagar (Uttar
Pradesh), Pratapgarh (Uttar
Pradesh), Jaunpur (Uttar
Pradesh), Azamgarh (Uttar
Pradesh), Rae Bareli (Uttar
Pradesh), Sant Kabir Nagar
(Uttar Pradesh), Bulandshahr
(Uttar Pradesh), Mau (Uttar
Pradesh), Ghaziabad (Uttar
Pradesh), Basti (Uttar Pradesh),
Hapur (Uttar Pradesh), Etawah
(Uttar Pradesh), Siddharthnagar
(Uttar Pradesh), Mathura
(Uttar Pradesh), Lucknow
(Uttar Pradesh), Unnao (Uttar
Pradesh), Firozabad (Uttar
Pradesh), Baghpat (Uttar
Pradesh), Hardoi (Uttar
Pradesh), Mainpuri (Uttar
Pradesh), Agra (Uttar Pradesh),
Meerut (Uttar Pradesh),
Budaun (Uttar Pradesh),
Bareilly (Uttar Pradesh), Shamli
(Uttar Pradesh), Pilibhit (Uttar
Pradesh), Muzaffarnagar
(Uttar Pradesh), Saharanpur
(Uttar Pradesh), Dehradun
(Uttarakhand), Nainital
(Uttarakhand), Hardwar
(Uttarakhand), Jhargram
(West Bengal), South Twenty
Four Pargana (West Bengal),
Medinipur West (West Bengal),
Purba Bardhaman (West
Bengal), Purba Medinipur (West
Bengal)
Kishtwar (Jammu &
Kashmir), Rajouri (Jammu
& Kashmir), Dhanbad
(Jharkhand), Lohardaga
(Jharkhand), Giridih
(Jharkhand), Leh (Ladakh),
Shahdol (Madhya Pradesh),
Betul (Madhya Pradesh),
East Nimar (Madhya
Pradesh), Morena (Madhya
Pradesh), Sehore (Madhya
Pradesh), Balaghat (Madhya
Pradesh), Harda (Madhya
Pradesh), Mandsaur
(Madhya Pradesh),
Datia (Madhya Pradesh),
Ribhoi (Meghalaya),
Tuensang (Nagaland),
Kohima (Nagaland),
Peren (Nagaland),
Phek (Nagaland), Mon
(Nagaland), Mokokchung
(Nagaland), Dimapur
(Nagaland), Hoshiarpur
(Punjab), North Tripura
(Tripura), Khowai (Tripura),
Unokoti (Tripura), Gomati
(Tripura), South Tripura
(Tripura), Sipahijala
(Tripura), Kanpur Dehat
(Uttar Pradesh), Kanpur
Nagar (Uttar Pradesh),
Aligarh (Uttar Pradesh),
Hathras (Uttar Pradesh),
Deoria (Uttar Pradesh),
Amethi (Uttar Pradesh),
Auraiya (Uttar Pradesh),
Gorakhpur (Uttar Pradesh),
Ambedkar Nagar (Uttar
Pradesh), Etah (Uttar
Pradesh), Faizabad (Uttar
Pradesh), Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 263
Horizontal Expansion [Low
Area-High Yield (LA-HY)]
131 districts
Vertical Expansion [High
Area-Low Yield (HA-LY)]
52 districts
Horizontal & Vertical
Expansion [Low Area-Low
Yield (LA-LY)]
145 districts
Farrukhabad (Uttar
Pradesh), Kasganj (Uttar
Pradesh), Kannauj (Uttar
Pradesh), Kushinagar (Uttar
Pradesh), Amroha (Uttar
Pradesh), Sambhal (Uttar
Pradesh), Moradabad
(Uttar Pradesh), Rampur
(Uttar Pradesh), Bijnor
(Uttar Pradesh), Uttarkashi
(Uttarakhand), Rudraprayag
(Uttarakhand), Chamoli
(Uttarakhand), Garhwal
(Uttarakhand), Almora
(Uttarakhand), Udham
Singh Nagar (Uttarakhand),
Puruliya (West Bengal),
Uttar Dinajpur (West
Bengal), Darjiling (West
Bengal), Jalpaiguri (West
Bengal), Bankura (West
Bengal), Hooghly (West
Bengal), Cooch Behar (West
Bengal), Howrah (West
Bengal)Bottom of Form Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 264
Table AIII.1.6: Pea
Horizontal Expansion [Low
Area-High Yield (LA-HY)]
75 districts
Vertical Expansion
[High Area-Low Yield
(HA-LY)]
72 districts
Horizontal & Vertical
Expansion [Low Area-Low
Yield(LA-LY)]
238 districts
Upper Siang (Arunachal
Pradesh), Papum Pare
(Arunachal Pradesh), Shi
Yomi (Arunachal Pradesh),
Una (Himachal Pradesh),
Bandipore (Jammu & Kashmir),
Jammu (Jammu & Kashmir),
Hoshangabad (Madhya
Pradesh), Harda (Madhya
Pradesh), South Garo Hills
(Meghalaya), South West Khasi
Hills (Meghalaya), Sangrur
(Punjab), Udaipur (Rajasthan),
Dhaulpur (Rajasthan), Karauli
(Rajasthan), Alwar (Rajasthan),
Sirohi (Rajasthan), Bhilwara
(Rajasthan), Sawai Madhopur
(Rajasthan), Chittaurgarh
(Rajasthan), Bharatpur
(Rajasthan), Kota (Rajasthan),
Bundi (Rajasthan), Jhalawar
(Rajasthan), Ganganagar
(Rajasthan), Dausa
(Rajasthan), Sikar (Rajasthan),
Hanumangarh (Rajasthan),
Bikaner (Rajasthan), Ajmer
(Rajasthan), Baran (Rajasthan),
Churu (Rajasthan), Jaisalmer
(Rajasthan), Jalor (Rajasthan),
Jhunjhunun (Rajasthan),
Jodhpur (Rajasthan), Nagaur
(Rajasthan), Rajsamand
(Rajasthan), Kaushambi (Uttar
Pradesh), Gautam Buddha
Nagar (Uttar Pradesh),
Balrampur (Uttar Pradesh),
Ballia (Uttar Pradesh), Aligarh
(Uttar Pradesh), Hathras (Uttar
Pradesh), Bulandshahr (Uttar
Pradesh),
Upper Dibang Valley
(Arunachal Pradesh),
East Kameng (Arunachal
Pradesh), Pakke
Kessang (Arunachal
Pradesh), Upper
Subansiri (Arunachal
Pradesh), Longding
(Arunachal Pradesh),
Lower Siang (Arunachal
Pradesh), Namsai
(Arunachal Pradesh),
Lohit (Arunachal
Pradesh), Kurung
Kumey (Arunachal
Pradesh), Dima Hasao
(Assam), West Karbi
Anglong (Assam),
Biswanath (Assam),
Goalpara (Assam),
Sonitpur (Assam),
Darrang (Assam), Majuli
(Assam), Patna (Bihar),
Jehanabad (Bihar),
Lakhisarai (Bihar),
Yamunanagar (Haryana),
Sirmaur (Himachal
Pradesh), Srinagar
(Jammu & Kashmir),
Latehar (Jharkhand),
Ramgarh (Jharkhand),
Garhwa (Jharkhand),
Palamu (Jharkhand),
Chatra (Jharkhand),
Pakur (Jharkhand),
Godda (Jharkhand),
Sahibganj (Jharkhand),
Saraikela-Kharsawan
(Jharkhand), Hazaribagh
(Jharkhand), Dhanbad
(Jharkhand),
Kamle (Arunachal Pradesh),
Tirap (Arunachal Pradesh),
East Siang (Arunachal
Pradesh), Lower Dibang
Valley (Arunachal Pradesh),
Anjaw (Arunachal Pradesh),
Changlang (Arunachal
Pradesh), Karbi Anglong
(Assam), Kokrajhar (Assam),
Bongaigaon (Assam), Chirang
(Assam), Udalguri (Assam),
Baksa (Assam), Kamrup
(Assam), South Salmara
Mancachar (Assam), Nagaon
(Assam), Kamrup Metropolitan
(Assam), Barpeta (Assam),
Morigaon (Assam), Cachar
(Assam), Karimganj (Assam),
Hailakandi (Assam), Golaghat
(Assam), Tinsukia (Assam),
Nalbari (Assam), Charaideo
(Assam), Dhubri (Assam),
Dhemaji (Assam), Lakhimpur
(Assam), Dibrugarh (Assam),
Jorhat (Assam), Sivasagar
(Assam), Hojai (Assam),
Jamui (Bihar), Nawada
(Bihar), Banka (Bihar),
