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1Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
Opportunities for Multisectoral and Systemic Integration
PUBLIC R&D
INSTITUTES IN INDIA:
Dr. Shashank Shah (Senior Specialist), NITI Aayog
Arunava Dey (Research Officer), NITI Aayog
NITI WORKING PAPER SERIES
Working Paper No. WPS (NITI Aayog)/11/2025 Acknowledgement:
The authors wish to thank Dr. Chintan Vaishnav, Academic Director – Tata Center, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology (MIT), USA, and former Mission Director, Atal Innovation Mission
(AIM), Govt. of India, for his expert review of this Paper and his valuable inputs at various
stages of research for this Paper. NITI WORKING PAPER SERIES
Working Paper No. WPS (NITI Aayog)/11/2025
PUBLIC R&D INSTITUTES IN INDIA:
OPPORTUNITIES FOR MULTISECTORAL
AND SYSTEMIC INTEGRATION
Dr. SHASHANK SHAH
SENIOR SPECIALIST, NITI Aayog
ARUNAVA DEY
RESEARCH OFFICER, NITI Aayog
Disclaimer:
NITI Working Papers describe research in progress by the author(s). The contents and the
views expressed therein do not necessarily represent the views of NITI Aayog. IPublic R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
Table of Contents
1. Introduction1
2. Objectives5
3. Sources of Data5
4. Methodology6
4.1 Institution Types7
4.2 Institution Sectors7
4.3 Institution Categories11
4.4 Geographical Spread11
5. Key Findings11
5.1 Geographical Spread11
5.2 Sectoral Distribution16
5.3 Typological coverage18
6. Multi-sectoral Analysis and Recommendations19
6.1
Intersection of R&D Institute Locations and Industrial Specialization for
Spatial Synergy
19
6.2
Collaborative Integration of R&D Institutes for Enhanced Industry-
Academia Linkages
25
6.3 Reorganising R&D and Education in the Indian Agriculture Sector30
6.4
Strategic Sectoral Planning for Establishing R&D Institutes in Frontier
Technologies
32
6.5 Transition from Tracking R&D Investment to Measuring Impact34
6.6 Creation of Career Pathways in the R&D Sector35
7. Conclusion37 IIPublic R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
List of Annexures
Annexure – I: State and UT categories (As per NITI Aayog reports) 40
Annexure – II: Central Sector R&D Institutes by Sector & Ministry 41
Annexure – III: Central Sector R&D Institutes by Sector & Ministry 43
Annexure – IV: Central Public Sector R&D Institutes by Sector & Ministry 63
Annexure – V: Central Public Sector R&D Institutes by Sector & Ministry 64
Annexure – VI: State Public Sector R&D Institutes by Sector & Institution Sub Type 69
Annexure – VII: State Public Sector R&D Institutes by Sector & Institution Sub Type 70
Annexure – VIII: State Sector R&D Institutes by Sector & Institution Sub Type 71
Annexure – IX: State Public Sector R&D Institutes by Sector & Institution Sub Type 73
List of Tables
Table 1: Sectoral Classification of R&D Institutes in India 8
Table 2: Institution Sub-type Categories11
Table 3: Regions in India12 IIIPublic R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
List of Figures
Figure 1: Impacts of R&D Investments1
Figure 2: R&D Expenditure as % of GDP2
Figure 3: R&D Expenditure - in USD Billion3
Figure 4: R&D Expenditure - per capita in USD3
Figure 5: Gross R&D Expenditure and % of GDP (India)4
Figure 6: Sectoral distribution of Expenditure on R&D (India) 4
Figure 7: No. of Public R&D Institutes in India6
Figure 8: Regional distribution of Public R&D Institutes13
Figure 9: Thematic map showing the number of R&D institutes 14
Figure 10: Distribution of Public R&D Institutes in Large States 14
Figure 11: Distribution of Public R&D Institutes in Small States 15
Figure 12: Distribution of Public R&D Institutes in UTs15
Figure 13: Central R&D Institutes in the 10 most populous cities 16
Figure 14: Sectoral distribution of Public R&D Institutes in India (1,815)16
Figure 15: Sectoral distribution of non-agricultural Public R&D Institutes (891)17
Figure 16: Sectoral Distribution of Public R&D Institutes by type 18
Figure 17: Types of State R&D Institutes18
Figure 18: Agricultural Research and Education Network under ICAR 31 1Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
1. Introduction
Research and Development (R&D) is crucial for any society as it promotes creativity,
economic growth, competitiveness, problem solving, and a higher standard of living.
Multiple studies have established a strong positive relationship between R&D investments
and economic growth. R&D investments are considered an important factor in creating
a competitive advantage for any country. Increasing investment in R&D leads to greater
technological potential, innovation and growth. A robust R&D infrastructure directly
contributes to a nation’s sustained growth and creates employment opportunities. Empirical
studies have found that countries that invest more in R&D tend to have higher rates of
economic growth over the long term. For example, a 2019 study by the Organisation for
Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) found that a 1% increase in R&D
investment as a share of GDP led to a 0.13% increase in GDP per capita over the long term.
Promoting R&D culture nationwide can lead to a number of macroeconomic benefits,
other than contributing to the GDP. These have been captured in the figure below.
Figure 1: Impacts of R&D Investments 2Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
1.1 Government of India initiatives promoting R&D culture
India in the 21st century is an emerging country with aspirations for faster, sustainable,
and inclusive growth. As Science and Technology (S&T) emerges globally as one
of the major drivers of socio-economic development, it has to play a major role in
achieving the desired goals. The Government of India has taken several initiatives to
enhance investment in R&D as well as to promote and improve the overall research
ecosystem in the country across sectors. According to the report titled R&D Expenditure
Ecosystem – Current Status & Way Forward (2019) by the Economic Advisory Council
to the Prime Minister, India’s investment in R&D has shown a steady upward trend
over the years. Another recent report by the Department of Science and Technology
(DST) reveals that India’s Gross Expenditure on R&D (GERD) reached about Rs.
2 lakh crores in 2020-21, marking an eightfold increase over the past two decades
and more than doubling in the last decade. However, when measured as a percentage
of GDP, India’s spending on R&D has remained stagnant for the past two decades,
consistently hovering around 0.6% to 0.7% of GDP. This is significantly lower than the
R&D investment as a percentage of GDP in countries like Israel and the top 4 global
economies i.e., the United States, Japan, Germany, and China.
Figure 2: R&D Expenditure as % of GDP
When calculated in absolute terms, India’s R&D expenditure is at par with BRICS
nations, including Brazil and Russia, and over 9X of South Africa.
Source: World Bank (2020) 3Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
Figure 3: R&D Expenditure - in USD Billion
However, when calculated per capita it is far below peer emerging economies.
Figure 4: R&D Expenditure - per capita in USD
This is also because India is now the most populous country, and hence needs to look
at investing in R&D in proportion to its population base. Also, the majority of India’s
gross expenditure in scientific R&D is borne by the Government Sector, unlike the top 3
economies of the world, where most of the R&D expenditure is by the private sector. It is
77% in China, 75% in the USA, and 67% in Germany.
Source: World Bank (2020)
Source: World Bank (2020) 4Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
Figure 5: Gross R&D Expenditure and % of GDP (India)
In India, public expenditure is not only the largest contributor but also the main driver
of R&D spending. However, in recent years, the share of public expenditure in India’s
total R&D spending has decreased from about three-fourths to approximately three-fifths.
According to the National Science and Technology Management Information System
(NSTMIS), which maintains a database for India’s science and technology ecosystem, the
government sector including the Central Government (43.7%), State Governments (6.7%),
higher education (8.8%), and the public sector industry (4.4%) were the primary drivers of
GERD in 2020–21. The private sector industry contributed 36.4%
1
.
Figure 6: Sectoral distribution of Expenditure on R&D (India)
Additionally, the government is not only the primary source of R&D funding but also the
main user of these funds, with almost all government R&D expenditure being carried out
by the Central Government. There is a growing need for greater R&D investments from
State Governments and the private sector, particularly in application-oriented research and
development.
1 Accessed at: https://www.nstmis-dst.org/ in January 2025. 5Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
Recent efforts to analyse India’s R&D ecosystem led to the development of an evaluation
framework by NITI Aayog, under Member Dr. Vijay Kumar Saraswat. Subsequently,
the Office of the Principal Scientific Adviser, in collaboration with the Confederation of
Indian Industry (CII) and the Centre for Technology, Innovation, and Economic Research
(CTIER), produced a two-volume report titled ‘Evaluation of Innovation Excellence
Indicators 2022’, covering 193 participating labs.
2
The Report recommends that publicly
funded R&D organisations must align with national goals and collaborate across the
ecosystem to enhance their impact, contributing to a technology-driven, self-reliant India.
Historically, the investment by the private sector has accounted for around 36% of total
R&D funding in India.
3
To harness the full potential of India’s rapidly evolving R&D sector,
it is essential to gain a detailed understanding of the distribution of public sector R&D
institutions across the country, particularly in the context of dynamic global advancements
and shifting macroeconomic priorities. This paper attempts to analyse the geographical
spread and sectoral coverage of public sector R&D institutions in the country and provides
broad recommendations to realise its untapped potential through multisectoral and systemic
integration.
2. Objectives
The main objectives of the paper are:
2.1 To analyse the geographical distribution and sectoral representation of public R&D
institutes across India.
2.2 To identify strategic interventions aimed at achieving balanced geographical and
sectoral coverage of public R&D infrastructure.
2.3 To provide multisectoral and systemic recommendations for achieving synergy and
scale
3. Sources of Data
Analysing the R&D initiatives and establishments in India is challenging due to the limited
availability of reliable and consistent data. To supplement the data for this paper, a secondary
source was used. The data was referenced from the Research and Development Directory
2021 compiled by the National Science & Technology Management Information System
(NSTMIS), a division of DST under the Ministry of Science and Technology, Government
of India. According to the Directory, there are 1,815 public sector R&D institutes in India,
2 Accessed at: https://psa.gov.in/CMS/web/sites/default/files/publication/R%26D%20Report%20Vol%201.pdf in October 2025.
3 Accessed at: https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2153547 in October 2025. 6Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
consisting of 619 Central Sector Institutions, 108 Central Public Institutions, 1,054 State
Sector Institutions, and 34 State Public Institutions. For the definition of Central/ State
Public & Sector institutions, please refer to section 4.1.
It is important to note, however, that the Directory does not cover all Ministries of the
Central and State Governments and their institutes. This results in data gaps. Therefore,
additional data was collected from the websites of the respective Central Government
Ministries. This additional analysis resulted in the inclusion of 57 more Institutes from
9 Ministries. Additionally, in August 2025, the updated ‘Directory of R&D Institutions’
was published by NSTMIS. There is a marginal difference in the number of Public R&D
Institutes provided in the updated Directory and the numbers analysed for this paper, which
is statistically insignificant. In the subsequent versions of this paper, the updated number of
Public R&D Institutions, along with Private Sector R&D Institutions would be analysed.
Figure 7: No. of Public R&D Institutes in India
It may be noted that the scope of this paper is limited to public sector R&D institutions, and
therefore, private R&D institutions have not been considered.
4. Methodology
This paper adopts a two-part methodology:
i. Quantitative Analysis – A data-driven approach is employed to examine the
distribution of public R&D institutions. This helped provide a clear picture of
the spread and specialisation of the public sector R&D institutions in India. The
categorisation of Public Institutions was designed to help identify and cross-
reference the areas of excellence, potential, and required interventions.
ii. Qualitative Insights and Recommendations –Strategic recommendations for
India’s higher education and research ecosystem based on analysis of global best
practices and success stories. 7Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
4.1 Institution Types
The gamut of Indian R&D institutes has been classified into a total of 9 categories,
covering both public and private sectors. Out of them, the Central Sector and Central
Public Institutes (aggregated as ‘central’) and the State Sector and State Public Institutes
(aggregated as ‘state’) are considered for the current paper.
4.1.1 Central Institutes
The Central Institutes are those establishments that have been founded and fully
funded by the Government of India. It includes the Central Sector Institutes, which are
associated and affiliated with their respective ministries. The Central Public Institutes
are either Public Sector Undertakings (PSUs) involved in R&D activities or in-house
R&D facilities of PSUs.
4.1.2 State Institutes
State Institutes are entities owned and funded by their respective State Governments.
These include State Sector Institutes , which are affiliated with specific government
departments and primarily comprise Agricultural Research Institutions, Research
Stations, and other State-run R&D institutions. Additionally, State Public Institutes also
fall under this category which are the research and development wings of State PSUs.
4.2 Institution Sectors
For ease of analysis and understanding, the R&D institutes have been categorised
into 13 distinct sectors. For most of the Central Institutions, the sectors have been
determined corresponding to the Central Ministry to which they are affiliated. For
research institutions not affiliated with any Ministries, such as the Department of
Atomic Energy and the Department of Space, the sector has been determined by their
specialisation. The State Institutions have been categorised by their specialisation as
evident from the respective institute name, and have been matched with the sectors as
identified. 8Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
The sectoral classification used for analysing Public Sector R&D Institutes is as follows:
Table 1: Sectoral Classification of R&D Institutes in India
S. No Sector Ministries from the report
Ministries considered
separately
1
Agriculture &
Allied Sectors
Ministry of Agriculture
& Farmers Welfare
Ministry of Fisheries,
Animal Husbandry and
Dairying
Ministry of Consumer
Affairs, Food and
Public Distribution
2 Defence Ministry of Defence
3
Earth Sciences,
Environment
& Natural
Resources
Ministry of Earth
Sciences
Ministry of
Environment, Forest
and Climate Change
Ministry of Jal Shakti
Ministry of Mines
4
Education &
Skilling
Ministry of Education
Ministry of Labour and
Employment
Ministry of Skill
Development and
Entrepreneurship
Ministry of Youth
Affairs and Sports
5 Energy
Ministry of New and
Renewable Energy
Ministry of Petroleum
and Natural Gas
Ministry of Power
Ministry of Coal 9Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
6
Finance &
Commerce
Ministry of Commerce
and Industry
Ministry of Finance
Ministry of
Personal, Public
Grievances and
Pensions
Department of
Investment and
Public Asset
Management
Ministry of
Corporate Affairs
7 Health
Ministry of AYUSH
Ministry of Health &
Family Welfare
Ministry of
Women and Child
Development
8 Industry
Ministry of Chemicals
and Fertilisers
Ministry of Heavy
Industry and Public
Enterprises
Ministry of Micro,
Small and Medium
Enterprises
Ministry of Steel
Ministry of Textiles
Ministry of Tourism
9 IT & Telecom
Ministry of
Communications
Ministry of Electronics
and Information
Technology
10
Science and
Technology
Ministry of Science and
Technology
Department of Space 10Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
11
Socio-cultural
& Allied
Sectors
Ministry of Culture
Ministry of Food
Processing Industries
Ministry of
Social Justice and
Empowerment
Ministry of Tribal
Affairs
Ministry of
Minority Affairs
12 Transportation
Ministry of Civil
Aviation
Ministry of Railways
Ministry of Road
Transport and
Highways
Ministry of Ports,
Shipping and
Waterways
13 Others
Ministry of Home
Affairs
Ministry of Information
and Broadcasting
Ministry of Statistics
and Programme
Implementation
Ministry of Housing
and Urban Affairs
Ministry of Rural
Developmen
Ministry of
Panchayati Raj
Ministry of Law
and Justice
Ministry of
Parliamentary
Affairs
Ministry of
Development of
Northeast Region
Ministry of Co-
operation
Ministry of External
Affairs 11Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
4.3 Institution Categories
For better understanding, the multiple institution sub-types have been grouped into a
single category at the State level. The classification used is as follows:
Table 2: Institution Sub-type Categories
Institute sub-typeGroup name
Station/ Complex/ Farm/ CentreCentre
Institute/College/ University Institute
Department/ Board/ Division/ Cell Department
Sub-centre/Sub-station/ Unit/ Laboratory Sub-centre
Project/ Scheme/ MissionProject
Public Sector IndustryPSU
OtherOther
4.4 Geographical Spread
The spatial analysis of the Public Sector R&D Institutes was carried out at 3 levels:
4.4.1 At the regional level, the institutions were considered with reference to 6 major
regions of India - North, East, Northeast, West, South, and Central.
4.4.2 At the State and Union Territory (UT) level, it was done through the classification
of large and small states and UTs.
4.4.3 At the city level it was done to identify the local clusters of R&D Institutes.
5. Key Findings
5.1 Geographical Spread
5.1.1 Regional Level
Under Part-III of the States Reorganisation Act, 1956, States and UTs of India have
been organized into 5 zones.
4
Additionally, the Northeastern States are governed by
the North Eastern Council, established by the North Eastern Council Act, 1971. For
the purposes of this paper, all six of these councils have been included in the regional
analysis. The present composition of each of these Zonal Councils is as under:
4 Accessed at: https://www.mha.gov.in/en/page/zonal-council in January 2025. 12Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
Table 3: Regions in India
# Name Member States/UTs
1Northern Zonal Council
Chandigarh, Delhi, Haryana, Himachal
Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Ladakh,
Punjab, and Rajasthan
2Southern Zonal Council
Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala,
Puducherry, Tamil Nadu, and Telangana.
3Central Zonal Council
Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh,
and Uttarakhand
4Eastern Zonal Council Bihar, Jharkhand, Odisha, and West Bengal
5Western Zonal Council
Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu,
Goa, Gujarat, and Maharashtra
6North Eastern Council
Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Nagaland,
Manipur, Mizoram, Tripura, Assam, and
Meghalaya
It is worth noting that the UTs of Lakshadweep, and Andaman and Nicobar Islands are
not included in any of the Zonal Councils. However, they do receive special invitations
to the Southern Zonal Council.
In terms of public R&D Institutes, the southern region of India has the largest share at
over 36%, followed by the western region at 23.3% and the northern region at 13.2%.
On the other hand, the Northeast region accounts for only 1.8% of R&D Institutes. The
southern region also has the highest number of both central and state-level institutes,
with 218 and 438 institutions respectively. In contrast, the northern region has more
central institutes (166) than the western region (102), while the western region has
significantly more state institutes (254) than the northern region (144). The central and
eastern regions have a comparable number of both central and state R&D institutes.
13Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
Figure 8: Regional distribution of Public R&D Institutes
5.1.2 State Level
The following maps provide a thematic representation of the number of Central and
State R&D institutes across various States and UTs. The data reveals that larger states
such as Maharashtra and Karnataka lead in the number of Central R&D institutes,
while Gujarat and Karnataka rank highest in terms of State R&D institutes.
