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COMMENTARY
Economic & Political Weekly EPW july 9, 2016 vol lI no 2815
e-Platform for National
Agricultural Market
Ramesh Chand
Agricultural markets are
characterised by poor
competitiveness, fragmentation,
ineffi ciency, presence of excessive
middlemen, and frequent price
manipulations. The electronic
trading portal for national
agricultural market is an attempt
to use modern technology for
transforming the system of
agricultural marketing.
S
ince the launch of the economic
reforms in 1991, the disparity bet-
ween growth rates of output in
agriculture and non-agriculture sectors
has risen sharply. The average annual
growth rate for fi ve years in agriculture
hovered around a long-term growth trend
of 3% whereas growth rate of non-agri-
culture sector increased steadily from
around 6% during the early 1990
s to
10% during 2004–05 to 2008–09, and
7.5% during the recent fi ve years. An im-
portant reason for this is that the price
incentive offered by the agricultural mar-
ket in the country did not improve, as
these markets remained fragmented,
ineffi cient and dominated by low scale
and multiple middlemen.
It is observed that after implementa-
tion of the Agricultural Produce Market-
ing (Regulation) Act (APMRA) in various
states during 1960
s and 1970s, no major
reform in the agricultural market has
been imp lemented (Chand 2012). The
APMRA bro ught radical changes and
signifi cant imp rovement in almost all
aspects of marketing of farm produce
(Acharya 2004). This has been a major
driving force behind the achievements
of the Green Revolution phase. How-
ever, many gains brought by APMRA to
improve competitiveness of agricultural
markets got diluted over time and
market infrastructure did not keep pace
with volume of market arrivals. The
facilities provided in markets remained
not only inadequate, but also deterio-
rated in many cases. Excessive interme-
diation worked to the disadvantage of
producers and con sumers, and favoured
only middlemen.
Also, over time, macro environment
changed considerably, particularly after
1991. The country liberalised its external
trade initially as a part of domestic policy
reforms, and then to meet the req uirement
of the 1995 World Trade Orga nization
(WTO) agreement and to adjust to it. This
external liberalisation exposed Indian
agriculture to international competition,
which necessitated internal liberalisation
of agriculture trade to imp rove domestic
competitiveness. The refo rms also led to
profound changes in trade and commerce
in the non-agriculture sector. All these
factors put lot of pre ssure,towards late
1990
s, to bring refo rms in agriculture
markets in the country.
Attempt to Reform Market
In response to the changes in trading
environment during 1990
s, the union
government brought a series of reforms
in quick succession, beginning from
2002. These included the Removal of
(Licensing Requirements, Stock Limits
and Move ment Restrictions) on Specifi ed
Foodstuffs Order, 2002 and 2003. As per
this order, wheat, paddy/rice, coarse-
grains, sugar, edible oilseeds and edible
oils, pulses, gur, wheat products and
hyd rogenated vegetable oil or vanaspati
were removed from the list of Essential
Commodities Act (1955) and thereafter,
Views are personal.
Ramesh Chand (rcncap@gmail.com) is with
NITI Aayog, Government of India. COMMENTARY
july 9, 2016 vol lI no 28 EPW Economic & Political Weekly16
a permit or licence was not requi red for
their trading, storage and movement.
Further, the prohibition on futures trad-
ing in agricultural commodities was
removed in 2003.
These were important reforms but they
did not include reforms in agricultural
marketing or transactions of farmers’
produce. One reason for this was that
agricultural marketing is a state subject,
that is, it required reform by respective
states. However, the central government
initiated several measures to bring re forms
in the system of agricultural market in
states. The fi rst major step in this dir ection
was appointing an Expert Committee
on 19 December 2000, by Ministry of
Agriculture, Government of India (G
oI)
to review the present system of agricul-
tural marketing in the country and to
recommend measures to make the system
more effi cient and competitive.
The committee submitted its report on
29 June 2001, suggesting various legis-
lative reforms as well as the reorientation
of the policies and programmes for the
development and strengthening of agri-
cultural marketing in the country. The
committee noted that there were stringent
controls on the storage and movement of
several agricultural commodities. These
restrictions were acting as a disincentive
to farmers, trade and industries.