Siwan (Bihar), Sheikhpura
(Bihar), Purba Champaran
(Bihar), Samastipur (Bihar),
Begusarai (Bihar), Bhojpur
(Bihar), Bhagalpur (Bihar),
Muzaffarpur (Bihar), Kaimur
(Bhabua) (Bihar), Aurangabad
(Bihar), Saran (Bihar),
Gopalganj (Bihar), Khagaria
(Bihar), Arwal (Bihar), Munger
(Bihar), Rohtas (Bihar),
Nalanda (Bihar), Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 265
Horizontal Expansion [Low
Area-High Yield (LA-HY)]
75 districts
Vertical Expansion
[High Area-Low Yield
(HA-LY)]
72 districts
Horizontal & Vertical
Expansion [Low Area-Low
Yield(LA-LY)]
238 districts
Deoria (Uttar Pradesh), Gonda
(Uttar Pradesh), Ghaziabad
(Uttar Pradesh), Gorakhpur
(Uttar Pradesh), Shrawasti
(Uttar Pradesh), Hapur
(Uttar Pradesh), Etah (Uttar
Pradesh), Faizabad (Uttar
Pradesh), Bahraich (Uttar
Pradesh), Mathura (Uttar
Pradesh), Bara Banki (Uttar
Pradesh), Firozabad (Uttar
Pradesh), Baghpat (Uttar
Pradesh), Kushinagar (Uttar
Pradesh), Mainpuri (Uttar
Pradesh), Agra (Uttar Pradesh),
Amroha (Uttar Pradesh),
Meerut (Uttar Pradesh),
Mahrajganj (Uttar Pradesh),
Sambhal (Uttar Pradesh),
Budaun (Uttar Pradesh),
Shahjahanpur (Uttar Pradesh),
Moradabad (Uttar Pradesh),
Rampur (Uttar Pradesh),
Bareilly (Uttar Pradesh),
Shamli (Uttar Pradesh), Bijnor
(Uttar Pradesh), Pilibhit (Uttar
Pradesh), Muzaffarnagar (Uttar
Pradesh), Saharanpur (Uttar
Pradesh), South Twenty Four
Pargana (West Bengal)
Khunti (Jharkhand),
Gumla (Jharkhand),
Lohardaga (Jharkhand),
Purbi Singhbhum
(Jharkhand), Pashchimi
Singhbhum (Jharkhand),
Ranchi (Jharkhand),
Giridih (Jharkhand),
Jamtara (Jharkhand),
Leh (Ladakh), Singrauli
(Madhya Pradesh),
Jabalpur (Madhya
Pradesh), Mandla
(Madhya Pradesh),
West Nimar (Madhya
Pradesh), Chhatarpur
(Madhya Pradesh), Datia
(Madhya Pradesh),
Tikamgarh (Madhya
Pradesh), Niwari
(Madhya Pradesh), West
Garo Hills (Meghalaya),
Longleng (Nagaland),
Kohima (Nagaland),
Peren (Nagaland),
Phek (Nagaland), Mon
(Nagaland), Zunheboto
(Nagaland), Wokha
(Nagaland), Dhalai
(Tripura), West Tripura
(Tripura), Hamirpur
(Uttar Pradesh),
Sonbhadra (Uttar
Pradesh), Mirzapur
(Uttar Pradesh),
Bhadohi (Uttar Pradesh),
Pratapgarh (Uttar
Pradesh), Azamgarh
(Uttar Pradesh), Sant
Kabir Nagar (Uttar
Pradesh), Mahoba (Uttar
Pradesh),
Madhubani (Bihar), Sheohar
(Bihar), Buxar (Bihar),
Pashchim Champaran
(Bihar), Sitamarhi (Bihar),
Madhepura (Bihar), Katihar
(Bihar), Purnia (Bihar),
Saharsa (Bihar), Supaul
(Bihar), Koriya (Chhattisgarh),
Balrampur (Chhattisgarh),
Kabeerdham (Chhattisgarh),
Surguja (Chhattisgarh),
Jashpur (Chhattisgarh),
Surajpur (Chhattisgarh),
Bametara (Chhattisgarh),
Rajnandgaon (Chhattisgarh),
Durg (Chhattisgarh),
Raigarh (Chhattisgarh),
Gaurela-Pendra-Marwahi
(Chhattisgarh), Mungeli
(Chhattisgarh), Gariaband
(Chhattisgarh), Korba
(Chhattisgarh), Sukma
(Chhattisgarh), Dakshin Bastar
Dantewada (Chhattisgarh),
Balod (Chhattisgarh), Baloda
Bazar (Chhattisgarh), Janjgir
- Champa (Chhattisgarh),
Bastar (Chhattisgarh), Raipur
(Chhattisgarh), Bilaspur
(Chhattisgarh), Uttar Bastar
Kanker (Chhattisgarh),
Kondagaon (Chhattisgarh),
Narayanpur (Chhattisgarh),
Mahasamund (Chhattisgarh),
Dhamtari (Chhattisgarh),
Palwal (Haryana), Gurugram
(Haryana), Jhajjar (Haryana),
Mahendragarh (Haryana),
Faridabad (Haryana), Bhiwani
(Haryana), Sonipat (Haryana),
Panipat (Haryana), Rewari
(Haryana), Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 266
Horizontal Expansion [Low
Area-High Yield (LA-HY)]
75 districts
Vertical Expansion
[High Area-Low Yield
(HA-LY)]
72 districts
Horizontal & Vertical
Expansion [Low Area-Low
Yield(LA-LY)]
238 districts
Basti (Uttar Pradesh),
Jhansi (Uttar
Pradesh), Uttarkashi
(Uttarakhand),
Udham Singh Nagar
(Uttarakhand)
Jind (Haryana), Kurukshetra
(Haryana), Ambala (Haryana),
Sirsa (Haryana), Fatehabad
(Haryana), Kaithal (Haryana),
Karnal (Haryana), Bilaspur
(Himachal Pradesh), Anantnag
(Jammu & Kashmir),
Badgam (Jammu & Kashmir),
Doda (Jammu & Kashmir),
Ganderbal (Jammu &
Kashmir), Kathua (Jammu &
Kashmir), Kishtwar (Jammu &
Kashmir), Kulgam (Jammu &
Kashmir), Pulwama (Jammu
& Kashmir), Punch (Jammu &
Kashmir), Udhampur (Jammu
& Kashmir), Sidhi (Madhya
Pradesh), Narsimhapur
(Madhya Pradesh), Umaria
(Madhya Pradesh), Burhanpur
(Madhya Pradesh), Shahdol
(Madhya Pradesh), Raisen
(Madhya Pradesh),
Chhindwara (Madhya
Pradesh), Panna (Madhya
Pradesh), Betul (Madhya
Pradesh), Alirajpur (Madhya
Pradesh), Anuppur (Madhya
Pradesh), Rewa (Madhya
Pradesh), Satna (Madhya
Pradesh), Dindori (Madhya
Pradesh), Jhabua (Madhya
Pradesh), Damoh (Madhya
Pradesh), East Nimar (Madhya
Pradesh), Barwani (Madhya
Pradesh), Seoni (Madhya
Pradesh), Katni (Madhya
Pradesh), Sagar (Madhya
Pradesh), Morena (Madhya
Pradesh), Sehore (Madhya
Pradesh), x Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 267
Horizontal Expansion [Low
Area-High Yield (LA-HY)]
75 districts
Vertical Expansion
[High Area-Low Yield
(HA-LY)]
72 districts
Horizontal & Vertical
Expansion [Low Area-Low
Yield(LA-LY)]
238 districts
Jind (Haryana), Kurukshetra
(Haryana), Ambala (Haryana),
Sirsa (Haryana), Fatehabad
(Haryana), Kaithal (Haryana),
Karnal (Haryana), Bilaspur
(Himachal Pradesh), Anantnag
(Jammu & Kashmir),
Badgam (Jammu & Kashmir),
Doda (Jammu & Kashmir),
Ganderbal (Jammu &
Kashmir), Kathua (Jammu &
Kashmir), Kishtwar (Jammu &
Kashmir), Kulgam (Jammu &
Kashmir), Pulwama (Jammu
& Kashmir), Punch (Jammu &
Kashmir), Udhampur (Jammu
& Kashmir), Sidhi (Madhya
Pradesh), Narsimhapur
(Madhya Pradesh), Umaria
(Madhya Pradesh), Burhanpur
(Madhya Pradesh), Shahdol
(Madhya Pradesh), Raisen
(Madhya Pradesh),
Chhindwara (Madhya
Pradesh), Panna (Madhya
Pradesh), Betul (Madhya
Pradesh), Alirajpur (Madhya