To enable a more meaningful analysis, the State-level analysis was further carried
out by categorising States into 3 groups, viz. large states, small states and UTs. The
classification is based on the standard classification followed by NITI Aayog Reports
(Annexure – I). This helped analyse the State-level spread of R&D Institutes and
identify spatial gaps in their distribution. 14Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
Figure 9: Thematic map showing the number of R&D institutes
Among the large States, Karnataka (208) has the highest number of R&D Institutes,
followed by Maharashtra (185) and Gujarat (165). However, Maharashtra has the
highest number of Central R&D Institutes (78), followed by Karnataka (70), and Uttar
Pradesh (56). On the other hand, Gujarat leads the number of State R&D Institutes
(146), followed by Karnataka (138), and Maharashtra (107). Chhattisgarh is at the
bottom of the list of total R&D Institutes with only 11 R&D Institutes, out of which
only 2 are Central R&D Institutes. Out of the 34 State Public R&D Institutes in India
(Figure 6), 9 are located in Kerala.
Figure 10: Distribution of Public R&D Institutes in Large States 15Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
Meghalaya (11) has the highest number of R&D institutes among the small States.
Goa and Meghalaya each have 5 Central R&D Institutes. In addition, Meghalaya also
has the highest number (6) of State R&D Institutes. On the other hand, Mizoram has
only 1 Central R&D Institute and no State R&D Institute.
Figure 11: Distribution of Public R&D Institutes in Small States
Among the UTs, Delhi has the highest number of public R&D Institutes. There are 72
Central Sector R&D Institutes in Delhi alone, much higher than all other UTs combined
(24). Except for Jammu and Kashmir, no UTs have any State-level R&D Institutes.
Figure 12: Distribution of Public R&D Institutes in UTs
5.1.3 City Level
To review the spread of R&D Institutes across the cities of India, this paper considers
the distribution of R&D institutions in the 10 most populous cities of India. This would
help better understand and identify the clusters of these institutions at a micro-scale. 16Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
These 10 cities host around 348 Central R&D institutions, which is about 48% of the
total. In multiple instances, the complete address is missing for State R&D Institutes,
and hence, city-level spatial analysis is limited to Central R&D Institutes.
Figure 13: Central R&D Institutes in the 10 most populous cities
(in descending order of population in 2011)
5.2 Sectoral Distribution
5.2.1 All Public R&D Institutes: When considering the total number of Central and
State R&D Institutes in India,
the distribution is highly
uneven with a skewed sectoral
spread. Agriculture and Allied
Sectors dominate, comprising
51% or 924 out of the total
1,815 Public R&D Institutes.
Health follows at a distant
second with 157 institutes,
and IT and Telecom with 128
is at the third spot.
Figure 14: Sectoral distribution of
Public R&D Institutes in India (1,815) 17Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
Figure 15: Sectoral distribution of non-agricultural Public R&D Institutes (891)
5.2.2 Central R&D Institutes: The Health sector takes the lead with 155 institutes,
followed by Agriculture and Allied Sectors with 137, and Science and Technology
with 117. It is worth noting that there are only 4 Central R&D institutes for
Education and Skilling.
5.2.2 State R&D Institutes: The sectoral distribution of the State R&D Institutes is
highly concentrated, wherein Agriculture and Allied Sectors account for about
67% of the total institutes. However, it is worth noting that not all of these are
full-fledged agricultural institutions. They also include stations, farms, and sub-
stations as mentioned in the institute subtypes. For State R&D Institutes, IT and
Telecom are second by count (103), followed by the Socio-cultural and Allied
Sector (45). Although the number of State R&D Institutes in the Education and
Skilling sector is comparatively higher (21), Science and Technology and Earth
Science, Environment and Natural Resources have only 1 each. 18Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
Figure 16: Sectoral Distribution of Public R&D Institutes by type
5.3 Typological coverage
The classification of Institution Sub-type Categories highlights that Centres represent the
largest category among State R&D
Institution types. This category, which
includes Stations, Complexes, and
Farms, comprises 707 institutions,
making up approximately 65% of
the total. The second-largest group
is Institutes, which includes entities
such as Institutes, Colleges, and
Universities, accounting for 150
institutions. Departments form the
smallest category with significantly
fewer institutions compared to the
others, numbering only 17. All 34
State Sector R&D Institutes fall
under the classification of State-
owned PSUs.
Figure 17: Types of State R&D Institutes 19Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
6. Multi-sectoral Analysis and Recommendations
A recent study carried out at Yale University suggests that R&D investments can have
significant multiplier effects, in particular if the investment is made in the right industries
(Ma, 2023).
5
The Global Innovation 1000 study
6
highlights that simply increasing
spending on R&D may not yield the desired results. Instead, strategic alignment and a
culture of supporting innovation are crucial. Therefore, policymakers should factor in the
long-term multiplier effects when making R&D investment choices. This approach would
help address long-term challenges such as livelihood creation, ageing population, climate
change, among others by transitioning to a low-carbon economy, integration with frontier
technologies, and focusing on non-communicable and lifestyle diseases.
This paper makes recommendations for future decision-making related to public funding of
R&D investment in India. By considering these, policymakers can make informed choices
for maximising the benefits of R&D investment for addressing the challenges that impede
India’s long-term growth and development.
6.1 Intersection of R&D Institute Locations and Industrial Specialisation for Spatial
Synergy
Geographical areas that are characterised by a high concentration of industrial activities
by units of a sizeable scale supported with associated infrastructure and favourable
spatial and economic factors are often referred to as industrial regions. Such regions
foster innovation through collaboration and knowledge sharing among all stakeholders
including companies, research institutions, and Higher Education Institutions (HEIs).
They play a crucial role in the overall development of a country, contributing to
production, employment, and economic growth.
Silicon Valley, the global hub for IT in USA; Tokyo-Osaka Corridor, the centre for
automotive manufacturing, electronics, and precision machinery in Japan; Ruhr Valley,
the industrial heartland of Germany; Houston, the host of numerous oil refineries,
petrochemical plants, and aerospace industries in USA, and Seoul-Incheon Region,
where major electronics, automotive, and shipbuilding industries in South Korea are
located, are some of the most prominent industrial regions in the world.
India has several notable industrial clusters that are characterised by a concentration of
manufacturing, infrastructure, and economic activities. Several geographers have tried
to delineate industrial regions in India using different criteria. A precise analysis of the
geographical placement of industrial clusters in India, alongside their specialisation,
5 Accessed at: https://insights.som.yale.edu/insights/rd-investment-can-have-multiplier-effects-if-its-made-in-the-right-industries in February
2025.
6 Accessed at: https://www.strategyand.pwc.com/gx/en/insights/innovation1000/2018-global-innovation-1000-fact-pack.pdf in April 2025. 20Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
reveals an absence of spatial synergy when compared to the locations of R&D institutes
within those specific specialisation areas. As previously mentioned, a notable trend is
the concentration of Central R&D institutes in or around the National Capital Region
(NCR) of Delhi, regardless of the specific Ministry to which they are affiliated or their
specialised focus areas. The tables below indicate that for the 5 major sectors of Indian
industry, there is no geographical synergy between the location of predominant industry
clusters and the location of the apex R&D Institute of that sector. This may limit the
potential synergies that could emerge due to the proximity of location, as it exists in
several international examples mentioned above.
The following maps illustrate the spatial mismatch between the locations of Central
R&D Institutes and the corresponding industrial clusters in their areas of specialisation.
Sector
Prominent Industrial
Area
Apex R&D Institute
1. Information
Technology &
Electronics
• Bangalore, Karnataka
• Chennai, Tamil Nadu
• Hyderabad, Telangana
• Pune, Maharashtra
• National Institute of
Electronics & Information
Technology (MeitY), New
Delhi 21Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
Sector Prominent Industrial Area Major R&D Institutes
2. Petroleum
Products
• Jamnagar and Vadodara,
Gujarat
• Mumbai, Maharashtra
• Visakhapatnam, Andhra
Pradesh
• Mangaluru, Karnataka
• Indian Institute of Petroleum (MoS&T),
Dehradun, Uttarakhand
• Institute of Petroleum & Energy
(MoPNG), Visakhapatnam, Andhra
Pradesh
• Pandit Deendayal Energy University,
Gandhinagar, Gujarat 22Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
Sector Prominent Industrial Area Apex R&D Institute
3. Gems & Jewellery
• Surat, Gujarat
• Mumbai, Maharashtra
• Hyderabad, Telangana
• Kolkata, West Bengal
• Jaipur, Rajasthan
• Institute of Gems &
Jewellery, New Delhi 23Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
Sector Prominent Industrial Area Apex R&D Institute
4. Organic &
Inorganic
Chemicals
• Dahej & Vadodara, Gujarat
• Chennai, Tamil Nadu
• Visakhapatnam, Andhra
Pradesh
• National Chemical Laboratory,
Pune, Maharashtra 24Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
Sector
Prominent Industrial
Area
R&D Institutes
5. Drugs &
Pharmaceuticals
• Mumbai-Pune
Industrial Belt,
Maharashtra
• Vadodara-Ahmedabad-
Surat, Gujarat
• National Institutes of
Pharmaceutical Education and
Research (NIPERs), MoC&F
[Out of the 7 NIPERs, none is
Maharashtra] 25Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
6.1.1 Recommendations:
In the early years of India’s independence, the Government of India established
numerous Public Sector R&D Institutes across the country. The primary emphasis
at that time was on achieving a balanced distribution both in terms of spatial and
sectoral coverages. Delhi became a particular hub for such institutions, as seen in the
aforementioned five industry examples. However, in the changed circumstances, the
following recommendations are being made:
i) Proximity to Industry Clusters: As evident in multiple global best practices, future
R&D institutes can be planned close to similar speciality industries to facilitate
greater collaboration, streamline the innovation process, and reduce logistical
complexities.
ii) Centralised Research Hubs: Strategic planning may consider establishing Central
Research Hubs to serve multiple industry locations. This could allow resource
sharing, encourage collaboration across industries, and bringing together of
expertise.
iii) Collaborative Spaces: Future R&D campuses may adopt a de-siloed design along
with collaborative spaces promoting interaction between researchers, industry
professionals, and entrepreneurs. This could result in promoting a culture of
innovation.
6.2 Collaborative Integration of R&D Institutes for Enhanced Industry-Academia
Linkages
The spatial and sectoral analysis carried out in this paper reveals a disconnect between
public R&D institutes and HEIs in India, both in terms of geographical proximity and
sectoral alignment. As India aims to achieve the status of a high-income nation by
2047, there is an immediate need to devise a strategy for greenfield R&D institutions to
be closely integrated with leading HEIs. This planning should be closely aligned with
the local needs for specialised skills and innovations. This forward-looking approach
can ensure that the development of R&D capabilities aligns with the localised needs of
different regions.
The importance of the industry-academia cooperation has been highlighted in multiple
publications (Ferreira & Marques, 2018; Bamford, 2024).
78
The close collaboration
between R&D institutes, HEIs and industries can result in several synergies and offer
many advantages. Collaboration with leading HEIs can provide R&D institutes with
7 Accessed at: https://www.aacsb.edu/insights/articles/2024/11/how-industry-academia-collaborations-create-impact in May 2025.
8 Carla Mascarenhas, João J Ferreira, Carla Marques, University–industry cooperation: A systematic literature review and research agenda,
Science and Public Policy, Volume 45, Issue 5, October 2018, Pages 708–718. 26Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
access to faculty expertise, state-of-the-art resources, and lead to new idea generation
and innovative problem solving. On the other hand, collaboration with industries can
provide R&D institutes with crucial funding, market insights, and opportunities to
commercialise research findings. This can ultimately lead to the creation of cutting-
edge products and services that not only address societal needs but also have export
potential.
6.2.1 International Case Studies:
A few global success stories, especially of the successful integration of R&D institutes
with academia and industry in developed countries, have been provided here.
i) Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) - Industry Collaboration:
MIT (USA), through its Industrial Liaison Program (ILP), proactively collaborates
with private companies. This initiative enables MIT researchers to develop
partnerships with industry leaders and strengthens the exchange of knowledge and
resources (MIT Industrial Liaison Program | ILP, 2025).
9
According to the Research Expenditures Report by the MIT Institutional Research10,
the total Campus Research Expenditure at MIT for FY 2022 was US$783 million
(approx. Rs. 6,400 crores), with industry and non-profits sponsoring about US$150
million and US$93 million, respectively. Examples of some of the notable products
developed and companies established through industrial collaboration by MIT
include Akamai Technologies (a leading content delivery network and cybersecurity
company), Bose Corporation (known for its high-quality audio products), and
Formlabs (specialising in 3D printing technologies and desktop stereolithography
printers).
ii) Silicon Valley - Tech Hub Collaboration:
The dynamic ecosystem of Silicon Valley, California (USA) is an example of close
integration between R&D, HEIs, and the private sector. Universities like Stanford
and University of California, Berkeley, contribute to the innovation landscape, while
tech companies collaborate and support research initiatives.
In 2018, California led all U.S. states in R&D investment, amounting to
US$164.4 billion (~Rs. 13.65 lakh crore).
11
Significant R&D expenditures by major
companies in 2022 include Meta’s investment of about 30% of its revenue in R&D,
totalling US$35.3 billion, followed by NVIDIA with 27% (US$7.3 billion), Amazon
9 Accessed at: https://ilp.mit.edu/ in March 2025.
10 Accessed at: https://ir.mit.edu/research-expenditures in March 2025.
11 Accessed at: https://siliconvalley.um.dk/insights/research-and-development-in-california in April 2025. 27Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
with 14% (US$73.2 billion), and Alphabet with 14% (US$39.5 billion).
12
Leading
global tech companies that either originated or have a significant presence in Silicon
Valley include Adobe, Alphabet, Apple, Cisco Systems, Intel, Meta Platforms,
Tesla, among many others.
iii) Cambridge Innovation District:
The Cambridge Innovation District (UK) is a collaborative effort involving the
University of Cambridge, local government, and private sector companies. It aims
to create a vibrant ecosystem where academia and industry collaborate on research,
development, and commercialisation of innovations.
13
Some notable companies that have a presence in or around the Cambridge Innovation
District include ARM Holdings (Semiconductor design and software), AstraZeneca
(Biopharmaceuticals), Cambridge Consultants (consulting), Illumina (Genomic
sequencing and analysis), and Darktrace (Cybersecurity).
According to a report by London Economics in 2023, the economic impact of the
University of Cambridge was estimated at £29.8 billion (about Rs. 3,00,000 crores) out
of which £23.1 billion was from the University’s research and knowledge exchange
activities. It estimated that every £1 spent by Cambridge created £11.70 of economic
value. .
14
iv) Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART):
SMART is a joint research enterprise established by MIT and the National Research
Foundation of Singapore. It brings together researchers from both academia
and industry to address global challenges through cutting-edge scientific and
technological advancements.
15
Some of the notable R&D initiatives by SMART include Low Energy Electronic
Systems (LESS), Future Urban Mobility (FM), Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR),
Disruptive and Sustainable Technologies for Agricultural Precision (DiSTAP), and
Critical Analytics for Manufacturing Personalized-Medicine (CAMP).
SMART was initially established in 2007 with a S$150 million grant from the National
Research Foundation of Singapore, spread over 5 years. SMART Innovation Centre
administers two grant programmes:
• The Innovation Grant (up to S$250,000), designed to help faculty and their research
team to explore new avenues of market-driven research and participate
12 Accessed at: https://www.visualcapitalist.com/cp/ranked-the-10-biggest-nasdaq-companies-by-rd-investment/ in May 2025
13 Accessed at: https://www.cam.ac.uk/stories/cambridge-economic-impact in April 2025.
14 Staton, Bethan, “Cambridge university’s economic impact worth £30bn a year, analysis shows”, Financial Times, March 20, 2023.
15 Accessed at: https://smart.mit.edu/ in June 2025. 28Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
in programmes that will help accelerate innovations toward commercialisation, and
• The Explorer Grant (up to S$50,000), student focused grant programme that assists
students or student groups, with their faculty mentor, explore further development
and commercialisation of innovative work originated by the student(s).
6.2.2 Indian Case Studies:
R&D is crucial for the growth and innovation of any economy. India has made notable
progress in R&D in recent years due to robust science and technology infrastructure,
a skilled workforce, and supportive government policies. The government has also
launched several initiatives to promote R&D, innovation, and entrepreneurship in the
country. Some of the noteworthy examples of academia and industry collaboration for
R&D in India are as follows:
i) Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Madras
Several IITs have established incubation centres that support startups and facilitate
interaction with industry. The IIT Madras Research Park (IITM RP) in Chennai has
been a pioneer in this area.
The IITM RP was started around 2010 at a cost of Rs. 450 crores, with an area of 12
lakh sq. ft. In the last 15 years (IIT Madras Research Park, 2025). It has successfully
established partnerships with 70+ industry leaders, HEIs, and start-ups by drawing
from the expertise of IITM departments like Aerospace Engineering, Biotechnology,
and Computer Sciences. It has incubated over 200 start-ups across 13 sectors and filed
over 1,300 patents.
16
Notable success stories from IITM RP include unicorns like
Uniphore and Detect Technologies, and collaborations with industry giants like TCS,
Titan, BHEL, and Saint-Gobain. The Park’s focus on innovation and entrepreneurship
has significantly catalysed technological advancement and thereby contributed to the
growth of the economy.
ii) Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)
ISRO is another successful model of collaboration of R&D with the higher education
and industry sectors in India. Its successful interplanetary missions executed with
indigenous technologies symbolise India’s leadership in space technology. The
robust R&D activities at ISRO are the backbone of the country’s accomplishments
in the space sector. Chandrayaan and Mangalyaan Missions, respectively
representing India’s lunar and Mars exploration endeavours, are among its many
notable achievements.
16 Accessed at: https://respark.iitm.ac.in/ in July 2025. 29Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
ISRO’s collaboration spans educational outreach, research partnerships, and the
establishment of the Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology (IISST), a
deemed university in Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, and Asia’s first space university
dedicated to integrating space research and education in India.
17
Furthermore, ISRO
collaborates with the industry for commercial satellite launches through the Antrix
Corporation, its commercial arm.
iii) Recent initiatives by the Government of India
In the Union Budget 2019-20, a National Research Foundation (NRF) was
announced to fund, coordinate, and promote research in the country and assimilate
research grants being given by various Ministries, independent of each other.