It was suggested that legal reforms
can play an important role in making
the present marketing system more
eff ective and effi cient by removing un-
necessary restrictions and by establish-
ing a sound framework to reduce uncer-
tainty of the markets. The State Agricul-
tural Produce Marketing Regulations
Act and the Essential Commodities Act
were the two important legislations
that had to be amended to remove re-
strictive provisions coming in the way
of an effi cient and competitive market-
ing system. Alon gside, there was a need
to introduce through appropriate legal
change, a “negotiable warehousing re-
ceipt system” in the country for agricul-
tural com modities to enhance institu-
tional lending to the agricultural mar-
keting sector, and to improve price-risk
management (G
oI 2002).
To take the recommendations of the
expert committee further, the Ministry
of Agriculture constituted an inter-
ministerial task force on 4 July 2001. The
task force submitted its report in May
2002. The recommendations contained
in these reports were discussed at the
national conference of state ministers
organised by the Ministry of Agriculture
on 27 September 2002, and later by a
standing committee of state ministers
constituted for the purpose under the
chairmanship of Hukmdev Narayan
Yadav, Union Minister of State for Agri-
culture, on 29 January 2003. The Ministry
of Agriculture accordingly set up a
committee under the chairmanship of
K M Sahni, additional secretary, Depart-
ment of Agriculture and Cooperation, to
formulate a model law on agricultural
marketing in consultation with the states.
The committee drafted and fi nalised the
model legislation after holding discus-
sions with the state offi cials (G
oI 2003).
The model act called the State Agri-
cultural Produce Marketing (Development
and Regulation) Act, 2003, was then
shared with all the states for implemen-
tation. Some important provisions of the
model act are: (i) m
ore than one market
can be established by private persons,
farmers, cooperatives and consumers in
a market area; (ii) there will be no com-
pulsion on the growers to sell their pro-
duce through existing markets adminis-
tered by the Agricultural Produce Market
Committee (APMC); (iii) a new chapter
on contract farming was added to facilitate
and promote smooth progress in contract
farming; (iv) provision made for the direct
sale of farm produce to contract farming
sponsor from farmers’ fi eld without the
necessity of routing it through notifi ed
markets; (v) provision made for imposi-
tion of single point levy of market fee on
the sale of notifi ed agricultural com-
modities in any market area and discre-
tion provided to the state governments
to fi x graded levy of market fee on dif-
ferent types of sales; (vi) registration for
market function aries provided to operate
in one or more than one market areas; and
(vii) provision made for the purchase of
agricultural produce through private
yards or directly from agriculturists in
one or more than one market area.
National level meetings were organised
with the state governments and follow-up
letters were sent from union agriculture
minister to the state ministers in-charge
of agricultural marketing for amending
the APMC Act on 16 July 2004 and again
on February 2005 and to the chief minis-
ters on 25 May 2005. To in c entivise
states to amend the APMC Act on the
lines of the model act, some investment
subsidy on market infrastructure devel-
opment projects was also provided un-
der central assistance.
As per the recent information, majo rity
of the states reported that they have
adopted key area of reforms as sugge sted
in the model act. However, the ground
reality has been that except in states like
Karnataka, various reforms have been
considerably diluted and only partly
implemented at the state level. In some
cases, new conditions were atta ched to
reforms which defeated the very goal of
reforms. The central government order
2002 which liberalised trade in agricul-
tural commodities was put in abeyance
by various central government orders
during 2006–08. Thus, licensing require-
ments, stock limits and movement restric-
tions in respect of purchase, sale, supply,
distribution or storage for sale of agricul-
tural commodities, which were removed
in 2002, were bro ught back.
In the meantime, unorganised func-
tionaries like commission agents and
traders organised themselves and succe-
ssfully thwarted attempts to change
market rules and practices. The net
result has been that persistent efforts
for nearly one and a half decades, to
reform markets, remained more or less
unsuccessful.
Market Models in Karnataka
Among various states of the country,
Karnataka has been the forerunner in
market reforms and in devising innova-
tive practices to improve agricultural
markets and competitiveness. The state
was fi rst in implementing Model APMC
Act and it has been piloting new practices
on its own. In order to take advantage of
modern technology to improve agricul-
tural marketing, the state prepared a plan
in 2012–13 with the assistance of NCDEX
(National Commodity and Derivatives
Exchange) Spot Exchange for automation
of auction process in mandis (primary COMMENTARY
Economic & Political Weekly EPW july 9, 2016 vol lI no 2817
agricultural markets where pro ducers
sell their agricultural produce).