Pradesh), Anuppur (Madhya
Pradesh), Rewa (Madhya
Pradesh), Satna (Madhya
Pradesh), Dindori (Madhya
Pradesh), Jhabua (Madhya
Pradesh), Damoh (Madhya
Pradesh), East Nimar (Madhya
Pradesh), Barwani (Madhya
Pradesh), Seoni (Madhya
Pradesh), Katni (Madhya
Pradesh), Sagar (Madhya
Pradesh), Morena (Madhya
Pradesh), Sehore (Madhya
Pradesh), Sheopur (Madhya
Pradesh), Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 268
Horizontal Expansion [Low
Area-High Yield (LA-HY)]
75 districts
Vertical Expansion
[High Area-Low Yield
(HA-LY)]
72 districts
Horizontal & Vertical
Expansion [Low Area-Low
Yield(LA-LY)]
238 districts
Balaghat (Madhya Pradesh),
Dewas (Madhya Pradesh),
Dhar (Madhya Pradesh),
Bhopal (Madhya Pradesh),
Vidisha (Madhya Pradesh),
Shajapur (Madhya Pradesh),
Rajgarh (Madhya Pradesh),
Ratlam (Madhya Pradesh),
Ashoknagar (Madhya
Pradesh), Agar Malwa
(Madhya Pradesh), Indore
(Madhya Pradesh), Ujjain
(Madhya Pradesh), Bhind
(Madhya Pradesh), Gwalior
(Madhya Pradesh), Mandsaur
(Madhya Pradesh), Neemuch
(Madhya Pradesh), Shivpuri
(Madhya Pradesh), Guna
(Madhya Pradesh), South
West Garo Hills (Meghalaya),
East Garo Hills (Meghalaya),
North Garo Hills (Meghalaya),
East Jaintia Hills (Meghalaya),
West Jaintia Hills (Meghalaya),
Ribhoi (Meghalaya),
Tuensang (Nagaland),
Mokokchung (Nagaland),
Dimapur (Nagaland), Kiphire
(Nagaland), Ludhiana
(Punjab), Jalandhar (Punjab),
Tarn Taran (Punjab), Amritsar
(Punjab), Firozpur (Punjab),
Hoshiarpur (Punjab),
Kapurthala (Punjab), Patiala
(Punjab), Shahid Bhagat Singh
Nagar (Punjab), Pratapgarh
(Rajasthan), Pali (Rajasthan),
Jaipur (Rajasthan), Tonk
(Rajasthan), North Tripura
(Tripura), Khowai (Tripura),
Unokoti (Tripura), Gomati
(Tripura), Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 269
Horizontal Expansion [Low
Area-High Yield (LA-HY)]
75 districts
Vertical Expansion
[High Area-Low Yield
(HA-LY)]
72 districts
Horizontal & Vertical
Expansion [Low Area-Low
Yield(LA-LY)]
238 districts
South Tripura (Tripura),
Sipahijala (Tripura), Chitrakoot
(Uttar Pradesh), Banda (Uttar
Pradesh), Fatehpur (Uttar
Pradesh), Prayagraj (Uttar
Pradesh), Kanpur Dehat (Uttar
Pradesh), Kanpur Nagar
(Uttar Pradesh), Chandauli
(Uttar Pradesh), Rae Bareli
(Uttar Pradesh), Ghazipur
(Uttar Pradesh), Auraiya
(Uttar Pradesh), Mau (Uttar
Pradesh), Etawah (Uttar
Pradesh), Sitapur (Uttar
Pradesh), Siddharthnagar
(Uttar Pradesh), Farrukhabad
(Uttar Pradesh), Lucknow
(Uttar Pradesh), Unnao
(Uttar Pradesh), Kannauj
(Uttar Pradesh), Hardoi
(Uttar Pradesh), Kheri (Uttar
Pradesh), Tehri Garhwal
(Uttarakhand), Dehradun
(Uttarakhand), Rudraprayag
(Uttarakhand), Chamoli
(Uttarakhand), Garhwal
(Uttarakhand), Almora
(Uttarakhand), Nainital
(Uttarakhand), Pithoragarh
(Uttarakhand), Champawat
(Uttarakhand), Bageshwar
(Uttarakhand), Hardwar
(Uttarakhand), Alipurduar
(West Bengal), Puruliya (West
Bengal), Birbhum (West
Bengal), Paschim Bardhaman
(West Bengal), Jhargram
(West Bengal), Uttar Dinajpur
(West Bengal), Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 270
Horizontal Expansion [Low
Area-High Yield (LA-HY)]
75 districts
Vertical Expansion
[High Area-Low Yield
(HA-LY)]
72 districts
Horizontal & Vertical
Expansion [Low Area-Low
Yield(LA-LY)]
238 districts
Murshidabad (West Bengal),
Maldah (West Bengal),
Darjiling (West Bengal),
Jalpaiguri (West Bengal),
Nadia (West Bengal),
Bankura (West Bengal), North
Twenty Four Parganas (West
Bengal), Dakshin Dinajpur
(West Bengal), Hooghly
(West Bengal), Medinipur
West (West Bengal), Purba
Bardhaman (West Bengal),
Cooch Behar (West Bengal),
Howrah (West Bengal),
Kalimpong (West Bengal)
Bottom of Form Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 271
Table AIII.1.7:Mothbean
Horizontal Expansion [Low
Area-High Yield (LA-HY)]
39 districts
Vertical Expansion
[High Area-Low
Yield (HA-LY)]
7 districts
Horizontal & Vertical Expansion
[Low Area-Low Yield (LA-LY)]
22 districts
Bharuch (Gujarat), Vadodara
(Gujarat), Tapi (Gujarat),
Rajkot (Gujarat), Gir Somnath
(Gujarat), Amreli (Gujarat),
Jamnagar (Gujarat),
Surendranagar (Gujarat),
Bhavnagar (Gujarat), Botad
(Gujarat), Kheda (Gujarat),
Mahesana (Gujarat), Banas
Kantha (Gujarat), Kachchh
(Gujarat), Gandhinagar
(Gujarat), Solan (Himachal
Pradesh), Bilaspur (Himachal
Pradesh), Shimla (Himachal
Pradesh), Chamba (Himachal
Pradesh), Una (Himachal
Pradesh), Anantnag (Jammu
& Kashmir), Baramula (Jammu
& Kashmir), Badgam (Jammu
& Kashmir), Ganderbal
(Jammu & Kashmir),
Jammu (Jammu & Kashmir),
Kulgam (Jammu & Kashmir),
Pulwama (Jammu & Kashmir),
Punch (Jammu & Kashmir),
Reasi (Jammu & Kashmir),
Udhampur (Jammu &
Kashmir), Udaipur (Rajasthan),
Dungarpur (Rajasthan),
Bhilwara (Rajasthan), Sawai
Madhopur (Rajasthan),
Bharatpur (Rajasthan), Dausa
(Rajasthan), Jalor (Rajasthan),
Rajsamand (Rajasthan),
Nainital (Uttarakhand)
Yamunanagar
(Haryana),
Hanumangarh
(Rajasthan), Bikaner
(Rajasthan),
Churu (Rajasthan),
Jaisalmer
(Rajasthan), Jodhpur
(Rajasthan), Nagaur
(Rajasthan)
Panch Mahals (Gujarat), Patan
(Gujarat), Palwal (Haryana),
Bhiwani (Haryana), Hisar
(Haryana), Charki Dadri (Haryana),
Panchkula (Haryana), Kurukshetra
(Haryana), Ambala (Haryana),
Sirsa (Haryana), Fatehabad
(Haryana), Kaithal (Haryana),
Dhaulpur (Rajasthan), Karauli
(Rajasthan), Sirohi (Rajasthan), Pali
(Rajasthan), Jaipur (Rajasthan),
Tonk (Rajasthan), Ganganagar
(Rajasthan), Sikar (Rajasthan),
Ajmer (Rajasthan), Jhunjhunun
(Rajasthan)Bottom of Form Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 272
ANNEXURE-III.2: High Area and High Yield (HA-HY) District-Specific Clusters
Table AIII.2.1: High Area and High Yield (HA-HY) District-Specific Clusters