In 2023, the Parliament passed the Anusandhan National Research Foundation
(ANRF) Bill with the aim of bringing greater coherence and synergy to the research
funding landscape in India by providing a unified platform for researchers to access
funding and by promoting interdisciplinary and collaborative research. It envisages
receiving funds amounting to Rs. 50,000 crore during 2023-28 in the form of
ANRF Fund, Innovation Fund, Science and Engineering Research Fund, Special
Purpose Funds. A budgetary provision of Rs. 14,000 crore has been made from the
Central Government and remaining amount will be sourced through donations from
other sources including public sector enterprises, the private sector, philanthropist
organisations, foundations or international bodies.
18
. ANRF is envisaged to promote
a more vibrant research ecosystem in India and make the country become a global
leader in scientific and technological innovation.
6.2.3 Recommendations:
Despite the efforts India has made, as highlighted in the above-mentioned examples,
certain challenges hindering seamless integration and collaboration continue to exist.
Some specific recommendations to address them include:
i) Streamline Administrative Procedures: Simplifying administrative processes at
public R&D institutes would improve collaboration.
ii) Partner with private enterprises: While working towards an Atmanirbhar Bharat,
decision makers will have to leverage disruptive socio-economic innovations and
interventions by private sector enterprises in long-term national interests. This can
be achieved through collaborative execution with diverse stakeholders including
private corporations that have the best national talent and substantial resources to
experiment with ideas.
19
17 Accessed at: https://www.isro.gov.in/iist.html in July 2025.
18 Accessed at: https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2085535 in September 2025.
19 Shah, Shashank, “Corporate innovation for Atmanirbhar Bharat: 4 game-changing ideas that may help achieve PM’s vision”, Financial 30Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
iii) Establish Clear IP Guidelines: Developing clear guidelines for intellectual property
(IP) rights and promoting a culture of shared benefits can facilitate collaboration.
iv) Create Technology Transfer Offices (TTOs): Support HEIs and public R&D
institutes by establishing dedicated TTOs. Provide financial and other incentives to
researchers and companies to transfer technologies to the market.
v) Address Infrastructure Gaps: Targeted measures to address infrastructure gaps
and promote projects that utilise shared resources can improve collaborative efforts.
vi) Implement Policy Reforms: Initiate Ease of R&D Regulation to simplify processes
and grant incentives for compliance.
vii) Map Public R&D Institutes with Public Universities: Geographic mapping of
Public R&D Institutes with leading Central and State Public Universities could be
the first step in exploring synergies. This can be followed by integration of cutting-
edge R&D work with innovative pedagogy to create industry-ready and research-
ready talent. Additionally, mapping the PSU R&D Institutes with Public Universities
in each state could lead to complementary outcomes, including opportunities for
students and doctoral scholars to pursue joint and applied research projects.
6.3 Reorganising R&D and Education in the Indian Agriculture Sector
The agricultural sector is one of the most prominent sectors in India that has
successfully established strong backward and forward linkages of its R&D institutes
with the education system and companies. Over 50% of all public R&D institutes are
dedicated solely to Agriculture and Allied Sectors. This share rises to over 70% for
State R&D Institutes, indicating that a substantial portion of India’s R&D expenditure
is concentrated within this sector, as highlighted in Figure 16 of this paper.
India being predominantly an agrarian economy, agricultural education is essential for
delivering the human capital required to boost agricultural production while sustainably
managing the environment. It may be noted that for about 54.6% of Indians, agriculture
remains their primary source of income.
20
Agriculture & Allied Sector accounted for
about 18% of India’s Gross Value Added (GVA) at current prices in 2022-23.
21
The history of agricultural education in India can be traced back to the medieval period,
when the study of agriculture was included in the curricula of Nalanda and Takshashila
Universities as an important subject. However, formalised courses in agriculture
education began only at the start of the 20th century. To ensure orderly growth after
India’s independence, the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), the apex
Express, August 27, 2020.
20 Annual Report 2024, Department of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, Govt. of India.
21 Accessed at: https://www.mospi.gov.in/sites/default/files/publication_reports/Brochure_2024.pdf in February 2025. 31Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
body for coordinating, guiding, and managing research and education in agriculture for
India, took the lead and encouraged the setting up of exclusive Agricultural Universities
for research, extension, and education support.
Figure 18: Agricultural Research and Education Network under ICAR
The role of ICAR for agricultural education and R&D in India represents a unique
scenario. While it provides several benefits in terms of standardisation, quality
assurance, and research integration with respect to agriculture education and research,
the following recommendations may be considered for greater impact. 32Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
6.3.1 Recommendations:
i) Adopt a Regionally Balanced Approach: As India’s diverse agricultural landscape
faces unique soil, climate, and resource challenges, flexible strategies are needed.
Encouraging research and innovation at the local level can help farmers adapt to
their specific conditions and ensure optimal resource utilisation.
ii) Encourage Public and Private Investment in Agri Research: Greater
collaboration and funding from public and private agencies can support research
for greater diversification in farming practices, improve productivity, and promote
demand-driven agri exports while enhancing global competitiveness.
22
iii) Diversify Agriculture Universities: Universities under ICAR should evolve
beyond traditional practices. By integrating research, innovation, entrepreneurship,
skill development, and practical training, these HEIs can help students and farmers
transform research outcomes into real livelihood opportunities that align with
modern agricultural demands.
iv) Better value addition through food processing: Investing in R&D for agriculture
and food processing can lead to the creation of improved cash and food crop varieties,
state-of-the-art farming methods and processing techniques. These innovations can
help reduce waste, increase productivity to global standards, improve food quality,
and increase profitability for farmers.
v) Improve Seed Replacement Rate (SRR) through ICAR-led innovation and
collaboration: ICAR, along with state agencies and private partners, may accelerate
development of high-performing, region-specific seed varieties and encourage
adoption by farmers. Ensuring quality control, efficient distribution, and farmer
awareness can help in achieving win-win outcomes.
23
vi) Enhance productivity by adopting Agritech solution: To improve both
productivity and long-term sustainability, policies and schemes should aim at
reducing the upfront costs of adopting advanced technologies, focusing on climate-
resilient crop varieties, optimising supply chain logistics, and implementing
advanced certification and traceability systems.
vii) Promote organic and natural farming: R&D support for organic and natural
farming may be increased to help reduce dependency on chemical inputs, protecting
soil health and the health of consumers over time.
24
6.4 Strategic Sectoral Planning for Establishing R&D Institutes in Frontier
Technologies
22 NITI Aayog Working Group Report 2024 on ‘Crop husbandry, agriculture inputs, demand and supply’.
23 Accessed at: https://www.pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1845109 in September 2025.
24 Accessed at: https://naturalfarming.niti.gov.in/ in February 2025. 33Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
Many developed countries have already set up exclusive R&D facilities for several
specialised sectors, often in collaboration with universities and private industries. The
United States, Japan, Germany, and South Korea have invested significant resources
into R&D. As a result, these countries have developed specialised R&D facilities in
various sectors. Some of such specialised R&D institutes are NASA’s Jet Propulsion
Laboratory for space exploration in USA, the Tsukuba Science City for science and
technology research in Japan, the Fraunhofer Society for Applied Research, and the
Helmholtz Association for energy and environmental research in Germany, and the
Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute for electronics research in
South Korea, among many others.
The Amrit Kaal is the right opportunity for India to identify and prioritise sectors
for the creation of new R&D institutes for achieving optimum resource utilisation
while ensuring that investments are made in areas with high potential future demand.
Sectors with high potential demand are more likely to attract investment, talent, and
collaboration, which can help accelerate innovation and scientific advancement in
strategic sectors.
In recent years, India has significantly increased its emphasis on R&D with the goal
of promoting innovation and economic growth. As per a Ministry of External Affairs
Report, gross expenditure on R&D in the country nearly tripled from about Rs. 40,000
crores in 2007-08
25
to Rs. 1.3 lakh crores in 2020-21. The Research, Development and
Innovation (RDI) Scheme, with a corpus of Rs. 1 lakh crore, was first announced in
the Interim Union Budget 2024, to encourage the private sector to scale up research
and innovation significantly in sunrise domains and drive India’s sovereign technology
ambitions.
26
Along with the quantum of investment, it is equally crucial to allocate the
funds strategically across emerging STEM and non-STEM sectors with high future
potential.
6.4.1 Recommendations:
Over the next quarter century, India must invest in R&D in several high-potential
sectors. Some of these have been elaborated below:
i) Invest in R&D for Medical and Life Sciences:
The healthcare sector is going to play an even more important role in the next 25 years
due to a substantial increase in India’s ageing population, rise in Non-Communicable
Diseases, and increasing awareness of health, nutrition, and wellness. Hence,
25 Accessed at: https://psa.gov.in/CMS/web/sites/default/files/publication/COVID.pdf in February 2025.
26 Accessed at: https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2151476 in October 2025. 34Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
establishing new R&D institutes in this sector could lead to the development of new
medical devices, pharmaceuticals, nutrition substitutes, and diagnostic tools, as well
as new approaches for disease prevention (vaccines), and treatment.
To leverage its vast talent pool and fulfil its growing healthcare needs, India needs
to prioritise areas such as advanced genome sequencing, precision medicine, high-
tech medical devices, bioinformatics, and the integration of AI into healthcare
through predictive analytics and autonomous diagnostic tools.
27
Equally crucial is
establishing robust yet progressive healthcare regulations, focusing on safeguarding
personal data and ensuring compliance with legal and regulatory standards. These
efforts can position India to lead in human-centric innovations at the intersection of
healthcare and frontier technologies.
ii) Focus on R&D in Renewable Energy and Green Transition:
To achieve its Panchamrit goals and the ambitious targets of generating 50% of its
electric power capacity from renewables by 2030 and achieving net-zero carbon
emissions by 2070
28
, India needs to focus on next-generation solutions for green
transition, and power generation, storage, and distribution. Increased investment,
focused R&D, and international collaborations will play a vital role in realising
these goals.
iii) Promote Advanced Manufacturing Technologies:
India is rapidly advancing in cutting-edge R&D for manufacturing, focusing on
productivity, sustainability, and technological innovation to compete globally.
To build on this progress, India may prioritise advanced robotics, automation,
AI-ML, and material sciences, particularly advanced materials, nanotechnology,
and semiconductors.
29
Advancing in these areas will be crucial for enhancing its
manufacturing competitiveness and achieving the vision of becoming a global
manufacturing hub.
6.5 Transition from Tracking R&D Investment to Measuring Impact
An analysis of the available data and reports on R&D expenditure shows that over the
past several decades, the primary emphasis has been on tracking R&D investments at
various levels of government. However, India still lacks a centralised database that
provides detailed, disaggregated information on R&D spending by various public
R&D institutes. This data gap makes it difficult to design and evaluate effective policy
27 Ghosh, D., ‘Healthcare for All: India could lead by shaping the future of AI and biotech’, Mint, September 17, 2024.
28 Accessed at: https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1961797 in September 2025.
29 NITI Aayog Report on ‘Reimagining Manufacturing: India’s Roadmap to Global Leadership in Advanced Manufacturing’, October 2025. 35Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
measures at institute, sectoral and regional levels. Existing initiatives tend to capture
only central government allocations, leaving state-level R&D funding largely
undocumented and poorly understood.
Moving forward, it is essential not only to build a comprehensive national repository
of R&D data but also to expand the focus beyond inputs. Tracking how R&D projects
perform by measuring their outputs, outcomes, and real-world impact would help assess
the true value of these investments. Equally important is measuring and communicating
the societal benefits and solutions to pressing national challenges that arise from
R&D efforts. This would create a positive mindset among the common citizens for
investments in R&D. A paradigm shift from input orientation to impact orientation is
vital for boosting R&D in India in the 21
st
century.
6.5.1 Recommendations:
i) Establish a Central Coordinating Agency for R&D Projects:
Policymakers may consider establishing a dedicated agency responsible for
coordinating, connecting and monitoring R&D projects across various governmental
bodies, including ministries, departments and institutions. The primary objective of
this agency would be to enhance synergy, maximise outputs and outcomes, and
minimise redundancies and overlaps in R&D efforts and investments.
ii) Increase Public and Private Investment in R&D:
For India to move from being primarily a consumer of knowledge to becoming a
true creator of it, both public and private investment in R&D should increase at par
with peer economies as elaborated in Figure 1 of this paper. Additionally, a well-
defined tracking system should be developed to monitor the actual expenditure,
outputs, outcomes, and grassroots impact of each R&D project, programme and
scheme.
iii) Ensure Adequate Funding for R&D in All Sectors:
Policymakers must ensure that every sector receives sufficient funding to support
R&D activities and innovatively meet the sectoral targets and goals in effective
ways. This approach will ensure that no sector is left behind due to inadequate
financial support, thereby fostering holistic innovation and growth across all areas.
6.6 Creation of Career Pathways in the R&D Sector
There is a need to create career pathways in R&D. While most R&D institutes have
defined career growth opportunities, like HEIs, there is a lack of institutional structures 36Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
and processes for integration and horizontal mobility between R&D institutions and
academia. This hinders cross-sectoral collaboration. Unlike universities in developed
economies, where R&D institutions and universities are integrated or work in tandem,
the Indian ecosystem is disparate, where R&D Institutes and universities work in
silos. This prevents a free flow of faculty and researchers between R&D centres and
academia, as is popular in the higher education ecosystem of developed nations. This
leads to two major problems for the country. Firstly, academic curriculum and pedagogy
are not directly influenced by cutting-edge research in frontier areas of knowledge,
thereby depriving students from the latest developments in the field. Secondly, it
does not provide clear career pathways for researchers in the R&D space as doctoral
research work is primarily undertaken in the university ecosystem, where teaching is
a primacy.
30
Moreover, the faculty advisors guiding doctoral research may themselves
not be directly involved in any cutting-edge R&D projects, thereby depriving budding
doctoral researchers from the much-needed exposure and alignment with state-of-the-
art, such that they can easily transition into a promising R&D career.
6.6.1 Recommendations:
i) Create Integrated Career Pathways for Subject Experts:
Develop career pathways that allow subject experts to participate both in teaching
at universities and research at R&D institutions, thereby ensuring that the latest
advancements are integrated into classroom learning and teaching faculty can
continuously upskill themselves through involvement in cutting-edge R&D projects
and enhance the overall quality of HEIs.
ii) Create R&D as an attractive career option:
Universities must ensure that students are taught by top-quality faculty who are also
active researchers. This would expose them to the latest research in their domain,
inspire them to pursue R&D as a career option and prepare them to contribute to
R&D centres in academia and industry.
iii) Expand Postdoctoral Programmes:
Establish robust and well-funded postdoctoral programmes across sciences and
humanities to attract top talent in the R&D sector. This would help retain highly
talented and research-driven human capital in the R&D domain and also provide
them with career pathways in this space.
30 NITI Aayog Report on ‘Expanding Quality Education through States and State Public Universities’, February 2025. 37Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
7. Conclusion
Over the last 78 years, R&D institutions, HEIs, and industries in India have largely operated
in silos. Despite commendable progress by each of them and their substantial contributions
to India’s macroeconomic and developmental landscape, a more effective and efficient
collaborative approach is imperative for the holistic growth of the nation.
The next quarter century which leads to India’s centenary year of independence, is also
the period when India will emerge among the top 3 global economies. To achieve that
status, and more importantly, to maintain that status, will require creation of world-class
knowledge and world-ready human capital to man and scale those sectors. R&D institutions
will play a vital role in the former, and HEIs in the achievement of the latter.
India has the potential to become a global hub for R&D, innovation, and entrepreneurship.
However, addressing the challenges and improving the R&D culture and investments in
the country will require collective efforts from the government, private sector, academia,
and R&D institutions. Each of these systemic stakeholders can collectively contribute
to creating implementable solutions using their core competence and address key socio-
economic challenges facing India. The breadth of expertise available within the country
must be leveraged by ensuring a strategic convergence of R&D and innovations and by
using the synergies to work towards economic and technological self-reliance and self-
sufficiency in the long term.
The current spatial and statistical presence of R&D institutes that have been established
during the last 75 years, as discussed in this paper, would help in preparing a roadmap for
balanced and planned investments in R&D infrastructure over the next 25 years and in the
creation of institutional and sectoral, regional and national synergies in R&D.
To realise this vision, it is essential to promote collaborative integration among R&D
institutions through enhanced industry-academia linkages, identify and prioritise high-
potential sectors, such as medical and life sciences, renewable energy and green transition,
advanced manufacturing and frontier technologies, among others, and ensure targeted
R&D investments. Given India’s status as the most populous country, achieving food
security will be a key priority, necessitating focused and innovative R&D efforts in the
agriculture sector. At the policy level, a shift in emphasis from tracking R&D investment
to systematically measuring its impact will be a more effective approach for optimising
resource mobilisation. Additionally, creating well-structured and rewarding career
pathways in the R&D sector is vital for attracting and retaining top talent.
A systematic and proactive approach over the next 5–10 years can act as a key driver in
transforming the vision of a Viksit Bharat by 2047 into a reality. 38Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
References:
1. Celli, V., Cerqua, A. & Pellegrini, G. Does R&D Expenditure Boost Economic Growth in
Lagging Regions?. Soc Indic Res (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-021-02786-5
2. Coccia, M. (2011). The interaction between public and private R&D expenditure and
national productivity. Prometheus, 29(2), 121–130. https://doi.org/10.1080/08109028.201
1.601079
3. OECD (2019), “The Economic Benefits of Air Quality Improvements in Arctic Council
Countries”, OECD Environment Working Papers, No. 143, OECD Publishing, Paris.
https://doi.org/10.1787/68d0c7f2-en
4. Romer, P. M. (1990). Endogenous Technological Change. Journal of Political Economy,
98(5), S71–S102. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2937632
5. Sharma, I. Building back better: a billion-dollar investment in broadening economic
opportunity. Federation of American Scientists. Retrieved September 12, 2023, from
https://fas.org/blogs/sciencepolicy/building-back-better-a-billion-dollar-investment-in-
broadening-economic-opportunity/
6. Office of the Principal Scientific Adviser. (2022). Evaluation of Innovation Excellence
Indicators of PublicFunded R&D Organisations: Vol. I [PDF]. Government of India.
https://psa.gov.in/CMS/web/sites/default/files/publication/R%26D%20Report%20
Vol%201.pdf
7. R&D Expenditure Ecosystem: Report and actions taken | Principal Scientific Adviser.
(2022, February 16).