The plan involves creation of trans-
parent, integrated e-trading mechanism
coupled with facilities for grading and
standardisation to facilitate seamless tra-
ding across mandis (APMC
s). The app roach
was to integrate all such APMC
s with major
consumption market to fetch remunera-
tive prices to farmers. The plan has been
implemented through Rash triya e-Market
Services (R
eMS) Private Limited Company,
which is a joint venture created by the
state government and NCDEX Spot Ex-
change. R
eMS offers automated auction
and post-auction faci lities (weighing, in-
voicing, market fee collection, account-
ing), assaying facilities in the markets,
facilitation of warehouse-based sale of
produce, commodity funding and price
dissemination. NCDEX is also implement-
ing a unifi ed market platform, whereby
all mandis in the state are being unifi ed
for single trading.
The unifi ed online agricultural market
initiative was launched in Karnataka on
22 February 2014. A total of 105 markets
spread across 27 districts have been
brought under the Unifi ed Market Plat-
form (UMP) as of March 2016. Under this
initiative, every farmer who brings pro-
duce to the APMC market is given an
identifi cation number for the lot brought
into the mandi. The farmer has a choice
to use the common platform or the plat-
form of commission agent for auction of
the produce. These lots are then assayed
and information about quantity and
qua lity is put on the portal of R
eMS.
Buyers or traders who want to buy
produce from the farmers are required to
get the unifi ed market licence, register
themselves with R
eMS by paying nominal
fee, and are required to keep some secu-
rity in the bank. Each trader is given a
username and password. Any prospec-
tive buyer can bid for the produce online
from anywhere using her/his username
and password. A trader can revise the bid
upward any number of times before clo-
sure of the bidding time. After closure of
auction period, the bids are fl ashed on
television screens put up in the mandis
and on the portal of R
eMS. Thereafter, the
producer/seller is required to give his
acceptance for the bid. A seller has the
right to reject the bid, in which case a
second round of bidding takes place on
the same day and in the same way. A
bidder is required to keep a pre-bid margin
of 5% of value of the lot marked for sale
with R
eMS before opening of the tender.
R
eMS charges 0.2% of the value of the
transacted produce for providing vari-
ous online services.
Participation in UMP is not restricted
to Karnataka. Traders from other states
and bulk institutional buyers such as
Cargill, ITC, Reliance, Metro Cash &
Carry are also registered with R
eMS.
The UMP received overwhelming res-
ponse from farmers in the state and it
shows impressive results in a short period.
Auction and sale of farm produce is not
restricted to traders within the market.
Thus, the possibility of tacit understanding
to suppress prices received by farmers or
cartelisation has been eliminated. Price
discovery is competitive, transparent
and effi cient. Farmers have also started
selling online, enabling farmers to have
much higher prices and removing many
middlemen.
Adopting Karnataka Model
The success of UMP in Karnataka got
countrywide attention and some states like
Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Maharashtra
and Gujarat have already started adopt-
ing the Karnataka model. Impre ssed by
the success of UMP in Karnataka, the un-
ion government took initiative to encour-
age other states to adopt e-trading plat-
form for agricultural commodities.
The Cabinet Committee on Economic
Affairs approved the central sector scheme
for promotion on the national agriculture
market through Agritech Infrastructure
Fund with a budget allocation of
`200
crore on 1 July 2015. The scheme entails
setting up of a common e-platform in
585 selected wholesale regulated mar-
kets across the country. The central gov-
ernment will provide the software free
of cost to the states along with
`30 lakh
per mandi for setting up the hardware
and related equipment/infrastructure.
It envisages to expand Karnataka’s UMP
model at the national level in a bid to
cover the entire country.
To give real push to this move, Prime
Minister Narendra Modi has launched
the electronic trading platform for
Nati onal Agriculture Market (e-NAM) on
14 April 2016.
In its fi rst phase, the ini-
tiative will cover 21 mandis from eight
states, namely, Gujarat, Telangana, Raj-
asthan, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh,
Haryana, Jharkhand and Himachal
Pra desh. Further, 25 crops, including
wheat, maize, pulses, oilseeds, pota-
toes, onions and spices have been in-
cluded for trading on the platform. It is
proposed that 585 markets across the
country will be brought on the platform
by March 2018.
It is pertinent to mention that for inte-
gration with the e-platform, the states/
union territories will need to undertake
three reforms, namely: (i) a single licence
to be valid across the state, (ii) single
point levy of market fee, and (iii) provi-
sion for electronic auction as a mode for
price discovery.