Pulse Crops HA-HY District-Specific Clusters
Pigeonpea (48
districts)
Bharuch (Gujarat), Narmada (Gujarat), Vadodara (Gujarat),
Panch Mahals (Gujarat), Chota Udaipur (Gujarat), Surat
(Gujarat), Kodarma (Jharkhand), Latehar (Jharkhand), Ramgarh
(Jharkhand), Bokaro (Jharkhand), Palamu (Jharkhand), Chatra
(Jharkhand), Saraikela-Kharsawan (Jharkhand), Hazaribagh
(Jharkhand), Dhanbad (Jharkhand), Simdega (Jharkhand), Khunti
(Jharkhand), Gumla (Jharkhand), Lohardaga (Jharkhand), Purbi
Singhbhum (Jharkhand), Pashchimi Singhbhum (Jharkhand),
Deoghar (Jharkhand), Giridih (Jharkhand), Jamtara (Jharkhand),
Singrauli (Madhya Pradesh), Narsimhapur (Madhya Pradesh),
Burhanpur (Madhya Pradesh), Wardha (Maharashtra), Buldana
(Maharashtra), Akola (Maharashtra), Nagpur (Maharashtra),
Chandrapur (Maharashtra), Jalna (Maharashtra), Parbhani
(Maharashtra), Bid (Maharashtra), Dharmapuri (Tamil Nadu),
Krishnagiri (Tamil Nadu), Kumuram Bheem Asifabad (Telangana),
Chitrakoot (Uttar Pradesh), Hamirpur (Uttar Pradesh), Mirzapur
(Uttar Pradesh), Bhadohi (Uttar Pradesh), Kaushambi (Uttar
Pradesh), Banda (Uttar Pradesh), Fatehpur (Uttar Pradesh),
Prayagraj (Uttar Pradesh), Varanasi (Uttar Pradesh), Tehri
Garhwal (Uttarakhand Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 273
Pulse Crops HA-HY District-Specific Clusters
Chickpea (99
districts)
Prakasam (Andhra Pradesh), Nandyal (Andhra Pradesh), Kurnool
(Andhra Pradesh), Y.S.R. (Andhra Pradesh), Bapatla (Andhra
Pradesh), Junagadh (Gujarat), Rajkot (Gujarat), Gir Somnath
(Gujarat), Amreli (Gujarat), Jamnagar (Gujarat), Morbi (Gujarat),
Bhavnagar (Gujarat), Botad (Gujarat), Porbandar (Gujarat),
Devbhumi Dwarka (Gujarat), Kodarma (Jharkhand), Ramgarh
(Jharkhand), Garhwa (Jharkhand), Bokaro (Jharkhand), Godda
(Jharkhand), Sahibganj (Jharkhand), Saraikela-Kharsawan
(Jharkhand), Hazaribagh (Jharkhand), Dumka (Jharkhand),
Dhanbad (Jharkhand), Simdega (Jharkhand), Khunti (Jharkhand),
Deoghar (Jharkhand), Giridih (Jharkhand), Belagavi (Karnataka),
Singrauli (Madhya Pradesh), Narsimhapur (Madhya Pradesh),
Umaria (Madhya Pradesh), Burhanpur (Madhya Pradesh), Raisen
(Madhya Pradesh), Chhindwara (Madhya Pradesh), Panna
(Madhya Pradesh), Betul (Madhya Pradesh), Satna (Madhya
Pradesh), Jhabua (Madhya Pradesh), Damoh (Madhya Pradesh),
West Nimar (Madhya Pradesh), East Nimar (Madhya Pradesh),
Seoni (Madhya Pradesh), Katni (Madhya Pradesh), Chhatarpur
(Madhya Pradesh), Sagar (Madhya Pradesh), Hoshangabad
(Madhya Pradesh), Sehore (Madhya Pradesh), Sheopur (Madhya
Pradesh), Balaghat (Madhya Pradesh), Dewas (Madhya Pradesh),
Dhar (Madhya Pradesh), Vidisha (Madhya Pradesh), Harda
(Madhya Pradesh), Ratlam (Madhya Pradesh), Ashoknagar
(Madhya Pradesh), Mandsaur (Madhya Pradesh), Neemuch
(Madhya Pradesh), Shivpuri (Madhya Pradesh), Guna (Madhya
Pradesh), Wardha (Maharashtra), Washim (Maharashtra), Buldana
(Maharashtra), Akola (Maharashtra), Nagpur (Maharashtra),
Jalna (Maharashtra), Jalgaon (Maharashtra), Udaipur
(Rajasthan), Dungarpur (Rajasthan), Pratapgarh (Rajasthan),
Pali (Rajasthan), Bhilwara (Rajasthan), Jaipur (Rajasthan),
Sawai Madhopur (Rajasthan), Chittaurgarh (Rajasthan), Kota
(Rajasthan), Jhalawar (Rajasthan), Tonk (Rajasthan), Dausa
(Rajasthan), Sikar (Rajasthan), Baran (Rajasthan), Jhunjhunun
(Rajasthan), Rajsamand (Rajasthan), Adilabad (Telangana),
Yadadri Bhuvanagiri (Telangana), Nirmal (Telangana),
Kamareddy (Telangana), Chitrakoot (Uttar Pradesh), Hamirpur
(Uttar Pradesh), Sonbhadra (Uttar Pradesh), Kaushambi (Uttar
Pradesh), Banda (Uttar Pradesh), Fatehpur (Uttar Pradesh),
Kanpur Dehat (Uttar Pradesh), Kanpur Nagar (Uttar Pradesh),
Jalaun (Uttar Pradesh), Mahoba (Uttar Pradesh), Jhansi (Uttar
Pradesh) Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 274
Pulse Crops HA-HY District-Specific Clusters
Green Gram (53
districts)
Y.S.R. (Andhra Pradesh), Bapatla (Andhra Pradesh), Guntur
(Andhra Pradesh), Eluru (Andhra Pradesh), West Godavari
(Andhra Pradesh), West Siang (Arunachal Pradesh), Tawang
(Arunachal Pradesh), Majuli (Assam), Banka (Bihar), Vaishali
(Bihar), Samastipur (Bihar), Muzaffarpur (Bihar), Sheohar (Bihar),
Madhepura (Bihar), Junagadh (Gujarat), Porbandar (Gujarat),
Hisar (Haryana), Yamunanagar (Haryana), Kodarma (Jharkhand),
Latehar (Jharkhand), Ramgarh (Jharkhand), Bokaro (Jharkhand),
Chatra (Jharkhand), Pakur (Jharkhand), Saraikela-Kharsawan
(Jharkhand), Hazaribagh (Jharkhand), Dumka (Jharkhand),
Dhanbad (Jharkhand), Khunti (Jharkhand), Pashchimi Singhbhum
(Jharkhand), Narsimhapur (Madhya Pradesh), Raisen (Madhya
Pradesh), Jabalpur (Madhya Pradesh), Damoh (Madhya Pradesh),
West Nimar (Madhya Pradesh), East Nimar (Madhya Pradesh),
Sagar (Madhya Pradesh), Hoshangabad (Madhya Pradesh), Sehore
(Madhya Pradesh), Dewas (Madhya Pradesh), Harda (Madhya
Pradesh), Osmanabad (Maharashtra), Parbhani (Maharashtra),
Satara (Maharashtra), Zunheboto (Nagaland), Wokha (Nagaland),
Yanam (Puducherry), Salem (Tamil Nadu), Namakkal (Tamil Nadu),
Thiruvallur (Tamil Nadu), Sangareddy (Telangana), West Tripura
(Tripura), Etawah (Uttar Pradesh)
Black Gram (68
districts)
Nandyal (Andhra Pradesh), Y.S.R. (Andhra Pradesh), Bapatla
(Andhra Pradesh), Sri Potti Sriramulu Nellore (Andhra Pradesh),
Srikakulam (Andhra Pradesh), Kakinada (Andhra Pradesh),
Vizianagaram (Andhra Pradesh), Eluru (Andhra Pradesh), Krishna
(Andhra Pradesh), West Godavari (Andhra Pradesh), West Siang
(Arunachal Pradesh), Bongaigaon (Assam), South Salmara
Mancachar (Assam), Barpeta (Assam), Dhubri (Assam), The
Dangs (Gujarat), Sabar Kantha (Gujarat), Gir Somnath (Gujarat),
Kodarma (Jharkhand), Latehar (Jharkhand), Ramgarh (Jharkhand),