8. National Science & Technology Management Information System | Department of
Science & Technology. National Science & Technology Management Information
System. from https://dst.gov.in/scientific-programmes/scientific-engineering-research/
national-science-technology-management-information-system-nstmis
9. Department Of Science & Technology, Ministry of Science & Technology, Government
Of India. (2023). S&T Indicators Tables. http://www.nstmis-dst.org/Pdfs/S&T%20
INDICATORS%20TABLES%202022-23.pdf
10. Gupta, A., Panigrahy, R. Kr., Arya, P. Kr., & Department of Science & Technology.
(2023). Research & Development Statistics At a Glance 2022-23. In Department of
Science & Technology [Report; PDF]. Government of India. https://dst.gov.in/sites/
default/files/R%26D%20Statistics%20at%20a%20Glance%2C%202022-23.pdf
11. NITI Aayog. (2022). India Innovation Index 2022. Government of India. 39Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
12. Ma, S. (2023, February 27). R&D Investment Can Have Multiplier Effects—If It’s Made
in the Right Industries. Yale Insights.
13. Trajtenberg, M. (1990). A Penny for Your Quotes: Patent Citations and the Value
of Innovations. The RAND Journal of Economics , 21(1), 172–187. https://doi.
org/10.2307/2555502
14. Lu, M. (2023, October 25). Visualizing the R&D investment of the 10 biggest Nasdaq
companies. Visual Capitalist. https://www.visualcapitalist.com/cp/ranked-the-10-biggest-
nasdaq-companies-by-rd-investment/
15. Kumar A. (2023). The Transformation of The Indian Healthcare System. Cureus, 15(5),
e39079. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.39079
16. Ghosh, D. (2024, September 17). Healthcare for All: India could lead by shaping the
future of AI and biotech. Mint.
17. Shah, Shashank (2020, August 27). Corporate innovation for Atmanirbhar Bharat: 4
game-changing ideas that may help achieve PM’s vision. Financial Express. 40Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
Annexure – I: State and UT categories (As per multiple NITI
Aayog reports)
Large States
1Andhra Pradesh
2Assam
3Bihar
4Chhattisgarh
5Gujarat
6Haryana
7Himachal Pradesh
8Jharkhand
9Karnataka
10Kerala
11Madhya Pradesh
12Maharashtra
13Odisha
14Punjab
15Rajasthan
16Tamil Nadu
17Telangana
18Uttar Pradesh
19Uttarakhand
20West Bengal
Union TerritoriesUnion Territories
1Andaman and Nicobar Islands
2Chandigarh
3
Dadra and Nagar Haveli and
Daman and Diu
4Jammu and Kashmir
5Ladakh
6Lakshadweep
7NCT of Delhi
8Puducherry
Smaller StatesSmaller States
1Arunachal Pradesh
2Goa
3Manipur
4Meghalaya
5Mizoram
6Nagaland
7Sikkim
8Tripura 41Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
Annexure – II: Central Sector R&D Institutes by Sector &
Ministry (Count)
1. Agriculture & Allied Sectors1. Agriculture & Allied Sectors135
Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare110
Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying25
2. Chemical2. Chemical4
Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilisers4
3. Defence3. Defence53
Ministry of Defence53
Earth Sciences & EnvironmentEarth Sciences & Environment37
Ministry of Earth Sciences10
Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change27
4. Education & Skilling4. Education & Skilling4
Ministry of Education2
Ministry of Labour and Employment1
Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship1
5. Energy5. Energy30
Department of Atomic Energy10
Ministry of New and Renewable Energy5
Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas14
Ministry of Power1
6. Finance & Commerce6. Finance & Commerce10
Ministry of Commerce and Industry10
7. Health & AYUSH7. Health & AYUSH154
Ministry of AYUSH124
Ministry of Health and Family Welfare30
Heavy IndustryHeavy Industry5
Ministry of Heavy Industry and Public Enterprises3
Ministry of Steel2
IT & TelecomIT & Telecom23 42Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
Ministry of Communications1
Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology22
Natural ResourcesNatural Resources9
Ministry of Jal Shakti5
Ministry of Mines4
11. Others11. Others9
Ministry of Home Affairs7
Ministry of Information and Broadcasting1
Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation1
12. Science and Technology12. Science and Technology75
Ministry of Science and Technology75
13. Small Industry13. Small Industry4
Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises4
14. Socio-cultural & Allied Sectors14. Socio-cultural & Allied Sectors20
Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution 4
Ministry of Culture5
Ministry of Food Processing Industries2
Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs1
Ministry of Rural Development1
Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment7
15. Space15. Space25
Department of Space25
16. Textiles16. Textiles18
Ministry of Textiles18
17. Transportation17. Transportation4
Ministry of Civil Aviation1
Ministry of Railways1
Ministry of Road Transport and Highways1
Ministry of Shipping1
TotalTotal619 43Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
Annexure – III: Central Sector R&D Institutes by Sector &
Ministry (Name)
Agriculture & Allied Sectors
Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare
1Central Agroforestry Research Institute
2Central Arid Zone Research Institute
3Central Avian Research Institute
4Central Citrus Research Institute
5Central Coastal Agricultural Research Institute
6Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute
7Central Institute for Cotton Research
8Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes
9Central Institute for Research on Cattle
10Central Institute for Research on Cotton Technology
11Central Institute for Research on Goats
12Central Institute for Women in Agriculture
13Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering
14Central Institute of Arid Horticulture
15Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture
16Central Institute of Fisheries Education
17Central Institute of Fisheries Technology
18Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture
19Central Institute of Post Harvest Engineering and Technology
20Central Institute of Subtropical Horticulture
21Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture
22Central Island Agriculture Research Institute
23Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute
24Central Plantation on Crops Research Institute
25Central Potato Research Institute
26Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture
27Central Research Institute for Jute and Allied Fibres 44Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
28Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute
29Central Soil Salinity Research Institute
30Central Tobacco Research Institute
31Central Tuber Crops Research Institute
32Directorate of Cashew Research
33Directorate of Cashewnut and Coca Development
34Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research
35Directorate of Floriculture Research
36Directorate of Groundnut Research
37Directorate of Jute Development
38Directorate of Knowledge Management in Agriculture
39Directorate of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research
40Directorate of Mushroom Research
41Directorate of Onion and Garlic Research
42Directorate of Poultry Research
43Directorate of Pulses Development
44Directorate of Rapeseed Mustard Research
45Directorate of Weed Science Research
46Directorate of Wheat Development
47ICAR Research Complex for Eastern Region
48ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region
49Indian Agricultural Research Institute
50Indian Agricultural Research Institute Jharkhand
51Indian Agricultural Statistical Research Institute
52Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute
53Indian Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology
54Indian Institute of Farming Systems Research
55Indian Institute of Horticultural Research
56Indian Institute of Maize Research
57Indian Institute of Millets Research
58Indian Institute of Natural Resin and Gums 45Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
59Indian Institute of Oil Palm Research
60Indian Institute of Oilseeds Research
61Indian Institute of Pulses Research
62Indian Institute of Seed Sciences
63Indian Institute of Soil and Water Conservation
64Indian Institute of Soil Science
65Indian Institute of Soybean Research
66Indian Institute of Spices Research
67Indian Institute of Sugarcane Research
68Indian Institute of Vegetable Research
69Indian Institute of Water Management
70Indian Institute of Wheat and Barley Research
71Indian Instiute of Rice Research
72Indian Veterinary Research Institute
73Mahatma Gandhi Integrated Farming Research Institute
74National Academy of Agricultural Research Management
75National Bureau of Agricultural Insect Resources
76National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms
77National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources
78National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources
79National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources
80National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning
81National Dairy Research Institute
82National Institute of Abiotic Stress Management
83National Institute of Agricultural Economics and Policy Research
84National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology
85National Institute of Biotic Stress Management
86National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases
87National Institute of Natural Fibre Engineering and Technology
88National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics
89National Organic Farming Research Institute 46Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
90National Research Centre for Banana
91National Research Centre for Equines
92National Research Centre for Grapes
93National Research Centre for Integrated Pest Management
94National Research Centre for Orchids
95National Research Centre on Camel
96National Research Centre on Litchi
97National Research Centre on Meat
98National Research Centre on Mithun
99National Research Centre on Pig
100National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology
101National Research Centre on Pomegranate
102National Research Centre on Seed Spices
103National Research Centre on Yak
104National Rice Research Institute
105Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease
106Soil and Land Use Survey of India (Formerly All India Soil & Land Use Survey)
107Sugarcane Breeding Institute
108Vivekanand Parvatiya Krishi Anusandhan Sansthan
109Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology
Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying
1Central Cattle Breeding Farm
2Central Frozen Semen Production & Training Institute
3Central Herd Registration Scheme
4Central Herd Registration Unit
5Central Poultry Development Organization & Training Institute
6Central Poultry Development Organization (Eastern Region)
7Central Poultry Development Organization (Northern Region)
8Central Poultry Development Organization (Western Region)
9Central Poultry Performance & Testing Centre
10Central Sheep Breeding Farm 47Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
11Regional Station for Forage Production & Demonstration
Chemical
Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilisers
1Central Institute of Petrochemicals Engineering & Technology
2Institute of Pesticide Formulation Technology
3National Institute of Pharmaceutical & Education Research
Defence
Ministry of Defence
1Advanced Centre for Energetic Materials
2Advanced Numerical Research & Analysis Group
3Advanced System Laboratory
4Aerial Delivery Research & Development Establishment
5Aeronautical Development Agency
6Aeronautical Development Establishment
7Armament Research & Development Establishment
8Centre for Air Borne Systems
9Centre for Artificial Intelligence & Robotics
10Centre for Fire, Explosive and Environment Safety
11Centre for Military AirWorthiness & Certification
12Combat Vehicles Research & Development Establishment
13Defence Avionics Research Establishment
14Defence Bio-Engineering and Electro-Medical Laboratory
15Defence Electronics Application Laboratory
16Defence Electronics Research Laboratory
17Defence Food Research Laboratory
18Defence Institute of Advanced Technology
19Defence Institute of Bio Energy Research
20Defence Institute of High Altitude Research (Field Research Laboratory)
21Defence Institute of Physiology & Allied Sciences
22Defence Institute of Psychological Research
23Defence Laboratory Jodhpur 48Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
24Defence Material & Stores Research & Development Establishment
25Defence Metallurgical Research Laboratory
26Defence Research & Development Establishment
27Defence Research & Development Laboratory
28Defence Research and Development Organisation
29Defence Research Laboratory
30Defence Scientific Information & Documentation Centre
31Defence Terrain Research Laboratory
32Electronics & Radar Development Establishment
33Gas Turbine Research Establishment
34High Energy Materials Research Laboratory
35Institute for Systems Studies & Analysis
36Institute of Aerospace Medicine
37Institute of Nuclear Medicines & Allied Sciences
38Institute of Technology Management
39Instruments Research & Development Establishment
40Integrated Test Range
41Laser Science & Technology Centre
42Microwave Tube Research & Development
43Naval Materials Research Laboratory
44Naval Physical & Oceanographic Laboratory
45Naval Science & Technological Laboratory
46Proof and Experimental Establishment
47Research & Development Establishment
48Research Centre Imarat
49Scientific Analysis Group
50Snow & Avalanche Study Establishment
51Solid State Physics Laboratory
52Terminal Ballistics Research Laboratory
53Vehicles Research & Development Establishment
Earth Sciences & Environment 49Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
Ministry of Earth Sciences
1Centre for Marine Living Resources and Ecology
2Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology
3Indian Meteorological Department
4Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services
5National Centre for Coastal Research
6National Centre for Earth Science Studies
7National Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasting
8National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research
9National Centre for Seismology IMD Complex
10National Institute of Ocean Technology
Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change
1Botanical Survey of India
2C.P.R Environmental Education Centre
3Central Pollution Control Board Parivesh Bhawan
4Central Zoo Authority
5Centre for Animals and Environment
6Centre for Ecological Sciences
7Centre for Environment Education
8Centre for Environmental Management of Degraded Ecosystems
9Centre of Mining Environment
10Centres of Excellence in Environmental Economics
11Forest Survey of India
12Foundation for Revitalization of Local Health Traditions
13
G. B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment and Sustainable
Development
14Himalayan Forest Research Institute
15Indian Council of Forestry Research & Education
16Indian Institute of Forest Management
17Indian Plywood Industries Research and Training Institute
18Indira Gandhi National Forest Academy 50Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
19Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden & Research Institute
20National Biodiversity Authority
21National Centre for Sustainable Coastal Management
22National Museum of Natural History
23National Tiger Conservation Authority
24National Zoological Park
25Salim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History
26Wildlife Institute of India
27Zoological Survey of India
Education & Skilling
Ministry of Education
1Centre for Industrial Consultancy and Sponsored Research
2Industrial Research & Consultancy Centre
Ministry of Labour and Employment
1Directorate General of Mines Safety
Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship
1Indian Institute of Entrepreneurship
Energy
Department of Atomic Energy
1Atomic Minerals Directorate for Exploration and Research
2Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
3Centre for Excellence in Basic Sciences Health Centre
4Global Centre for Nuclear Energy Partnership
5Harish Chandra Research Institute
6Homi Bhabha National Institute
7Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research
8Institute for Plasma Research
9Institute of Mathematical Sciences
10Institute of Physics
Ministry of New and Renewable Energy 51Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
1
Department of Hydro and Renewable Energy (Formerly Alternate Hydro Energy
Centre)
2Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency
3National Institute of Solar Energy
4National Institute of Wind Energy
5Sardar Swaran Singh National Institute of Bio-Energy
Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas
1Centre for Excellence in Well Logging Technology
2Exploration and Development Directorate
3Gas Hydrate Research & Technology Centre
4Geodata Processing and Interpretation Centre
5Institute of Biotechnology and Geotectonic Studies
6Institute of Drilling Technology
7Institute of Engineering and Ocean Technology
8Institute of Oil and Gas Production Technology
9Institute of Petroleum Safety, Health and Environment Management
10Institute of Reservoir Studies
11Keshava Deva Malaviya Institute of Petroleum Exploration
12National Institute of Rock Mechanics
13Non Ferrous Materials Technology Development Centre
14Petroleum Conservation Research Association
Ministry of Power
1Central Power Research Institute
Finance & Commerce
Ministry of Commerce and Industry
1Central Coffee Research Institute
2Central Pulp & Paper Research Institute
3Indian Institute of Packaging
4Indian Rubber Manufacturers Research Association
5National Council for Cement and Building Materials
6National Institute of Design 52Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
7National Productivity Council
8Rubber Research Institute of India
9Tocklai Tea Research Institute Tea Research Association
10UPASI Tea Research Foundation
Health & AYUSH
Ministry of AYUSH
1Advanced Centre For Ayurveda In Mental Health and Neuro Sciences
2All India Institute of Hygiene and Public Health
3All India Institute of Medical Sciences
4All India Institute of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
5All India Institute of Speech and Hearing Naimisham Campus
6BCG Vaccine Laboratory
7Cancer Institute (WIA)
8Captain Srinivasa Murthy Regional Ayurveda Drug Development Institute
9Central Ayurveda Research Institute for Cardiovascular Diseases
10Central Ayurveda Research Institute for Drug Development
11
Central Ayurveda Research Institute for Hepatobiliary Disorders (Formerly
National Research Institute of Ayurvedic Drug Development)
12Central Ayurveda Research Institute for Respiratory Disorders
13Central Council for Research in Ayurveda Sciences
14Central Council for Research in Homoeopathy
15Central Council for Research in Siddha
16Central Council for Research in Unani Medicine
17Central Council for Research in Yoga & Naturopathy
18Central Drugs Standard Control Organization
19Central Institute of Psychiatry
20Central Leprosy Teaching and Research Institute
21Central Research Institute
22Central Research Institute of Unani Medicine
23Centre of Medicinal Plants & Research in Homoeopathy
24Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute 53Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
25Clinical Research Pilot Project (Unani)
26Clinical Research Unit (Unani)
27Clinical Research Unit for Homoeopathy
28Clinical Verification Unit for Homoeopathy
29Dr. Abhin Chandra Homoeopathic Medical College & Hospital
30Dr. Achanta Lakshmipathi Research Centre for Ayurveda
31Dr. Anjali Chatterjee Regional Research Institute of Homoeopathy
32
Dr. D.P. Rastogi Central Research Institute of Homoeopathy (Formerly Central
Research Institute of Homoeopathy)
33Drug Proving Unit Dr. Abhin Chandra Homoeopathic Medical College & Hospital
34Drug Standardisation Research Institute (Unani)
35Drug Standardisation Unit (H)
36Extension Unit of Drug Standardization Unit
37Family Welfare Training & Research Centre
38Hakim Ajmal Khan Institute for Literary & Historical Research in Unani Medicine
39Homeopathic Drug Research Institute
40Homeopathy Treatment Centre
41Homoeopathic Research Institute For Disabilities
42Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research
43Jawaharlal Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research
44M.S. Regional Ayurveda Research Institute for Endocrine Disorders
45Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences
46National Ayurveda Research Institute for Panchakarma
47
National Centre for Disease Control (Formerly National Institute of Communicable
Diseases)
48National Food Laboratory Kolkata (Formerly Central Food Laboratory)
49National Homoeopathy Research Institute in Mental Health
50National Institute of Ayurveda
51National Institute of Health & Family Welfare
52National Institute of Homoeopathy
53National Institute of Indian Medical Heritage 54Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
54National Institute of Mental Health & Neuro Sciences
55National Research Institute for Sowa Rigpa
56
National Research Institute of Unani Medicine for Skin Disorders (Formerly
Central Research Institute of Unani Medicine)
57National Tuberculosis Institute
58Pasteur Institute of India
59Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research
60Raja Ramdeo Anandilal Podar Central Ayurveda Research Institute for Cancer
61Regional Ayurveda Institute for Fundamental Research
62Regional Ayurveda Research Centre
63Regional Ayurveda Research Institute
64Regional Ayurveda Research Institute for Drug Development
65Regional Ayurveda Research Institute for Eye Diseases
66Regional Ayurveda Research Institute for Gastro-Intestinal Disorders
67Regional Ayurveda Research Institute for Infectious Diseases
68Regional Ayurveda Research Institute for Life style related Disorders
69Regional Ayurveda Research Institute for Metabolic Disorders
70Regional Ayurveda Research Institute for Mother and Child Health
71Regional Ayurveda Research Institute for Nutritional Disorders
72Regional Ayurveda Research Institute for Skin Disorders
73
Regional Ayurveda Research Institute for Skin Disorders Ahmedabad (Formerly
Ayurveda Contraceptive Drug Research Institute)
74Regional Ayurveda Research Institute for Urinary Disorders
75Regional Research Centre (Unani)
76Regional Research Centre (Unani)
77
Regional Research Centre of Ayurveda (Formerly Ayurveda Tribal Health Care
Research Project)
78-80Regional Research Institute (H) – 3 campuses
81Regional Research Institute of Unani Medicine
82Regional Research Institute of Unani Medicine,
83School of Tropical Medicine 55Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
84Siddha Central Research Institute Govt. Anna Hospital Campus
85-87Siddha Clinical Research Unit
88Siddha Medicinal Plants Garden
89Siddha Regional Research Institute
90The King Institute of Preventive Medicine
91Unani Medical Centre
92Unani Speciality Clinic Deendayal Upadhyay Hospital
93Vallabhabhai Patel Chest Institute
Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
1Bhopal Memorial Hospital and Research Centre
2Indian Council of Medical Research
3National AIDS Research Institute
4National Animal Resource Facility for Biomedical Research
5National Centre for Diseases Informatics and Research
6National Institute for Implementation Research on Non-Communicable Diseases
7National Institute for Research in Environmental Health
8National Institute for Research in Tribal Health
9National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis
10National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health
11National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research
12National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases
13National Institute of Epidemiology
14National Institute of Immunohematology
15National Institute of Malaria Research
16National Institute of Medical Statistics
17National Institute of Nutrition
18National Institute of Occupational Health
19National Institute of Pathology
20National Institute of Traditional Medicine
21National Institute of Virology 56Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
22National Jalma Institute for Leprosy & other Mycobacterial Diseases
23Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences
24-26Regional Medical Research Centre – 3 campuses
27Regional Occupational Health Centre (Eastern)