Anticipated Benefi ts
Despite a lot of persuasion by the central
governments for several years, most of
the states either did not adopt the model
APMC Act or adopted it in a much diluted
form. Further, the model APMC did not
have provision to create a national market
or even state level common market. The
NAM initiative with electronic trading
platform, linking major national mar-
kets, will take India’s agricultural mar-
keting system to a higher level besides
addressing some of the issues that were
to be addressed by the model APMC Act.
It will operate in the same way as R
eMS
is operating in Karnataka.
It seems this initiative will prove to be
a game changer for India’s farmers and
agriculture sector, if it is implemented in
true spirit. It can offer large direct and
indirect benefi ts to the sector and the
economy. The direct benefi ts include:
(i) improvement in competitiveness and
effi ciency in agricultural markets, (ii) eli-
mination of traders’ cartels and price
manipulations by local trading groups, and
(iii) lower price spread between producers
and consumers as well as surplus and
defi cit states. Producers will get better
price realisation, while consumers can
expect benefi t from the lower price spread.
Better price realisation for farmers
will serve as an important incentive for COMMENTARY
july 9, 2016 vol lI no 28 EPW Economic & Political Weekly18
raising productivity and production,
and in turn lead to higher growth of
output. In many states, farm harvest
prices prevail below the minimum sup-
port price (MSP) in the harvest period
and shoot up subsequently. e-NAM will
help check such market imperfections.
Some states like Punjab and Haryana
desperately need diversifi cation in crop
pattern away from paddy–wheat rota-
tion. However, this has not been hap-
pening due to unattractive market for
alternative crops. e-NAM is expected to
promote market- driven diversifi cation
and reduce depen dence of farmers in
these states on MSP and public procure-
ment. Any state that chooses to remain
outside e-NAM under pressure from
vested interests of market middlemen
or due to consideration of loss to reve-
nue from mandi taxes, will be depriving
its farming community of benefi t of
competitive market.
The success of e-NAM in improving
competitiveness and integrating pan-
India markets will require assaying faci-
lities created in various markets to ascer-
tain quality traits as quality variations are
quite large in agricultural commo dities.
Also, each mandi will require forwarding
agents to handle the produce for buyers
from outside the mandi.
Concluding Remarks
Though e-NAM will improve competi-
tiveness in market through larger par-
ticipation of buyers and more transpar-
ent system of bidding, it should not be
considered a panacea for all defi ciencies
in agricultural markets. e-NAM necessi-
tates some reforms proposed in model
APMC Act whereas it will not address
some vital issues having bearing on con-
duct and performance of market.
The four important areas for reforms,
which are not part of e-NAM, are as
follows: (i) direct sale by farmers to
buyers, processors, or, contract market-
ing without bringing produce to mandi;
(ii) esta blishment of private markets
with treatment at par with APMC. Even
under e-NAM, market committee will
continue to hold its monopoly power in
terms of offering a platform for sale/
purchase; (iii) removal of legal barriers
to entry of org anised and modern capi-
tal and inve stments into agricultural
marketing. This will require tweaking
Essential Commo dities Act to draw
distinction between genuine service
providers and black mar keters/hoarders;
and (iv) rationalisation of market fee,
commission charges, cess and taxes and
development charges. State after state
has been raising taxes and development
charges to mobilise more revenue from
mandis, particularly in the cases
where central agencies are procuring
the produce.
The full benefi t from linking agricul-
tural markets in the country and putting
them on electronic platform will come
when a single trading licence is valid
across the country and when a farmer
gets the option to sell her/his produce in
any market throughout the country.
References
Acharya, S S (2004): State of the Indian Farmer: A
Millennium Study, Agricultural Marketing, De-
partment of Agricultural and Cooperation,
Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India,
and Academic Foundation.
Chand, Ramesh (2012): “Development Policies and
Agricultural Markets,” Economic & Political
Weekly, Vol 47, No 52, pp 53–63.
G
OI (2002): Report of Inter-Ministerial Task Force
on Agricultural Marketing Reforms, Depart-
ment of Agriculture and Cooperation, Ministry
of Agriculture, Government of India.
— (2003): “Model Act, the State Agricultural Pro-
duce Marketing (Development and Regulation
Act, 2003),” Department of Agriculture and
Cooperation, Ministry of Agriculture, Govern-
ment of India, New Delhi, 9 September.