Garhwa (Jharkhand), Bokaro (Jharkhand), Palamu (Jharkhand),
Chatra (Jharkhand), Pakur (Jharkhand), Sahibganj (Jharkhand),
Saraikela-Kharsawan (Jharkhand), Hazaribagh (Jharkhand), Dumka
(Jharkhand), Dhanbad (Jharkhand), Simdega (Jharkhand), Khunti
(Jharkhand), Gumla (Jharkhand), Purbi Singhbhum (Jharkhand),
Pashchimi Singhbhum (Jharkhand), Deoghar (Jharkhand),
Ranchi (Jharkhand), Giridih (Jharkhand), Jamtara (Jharkhand),
Jabalpur (Madhya Pradesh), Buldana (Maharashtra), Osmanabad
(Maharashtra), Bid (Maharashtra), Ahmadnagar (Maharashtra),
Sangli (Maharashtra), Zunheboto (Nagaland), Wokha (Nagaland),
Yanam (Puducherry), Tiruvannamalai (Tamil Nadu), Pudukkottai
(Tamil Nadu), Thanjavur (Tamil Nadu), Kallakurichchi (Tamil Nadu),
Viluppuram (Tamil Nadu), Tirunelveli (Tamil Nadu), Wanaparthy
(Telangana), Yadadri Bhuvanagiri (Telangana), Dhalai (Tripura),
West Tripura (Tripura), Pratapgarh (Uttar Pradesh), Jalaun (Uttar
Pradesh), Lucknow (Uttar Pradesh), Sambhal (Uttar Pradesh),
Budaun (Uttar Pradesh), Tehri Garhwal (Uttarakhand), Uttarkashi
(Uttarakhand), Garhwal (Uttarakhand), Nainital (Uttarakhand) Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 275
Pulse Crops HA-HY District-Specific Clusters
Lentil (46 districts)
Baksa (Assam), Patna (Bihar), Jehanabad (Bihar), Arwal (Bihar),
Lakhisarai (Bihar), Nalanda (Bihar), Sheohar (Bihar), Pashchim
Champaran (Bihar), Yamunanagar (Haryana), Kodarma
(Jharkhand), Garhwa (Jharkhand), Bokaro (Jharkhand), Godda
(Jharkhand), Dumka (Jharkhand), Simdega (Jharkhand), Gumla
(Jharkhand), Deoghar (Jharkhand), Narsimhapur (Madhya
Pradesh), Umaria (Madhya Pradesh), Raisen (Madhya Pradesh),
Panna (Madhya Pradesh), Dindori (Madhya Pradesh), Damoh
(Madhya Pradesh), Mandla (Madhya Pradesh), Sagar (Madhya
Pradesh), Vidisha (Madhya Pradesh), Shajapur (Madhya Pradesh),
Rajgarh (Madhya Pradesh), Ashoknagar (Madhya Pradesh),
Shivpuri (Madhya Pradesh), West Garo Hills (Meghalaya),
Pratapgarh (Rajasthan), Prayagraj (Uttar Pradesh), Ballia (Uttar
Pradesh), Chandauli (Uttar Pradesh), Sultanpur (Uttar Pradesh),
Ghazipur (Uttar Pradesh), Jalaun (Uttar Pradesh), Gonda (Uttar
Pradesh), Bahraich (Uttar Pradesh), Jhansi (Uttar Pradesh),
Shahjahanpur (Uttar Pradesh), Lalitpur (Uttar Pradesh),
Pithoragarh (Uttarakhand), Champawat (Uttarakhand), Maldah
(West Bengal)
Pea and Bean (28
districts)
Siang (Arunachal Pradesh), Lower Subansiri (Arunachal Pradesh),
West Siang (Arunachal Pradesh), Lepa Rada (Arunachal Pradesh),
Kra Daadi (Arunachal Pradesh), West Kameng (Arunachal
Pradesh), Solan (Himachal Pradesh), Shimla (Himachal Pradesh),
Mandi (Himachal Pradesh), Chamba (Himachal Pradesh), Kinnaur
(Himachal Pradesh), Kullu (Himachal Pradesh), Lahul & Spiti
(Himachal Pradesh), Kodarma (Jharkhand), Bokaro (Jharkhand),
Dumka (Jharkhand), Simdega (Jharkhand), Deoghar (Jharkhand),
East Khasi Hills (Meghalaya), West Khasi Hills (Meghalaya),
Varanasi (Uttar Pradesh), Jaunpur (Uttar Pradesh), Sultanpur
(Uttar Pradesh), Jalaun (Uttar Pradesh), Amethi (Uttar Pradesh),
Ambedkar Nagar (Uttar Pradesh), Kasganj (Uttar Pradesh),
Lalitpur (Uttar Pradesh)
Mothbean (3
districts)Ahmadabad (Gujarat), Bandipore (Jammu & Kashmir), Barmer
(Rajasthan) Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 276
ANNEXURE-IV: Insights into Pulse Cultivation: A Survey of Indian Farmers
Examining pulse production across India at state and national levels is essential to grasp
the complexities within the agriculture sector. This analysis offers a comprehensive look into
regional strengths, challenges, and opportunities in pulse farming, which is crucial for creating
effective policies and strategies tailored to each region. The state-wise exploration highlights
unique regional characteristics and production dynamics. At the same time, the all-India
perspective provides a cohesive understanding of the pulse sector’s contribution to food
security, nutrition, and income for farmers. Given the crop’s nitrogen-fixing benefits, achieving
self-sufficiency in pulses can address protein security for the population and contribute to
sustainable agricultural practices.
This section presents an in-depth study of pulse cultivation in key growing states based on
primary survey data from NITI Aayog and lays the groundwork for informed decision-making
and sustainable growth in this critical sector.
i. Sampling Framework of Selected Farmers
The survey of pulse production in 5 states was conducted to assess the current
status of pulse production in the country. The sampling framework showing selected
districts of the sample states is shown in Figure AIV.1. The sample size for the survey
was 885 farmers from different states, having different socio-economic profiles,
cropping patterns, and land holdings relating to pulse production (Table AIV.1 and
Table AIV.2).
Figure AIV.1: Sampling framework showing selected districts of the sample states
The survey also found a significant variation in pulse production across different
states. This variation is due to several factors, including climate, soil type, and
irrigation practices. This decline is due to several factors, including the increasing
use of fertilizers and pesticides and adopting new agricultural technologies. The
survey findings suggest a need to improve pulse production in the country. This can
be done by several measures, including developing new pulse varieties, promoting
sustainable agricultural practices, and providing better access to credit and inputs
for pulse farmers. Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 277
Table AIV.1: Sampling Framework with Land Holdings
States/UTs Marginal
(Below 1.0
ha.)