28Regional Occupational Health Centre (Southern)
29Vector Control Research Centre
Heavy Industry
Ministry of Heavy Industry and Public Enterprises
1Automotive Research Association of India
2Central Manufacturing Technology Institute
3Fluid Control Research Institute
Ministry of Steel
1Biju Patnaik National Steel Institute
2National Institute of Secondary Steel Technology
IT & Telecom
Ministry of Communications
1Centre for Development of Telematics
Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology
1Centre for Development of Advanced Computing
2Centre for Materials for Electronics Technology
3Digital India Corporation (Technology Development & Deployment Division)
4Education and Research Network India
5Society for Applied Microwave Electronics Engineering & Research
Natural Resources
Ministry of Jal Shakti
1Central Ground Water Board
2Central Soil and Materials Research Station
3Central Water & Power Research Station
4National Institute of Hydrology
5North Eastern Hydraulic and Allied Research Institute (NEHARI)
Ministry of Mines 57Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
1Geological Survey of India
2Indian Bureau of Mines
3Jawaharlal Nehru Aluminium Research Development & Design Centre
4National Institute of Miners’ Health
Others
Ministry of Home Affairs
1Central Forensic Science Laboratory
2
Loknayak Jayaprakash Narayan National Institute of Criminology & Forensic
Science
Ministry of Information and Broadcasting
1Research Department, Prasar Bharati
Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation
1Indian Statistical Institute
Science and Technology
Ministry of Science and Technology
1National Institute of Immunology
2Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute
3Agharkar Research Institute
4Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences
5Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeosciences
6Bose Institute
7Central Building Research Institute
8Central Drug Research Institute
9Central Electrochemical Research Institute
10Central Electronics Engineering Research Institute
11Central Food Technological Research Institute
12Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute
13Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants
14Central Institute of Mining and Fuel Research
15Central Leather Research Institute
16Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute 58Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
17Central Road Research Institute
18Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute
19Central Scientific Instruments Organisation
20Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology
21Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics
22Centre for Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing
23Centre for Nano and Soft Matter Sciences
24CSIR Fourth Paradigm Institute
25CSIR Unit for Research & Development of Information Products
26Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science
27Indian Institute of Astrophysics
28Indian Institute of Chemical Biology
29Indian Institute of Chemical Technology
30Indian Institute of Geomagnetism
31Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine
32Indian Institute of Petroleum
33Indian Institute of Toxicology Research
34Indo-French Centre for the Promotion of Advanced Research
35Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine
36Institute of Advanced Study in Science & Technology
37Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development
38Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology
39Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology
40Institute of Life Sciences
41Institute of Microbial Technology
42Institute of Minerals & Materials Technology
43Institute of Nano Science and Technology
44
International Advanced Research Centre for Powder Metallurgy and New
Materials
45International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology
46Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Science Research 59Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
47National Aerospace Laboratories
48National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institution
49National Atlas & Thematic Mapping Organisation
50National Botanical Research Institute
51National Brain Research Centre
52National Centre for Cell Science
53National Chemical Laboratory
54National Environmental Engineering Research Institute
55National Geophysical Research Institute
56National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology
57National Institute of Animal Biotechnology
58National Institute of Biomedical Genomics
59National Institute of Oceanography
60National Institute of Plant Genome Research
61National Institute of Science Communication & Information Resources
62National Institute of Science, Technology and Development Studies
63National Metallurgical Laboratory
64National Physical Laboratory
65North East Centre for Technology Application & Reach
66North-East Institute of Science & Technology
67Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology
68Raman Research Institute
69Regional Centre for Biotechnology
70Satyendra Nath Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences
71Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences & Technology
72Survey of India
73Technology Information, Forecasting & Assessment Council
74Translational Health Science and Technology Institute
75Vigyan Prasar
Small Industry
Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises 60Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
1Central Coir Research Institute
2Central Institute of Tool Design
3Institute for Design of Electrical Measuring Instruments
4National Institute for Micro, Small & Medium Enterprises
Socio-cultural & Allied Sectors
Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution
1Bureau of Indian Standards
2Indian Grain Storage Management & Research Institute
3National Sugar Institute
4National Test House
Ministry of Culture
1Anthropological Survey of India
2Archaeological Survey of India
3National Council of Science Museums
4National Research Laboratory for Conservation of Cultural Property
5Pt. Deendayal Upadhyay Institute of Archaeology
Ministry of Food Processing Industries
1Indian Institute of Food Processing Technology
2National Institute of Food Technology, Entrepreneurship and Management
Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs
1National Institute of Urban Affairs
Ministry of Rural Development
1National Institute of Rural Development
Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment
1Ali Yavar Jung National Institute of Speech and Hearing Disabilities
2National Institute for Empowerment of Person with Multiple Disabilities
3National Institute for Locomotor Disabilities
4National Institute for the Empowerment of Person with Intellectual Disabilities
5National Institute for the Empowerment of Persons with Visual Disabilities
6Pt. Deendayal Upadhyaya National Institute for with Physical Disabilities
7Swami Vivekanand National Institute of Rehabilitation Training and Research 61Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
Space
Department of Space
1Indian Institute of Remote Sensing
2Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology
3Indian Space Research Organisation Headquarters
4INSAT Master Control Facility
5ISRO Inertial Systems Unit
6ISRO Propulsion Complex
7ISRO Telemetry, Tracking & Command Network
8Laboratory for Electro-Optics Systems
9Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre
10National Atmospheric Research Laboratory
11National Institute of Science Education and Research
12National Remote Sensing Centre
13North Eastern Space Applications Centre
14Physical Research Laboratory
15Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology
16Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics
17Satish Dhawan Space Centre
18Semi-Conductor Laboratory
19Space Applications Centre
20Tata Institute of Fundamental Research
21Tata Memorial Centre (Tata Memorial Hospital)
22U R Rao Satellite Centre (Formerly ISRO Satellite Centre)
23Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre
24Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre
Textiles
Ministry of Textiles
1Ahmedabad Textile Industry’s Research Association
2Bombay Textile Research Association
3Central Muga Eri Research and Training Institute 62Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
4Central Sericultural Germplasm Resources Centre
5Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute
6Central Silk Technological Research Institute
7Central Tasar Research & Training Institute
8Indian Jute Industries’ Research Association
9Man Made Textiles Research Association
10National Silkworm Seed Organisation
11Northern India Textile Research Association
12Seribiotech Research Laboratory
13Silkworm Seed Technology Laboratory
14South India Textile Research Association
15Synthetic & Art Silk Mills’ Research Association
16Wool Research Association
Transportation
Ministry of Civil Aviation
1
Aircraft Engineering Directorate (Formerly DGCA Research and Development
Aircraft Engineering Directorate)
Ministry of Railways
1Research Designs & Standards Organisation
Ministry of Road Transport and Highways
1Central Institute of Road Transport (A unit of ASRTU, New Delhi)
Ministry of Shipping
1National Ship Design and Research Centre (Indian Maritime University)
Disclaimer:
The number of R&D institutes listed by name may not sum to the total count, as certain institutes
have multiple branches or locations. 63Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
Annexure – IV: Central Public Sector R&D Institutes by Sector &
Ministry (Count)
Agriculture & Allied Sectors1
Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare1
Chemical13
Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilisers13
Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distributions1
Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution 1
Defence19
Ministry of Defence19
Energy25
Department of Atomic Energy4
Ministry of Coal4
Ministry of New and Renewable Energy1
Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas11
Ministry of Power5
Finance & Commerce1
Ministry of Finance1
Health & AYUSH1
Ministry of Health and Family Welfare1
Heavy Industry27
Ministry of Heavy Industry and Public Enterprises 16
Ministry of Steel11
IT & Telecom2
Ministry of Communications2
Natural Resources3
Ministry of Mines3
Science and Technology3
Ministry of Science and Technology3
Small Industry2
Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises2
Socio-cultural & Allied Sectors3
Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs2
Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment1
Transportation7
Ministry of Civil Aviation1
Ministry of Railways1
Ministry of Shipping5
Total108 64Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
Annexure – V: Central Public Sector R&D Institutes by Sector &
Ministry (Name)
Agriculture & Allied Sectors
Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare
1National Seeds Corporation Limited
Chemical
Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilisers
1Bengal Chemicals & Pharmaceuticals Limited
2Brahmaputra Cracker and Polymer Limited
3Brahmaputra Valley Fertilizer Corporation Limited
4F C I Aravali Gypsum and Minerals India Limited
5HIL (India) Limited (Formerly Hindustan Insecticides Limited)
6Hindustan Antibiotics Limited Pimpri
7Indian Farmers Fertiliser Cooperative Limited, Kandla
8Indian Farmers Fertiliser Cooperative Limited, Kalol
9Karnataka Antibiotics & Pharmaceuticals Limited
10Madras Fertilizers Limited
11National Fertilizers Limited
12Rashtriya Chemicals & Fertilizers Limited
13The Fertilizers and Chemicals Travancore Limited
Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distributions
Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution
1Central Warehousing Corporation
Defence
Ministry of Defence
1BEML Limited (Formerly Bharat Earth Movers Limited)
2Bharat Dynamics Limited
3Bharat Electronics Limited
4Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers Limited
5Goa Shipyard Limited 65Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
6Hindustan Aeronautics Limited, Aero Engine Research & Design Centre
7Hindustan Aeronautics Limited, Aerospace System and Equipment R&D Centre
8Hindustan Aeronautics Limited, Aircraft Research & Design Centre
9Hindustan Aeronautics Limited, Central Materials & Processes Laboratory
10Hindustan Aeronautics Limited, Gas Turbine R&D Centre
11Hindustan Aeronautics Limited, Hyderabad Division
12
Hindustan Aeronautics Limited, Mission & Combat System Research & Design
Centre
13Hindustan Aeronautics Limited, Rotary Wing R&D Centre
14Hindustan Aeronautics Limited, Transport Aircraft R&D Centre
15Hindustan Aeronautics Limited, Aircraft Upgrade R&D Centre
16Hindustan Shipyard Limited
17Mazgon Dock Shipbuilders Limited
18Mishra Dhatu Nigam Limited
Energy
Department of Atomic Energy
1Electronics Corporation of India Limited
2IREL (India) Limited (Formerly Indian Rare Earths Limited)
3Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited
4Uranium Corporation of India Limited
Ministry of Coal
1Central Mine Planning & Design Institute Limited
2Coal India Limited
3NLC India Limited (Formerly Neyveli Lignite Corpora on Limited)
4The Singareni Collieries Company Limited
Ministry of New and Renewable Energy
1Solar Energy Corporation of India Limited
Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas
1Balmer Lawrie & Company Limited
2Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited 66Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
3Chennai Petroleum Corporation Limited
4Engineers India Limited
5Gail (India) Limited
6Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited
7Indian Oil Corporation Limited
8Numaligarh Refinery Limited
9Oil & Natural Gas Corporation Limited
10Oil India Limited
Ministry of Power
1National Thermal Power Corporation Limited
2NHPC Limited (Formerly National Hydroelectric Power Corporation)
3North Eastern Electric Power Corporation Limited
4Power Grid Corporation Limited
5THDC India Ltd (Formerly Tehri Hydro Development Corporation Limited)
Finance & Commerce
Ministry of Finance
1Security Printing and Minting Corporation of India Limited
Health & AYUSH
Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
1HLL Lifecare Limited
Heavy Industry
Ministry of Heavy Industry and Public Enterprises
1Andrew Yule & Co. Limited
2Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited
3Bharat Heavy Plate & Vessels Limited
4Bridge and Roof Company (India) Limited
5Cement Corporation of India Limited
6Engineering Projects India Limited
7Heavy Engineering Corporation Limited 67Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
8Hindustan Newsprint Limited
9HMT Limited (Tractor Division)
10HMT Machine Tools Limited
11Instrumentation Limited
12NEPA Limited
13Rajasthan Electronics and Instruments Limited
14Sambhar Salts Limited
15Scooters India Limited
16The Braithwaite Burn and Jessop Construction Company Limited
Ministry of Steel
1Bird Group of Companies
2Ferro Scrap Nigam Limited
3KIOCL Limited
4MECON Limited
5MOIL Limited (Formerly Manganese Ore India Limited)
6National Textile Corpora on Limited (Western Region)
7National Textile Corporation Limited (Southern Region)
8NMDC Limited (Formerly National Mineral Development Corporation)
9Rashtriya Ispat Nigam Limited
10
Research & Development, Centre for Iron & Steel, SAIL Steel Authority of India
Limited
11Steel Authority of India Limited, Alloy Steel Plant
IT & Telecom
Ministry of Communications
1Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited
2Indian Telephone Industries
Natural Resources
Ministry of Mines
1Hindustan Copper Limited
2Mineral Exploration Corporation Limited 68Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
3National Aluminium Company Limited
Science and Technology
Ministry of Science and Technology
1Bharat Immunologicals & Biologicals Corporation Limited
2Central Electronics Limited
3National Research Development Corporation
Small Industry
Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises
1MSME-Testing Station
2National Small Industries Corporation Limited
Socio-cultural & Allied Sectors
Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs
1Housing and Urban Development Corporation Limited
2NBCC India Limited
Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment
1Artificial Limbs Manufacturing Corporation of India
Transportation
Ministry of Civil Aviation
1Airports Authority of India
Ministry of Railways
1Burn Standard Company Limited
Ministry of Shipping
1Cochin Shipyard Limited
2Hooghly Dock & Port Engineers Limited
3Kamarajar Port Limited
4Sethusamudram Corporation Limited
5Shipping Corporation of India
Disclaimer:
The number of R&D institutes listed by name may not sum to the total count, as certain
institutes have multiple branches or locations. 69Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
Annexure – VI: State Public Sector R&D Institutes by Sector &
Institution Sub Type (Count)
Agriculture & Allied Sectors8
Public Sector Industry8
Chemicals2
Public Sector Industry2
Earth Sciences & Environment1
Public Sector Industry1
Electricity1
Public Sector Industry1
Energy11
Public Sector Industry11
Health & AYUSH1
Public Sector Industry1
Heavy Industry2
Public Sector Industry2
Other4
Public Sector Industry4
Public Health1
Public Sector Industry1
Science and Technology2
Public Sector Industry2
Transportation1
Public Sector Industry1
Total34 70Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
Annexure – VII: State Public Sector R&D Institutes by Sector &
Institution Sub Type (by State/ UT)
State Name
Sectors
Agriculture & Allied
Sectors
Chemicals
Earth Sciences &
Environment
Electricity
Energy
Health & AYUSH
Heavy Industry
Others
Public Health
Science and
Technology
Transportation
Andhra Pradesh1
Gujarat 3 1
Haryana 12
Karnataka 11 1 1
Kerala 1 1 3 1 11 1
Madhya Pradesh1
Maharashtra 11
Tamil Nadu 121
Uttar Pradesh11
West Bengal22
Total 8 2 1 1111 2 4 1 2 1
71Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
Annexure – VIII: State Sector R&D Institutes by Sector &
Institution Sub Type (Count)
Agriculture & Allied Sectors779
Board/Division/Department/Cell3
Centre91
College/University74
Institute21
Laboratory1
Other40
Project/Scheme/Mission14
Station/Complex/Farm507
Sub-Centre1
Sub-station/Unit27
Earth Sciences & Environment41
Board/Division/Department/Cell3
Centre6
College/University10
Institute8
Laboratory1
Other6
Station/Complex/Farm4
Sub-station/Unit3
Energy10
Board/Division/Department/Cell1
Centre1
Energy and Renewable Energy1
Institute2
Other4
Station/Complex/Farm1
Health & AYUSH35
Centre4
College/University7
Institute9
Laboratory4
Other7
Station/Complex/Farm2 72Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
Sub-station/Unit2
IT2
Centre1
Other1
Natural Resources38
Board/Division/Department/Cell4
Centre6
College/University1
Institute4
Laboratory5
Other4
Station/Complex/Farm12
Sub-station/Unit2
Other103
Board/Division/Department/Cell5
Centre10
College/University4
Institute4
Laboratory11
Other8
Project/Scheme/Mission2
Station/Complex/Farm48
Sub-station/Unit11
Science and Technology43
Board/Division/Department/Cell1
Centre6
Institute4
Laboratory5
Other11
Project/Scheme/Mission1
Station/Complex/Farm7
Sub-station/Unit8
Transportation3
Centre1
Institute2
Total1054 73Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
Annexure – IX: State Public Sector R&D Institutes by Sector &
Institution Sub Type (by State/ UT)
State Name
Sectors
Agriculture &
Allied Sectors
Earth Sciences &
Environment
Energy
Health & AYUSH
Information
Technology
Natural Resources
Other
Science and
Technology
Transportation
Andhra Pradesh 641 1
Assam 11 2 1 2 1 1
Bihar 22 3 1 5 9 1
Chhattisgarh 72
Goa 1
Gujarat 108 5 2 5 5 13 4
Haryana 9310 1
Himachal Pradesh22 1 14 1
Jammu & Kashmir 232
Jharkhand 13
Karnataka 124 3 1 24
Kerala 53 4 1 4 2 5 4 2
Madhya Pradesh 34 3 1 1 1
Maharashtra 964 4 1
Manipur 11 74Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
Meghalaya 11 1 3
Nagaland 1
Odisha 5 17 16
Punjab 17 31 2 1
Rajasthan 34 22 2
Tamil Nadu 63 8 5 2 10 9 3
Telangana 35 1 5 1 1 2
Tripura 1 1 1
Uttar Pradesh 27 2 3 110 3
Uttarakhand 10 25 1
West Bengal 9 1 4 3 10 1
Total 77941 10 35 2 3810343 3 Notes Notes 77Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
Opportunities for Multisectoral and Systemic Integration
PUBLIC R&D
INSTITUTES IN INDIA:
Dr. Shashank Shah (Senior Specialist), NITI Aayog
Arunava Dey (Research Officer), NITI Aayog
NITI WORKING PAPER SERIES
Working Paper No. WPS (NITI Aayog)/11/2025 Acknowledgement:
The authors wish to thank Dr. Chintan Vaishnav, Academic Director – Tata Center, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology (MIT), USA, and former Mission Director, Atal Innovation Mission
(AIM), Govt. of India, for his expert review of this Paper and his valuable inputs at various
stages of research for this Paper. NITI WORKING PAPER SERIES
Working Paper No. WPS (NITI Aayog)/11/2025
PUBLIC R&D INSTITUTES IN INDIA:
OPPORTUNITIES FOR MULTISECTORAL
AND SYSTEMIC INTEGRATION
Dr. SHASHANK SHAH
SENIOR SPECIALIST, NITI Aayog
ARUNAVA DEY
RESEARCH OFFICER, NITI Aayog
Disclaimer:
NITI Working Papers describe research in progress by the author(s). The contents and the
views expressed therein do not necessarily represent the views of NITI Aayog. IPublic R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
Table of Contents
1. Introduction1
2. Objectives5
3. Sources of Data5
4. Methodology6
4.1 Institution Types7
4.2 Institution Sectors7
4.3 Institution Categories11
4.4 Geographical Spread11
5. Key Findings11
5.1 Geographical Spread11
5.2 Sectoral Distribution16
5.3 Typological coverage18
6. Multi-sectoral Analysis and Recommendations19
6.1
Intersection of R&D Institute Locations and Industrial Specialization for
Spatial Synergy
19
6.2
Collaborative Integration of R&D Institutes for Enhanced Industry-
Academia Linkages
25
6.3 Reorganising R&D and Education in the Indian Agriculture Sector30
6.4
Strategic Sectoral Planning for Establishing R&D Institutes in Frontier
Technologies
32
6.5 Transition from Tracking R&D Investment to Measuring Impact34
6.6 Creation of Career Pathways in the R&D Sector35
7. Conclusion37 IIPublic R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
List of Annexures
Annexure – I: State and UT categories (As per NITI Aayog reports) 40
Annexure – II: Central Sector R&D Institutes by Sector & Ministry 41
Annexure – III: Central Sector R&D Institutes by Sector & Ministry 43
Annexure – IV: Central Public Sector R&D Institutes by Sector & Ministry 63
Annexure – V: Central Public Sector R&D Institutes by Sector & Ministry 64
Annexure – VI: State Public Sector R&D Institutes by Sector & Institution Sub Type 69
Annexure – VII: State Public Sector R&D Institutes by Sector & Institution Sub Type 70
Annexure – VIII: State Sector R&D Institutes by Sector & Institution Sub Type 71
Annexure – IX: State Public Sector R&D Institutes by Sector & Institution Sub Type 73
List of Tables
Table 1: Sectoral Classification of R&D Institutes in India 8
Table 2: Institution Sub-type Categories11
Table 3: Regions in India12 IIIPublic R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
List of Figures
Figure 1: Impacts of R&D Investments1
Figure 2: R&D Expenditure as % of GDP2
Figure 3: R&D Expenditure - in USD Billion3
Figure 4: R&D Expenditure - per capita in USD3
Figure 5: Gross R&D Expenditure and % of GDP (India)4
Figure 6: Sectoral distribution of Expenditure on R&D (India) 4
Figure 7: No. of Public R&D Institutes in India6
Figure 8: Regional distribution of Public R&D Institutes13
Figure 9: Thematic map showing the number of R&D institutes 14
Figure 10: Distribution of Public R&D Institutes in Large States 14
Figure 11: Distribution of Public R&D Institutes in Small States 15
Figure 12: Distribution of Public R&D Institutes in UTs15
Figure 13: Central R&D Institutes in the 10 most populous cities 16
Figure 14: Sectoral distribution of Public R&D Institutes in India (1,815)16
Figure 15: Sectoral distribution of non-agricultural Public R&D Institutes (891)17
Figure 16: Sectoral Distribution of Public R&D Institutes by type 18
Figure 17: Types of State R&D Institutes18
Figure 18: Agricultural Research and Education Network under ICAR 31 1Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
1. Introduction
Research and Development (R&D) is crucial for any society as it promotes creativity,
economic growth, competitiveness, problem solving, and a higher standard of living.