Economic & Political Weekly EPW july 9, 2016 vol lI no 2815
e-Platform for National
Agricultural Market
Ramesh Chand
Agricultural markets are
characterised by poor
competitiveness, fragmentation,
ineffi ciency, presence of excessive
middlemen, and frequent price
manipulations. The electronic
trading portal for national
agricultural market is an attempt
to use modern technology for
transforming the system of
agricultural marketing.
S
ince the launch of the economic
reforms in 1991, the disparity bet-
ween growth rates of output in
agriculture and non-agriculture sectors
has risen sharply. The average annual
growth rate for fi ve years in agriculture
hovered around a long-term growth trend
of 3% whereas growth rate of non-agri-
culture sector increased steadily from
around 6% during the early 1990
s to
10% during 2004–05 to 2008–09, and
7.5% during the recent fi ve years. An im-
portant reason for this is that the price
incentive offered by the agricultural mar-
ket in the country did not improve, as
these markets remained fragmented,
ineffi cient and dominated by low scale
and multiple middlemen.
It is observed that after implementa-
tion of the Agricultural Produce Market-
ing (Regulation) Act (APMRA) in various
states during 1960
s and 1970s, no major
reform in the agricultural market has
been imp lemented (Chand 2012). The
APMRA bro ught radical changes and
signifi cant imp rovement in almost all
aspects of marketing of farm produce
(Acharya 2004). This has been a major
driving force behind the achievements
of the Green Revolution phase. How-
ever, many gains brought by APMRA to
improve competitiveness of agricultural
markets got diluted over time and
market infrastructure did not keep pace
with volume of market arrivals. The
facilities provided in markets remained
not only inadequate, but also deterio-
rated in many cases. Excessive interme-
diation worked to the disadvantage of
producers and con sumers, and favoured
only middlemen.
Also, over time, macro environment
changed considerably, particularly after
1991. The country liberalised its external
trade initially as a part of domestic policy
reforms, and then to meet the req uirement
of the 1995 World Trade Orga nization
(WTO) agreement and to adjust to it. This
external liberalisation exposed Indian
agriculture to international competition,
which necessitated internal liberalisation
of agriculture trade to imp rove domestic
competitiveness. The refo rms also led to
profound changes in trade and commerce
in the non-agriculture sector. All these
factors put lot of pre ssure,towards late
1990
s, to bring refo rms in agriculture
markets in the country.
Attempt to Reform Market
In response to the changes in trading
environment during 1990
s, the union
government brought a series of reforms
in quick succession, beginning from
2002. These included the Removal of
(Licensing Requirements, Stock Limits
and Move ment Restrictions) on Specifi ed
Foodstuffs Order, 2002 and 2003. As per
this order, wheat, paddy/rice, coarse-
grains, sugar, edible oilseeds and edible
oils, pulses, gur, wheat products and
hyd rogenated vegetable oil or vanaspati
were removed from the list of Essential
Commodities Act (1955) and thereafter,
Views are personal.
Ramesh Chand (rcncap@gmail.com) is with
NITI Aayog, Government of India. COMMENTARY
july 9, 2016 vol lI no 28 EPW Economic & Political Weekly16
a permit or licence was not requi red for
their trading, storage and movement.
Further, the prohibition on futures trad-
ing in agricultural commodities was
removed in 2003.
These were important reforms but they
did not include reforms in agricultural
marketing or transactions of farmers’
produce. One reason for this was that
agricultural marketing is a state subject,
that is, it required reform by respective
states. However, the central government
initiated several measures to bring re forms
in the system of agricultural market in
states. The fi rst major step in this dir ection
was appointing an Expert Committee
on 19 December 2000, by Ministry of
Agriculture, Government of India (G
oI)
to review the present system of agricul-
tural marketing in the country and to
recommend measures to make the system
more effi cient and competitive.
The committee submitted its report on
29 June 2001, suggesting various legis-
lative reforms as well as the reorientation
of the policies and programmes for the
development and strengthening of agri-
cultural marketing in the country. The
committee noted that there were stringent
controls on the storage and movement of
several agricultural commodities. These
restrictions were acting as a disincentive
to farmers, trade and industries.