Small (1.00-
1.99 ha.)
Semi-medium
(2.00-3.99
ha.)
Medium
(4.00-9.99
ha.)
Large
(10.00 ha.
& above)
Madhya Pradesh 51.84 25.44 15.74 5.66 1.32
Rajasthan 43.64 20.12 17.50 13.37 5.37
Karnataka 58.43 23.72 12.74 3.79 1.33
Gujarat41.45 28.58 20.62 7.92 1.43
Andhra Pradesh 72.85 17.54 8.04 0.71 0.86
The above table illustrates the distribution of land holdings by size category across
selected Indian states. Marginal farmers (holding less than 1 hectare) dominate in
all states, particularly in Andhra Pradesh (72.85%) and Karnataka (58.43%). Small
farmers (1.0-1.99 hectares) also make up a significant portion of states like Gujarat
(28.58%) and Madhya Pradesh (25.44%). The proportion of larger landholders (10
hectares and above) is relatively low across all states, with Rajasthan showing the
highest percentage (5.37%) for this category. Rajasthan and Gujarat also have
a comparatively higher share of medium-sized holdings (4.00-9.99 hectares),
highlighting regional variations in landholding patterns across these states.
Table AIV.2: State-wise Distribution of Pulse Crops in Surveyed Districts
Sr NoState Districts
Pulse Crop(s) in
Region Surveyed
No. of Farmers
Surveyed
1 Andhra PradeshGunturBlack Gram65
KrishnaBlack Gram65
Visakhapatnam Black Gram65
2 Gujarat Ahmadabad Chickpea60
Devbhumi Dwarka Chickpea60
Gir Somnath Chickpea, Black Gram 50
3 Karnataka BelagaviPigeonpea60
DharwadPigeonpea60
4
Madhya
Pradesh
Betul
Pigeonpea, Chickpea,
Green Gram
60
Chhindwara &
Pandhurna
Pigeonpea, Chickpea,
Green Gram, Black
Gram
60
Burhanpurkic
Pigeonpea, Green
Gram
60
Indore
Pigeonpea, Green
Gram
60
5 Rajasthan BarmerGreen Gram50
NagaurGreen Gram60
JodhpurGreen Gram50
Total885 Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 278
The table AIV.2 provides details of pulse crops surveyed across districts in five states:
Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, and Rajasthan. The total
number of farmers surveyed is 885, distributed across 13 districts. Andhra Pradesh
focuses on Black Gram, with 65 farmers surveyed in each district. Gujarat covers
Chickpea and Black Gram across three districts, with the number of surveyed farmers
varying between 50 and 60. Karnataka primarily surveys Arhar in two districts, with
60 farmers each. Madhya Pradesh includes diverse pulses such as Arhar, Gram,
Moong, and Urd, surveying 60 farmers per district across four districts. Rajasthan
focuses on Moong, with farmers surveyed ranging between 50 and 60.
Table AIV.3: Demographic Profile of the Respondents (% of households) – participants
States
Madhya
Pradesh
Rajasthan
Karnataka
Gujarat
Andhra
Pradesh
Aggregate
Characteristics
No of Sample (Households)
Farming experience of the respondents
(years)
48.8850.8855.0953.0549.3250.91
Age group
18-30 Yrs 3.783.091.171.292.693.56
31-40 Yrs 19 12.546.768.8915.7412.59
41-50 Yrs 31.7933.4123.0829.2537.0229.96
51-60 Yrs 31.1330.8931.5335.9830.2533.84
61-65 Yrs 7.4910.125.8812.927.9412.24
66 Yrs & Above 6.89.9711.5811.676.357.80
Education status
Illiterate 0.135.414.37.7811.47.04
Up to primary 30.2330.7742.3627.7836.1227.64
up to secondary 35.5140.4221.3323.2841.8341.12
up to graduate 22.648.518.6719.226.4511.87
above graduate 11.4914.913.3421.944.212.32
Main occupation Farming 86.8977.386.180.377.281.06
Self-business
6.9
12.4
9.8913.410.210.28
Salaried/
pensioners
1.4 3.2 3.4 2.4 5.23.77
wage earners 2.1 5 0 2.1 1.5 2.29
Others2.712.1 0.611.8 5.9 2.60
ii. Farmers’ Socio-economic Profile
The socio-economic factors furnish a base for further planning and development of
the agriculture sector. The standard of living of people depends upon their socio- Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 279
economic status. The socioeconomic status of farmers can be assessed or quantified
through various parameters like age-wise distribution of farmers, their educational
status, their size of land holdings, their farming experience, etc. Table AIV.3 presents
a brief overview of the demographic profile of the respondents. It can be clearly seen
from the statistics that there are wide variations in the socio-economic profile of the
households across the sample states.
The table outlines farming households’ demographic and socio-economic attributes
across various Indian states. On average, respondents have 50.91 years of farming
experience. Karnataka (55.09 years) has the highest experience, while Madhya Pradesh
(48.88 years) has the lowest depicting that the farmers are highly experienced,
suggesting a deep understanding of traditional agricultural practices.
The farming population is aging, and the low representation of youth indicates
potential challenges for future agricultural sustainability. Very few young respondents
(18-30 years) are engaged in farming, with Karnataka and Gujarat reporting the least.
The aggregate is 3.56%, reflecting a declining interest in agriculture among youth.
Most of the farmers fall into the 31-60 age group (76.39% aggregate).
The majority of farmers possess basic education, which can support modern
agricultural practices. However, higher education levels are still limited. The overall
illiteracy rate is 7.04%. Karnataka has the highest rate (14.3%), while Madhya Pradesh
(0.13%) has the lowest. A significant proportion of farmers have completed primary
(27.64%) and secondary education (41.12%). Around 24.19% of respondents are
graduates or above, with Gujarat having the highest share of above-graduates
(21.94%).
iii. Holding Size
The details of the respondents’ average size of land holdings are given in Table AIV.4.
It is discernible from the table that the landholding patterns and agricultural metrics
across five states. Karnataka has the largest owned area (11.2 acres) but a smaller net
operated area (9.3 acres), indicating some land may be left uncultivated, while its
gross cropped area (16.2 acres) and high cropping intensity (135.3%) reflect efficient
land use through multiple cropping. Rajasthan shows a significant gap between its
owned area (6.1 acres) and net operated area (5.1 acres), suggesting land may be
leased out or fallow, yet it achieves the highest cropping intensity (135.9%) due to
intensive farming.
Madhya Pradesh has consistent figures for owned and net operated area (7.1 acres),
with moderate cropping intensity (131.3%) and the highest irrigation coverage (81.7%),
supporting stable agricultural output. Andhra Pradesh shows a higher net operated
area (7.2 acres) than owned, likely due to leased land, and its high gross cropped area
(13.5 acres) reflects effective land use despite a lower cropping intensity (119.2%).
Gujarat reports the smallest owned area (5.1 acres) and gross cropped area (8.6 acres)
alongside the lowest irrigation coverage (59%), which restricts cropping intensity
(122%). Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 280
Table AIV.4: Average Size of Land Holdings of the Respondents (in acres)
States Owned
area
Net operated
area
Gross
cropped areaCropping
intensity (%)
Area
irrigated (%)
Rajasthan 6.1 5.1 12.8 135.9 65.2
Madhya
Pradesh
7.1 7.1 9.7 131.3 81.7
Gujarat 5.1 5.6 8.6 122% 59
Andhra
Pradesh
6.4 7.2 13.5 119.2 81.2
Karnataka 11.2 9.3 16.2 135.3 71.6
iv. Knowledge of MSP to the Farmers
The survey on pulse cultivation in various states provided valuable insights into
farmers’ awareness and engagement with Minimum Support Price (MSP) policies.
Among the surveyed farmers, a substantial 94.2% on aggregate were found to be
aware of the MSP provided by the government. This high level of awareness indicates
that the majority of farmers are well-informed about the government’s MSP initiatives,
reflecting the successful dissemination and accessibility of this important information.
v. Constraints Faced by Farmers in Growing Pulses
The opinion and suggestions of farmers regarding the cultivation of pulses in each
state is presented in Table AIV.5 and are summarized below.