Multiple studies have established a strong positive relationship between R&D investments
and economic growth. R&D investments are considered an important factor in creating
a competitive advantage for any country. Increasing investment in R&D leads to greater
technological potential, innovation and growth. A robust R&D infrastructure directly
contributes to a nation’s sustained growth and creates employment opportunities. Empirical
studies have found that countries that invest more in R&D tend to have higher rates of
economic growth over the long term. For example, a 2019 study by the Organisation for
Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) found that a 1% increase in R&D
investment as a share of GDP led to a 0.13% increase in GDP per capita over the long term.
Promoting R&D culture nationwide can lead to a number of macroeconomic benefits,
other than contributing to the GDP. These have been captured in the figure below.
Figure 1: Impacts of R&D Investments 2Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
1.1 Government of India initiatives promoting R&D culture
India in the 21st century is an emerging country with aspirations for faster, sustainable,
and inclusive growth. As Science and Technology (S&T) emerges globally as one
of the major drivers of socio-economic development, it has to play a major role in
achieving the desired goals. The Government of India has taken several initiatives to
enhance investment in R&D as well as to promote and improve the overall research
ecosystem in the country across sectors. According to the report titled R&D Expenditure
Ecosystem – Current Status & Way Forward (2019) by the Economic Advisory Council
to the Prime Minister, India’s investment in R&D has shown a steady upward trend
over the years. Another recent report by the Department of Science and Technology
(DST) reveals that India’s Gross Expenditure on R&D (GERD) reached about Rs.
2 lakh crores in 2020-21, marking an eightfold increase over the past two decades
and more than doubling in the last decade. However, when measured as a percentage
of GDP, India’s spending on R&D has remained stagnant for the past two decades,
consistently hovering around 0.6% to 0.7% of GDP. This is significantly lower than the
R&D investment as a percentage of GDP in countries like Israel and the top 4 global
economies i.e., the United States, Japan, Germany, and China.
Figure 2: R&D Expenditure as % of GDP
When calculated in absolute terms, India’s R&D expenditure is at par with BRICS
nations, including Brazil and Russia, and over 9X of South Africa.
Source: World Bank (2020) 3Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
Figure 3: R&D Expenditure - in USD Billion
However, when calculated per capita it is far below peer emerging economies.
Figure 4: R&D Expenditure - per capita in USD
This is also because India is now the most populous country, and hence needs to look
at investing in R&D in proportion to its population base. Also, the majority of India’s
gross expenditure in scientific R&D is borne by the Government Sector, unlike the top 3
economies of the world, where most of the R&D expenditure is by the private sector. It is
77% in China, 75% in the USA, and 67% in Germany.
Source: World Bank (2020)
Source: World Bank (2020) 4Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
Figure 5: Gross R&D Expenditure and % of GDP (India)
In India, public expenditure is not only the largest contributor but also the main driver
of R&D spending. However, in recent years, the share of public expenditure in India’s
total R&D spending has decreased from about three-fourths to approximately three-fifths.
According to the National Science and Technology Management Information System
(NSTMIS), which maintains a database for India’s science and technology ecosystem, the
government sector including the Central Government (43.7%), State Governments (6.7%),
higher education (8.8%), and the public sector industry (4.4%) were the primary drivers of
GERD in 2020–21. The private sector industry contributed 36.4%
1
.
Figure 6: Sectoral distribution of Expenditure on R&D (India)
Additionally, the government is not only the primary source of R&D funding but also the
main user of these funds, with almost all government R&D expenditure being carried out
by the Central Government. There is a growing need for greater R&D investments from
State Governments and the private sector, particularly in application-oriented research and
development.
1 Accessed at: https://www.nstmis-dst.org/ in January 2025. 5Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
Recent efforts to analyse India’s R&D ecosystem led to the development of an evaluation
framework by NITI Aayog, under Member Dr. Vijay Kumar Saraswat. Subsequently,
the Office of the Principal Scientific Adviser, in collaboration with the Confederation of
Indian Industry (CII) and the Centre for Technology, Innovation, and Economic Research
(CTIER), produced a two-volume report titled ‘Evaluation of Innovation Excellence
Indicators 2022’, covering 193 participating labs.
2
The Report recommends that publicly
funded R&D organisations must align with national goals and collaborate across the
ecosystem to enhance their impact, contributing to a technology-driven, self-reliant India.
Historically, the investment by the private sector has accounted for around 36% of total
R&D funding in India.
3
To harness the full potential of India’s rapidly evolving R&D sector,
it is essential to gain a detailed understanding of the distribution of public sector R&D
institutions across the country, particularly in the context of dynamic global advancements
and shifting macroeconomic priorities. This paper attempts to analyse the geographical
spread and sectoral coverage of public sector R&D institutions in the country and provides
broad recommendations to realise its untapped potential through multisectoral and systemic
integration.
2. Objectives
The main objectives of the paper are:
2.1 To analyse the geographical distribution and sectoral representation of public R&D
institutes across India.
2.2 To identify strategic interventions aimed at achieving balanced geographical and
sectoral coverage of public R&D infrastructure.
2.3 To provide multisectoral and systemic recommendations for achieving synergy and
scale
3. Sources of Data
Analysing the R&D initiatives and establishments in India is challenging due to the limited
availability of reliable and consistent data. To supplement the data for this paper, a secondary
source was used. The data was referenced from the Research and Development Directory
2021 compiled by the National Science & Technology Management Information System
(NSTMIS), a division of DST under the Ministry of Science and Technology, Government
of India. According to the Directory, there are 1,815 public sector R&D institutes in India,
2 Accessed at: https://psa.gov.in/CMS/web/sites/default/files/publication/R%26D%20Report%20Vol%201.pdf in October 2025.
3 Accessed at: https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2153547 in October 2025. 6Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
consisting of 619 Central Sector Institutions, 108 Central Public Institutions, 1,054 State
Sector Institutions, and 34 State Public Institutions. For the definition of Central/ State
Public & Sector institutions, please refer to section 4.1.
It is important to note, however, that the Directory does not cover all Ministries of the
Central and State Governments and their institutes. This results in data gaps. Therefore,
additional data was collected from the websites of the respective Central Government
Ministries. This additional analysis resulted in the inclusion of 57 more Institutes from
9 Ministries. Additionally, in August 2025, the updated ‘Directory of R&D Institutions’
was published by NSTMIS. There is a marginal difference in the number of Public R&D
Institutes provided in the updated Directory and the numbers analysed for this paper, which
is statistically insignificant. In the subsequent versions of this paper, the updated number of
Public R&D Institutions, along with Private Sector R&D Institutions would be analysed.
Figure 7: No. of Public R&D Institutes in India
It may be noted that the scope of this paper is limited to public sector R&D institutions, and
therefore, private R&D institutions have not been considered.
4. Methodology
This paper adopts a two-part methodology:
i. Quantitative Analysis – A data-driven approach is employed to examine the
distribution of public R&D institutions. This helped provide a clear picture of
the spread and specialisation of the public sector R&D institutions in India. The
categorisation of Public Institutions was designed to help identify and cross-
reference the areas of excellence, potential, and required interventions.
ii. Qualitative Insights and Recommendations –Strategic recommendations for
India’s higher education and research ecosystem based on analysis of global best
practices and success stories. 7Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
4.1 Institution Types
The gamut of Indian R&D institutes has been classified into a total of 9 categories,
covering both public and private sectors. Out of them, the Central Sector and Central
Public Institutes (aggregated as ‘central’) and the State Sector and State Public Institutes
(aggregated as ‘state’) are considered for the current paper.
4.1.1 Central Institutes
The Central Institutes are those establishments that have been founded and fully
funded by the Government of India. It includes the Central Sector Institutes, which are
associated and affiliated with their respective ministries. The Central Public Institutes
are either Public Sector Undertakings (PSUs) involved in R&D activities or in-house
R&D facilities of PSUs.
4.1.2 State Institutes
State Institutes are entities owned and funded by their respective State Governments.
These include State Sector Institutes , which are affiliated with specific government
departments and primarily comprise Agricultural Research Institutions, Research
Stations, and other State-run R&D institutions. Additionally, State Public Institutes also
fall under this category which are the research and development wings of State PSUs.
4.2 Institution Sectors
For ease of analysis and understanding, the R&D institutes have been categorised
into 13 distinct sectors. For most of the Central Institutions, the sectors have been
determined corresponding to the Central Ministry to which they are affiliated. For
research institutions not affiliated with any Ministries, such as the Department of
Atomic Energy and the Department of Space, the sector has been determined by their
specialisation. The State Institutions have been categorised by their specialisation as
evident from the respective institute name, and have been matched with the sectors as
identified. 8Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
The sectoral classification used for analysing Public Sector R&D Institutes is as follows:
Table 1: Sectoral Classification of R&D Institutes in India
S. No Sector Ministries from the report
Ministries considered
separately
1
Agriculture &
Allied Sectors
Ministry of Agriculture
& Farmers Welfare
Ministry of Fisheries,
Animal Husbandry and
Dairying
Ministry of Consumer
Affairs, Food and
Public Distribution
2 Defence Ministry of Defence
3
Earth Sciences,
Environment
& Natural
Resources
Ministry of Earth
Sciences
Ministry of
Environment, Forest
and Climate Change
Ministry of Jal Shakti
Ministry of Mines
4
Education &
Skilling
Ministry of Education
Ministry of Labour and
Employment
Ministry of Skill
Development and
Entrepreneurship
Ministry of Youth
Affairs and Sports
5 Energy
Ministry of New and
Renewable Energy
Ministry of Petroleum
and Natural Gas
Ministry of Power
Ministry of Coal 9Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
6
Finance &
Commerce
Ministry of Commerce
and Industry
Ministry of Finance
Ministry of
Personal, Public
Grievances and
Pensions
Department of
Investment and
Public Asset
Management
Ministry of
Corporate Affairs
7 Health
Ministry of AYUSH
Ministry of Health &
Family Welfare
Ministry of
Women and Child
Development
8 Industry
Ministry of Chemicals
and Fertilisers
Ministry of Heavy
Industry and Public
Enterprises
Ministry of Micro,
Small and Medium
Enterprises
Ministry of Steel
Ministry of Textiles
Ministry of Tourism
9 IT & Telecom
Ministry of
Communications
Ministry of Electronics
and Information
Technology
10
Science and
Technology
Ministry of Science and
Technology
Department of Space 10Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
11
Socio-cultural
& Allied
Sectors
Ministry of Culture
Ministry of Food
Processing Industries
Ministry of
Social Justice and
Empowerment
Ministry of Tribal
Affairs
Ministry of
Minority Affairs
12 Transportation
Ministry of Civil
Aviation
Ministry of Railways
Ministry of Road
Transport and
Highways
Ministry of Ports,
Shipping and
Waterways
13 Others
Ministry of Home
Affairs
Ministry of Information
and Broadcasting
Ministry of Statistics
and Programme
Implementation
Ministry of Housing
and Urban Affairs
Ministry of Rural
Developmen
Ministry of
Panchayati Raj
Ministry of Law
and Justice
Ministry of
Parliamentary
Affairs
Ministry of
Development of
Northeast Region
Ministry of Co-
operation
Ministry of External
Affairs 11Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
4.3 Institution Categories
For better understanding, the multiple institution sub-types have been grouped into a
single category at the State level. The classification used is as follows:
Table 2: Institution Sub-type Categories
Institute sub-typeGroup name
Station/ Complex/ Farm/ CentreCentre
Institute/College/ University Institute
Department/ Board/ Division/ Cell Department
Sub-centre/Sub-station/ Unit/ Laboratory Sub-centre
Project/ Scheme/ MissionProject
Public Sector IndustryPSU
OtherOther
4.4 Geographical Spread
The spatial analysis of the Public Sector R&D Institutes was carried out at 3 levels:
4.4.1 At the regional level, the institutions were considered with reference to 6 major
regions of India - North, East, Northeast, West, South, and Central.
4.4.2 At the State and Union Territory (UT) level, it was done through the classification
of large and small states and UTs.
4.4.3 At the city level it was done to identify the local clusters of R&D Institutes.
5. Key Findings
5.1 Geographical Spread
5.1.1 Regional Level
Under Part-III of the States Reorganisation Act, 1956, States and UTs of India have
been organized into 5 zones.
4
Additionally, the Northeastern States are governed by
the North Eastern Council, established by the North Eastern Council Act, 1971. For
the purposes of this paper, all six of these councils have been included in the regional
analysis. The present composition of each of these Zonal Councils is as under:
4 Accessed at: https://www.mha.gov.in/en/page/zonal-council in January 2025. 12Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
Table 3: Regions in India
# Name Member States/UTs
1Northern Zonal Council
Chandigarh, Delhi, Haryana, Himachal
Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Ladakh,
Punjab, and Rajasthan
2Southern Zonal Council
Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala,
Puducherry, Tamil Nadu, and Telangana.
3Central Zonal Council
Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh,
and Uttarakhand
4Eastern Zonal Council Bihar, Jharkhand, Odisha, and West Bengal
5Western Zonal Council
Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu,
Goa, Gujarat, and Maharashtra
6North Eastern Council
Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Nagaland,
Manipur, Mizoram, Tripura, Assam, and
Meghalaya
It is worth noting that the UTs of Lakshadweep, and Andaman and Nicobar Islands are
not included in any of the Zonal Councils. However, they do receive special invitations
to the Southern Zonal Council.
In terms of public R&D Institutes, the southern region of India has the largest share at
over 36%, followed by the western region at 23.3% and the northern region at 13.2%.