It was suggested that legal reforms
can play an important role in making
the present marketing system more
eff ective and effi cient by removing un-
necessary restrictions and by establish-
ing a sound framework to reduce uncer-
tainty of the markets. The State Agricul-
tural Produce Marketing Regulations
Act and the Essential Commodities Act
were the two important legislations
that had to be amended to remove re-
strictive provisions coming in the way
of an effi cient and competitive market-
ing system. Alon gside, there was a need
to introduce through appropriate legal
change, a “negotiable warehousing re-
ceipt system” in the country for agricul-
tural com modities to enhance institu-
tional lending to the agricultural mar-
keting sector, and to improve price-risk
management (G
oI 2002).
To take the recommendations of the
expert committee further, the Ministry
of Agriculture constituted an inter-
ministerial task force on 4 July 2001. The
task force submitted its report in May
2002. The recommendations contained
in these reports were discussed at the
national conference of state ministers
organised by the Ministry of Agriculture
on 27 September 2002, and later by a
standing committee of state ministers
constituted for the purpose under the
chairmanship of Hukmdev Narayan
Yadav, Union Minister of State for Agri-
culture, on 29 January 2003. The Ministry
of Agriculture accordingly set up a
committee under the chairmanship of
K M Sahni, additional secretary, Depart-
ment of Agriculture and Cooperation, to
formulate a model law on agricultural
marketing in consultation with the states.
The committee drafted and fi nalised the
model legislation after holding discus-
sions with the state offi cials (G
oI 2003).
The model act called the State Agri-
cultural Produce Marketing (Development
and Regulation) Act, 2003, was then
shared with all the states for implemen-
tation. Some important provisions of the
model act are: (i) m
ore than one market
can be established by private persons,
farmers, cooperatives and consumers in
a market area; (ii) there will be no com-
pulsion on the growers to sell their pro-
duce through existing markets adminis-
tered by the Agricultural Produce Market
Committee (APMC); (iii) a new chapter
on contract farming was added to facilitate
and promote smooth progress in contract
farming; (iv) provision made for the direct
sale of farm produce to contract farming
sponsor from farmers’ fi eld without the
necessity of routing it through notifi ed
markets; (v) provision made for imposi-
tion of single point levy of market fee on
the sale of notifi ed agricultural com-
modities in any market area and discre-
tion provided to the state governments
to fi x graded levy of market fee on dif-
ferent types of sales; (vi) registration for
market function aries provided to operate
in one or more than one market areas; and
(vii) provision made for the purchase of
agricultural produce through private
yards or directly from agriculturists in
one or more than one market area.
National level meetings were organised
with the state governments and follow-up
letters were sent from union agriculture
minister to the state ministers in-charge
of agricultural marketing for amending
the APMC Act on 16 July 2004 and again
on February 2005 and to the chief minis-
ters on 25 May 2005. To in c entivise
states to amend the APMC Act on the
lines of the model act, some investment
subsidy on market infrastructure devel-
opment projects was also provided un-
der central assistance.
As per the recent information, majo rity
of the states reported that they have
adopted key area of reforms as sugge sted
in the model act. However, the ground
reality has been that except in states like
Karnataka, various reforms have been
considerably diluted and only partly
implemented at the state level. In some
cases, new conditions were atta ched to
reforms which defeated the very goal of
reforms. The central government order
2002 which liberalised trade in agricul-
tural commodities was put in abeyance
by various central government orders
during 2006–08. Thus, licensing require-
ments, stock limits and movement restric-
tions in respect of purchase, sale, supply,
distribution or storage for sale of agricul-
tural commodities, which were removed
in 2002, were bro ught back.
In the meantime, unorganised func-
tionaries like commission agents and
traders organised themselves and succe-
ssfully thwarted attempts to change
market rules and practices. The net
result has been that persistent efforts
for nearly one and a half decades, to
reform markets, remained more or less
unsuccessful.
Market Models in Karnataka
Among various states of the country,
Karnataka has been the forerunner in
market reforms and in devising innova-
tive practices to improve agricultural
markets and competitiveness. The state
was fi rst in implementing Model APMC
Act and it has been piloting new practices
on its own. In order to take advantage of
modern technology to improve agricul-
tural marketing, the state prepared a plan
in 2012–13 with the assistance of NCDEX
(National Commodity and Derivatives
Exchange) Spot Exchange for automation
of auction process in mandis (primary COMMENTARY
Economic & Political Weekly EPW july 9, 2016 vol lI no 2817
agricultural markets where pro ducers
sell their agricultural produce).