Table AIV.5: Constraints Faced by Farmers in Growing Pulses
Constraint
Type
Issue Rajasthan
Madhya
Pradesh
GujaratAndhra
Pradesh
KarnatakaAggregate
Production
Constraints
Non-
availability
of suitable
varieties
25 27 28 29 26 27
Poor crop
germination
42 45 47 46 43 45
Lack of
irrigation
facilities
29 25 28 27 30 28
Poor quality
of soils
54 50 48 47 53 50
High input
costs (diesel,
fertilizer, etc.)
82 79 81 78 84 81
Timely
availability of
seed
25 27 28 29 26 27
Poor-quality
supply of
inputs
60 62 58 55 61 59 Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 281
Constraint
Type
Issue Rajasthan
Madhya
Pradesh
GujaratAndhra
Pradesh
KarnatakaAggregate
Marketing
Constraints
High mandi
charges
55 58 54 50 57 55
Uneven
bargaining
power with
intermediaries
63 65 64 66 62 64
Low,
fluctuating
prices at
harvest
80 82 78 81 79 80
Information
Access
Lack of
awareness
of pulse
technologies
70 69 68 65 71 69
Poor
extension
services
61 62 60 58 63 61
Lack of price
and market
info
72 71 73 70 69 71
Infras-
tructure &
Institutional
Lack of
institutional
credit
65 64 66 63 67 65
Irregular
power supply
83 85 82 78 80 82
Poor
marketing
system/
access
74 76 75 73 71 74
Lack of
processing
facilities
69 68 67 64 70 68
Lack of
transport
means
62 66
63 60 65 63
Inadequate
storage
76 73 75 71 77 74
Poor road
infrastructure
68 67 64 69 65 67
High
transportation
costs
80 79 77 75 82 79
Natural
Constraints
Extreme
temperature
variations
73 72 74 68 71 72
Excessive
rains
65 64 63 60 66 64 Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 282
State-wise Summary of the Survey is Given Below:
a). Rajasthan:
i. Nearly 60% of pulse farming relies on rain-fed systems, making production vulnerable
to irregular rainfall and drought. Farmers proposed promoting water conservation
techniques like rainwater harvesting and implementing Furrow Irrigated Raised Bed
(FIRB) systems to reduce water stress.
ii. Government procurement at MSP has supported some farmers (such as those in
Nagaur), but many districts lack this benefit, impacting income stability. Farmers
suggested expanding MSP-based procurement initiatives to more districts to support
a larger number of pulse growers.
iii. The high price of quality seeds and bio-fertilizers discourages regular adoption of
resilient, high-yield varieties. Farmers mentioned that subsidies or financial assistance
for these inputs would enable them to use improved seed varieties.
iv. Farmers were worried about unpredictable weather and yield variability. They
propose expanding crop insurance schemes to manage pulses farming risks, thereby
promoting sector investment.
v. Inadequate local storage facilities and high transportation costs lead to significant
post-harvest losses and reduce profitability.
vi. There are no processing units or storage facilities available at the farm level, which
affects farmers’ ability to manage their produce efficiently.
vii. Essential nutrients like zinc, iron, and boron are often lacking in Rajasthan’s soils,
affecting pulse crop productivity. Farmers themselves suggested that access to
balanced micronutrient fertilizers at subsidized prices and more soil testing facilities
would help address this issue.
b) Madhya Pradesh:
i. Chickpea and lentil crops are frequently affected by pests like pod borers and
wilt diseases, leading to significant crop losses each season. Farmers suggested
promoting pest-resistant seed varieties and increasing access to bio-pesticides to
manage these issues effectively.
ii. The decline in pulses (Moong, Arhar) cultivation in Indore over the past decade is
primarily due to crop losses from wild boar and pig attacks and a shift to high-value
crops like Garlic and Onion. Farmers with access to irrigation prefer short-duration,
high-return crops over long-duration pulses like Arhar.
iii. Farmers demand regular electricity supply, proper storage facilities at the village level,
strengthening of extension and market intelligence services, and the establishment
of more regulated market/purchase centres.
iv. Farmers expressed a need for short-duration pulse varieties that could better suit the
local growing conditions.
v. Farmers reported that maximum labour is required during harvesting, threshing,
bagging, transportation, and other field operations, increasing production costs. Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 283
They expressed a need for more mechanized solutions and labour-efficient practices
to reduce labour dependency and lower costs.
vi. The decline in pulse cultivation is further driven by issues such as the timely availability
of seeds and fertilizers, with hoarding and cartelization by merchants contributing
to shortages. Additionally, farmers are hesitant to use nano-urea and prefer selling
gram as a horticultural crop for better financial returns instead of classifying it as a
pulse.
vii. Limited storage facilities and weak market linkages often force farmers into distressed
sales, contributing to income instability. Farmers suggested establishing better local
storage facilities and strengthening market linkages to reduce post-harvest losses
and allow for more profitable sales.
viii. Farmers also face competition from banana, cotton, and sugarcane crops, while dal
mills in the district have shut down. There is a significant price discrepancy between
seeds and produce of the same crop.
c) Andhra Pradesh:
i. Crops like pigeonpea and chickpea face frequent attacks from pests, such as pod
borers, leading to yield losses. Farmers suggested implementing improved pest
management strategies and developing pest- and disease-tolerant crop varieties to
enhance crop resilience and productivity.
ii. In Krishna District (Kharif), major crops include paddy and sugarcane. Pulse area is
limited, with Blackgram grown in 1,500 Ha. Groundnut is cultivated in 500 Ha.
iii. In regions like Krishna district, delayed release of water for Kharif crops leads to late
paddy harvests, which in turn pushes the Black gram sowing season beyond the
optimal period. Farmers recommended advancing the release of canal water to early
June to allow for a timely paddy harvest and ensure Black gram can be sown within
the ideal window.
iv. Quality seeds and fertilizers are often costly and located at distant distribution centres,
increasing transportation expenses for farmers. Farmers proposed establishing
nearby input centres to provide certified seeds and fertilizers at affordable prices,
enabling timely sowing and improved crop care.
v. Farmers experience considerable price volatility, which affects income stability
and discourages pulse production. Farmers suggested implementing a Minimum
Support Price (MSP) along with direct procurement programs to stabilize income
and encourage continued cultivation.
vi. Many farmers rely solely on rain-fed agriculture, which limits productivity, especially
during dry spells. Farmers advocated for community-based irrigation systems and
water harvesting methods to ensure water availability during critical growth stages.
vii. In Guntur District, Blackgram has traditionally been a prominent crop during the
Kharif and late Kharif seasons, but in recent years, Maize has started replacing it.
The district faces significant challenges, including a lack of mechanization in pulse
cultivation, which increases dependence on manual labor. This labor shortage is
pushing farmers to shift towards more labor-efficient crops like Paddy and Maize. Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 284
viii. In Visakhapatnam District, the cultivation of pulses is severely impacted by limited
irrigation facilities and a lack of access to High Yielding Varieties (HYV) or short-
duration varieties. These factors restrict the ability of farmers to maximize yield
potential, particularly during the critical growing seasons, thereby affecting pulse
crop productivity.
d). Karnataka:
i. The dominance of commission agents in the marketing chain often reduces farmers’
profit margins. Farmers advocated for improved market access and the development
of direct sales channels to secure better prices and enhance profitability in pulse
farming.
ii. The rising costs of essential inputs, such as seeds, fertilizers, and pesticides, strain
farmers financially, reducing their capacity to invest in high-quality resources.
iii. Continuous cultivation without adequate soil restoration measures has led to
declining soil fertility in pulse-growing regions.
iv. With irregular weather and other uncertainties, many farmers are vulnerable to crop
losses without adequate insurance options. Farmers suggested expanding crop
insurance coverage tailored to pulse farming to protect against income loss during
adverse seasons.
e). Gujarat:
i. In Gir Somnath District, pulses such as Green Gram (Moong) and Black Gram (Urad)
are sown in very limited areas during the Kharif season, with a higher focus on crops
like Groundnut, Soyabean, and Cotton. Wheat and Chickpea dominate the Rabi
season, with Chickpea grown in significant areas. The district also grows pulses
during the summer season, with notable areas under Black Gram and Green Gram.