On the other hand, the Northeast region accounts for only 1.8% of R&D Institutes. The
southern region also has the highest number of both central and state-level institutes,
with 218 and 438 institutions respectively. In contrast, the northern region has more
central institutes (166) than the western region (102), while the western region has
significantly more state institutes (254) than the northern region (144). The central and
eastern regions have a comparable number of both central and state R&D institutes.
13Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
Figure 8: Regional distribution of Public R&D Institutes
5.1.2 State Level
The following maps provide a thematic representation of the number of Central and
State R&D institutes across various States and UTs. The data reveals that larger states
such as Maharashtra and Karnataka lead in the number of Central R&D institutes,
while Gujarat and Karnataka rank highest in terms of State R&D institutes.
To enable a more meaningful analysis, the State-level analysis was further carried
out by categorising States into 3 groups, viz. large states, small states and UTs. The
classification is based on the standard classification followed by NITI Aayog Reports
(Annexure – I). This helped analyse the State-level spread of R&D Institutes and
identify spatial gaps in their distribution. 14Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
Figure 9: Thematic map showing the number of R&D institutes
Among the large States, Karnataka (208) has the highest number of R&D Institutes,
followed by Maharashtra (185) and Gujarat (165). However, Maharashtra has the
highest number of Central R&D Institutes (78), followed by Karnataka (70), and Uttar
Pradesh (56). On the other hand, Gujarat leads the number of State R&D Institutes
(146), followed by Karnataka (138), and Maharashtra (107). Chhattisgarh is at the
bottom of the list of total R&D Institutes with only 11 R&D Institutes, out of which
only 2 are Central R&D Institutes. Out of the 34 State Public R&D Institutes in India
(Figure 6), 9 are located in Kerala.
Figure 10: Distribution of Public R&D Institutes in Large States 15Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
Meghalaya (11) has the highest number of R&D institutes among the small States.
Goa and Meghalaya each have 5 Central R&D Institutes. In addition, Meghalaya also
has the highest number (6) of State R&D Institutes. On the other hand, Mizoram has
only 1 Central R&D Institute and no State R&D Institute.
Figure 11: Distribution of Public R&D Institutes in Small States
Among the UTs, Delhi has the highest number of public R&D Institutes. There are 72
Central Sector R&D Institutes in Delhi alone, much higher than all other UTs combined
(24). Except for Jammu and Kashmir, no UTs have any State-level R&D Institutes.
Figure 12: Distribution of Public R&D Institutes in UTs
5.1.3 City Level
To review the spread of R&D Institutes across the cities of India, this paper considers
the distribution of R&D institutions in the 10 most populous cities of India. This would
help better understand and identify the clusters of these institutions at a micro-scale. 16Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
These 10 cities host around 348 Central R&D institutions, which is about 48% of the
total. In multiple instances, the complete address is missing for State R&D Institutes,
and hence, city-level spatial analysis is limited to Central R&D Institutes.
Figure 13: Central R&D Institutes in the 10 most populous cities
(in descending order of population in 2011)
5.2 Sectoral Distribution
5.2.1 All Public R&D Institutes: When considering the total number of Central and
State R&D Institutes in India,
the distribution is highly
uneven with a skewed sectoral
spread. Agriculture and Allied
Sectors dominate, comprising
51% or 924 out of the total
1,815 Public R&D Institutes.
Health follows at a distant
second with 157 institutes,
and IT and Telecom with 128
is at the third spot.
Figure 14: Sectoral distribution of
Public R&D Institutes in India (1,815) 17Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
Figure 15: Sectoral distribution of non-agricultural Public R&D Institutes (891)
5.2.2 Central R&D Institutes: The Health sector takes the lead with 155 institutes,
followed by Agriculture and Allied Sectors with 137, and Science and Technology
with 117. It is worth noting that there are only 4 Central R&D institutes for
Education and Skilling.
5.2.2 State R&D Institutes: The sectoral distribution of the State R&D Institutes is
highly concentrated, wherein Agriculture and Allied Sectors account for about
67% of the total institutes. However, it is worth noting that not all of these are
full-fledged agricultural institutions. They also include stations, farms, and sub-
stations as mentioned in the institute subtypes. For State R&D Institutes, IT and
Telecom are second by count (103), followed by the Socio-cultural and Allied
Sector (45). Although the number of State R&D Institutes in the Education and
Skilling sector is comparatively higher (21), Science and Technology and Earth
Science, Environment and Natural Resources have only 1 each. 18Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
Figure 16: Sectoral Distribution of Public R&D Institutes by type
5.3 Typological coverage
The classification of Institution Sub-type Categories highlights that Centres represent the
largest category among State R&D
Institution types. This category, which
includes Stations, Complexes, and
Farms, comprises 707 institutions,
making up approximately 65% of
the total. The second-largest group
is Institutes, which includes entities
such as Institutes, Colleges, and
Universities, accounting for 150
institutions. Departments form the
smallest category with significantly
fewer institutions compared to the
others, numbering only 17. All 34
State Sector R&D Institutes fall
under the classification of State-
owned PSUs.
Figure 17: Types of State R&D Institutes 19Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
6. Multi-sectoral Analysis and Recommendations
A recent study carried out at Yale University suggests that R&D investments can have
significant multiplier effects, in particular if the investment is made in the right industries
(Ma, 2023).
5
The Global Innovation 1000 study
6
highlights that simply increasing
spending on R&D may not yield the desired results. Instead, strategic alignment and a
culture of supporting innovation are crucial. Therefore, policymakers should factor in the
long-term multiplier effects when making R&D investment choices. This approach would
help address long-term challenges such as livelihood creation, ageing population, climate
change, among others by transitioning to a low-carbon economy, integration with frontier
technologies, and focusing on non-communicable and lifestyle diseases.
This paper makes recommendations for future decision-making related to public funding of
R&D investment in India. By considering these, policymakers can make informed choices
for maximising the benefits of R&D investment for addressing the challenges that impede
India’s long-term growth and development.
6.1 Intersection of R&D Institute Locations and Industrial Specialisation for Spatial
Synergy
Geographical areas that are characterised by a high concentration of industrial activities
by units of a sizeable scale supported with associated infrastructure and favourable
spatial and economic factors are often referred to as industrial regions. Such regions
foster innovation through collaboration and knowledge sharing among all stakeholders
including companies, research institutions, and Higher Education Institutions (HEIs).
They play a crucial role in the overall development of a country, contributing to
production, employment, and economic growth.
Silicon Valley, the global hub for IT in USA; Tokyo-Osaka Corridor, the centre for
automotive manufacturing, electronics, and precision machinery in Japan; Ruhr Valley,
the industrial heartland of Germany; Houston, the host of numerous oil refineries,
petrochemical plants, and aerospace industries in USA, and Seoul-Incheon Region,
where major electronics, automotive, and shipbuilding industries in South Korea are
located, are some of the most prominent industrial regions in the world.
India has several notable industrial clusters that are characterised by a concentration of
manufacturing, infrastructure, and economic activities. Several geographers have tried
to delineate industrial regions in India using different criteria. A precise analysis of the
geographical placement of industrial clusters in India, alongside their specialisation,
5 Accessed at: https://insights.som.yale.edu/insights/rd-investment-can-have-multiplier-effects-if-its-made-in-the-right-industries in February
2025.
6 Accessed at: https://www.strategyand.pwc.com/gx/en/insights/innovation1000/2018-global-innovation-1000-fact-pack.pdf in April 2025. 20Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
reveals an absence of spatial synergy when compared to the locations of R&D institutes
within those specific specialisation areas. As previously mentioned, a notable trend is
the concentration of Central R&D institutes in or around the National Capital Region
(NCR) of Delhi, regardless of the specific Ministry to which they are affiliated or their
specialised focus areas. The tables below indicate that for the 5 major sectors of Indian
industry, there is no geographical synergy between the location of predominant industry
clusters and the location of the apex R&D Institute of that sector. This may limit the
potential synergies that could emerge due to the proximity of location, as it exists in
several international examples mentioned above.
The following maps illustrate the spatial mismatch between the locations of Central
R&D Institutes and the corresponding industrial clusters in their areas of specialisation.
Sector
Prominent Industrial
Area
Apex R&D Institute
1. Information
Technology &
Electronics
• Bangalore, Karnataka
• Chennai, Tamil Nadu
• Hyderabad, Telangana
• Pune, Maharashtra
• National Institute of
Electronics & Information
Technology (MeitY), New
Delhi 21Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
Sector Prominent Industrial Area Major R&D Institutes
2. Petroleum
Products
• Jamnagar and Vadodara,
Gujarat
• Mumbai, Maharashtra
• Visakhapatnam, Andhra
Pradesh
• Mangaluru, Karnataka
• Indian Institute of Petroleum (MoS&T),
Dehradun, Uttarakhand
• Institute of Petroleum & Energy
(MoPNG), Visakhapatnam, Andhra
Pradesh
• Pandit Deendayal Energy University,
Gandhinagar, Gujarat 22Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
Sector Prominent Industrial Area Apex R&D Institute
3. Gems & Jewellery
• Surat, Gujarat
• Mumbai, Maharashtra
• Hyderabad, Telangana
• Kolkata, West Bengal
• Jaipur, Rajasthan
• Institute of Gems &
Jewellery, New Delhi 23Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
Sector Prominent Industrial Area Apex R&D Institute
4. Organic &
Inorganic
Chemicals
• Dahej & Vadodara, Gujarat
• Chennai, Tamil Nadu
• Visakhapatnam, Andhra
Pradesh
• National Chemical Laboratory,
Pune, Maharashtra 24Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
Sector
Prominent Industrial
Area
R&D Institutes
5. Drugs &
Pharmaceuticals
• Mumbai-Pune
Industrial Belt,
Maharashtra
• Vadodara-Ahmedabad-
Surat, Gujarat
• National Institutes of
Pharmaceutical Education and
Research (NIPERs), MoC&F
[Out of the 7 NIPERs, none is
Maharashtra] 25Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
6.1.1 Recommendations:
In the early years of India’s independence, the Government of India established
numerous Public Sector R&D Institutes across the country. The primary emphasis
at that time was on achieving a balanced distribution both in terms of spatial and
sectoral coverages. Delhi became a particular hub for such institutions, as seen in the
aforementioned five industry examples. However, in the changed circumstances, the
following recommendations are being made:
i) Proximity to Industry Clusters: As evident in multiple global best practices, future
R&D institutes can be planned close to similar speciality industries to facilitate
greater collaboration, streamline the innovation process, and reduce logistical
complexities.
ii) Centralised Research Hubs: Strategic planning may consider establishing Central
Research Hubs to serve multiple industry locations. This could allow resource
sharing, encourage collaboration across industries, and bringing together of
expertise.
iii) Collaborative Spaces: Future R&D campuses may adopt a de-siloed design along
with collaborative spaces promoting interaction between researchers, industry
professionals, and entrepreneurs. This could result in promoting a culture of
innovation.
6.2 Collaborative Integration of R&D Institutes for Enhanced Industry-Academia
Linkages
The spatial and sectoral analysis carried out in this paper reveals a disconnect between
public R&D institutes and HEIs in India, both in terms of geographical proximity and
sectoral alignment. As India aims to achieve the status of a high-income nation by
2047, there is an immediate need to devise a strategy for greenfield R&D institutions to
be closely integrated with leading HEIs. This planning should be closely aligned with
the local needs for specialised skills and innovations. This forward-looking approach
can ensure that the development of R&D capabilities aligns with the localised needs of
different regions.
The importance of the industry-academia cooperation has been highlighted in multiple
publications (Ferreira & Marques, 2018; Bamford, 2024).
78
The close collaboration
between R&D institutes, HEIs and industries can result in several synergies and offer
many advantages. Collaboration with leading HEIs can provide R&D institutes with
7 Accessed at: https://www.aacsb.edu/insights/articles/2024/11/how-industry-academia-collaborations-create-impact in May 2025.
8 Carla Mascarenhas, João J Ferreira, Carla Marques, University–industry cooperation: A systematic literature review and research agenda,
Science and Public Policy, Volume 45, Issue 5, October 2018, Pages 708–718. 26Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
access to faculty expertise, state-of-the-art resources, and lead to new idea generation
and innovative problem solving. On the other hand, collaboration with industries can
provide R&D institutes with crucial funding, market insights, and opportunities to
commercialise research findings. This can ultimately lead to the creation of cutting-
edge products and services that not only address societal needs but also have export
potential.
6.2.1 International Case Studies:
A few global success stories, especially of the successful integration of R&D institutes
with academia and industry in developed countries, have been provided here.
i) Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) - Industry Collaboration:
MIT (USA), through its Industrial Liaison Program (ILP), proactively collaborates
with private companies. This initiative enables MIT researchers to develop
partnerships with industry leaders and strengthens the exchange of knowledge and
resources (MIT Industrial Liaison Program | ILP, 2025).
9
According to the Research Expenditures Report by the MIT Institutional Research10,
the total Campus Research Expenditure at MIT for FY 2022 was US$783 million
(approx. Rs. 6,400 crores), with industry and non-profits sponsoring about US$150
million and US$93 million, respectively. Examples of some of the notable products
developed and companies established through industrial collaboration by MIT
include Akamai Technologies (a leading content delivery network and cybersecurity
company), Bose Corporation (known for its high-quality audio products), and
Formlabs (specialising in 3D printing technologies and desktop stereolithography
printers).
ii) Silicon Valley - Tech Hub Collaboration:
The dynamic ecosystem of Silicon Valley, California (USA) is an example of close
integration between R&D, HEIs, and the private sector. Universities like Stanford
and University of California, Berkeley, contribute to the innovation landscape, while
tech companies collaborate and support research initiatives.
In 2018, California led all U.S. states in R&D investment, amounting to
US$164.4 billion (~Rs. 13.65 lakh crore).
11
Significant R&D expenditures by major
companies in 2022 include Meta’s investment of about 30% of its revenue in R&D,
totalling US$35.3 billion, followed by NVIDIA with 27% (US$7.3 billion), Amazon
9 Accessed at: https://ilp.mit.edu/ in March 2025.
10 Accessed at: https://ir.mit.edu/research-expenditures in March 2025.
11 Accessed at: https://siliconvalley.um.dk/insights/research-and-development-in-california in April 2025. 27Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
with 14% (US$73.2 billion), and Alphabet with 14% (US$39.5 billion).
12
Leading
global tech companies that either originated or have a significant presence in Silicon
Valley include Adobe, Alphabet, Apple, Cisco Systems, Intel, Meta Platforms,
Tesla, among many others.
iii) Cambridge Innovation District:
The Cambridge Innovation District (UK) is a collaborative effort involving the
University of Cambridge, local government, and private sector companies. It aims
to create a vibrant ecosystem where academia and industry collaborate on research,
development, and commercialisation of innovations.
13
Some notable companies that have a presence in or around the Cambridge Innovation
District include ARM Holdings (Semiconductor design and software), AstraZeneca
(Biopharmaceuticals), Cambridge Consultants (consulting), Illumina (Genomic
sequencing and analysis), and Darktrace (Cybersecurity).
According to a report by London Economics in 2023, the economic impact of the
University of Cambridge was estimated at £29.8 billion (about Rs. 3,00,000 crores) out
of which £23.1 billion was from the University’s research and knowledge exchange
activities. It estimated that every £1 spent by Cambridge created £11.70 of economic
value. .
14
iv) Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART):
SMART is a joint research enterprise established by MIT and the National Research
Foundation of Singapore. It brings together researchers from both academia
and industry to address global challenges through cutting-edge scientific and
technological advancements.
15
Some of the notable R&D initiatives by SMART include Low Energy Electronic
Systems (LESS), Future Urban Mobility (FM), Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR),
Disruptive and Sustainable Technologies for Agricultural Precision (DiSTAP), and
Critical Analytics for Manufacturing Personalized-Medicine (CAMP).
SMART was initially established in 2007 with a S$150 million grant from the National
Research Foundation of Singapore, spread over 5 years. SMART Innovation Centre
administers two grant programmes:
• The Innovation Grant (up to S$250,000), designed to help faculty and their research
team to explore new avenues of market-driven research and participate
12 Accessed at: https://www.visualcapitalist.com/cp/ranked-the-10-biggest-nasdaq-companies-by-rd-investment/ in May 2025
13 Accessed at: https://www.cam.ac.uk/stories/cambridge-economic-impact in April 2025.
14 Staton, Bethan, “Cambridge university’s economic impact worth £30bn a year, analysis shows”, Financial Times, March 20, 2023.
15 Accessed at: https://smart.mit.edu/ in June 2025. 28Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
in programmes that will help accelerate innovations toward commercialisation, and
• The Explorer Grant (up to S$50,000), student focused grant programme that assists
students or student groups, with their faculty mentor, explore further development
and commercialisation of innovative work originated by the student(s).
6.2.2 Indian Case Studies:
R&D is crucial for the growth and innovation of any economy. India has made notable
progress in R&D in recent years due to robust science and technology infrastructure,
a skilled workforce, and supportive government policies. The government has also
launched several initiatives to promote R&D, innovation, and entrepreneurship in the
country. Some of the noteworthy examples of academia and industry collaboration for
R&D in India are as follows:
i) Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Madras
Several IITs have established incubation centres that support startups and facilitate
interaction with industry. The IIT Madras Research Park (IITM RP) in Chennai has
been a pioneer in this area.
The IITM RP was started around 2010 at a cost of Rs. 450 crores, with an area of 12
lakh sq. ft. In the last 15 years (IIT Madras Research Park, 2025). It has successfully
established partnerships with 70+ industry leaders, HEIs, and start-ups by drawing
from the expertise of IITM departments like Aerospace Engineering, Biotechnology,
and Computer Sciences. It has incubated over 200 start-ups across 13 sectors and filed
over 1,300 patents.
16
Notable success stories from IITM RP include unicorns like
Uniphore and Detect Technologies, and collaborations with industry giants like TCS,
Titan, BHEL, and Saint-Gobain. The Park’s focus on innovation and entrepreneurship
has significantly catalysed technological advancement and thereby contributed to the
growth of the economy.
ii) Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)
ISRO is another successful model of collaboration of R&D with the higher education
and industry sectors in India. Its successful interplanetary missions executed with
indigenous technologies symbolise India’s leadership in space technology. The
robust R&D activities at ISRO are the backbone of the country’s accomplishments
in the space sector. Chandrayaan and Mangalyaan Missions, respectively
representing India’s lunar and Mars exploration endeavours, are among its many
notable achievements.
16 Accessed at: https://respark.iitm.ac.in/ in July 2025. 29Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
ISRO’s collaboration spans educational outreach, research partnerships, and the
establishment of the Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology (IISST), a
deemed university in Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, and Asia’s first space university
dedicated to integrating space research and education in India.