The plan involves creation of trans-
parent, integrated e-trading mechanism
coupled with facilities for grading and
standardisation to facilitate seamless tra-
ding across mandis (APMC
s). The app roach
was to integrate all such APMC
s with major
consumption market to fetch remunera-
tive prices to farmers. The plan has been
implemented through Rash triya e-Market
Services (R
eMS) Private Limited Company,
which is a joint venture created by the
state government and NCDEX Spot Ex-
change. R
eMS offers automated auction
and post-auction faci lities (weighing, in-
voicing, market fee collection, account-
ing), assaying facilities in the markets,
facilitation of warehouse-based sale of
produce, commodity funding and price
dissemination. NCDEX is also implement-
ing a unifi ed market platform, whereby
all mandis in the state are being unifi ed
for single trading.
The unifi ed online agricultural market
initiative was launched in Karnataka on
22 February 2014. A total of 105 markets
spread across 27 districts have been
brought under the Unifi ed Market Plat-
form (UMP) as of March 2016. Under this
initiative, every farmer who brings pro-
duce to the APMC market is given an
identifi cation number for the lot brought
into the mandi. The farmer has a choice
to use the common platform or the plat-
form of commission agent for auction of
the produce. These lots are then assayed
and information about quantity and
qua lity is put on the portal of R
eMS.
Buyers or traders who want to buy
produce from the farmers are required to
get the unifi ed market licence, register
themselves with R
eMS by paying nominal
fee, and are required to keep some secu-
rity in the bank. Each trader is given a
username and password. Any prospec-
tive buyer can bid for the produce online
from anywhere using her/his username
and password. A trader can revise the bid
upward any number of times before clo-
sure of the bidding time. After closure of
auction period, the bids are fl ashed on
television screens put up in the mandis
and on the portal of R
eMS. Thereafter, the
producer/seller is required to give his
acceptance for the bid. A seller has the
right to reject the bid, in which case a
second round of bidding takes place on
the same day and in the same way. A
bidder is required to keep a pre-bid margin
of 5% of value of the lot marked for sale
with R
eMS before opening of the tender.
R
eMS charges 0.2% of the value of the
transacted produce for providing vari-
ous online services.
Participation in UMP is not restricted
to Karnataka. Traders from other states
and bulk institutional buyers such as
Cargill, ITC, Reliance, Metro Cash &
Carry are also registered with R
eMS.
The UMP received overwhelming res-
ponse from farmers in the state and it
shows impressive results in a short period.
Auction and sale of farm produce is not
restricted to traders within the market.
Thus, the possibility of tacit understanding
to suppress prices received by farmers or
cartelisation has been eliminated. Price
discovery is competitive, transparent
and effi cient. Farmers have also started
selling online, enabling farmers to have
much higher prices and removing many
middlemen.
Adopting Karnataka Model
The success of UMP in Karnataka got
countrywide attention and some states like
Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Maharashtra
and Gujarat have already started adopt-
ing the Karnataka model. Impre ssed by
the success of UMP in Karnataka, the un-
ion government took initiative to encour-
age other states to adopt e-trading plat-
form for agricultural commodities.
The Cabinet Committee on Economic
Affairs approved the central sector scheme
for promotion on the national agriculture
market through Agritech Infrastructure
Fund with a budget allocation of
`200
crore on 1 July 2015. The scheme entails
setting up of a common e-platform in
585 selected wholesale regulated mar-
kets across the country. The central gov-
ernment will provide the software free
of cost to the states along with
`30 lakh
per mandi for setting up the hardware
and related equipment/infrastructure.
It envisages to expand Karnataka’s UMP
model at the national level in a bid to
cover the entire country.
To give real push to this move, Prime
Minister Narendra Modi has launched
the electronic trading platform for
Nati onal Agriculture Market (e-NAM) on
14 April 2016.
In its fi rst phase, the ini-
tiative will cover 21 mandis from eight
states, namely, Gujarat, Telangana, Raj-
asthan, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh,
Haryana, Jharkhand and Himachal
Pra desh. Further, 25 crops, including
wheat, maize, pulses, oilseeds, pota-
toes, onions and spices have been in-
cluded for trading on the platform. It is
proposed that 585 markets across the
country will be brought on the platform
by March 2018.
It is pertinent to mention that for inte-
gration with the e-platform, the states/
union territories will need to undertake
three reforms, namely: (i) a single licence
to be valid across the state, (ii) single
point levy of market fee, and (iii) provi-
sion for electronic auction as a mode for
price discovery.