ii. Farmers face challenges, including water issues, pest infestations, labor shortages,
and inadequate seed availability, which affect pulse yields.
iii. In the Gujarat region, farmers grow black gram, green gram, and chickpea but
encounter several constraints that hinder productivity, such as water scarcity,
especially during the rabi season, and pest infestations in green gram.
iv. There is also a labor shortage for harvesting, which impacts pulse production across
districts. To address these issues, it is recommended to construct more check dams
to stabilize groundwater levels, develop high-yield and pest-resistant crop varieties,
and ensure timely seed availability.
v. Farmers propose constructing more check dams to stabilize groundwater levels,
developing pest- and fungus-resistant seed varieties, and creating high-yield,
mechanically harvestable crops to improve irrigation, reduce crop losses, and address
labor shortages.
vi. They also recommend ensuring timely seed availability, increasing procurement
quantities for efficient processing, and appointing additional Gram Sevaks to enhance
agricultural extension services and streamline administrative workloads. Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 285
ANNEXURE-V: Top 111 Districts contributing 75% of total pulse production
Table AV.1: Top 111 Districts contributing 75% of total pulse production
Sl. No DistrictState
1. KalaburagiKarnataka
2. BuldanaMaharashtra
3. NagaurRajasthan
4. SagarMadhya Pradesh
5. RaisenMadhya Pradesh
6. HoshangabadMadhya Pradesh
7. NarsimhapurMadhya Pradesh
8. LaturMaharashtra
9. DamohMadhya Pradesh
10. OsmanabadMaharashtra
11. ChhatarpurMadhya Pradesh
12. ChuruRajasthan
13. VidishaMadhya Pradesh
14. NandedMaharashtra
15. HardaMadhya Pradesh
16. JhansiUttar Pradesh
17. BikanerRajasthan
18. JalaunUttar Pradesh
19. VijayapuraKarnataka
20. AjmerRajasthan
21. JodhpurRajasthan
22. KrishnaAndhra Pradesh
23. LalitpurUttar Pradesh
24. YavatmalMaharashtra
25. JaipurRajasthan
26. AmravatiMaharashtra
27. AkolaMaharashtra
28. BandaUttar Pradesh
29. NagpurMaharashtra
30. PaliRajasthan
31. BidMaharashtra
32. JabalpurMadhya Pradesh
33. ParbhaniMaharashtra
34. AhmadnagarMaharashtra
35. PannaMadhya Pradesh
36. BidarKarnataka
37. DewasMadhya Pradesh Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 286
Sl. No DistrictState
38. WardhaMaharashtra
39. HingoliMaharashtra
40. SehoreMadhya Pradesh
41. BhilwaraRajasthan
42. West NimarMadhya Pradesh
43. HamirpurUttar Pradesh
44. TonkRajasthan
45. MahobaUttar Pradesh
46. JalnaMaharashtra
47. JunagadhGujarat
48. WashimMaharashtra
49. JaisalmerRajasthan
50. GanganagarRajasthan
51. ChittaurgarhRajasthan
52. HanumangarhRajasthan
53. JalgaonMaharashtra
54. RajkotGujarat
55. ChhindwaraMadhya Pradesh
56. NandyalAndhra Pradesh
57. ShivpuriMadhya Pradesh
58. East NimarMadhya Pradesh
59. SolapurMaharashtra
60. AshoknagarMadhya Pradesh
61. JhunjhununRajasthan
62. ChandrapurMaharashtra
63. DharwadKarnataka
64. AmreliGujarat
65. JamnagarGujarat
66. SikarRajasthan
67. BelagaviKarnataka
68. BapatlaAndhra Pradesh
69. RajgarhMadhya Pradesh
70. Y.S.R.Andhra Pradesh
71. RaichurKarnataka
72. BarmerRajasthan
73. GunaMadhya Pradesh
74. ChitrakootUttar Pradesh
75. JhalawarRajasthan
76. FatehpurUttar Pradesh Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 287
Sl. No DistrictState
77. RajnandgaonChhattisgarh
78. GadagKarnataka
79. BetulMadhya Pradesh
80. DindoriMadhya Pradesh
81. SeoniMadhya Pradesh
82. BharuchGujarat
83. AnantpurAndhra Pradesh
84. KurnoolAndhra Pradesh
85. DharMadhya Pradesh
86. BagalkoteKarnataka
87. AdilabadTelangana
88. MandsaurMadhya Pradesh
89. SatnaMadhya Pradesh
90. BaranRajasthan
91. KotaRajasthan
92. PuneMaharashtra
93. AurangabadMaharashtra
94. KamareddyTelangana
95. VikarabadTelangana
96. BalaghatMadhya Pradesh
97. BundiRajasthan
98. PrakasamAndhra Pradesh
99. DhuleMaharashtra
100. PrayagrajUttar Pradesh
101. YadgirKarnataka
102. SheopurMadhya Pradesh
103. Devbhumi Dwarka Gujarat
104. SimdegaJharkhand
105. TikamgarhMadhya Pradesh
106. RewaMadhya Pradesh
107. PorbandarGujarat
108. KatniMadhya Pradesh
109. NashikMaharashtra
110. Sawai Madhopur Rajasthan
111. MurshidabadWest Bengal
Source: Authors' Computation Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 288
Map AV.1: Top 111 Districts contributing 75% of total pulse production
Source: Authors' Computation Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 289
ANNEXURE-VI: List of Reviewers
Table AVI.1: List of Reviewers
S.NoReviewer Name Designation
1. Smt. Subha Thakur
Additional Secretary, Crops, Admn. & Seeds,
Department of Agriculture & Farmers’ Welfare
(DA&FW)
2.
Dr. Praveen Kumar
Singh
Agriculture Commissioner, Department of
Agriculture & Farmers’ Welfare (DA&FW)
3. Dr. J.S. Sandhu
Professor Chair, Guru Gobind Singh Chair, Patanjali
University, Uttarakhand
4. Dr. Shiv Kumar Agrawal
Regional Coordinator, South Asia & China
Programme, International Center for Agricultural
Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA)
5. Dr. GP Dixit
Director, ICAR-Indian Institute of Pulses Research
(IIPR), Kanpur
6. Dr. Aditya Pratap
Project Coordinator All India Coordinated Research
Projects (AICRP) (Kharif Pulses), ICAR
7. Dr. A.K. Shivhare
Jt. Director, Directorate of Pulses Development
(DPD), Bhopal
8. Dr. Shailesh Tripathi
Project Coordinator, AICRP All India Coordinated
Research Projects (AICRP) (Rabi Pulses), ICAR
9. Dr. C. Bharadwaj
Principal Scientist (Genetics), Indian Agricultural
Research Institute (IARI)
10. Dr. Anita Babbar
Principal Scientist (Chickpea), Jawaharlal Nehru
Krishi Vishwavidyalaya (JNKVV), Jabalpur
11. Prof. S.K. Jain
Professor (Plant Breeding & Genetics), Rajasthan
Agricultural Research Institute, Durgapura, Jaipur
12.
Dr. Prakash
Gangashetty
Senior Scientist (Pigeonpea), International Crops
Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics
(ICRISAT)
13. Mr. Bimal Kothari Chairman, India Pulses Grains Association (IPGA) Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 290
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towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 296

NITI Aayog hosted an expert consultation on “Pulses for Prosperity: Strategy for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses”, September 20, 2024 Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 297
Glimpse of Primary Survey Conducted by
NITI Aayog in 5 States

Field visit to Nagaur, Barmer and Jodhpur, Rajasthan Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 298

Field and KVK Visit to Indore and Khargone, Madhya Pradesh
Field and KVK visit to Betul and Chhindwara, Madhya Pradesh Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in
Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 299
Field visit to Guntur, Palnadu and Krishna, Andhra Pradesh
Field visit to Belgaum, Karnataka Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 300
NOTES Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses
towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta 302

Strategies and Pathways for Accelerating Growth in Pulses towards the Goal of Atmanirbharta