Anticipated Benefi ts
Despite a lot of persuasion by the central
governments for several years, most of
the states either did not adopt the model
APMC Act or adopted it in a much diluted
form. Further, the model APMC did not
have provision to create a national market
or even state level common market. The
NAM initiative with electronic trading
platform, linking major national mar-
kets, will take India’s agricultural mar-
keting system to a higher level besides
addressing some of the issues that were
to be addressed by the model APMC Act.
It will operate in the same way as R
eMS
is operating in Karnataka.
It seems this initiative will prove to be
a game changer for India’s farmers and
agriculture sector, if it is implemented in
true spirit. It can offer large direct and
indirect benefi ts to the sector and the
economy. The direct benefi ts include:
(i) improvement in competitiveness and
effi ciency in agricultural markets, (ii) eli-
mination of traders’ cartels and price
manipulations by local trading groups, and
(iii) lower price spread between producers
and consumers as well as surplus and
defi cit states. Producers will get better
price realisation, while consumers can
expect benefi t from the lower price spread.
Better price realisation for farmers
will serve as an important incentive for COMMENTARY
july 9, 2016 vol lI no 28 EPW Economic & Political Weekly18
raising productivity and production,
and in turn lead to higher growth of
output. In many states, farm harvest
prices prevail below the minimum sup-
port price (MSP) in the harvest period
and shoot up subsequently. e-NAM will
help check such market imperfections.
Some states like Punjab and Haryana
desperately need diversifi cation in crop
pattern away from paddy–wheat rota-
tion. However, this has not been hap-
pening due to unattractive market for
alternative crops. e-NAM is expected to
promote market- driven diversifi cation
and reduce depen dence of farmers in
these states on MSP and public procure-
ment. Any state that chooses to remain
outside e-NAM under pressure from
vested interests of market middlemen
or due to consideration of loss to reve-
nue from mandi taxes, will be depriving
its farming community of benefi t of
competitive market.
The success of e-NAM in improving
competitiveness and integrating pan-
India markets will require assaying faci-
lities created in various markets to ascer-
tain quality traits as quality variations are
quite large in agricultural commo dities.
Also, each mandi will require forwarding
agents to handle the produce for buyers
from outside the mandi.
Concluding Remarks
Though e-NAM will improve competi-
tiveness in market through larger par-
ticipation of buyers and more transpar-
ent system of bidding, it should not be
considered a panacea for all defi ciencies
in agricultural markets. e-NAM necessi-
tates some reforms proposed in model
APMC Act whereas it will not address
some vital issues having bearing on con-
duct and performance of market.
The four important areas for reforms,
which are not part of e-NAM, are as
follows: (i) direct sale by farmers to
buyers, processors, or, contract market-
ing without bringing produce to mandi;
(ii) esta blishment of private markets
with treatment at par with APMC. Even
under e-NAM, market committee will
continue to hold its monopoly power in
terms of offering a platform for sale/
purchase; (iii) removal of legal barriers
to entry of org anised and modern capi-
tal and inve stments into agricultural
marketing. This will require tweaking
Essential Commo dities Act to draw
distinction between genuine service
providers and black mar keters/hoarders;
and (iv) rationalisation of market fee,
commission charges, cess and taxes and
development charges. State after state
has been raising taxes and development
charges to mobilise more revenue from
mandis, particularly in the cases
where central agencies are procuring
the produce.
The full benefi t from linking agricul-
tural markets in the country and putting
them on electronic platform will come
when a single trading licence is valid
across the country and when a farmer
gets the option to sell her/his produce in
any market throughout the country.
References
Acharya, S S (2004): State of the Indian Farmer: A
Millennium Study, Agricultural Marketing, De-
partment of Agricultural and Cooperation,
Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India,
and Academic Foundation.
Chand, Ramesh (2012): “Development Policies and
Agricultural Markets,” Economic & Political
Weekly, Vol 47, No 52, pp 53–63.
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OI (2002): Report of Inter-Ministerial Task Force
on Agricultural Marketing Reforms, Depart-
ment of Agriculture and Cooperation, Ministry
of Agriculture, Government of India.
— (2003): “Model Act, the State Agricultural Pro-
duce Marketing (Development and Regulation
Act, 2003),” Department of Agriculture and
Cooperation, Ministry of Agriculture, Govern-
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