17
Furthermore, ISRO
collaborates with the industry for commercial satellite launches through the Antrix
Corporation, its commercial arm.
iii) Recent initiatives by the Government of India
In the Union Budget 2019-20, a National Research Foundation (NRF) was
announced to fund, coordinate, and promote research in the country and assimilate
research grants being given by various Ministries, independent of each other.
In 2023, the Parliament passed the Anusandhan National Research Foundation
(ANRF) Bill with the aim of bringing greater coherence and synergy to the research
funding landscape in India by providing a unified platform for researchers to access
funding and by promoting interdisciplinary and collaborative research. It envisages
receiving funds amounting to Rs. 50,000 crore during 2023-28 in the form of
ANRF Fund, Innovation Fund, Science and Engineering Research Fund, Special
Purpose Funds. A budgetary provision of Rs. 14,000 crore has been made from the
Central Government and remaining amount will be sourced through donations from
other sources including public sector enterprises, the private sector, philanthropist
organisations, foundations or international bodies.
18
. ANRF is envisaged to promote
a more vibrant research ecosystem in India and make the country become a global
leader in scientific and technological innovation.
6.2.3 Recommendations:
Despite the efforts India has made, as highlighted in the above-mentioned examples,
certain challenges hindering seamless integration and collaboration continue to exist.
Some specific recommendations to address them include:
i) Streamline Administrative Procedures: Simplifying administrative processes at
public R&D institutes would improve collaboration.
ii) Partner with private enterprises: While working towards an Atmanirbhar Bharat,
decision makers will have to leverage disruptive socio-economic innovations and
interventions by private sector enterprises in long-term national interests. This can
be achieved through collaborative execution with diverse stakeholders including
private corporations that have the best national talent and substantial resources to
experiment with ideas.
19
17 Accessed at: https://www.isro.gov.in/iist.html in July 2025.
18 Accessed at: https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2085535 in September 2025.
19 Shah, Shashank, “Corporate innovation for Atmanirbhar Bharat: 4 game-changing ideas that may help achieve PM’s vision”, Financial 30Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
iii) Establish Clear IP Guidelines: Developing clear guidelines for intellectual property
(IP) rights and promoting a culture of shared benefits can facilitate collaboration.
iv) Create Technology Transfer Offices (TTOs): Support HEIs and public R&D
institutes by establishing dedicated TTOs. Provide financial and other incentives to
researchers and companies to transfer technologies to the market.
v) Address Infrastructure Gaps: Targeted measures to address infrastructure gaps
and promote projects that utilise shared resources can improve collaborative efforts.
vi) Implement Policy Reforms: Initiate Ease of R&D Regulation to simplify processes
and grant incentives for compliance.
vii) Map Public R&D Institutes with Public Universities: Geographic mapping of
Public R&D Institutes with leading Central and State Public Universities could be
the first step in exploring synergies. This can be followed by integration of cutting-
edge R&D work with innovative pedagogy to create industry-ready and research-
ready talent. Additionally, mapping the PSU R&D Institutes with Public Universities
in each state could lead to complementary outcomes, including opportunities for
students and doctoral scholars to pursue joint and applied research projects.
6.3 Reorganising R&D and Education in the Indian Agriculture Sector
The agricultural sector is one of the most prominent sectors in India that has
successfully established strong backward and forward linkages of its R&D institutes
with the education system and companies. Over 50% of all public R&D institutes are
dedicated solely to Agriculture and Allied Sectors. This share rises to over 70% for
State R&D Institutes, indicating that a substantial portion of India’s R&D expenditure
is concentrated within this sector, as highlighted in Figure 16 of this paper.
India being predominantly an agrarian economy, agricultural education is essential for
delivering the human capital required to boost agricultural production while sustainably
managing the environment. It may be noted that for about 54.6% of Indians, agriculture
remains their primary source of income.
20
Agriculture & Allied Sector accounted for
about 18% of India’s Gross Value Added (GVA) at current prices in 2022-23.
21
The history of agricultural education in India can be traced back to the medieval period,
when the study of agriculture was included in the curricula of Nalanda and Takshashila
Universities as an important subject. However, formalised courses in agriculture
education began only at the start of the 20th century. To ensure orderly growth after
India’s independence, the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), the apex
Express, August 27, 2020.
20 Annual Report 2024, Department of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, Govt. of India.
21 Accessed at: https://www.mospi.gov.in/sites/default/files/publication_reports/Brochure_2024.pdf in February 2025. 31Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
body for coordinating, guiding, and managing research and education in agriculture for
India, took the lead and encouraged the setting up of exclusive Agricultural Universities
for research, extension, and education support.
Figure 18: Agricultural Research and Education Network under ICAR
The role of ICAR for agricultural education and R&D in India represents a unique
scenario. While it provides several benefits in terms of standardisation, quality
assurance, and research integration with respect to agriculture education and research,
the following recommendations may be considered for greater impact. 32Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
6.3.1 Recommendations:
i) Adopt a Regionally Balanced Approach: As India’s diverse agricultural landscape
faces unique soil, climate, and resource challenges, flexible strategies are needed.
Encouraging research and innovation at the local level can help farmers adapt to
their specific conditions and ensure optimal resource utilisation.
ii) Encourage Public and Private Investment in Agri Research: Greater
collaboration and funding from public and private agencies can support research
for greater diversification in farming practices, improve productivity, and promote
demand-driven agri exports while enhancing global competitiveness.
22
iii) Diversify Agriculture Universities: Universities under ICAR should evolve
beyond traditional practices. By integrating research, innovation, entrepreneurship,
skill development, and practical training, these HEIs can help students and farmers
transform research outcomes into real livelihood opportunities that align with
modern agricultural demands.
iv) Better value addition through food processing: Investing in R&D for agriculture
and food processing can lead to the creation of improved cash and food crop varieties,
state-of-the-art farming methods and processing techniques. These innovations can
help reduce waste, increase productivity to global standards, improve food quality,
and increase profitability for farmers.
v) Improve Seed Replacement Rate (SRR) through ICAR-led innovation and
collaboration: ICAR, along with state agencies and private partners, may accelerate
development of high-performing, region-specific seed varieties and encourage
adoption by farmers. Ensuring quality control, efficient distribution, and farmer
awareness can help in achieving win-win outcomes.
23
vi) Enhance productivity by adopting Agritech solution: To improve both
productivity and long-term sustainability, policies and schemes should aim at
reducing the upfront costs of adopting advanced technologies, focusing on climate-
resilient crop varieties, optimising supply chain logistics, and implementing
advanced certification and traceability systems.
vii) Promote organic and natural farming: R&D support for organic and natural
farming may be increased to help reduce dependency on chemical inputs, protecting
soil health and the health of consumers over time.
24
6.4 Strategic Sectoral Planning for Establishing R&D Institutes in Frontier
Technologies
22 NITI Aayog Working Group Report 2024 on ‘Crop husbandry, agriculture inputs, demand and supply’.
23 Accessed at: https://www.pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1845109 in September 2025.
24 Accessed at: https://naturalfarming.niti.gov.in/ in February 2025. 33Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
Many developed countries have already set up exclusive R&D facilities for several
specialised sectors, often in collaboration with universities and private industries. The
United States, Japan, Germany, and South Korea have invested significant resources
into R&D. As a result, these countries have developed specialised R&D facilities in
various sectors. Some of such specialised R&D institutes are NASA’s Jet Propulsion
Laboratory for space exploration in USA, the Tsukuba Science City for science and
technology research in Japan, the Fraunhofer Society for Applied Research, and the
Helmholtz Association for energy and environmental research in Germany, and the
Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute for electronics research in
South Korea, among many others.
The Amrit Kaal is the right opportunity for India to identify and prioritise sectors
for the creation of new R&D institutes for achieving optimum resource utilisation
while ensuring that investments are made in areas with high potential future demand.
Sectors with high potential demand are more likely to attract investment, talent, and
collaboration, which can help accelerate innovation and scientific advancement in
strategic sectors.
In recent years, India has significantly increased its emphasis on R&D with the goal
of promoting innovation and economic growth. As per a Ministry of External Affairs
Report, gross expenditure on R&D in the country nearly tripled from about Rs. 40,000
crores in 2007-08
25
to Rs. 1.3 lakh crores in 2020-21. The Research, Development and
Innovation (RDI) Scheme, with a corpus of Rs. 1 lakh crore, was first announced in
the Interim Union Budget 2024, to encourage the private sector to scale up research
and innovation significantly in sunrise domains and drive India’s sovereign technology
ambitions.
26
Along with the quantum of investment, it is equally crucial to allocate the
funds strategically across emerging STEM and non-STEM sectors with high future
potential.
6.4.1 Recommendations:
Over the next quarter century, India must invest in R&D in several high-potential
sectors. Some of these have been elaborated below:
i) Invest in R&D for Medical and Life Sciences:
The healthcare sector is going to play an even more important role in the next 25 years
due to a substantial increase in India’s ageing population, rise in Non-Communicable
Diseases, and increasing awareness of health, nutrition, and wellness. Hence,
25 Accessed at: https://psa.gov.in/CMS/web/sites/default/files/publication/COVID.pdf in February 2025.
26 Accessed at: https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2151476 in October 2025. 34Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
establishing new R&D institutes in this sector could lead to the development of new
medical devices, pharmaceuticals, nutrition substitutes, and diagnostic tools, as well
as new approaches for disease prevention (vaccines), and treatment.
To leverage its vast talent pool and fulfil its growing healthcare needs, India needs
to prioritise areas such as advanced genome sequencing, precision medicine, high-
tech medical devices, bioinformatics, and the integration of AI into healthcare
through predictive analytics and autonomous diagnostic tools.
27
Equally crucial is
establishing robust yet progressive healthcare regulations, focusing on safeguarding
personal data and ensuring compliance with legal and regulatory standards. These
efforts can position India to lead in human-centric innovations at the intersection of
healthcare and frontier technologies.
ii) Focus on R&D in Renewable Energy and Green Transition:
To achieve its Panchamrit goals and the ambitious targets of generating 50% of its
electric power capacity from renewables by 2030 and achieving net-zero carbon
emissions by 2070
28
, India needs to focus on next-generation solutions for green
transition, and power generation, storage, and distribution. Increased investment,
focused R&D, and international collaborations will play a vital role in realising
these goals.
iii) Promote Advanced Manufacturing Technologies:
India is rapidly advancing in cutting-edge R&D for manufacturing, focusing on
productivity, sustainability, and technological innovation to compete globally.
To build on this progress, India may prioritise advanced robotics, automation,
AI-ML, and material sciences, particularly advanced materials, nanotechnology,
and semiconductors.
29
Advancing in these areas will be crucial for enhancing its
manufacturing competitiveness and achieving the vision of becoming a global
manufacturing hub.
6.5 Transition from Tracking R&D Investment to Measuring Impact
An analysis of the available data and reports on R&D expenditure shows that over the
past several decades, the primary emphasis has been on tracking R&D investments at
various levels of government. However, India still lacks a centralised database that
provides detailed, disaggregated information on R&D spending by various public
R&D institutes. This data gap makes it difficult to design and evaluate effective policy
27 Ghosh, D., ‘Healthcare for All: India could lead by shaping the future of AI and biotech’, Mint, September 17, 2024.
28 Accessed at: https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1961797 in September 2025.
29 NITI Aayog Report on ‘Reimagining Manufacturing: India’s Roadmap to Global Leadership in Advanced Manufacturing’, October 2025. 35Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
measures at institute, sectoral and regional levels. Existing initiatives tend to capture
only central government allocations, leaving state-level R&D funding largely
undocumented and poorly understood.
Moving forward, it is essential not only to build a comprehensive national repository
of R&D data but also to expand the focus beyond inputs. Tracking how R&D projects
perform by measuring their outputs, outcomes, and real-world impact would help assess
the true value of these investments. Equally important is measuring and communicating
the societal benefits and solutions to pressing national challenges that arise from
R&D efforts. This would create a positive mindset among the common citizens for
investments in R&D. A paradigm shift from input orientation to impact orientation is
vital for boosting R&D in India in the 21
st
century.
6.5.1 Recommendations:
i) Establish a Central Coordinating Agency for R&D Projects:
Policymakers may consider establishing a dedicated agency responsible for
coordinating, connecting and monitoring R&D projects across various governmental
bodies, including ministries, departments and institutions. The primary objective of
this agency would be to enhance synergy, maximise outputs and outcomes, and
minimise redundancies and overlaps in R&D efforts and investments.
ii) Increase Public and Private Investment in R&D:
For India to move from being primarily a consumer of knowledge to becoming a
true creator of it, both public and private investment in R&D should increase at par
with peer economies as elaborated in Figure 1 of this paper. Additionally, a well-
defined tracking system should be developed to monitor the actual expenditure,
outputs, outcomes, and grassroots impact of each R&D project, programme and
scheme.
iii) Ensure Adequate Funding for R&D in All Sectors:
Policymakers must ensure that every sector receives sufficient funding to support
R&D activities and innovatively meet the sectoral targets and goals in effective
ways. This approach will ensure that no sector is left behind due to inadequate
financial support, thereby fostering holistic innovation and growth across all areas.
6.6 Creation of Career Pathways in the R&D Sector
There is a need to create career pathways in R&D. While most R&D institutes have
defined career growth opportunities, like HEIs, there is a lack of institutional structures 36Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
and processes for integration and horizontal mobility between R&D institutions and
academia. This hinders cross-sectoral collaboration. Unlike universities in developed
economies, where R&D institutions and universities are integrated or work in tandem,
the Indian ecosystem is disparate, where R&D Institutes and universities work in
silos. This prevents a free flow of faculty and researchers between R&D centres and
academia, as is popular in the higher education ecosystem of developed nations. This
leads to two major problems for the country. Firstly, academic curriculum and pedagogy
are not directly influenced by cutting-edge research in frontier areas of knowledge,
thereby depriving students from the latest developments in the field. Secondly, it
does not provide clear career pathways for researchers in the R&D space as doctoral
research work is primarily undertaken in the university ecosystem, where teaching is
a primacy.
30
Moreover, the faculty advisors guiding doctoral research may themselves
not be directly involved in any cutting-edge R&D projects, thereby depriving budding
doctoral researchers from the much-needed exposure and alignment with state-of-the-
art, such that they can easily transition into a promising R&D career.
6.6.1 Recommendations:
i) Create Integrated Career Pathways for Subject Experts:
Develop career pathways that allow subject experts to participate both in teaching
at universities and research at R&D institutions, thereby ensuring that the latest
advancements are integrated into classroom learning and teaching faculty can
continuously upskill themselves through involvement in cutting-edge R&D projects
and enhance the overall quality of HEIs.
ii) Create R&D as an attractive career option:
Universities must ensure that students are taught by top-quality faculty who are also
active researchers. This would expose them to the latest research in their domain,
inspire them to pursue R&D as a career option and prepare them to contribute to
R&D centres in academia and industry.
iii) Expand Postdoctoral Programmes:
Establish robust and well-funded postdoctoral programmes across sciences and
humanities to attract top talent in the R&D sector. This would help retain highly
talented and research-driven human capital in the R&D domain and also provide
them with career pathways in this space.
30 NITI Aayog Report on ‘Expanding Quality Education through States and State Public Universities’, February 2025. 37Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
7. Conclusion
Over the last 78 years, R&D institutions, HEIs, and industries in India have largely operated
in silos. Despite commendable progress by each of them and their substantial contributions
to India’s macroeconomic and developmental landscape, a more effective and efficient
collaborative approach is imperative for the holistic growth of the nation.
The next quarter century which leads to India’s centenary year of independence, is also
the period when India will emerge among the top 3 global economies. To achieve that
status, and more importantly, to maintain that status, will require creation of world-class
knowledge and world-ready human capital to man and scale those sectors. R&D institutions
will play a vital role in the former, and HEIs in the achievement of the latter.
India has the potential to become a global hub for R&D, innovation, and entrepreneurship.
However, addressing the challenges and improving the R&D culture and investments in
the country will require collective efforts from the government, private sector, academia,
and R&D institutions. Each of these systemic stakeholders can collectively contribute
to creating implementable solutions using their core competence and address key socio-
economic challenges facing India. The breadth of expertise available within the country
must be leveraged by ensuring a strategic convergence of R&D and innovations and by
using the synergies to work towards economic and technological self-reliance and self-
sufficiency in the long term.
The current spatial and statistical presence of R&D institutes that have been established
during the last 75 years, as discussed in this paper, would help in preparing a roadmap for
balanced and planned investments in R&D infrastructure over the next 25 years and in the
creation of institutional and sectoral, regional and national synergies in R&D.
To realise this vision, it is essential to promote collaborative integration among R&D
institutions through enhanced industry-academia linkages, identify and prioritise high-
potential sectors, such as medical and life sciences, renewable energy and green transition,
advanced manufacturing and frontier technologies, among others, and ensure targeted
R&D investments. Given India’s status as the most populous country, achieving food
security will be a key priority, necessitating focused and innovative R&D efforts in the
agriculture sector. At the policy level, a shift in emphasis from tracking R&D investment
to systematically measuring its impact will be a more effective approach for optimising
resource mobilisation. Additionally, creating well-structured and rewarding career
pathways in the R&D sector is vital for attracting and retaining top talent.
A systematic and proactive approach over the next 5–10 years can act as a key driver in
transforming the vision of a Viksit Bharat by 2047 into a reality. 38Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
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Annexure – I: State and UT categories (As per multiple NITI
Aayog reports)
Large States
1Andhra Pradesh
2Assam
3Bihar
4Chhattisgarh
5Gujarat
6Haryana
7Himachal Pradesh
8Jharkhand
9Karnataka
10Kerala
11Madhya Pradesh
12Maharashtra
13Odisha
14Punjab
15Rajasthan
16Tamil Nadu
17Telangana
18Uttar Pradesh
19Uttarakhand
20West Bengal
Union TerritoriesUnion Territories
1Andaman and Nicobar Islands
2Chandigarh
3
Dadra and Nagar Haveli and
Daman and Diu
4Jammu and Kashmir
5Ladakh
6Lakshadweep
7NCT of Delhi
8Puducherry
Smaller StatesSmaller States
1Arunachal Pradesh
2Goa
3Manipur
4Meghalaya
5Mizoram
6Nagaland
7Sikkim
8Tripura 41Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
Annexure – II: Central Sector R&D Institutes by Sector &
Ministry (Count)
1. Agriculture & Allied Sectors1. Agriculture & Allied Sectors135
Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare110
Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying25
2. Chemical2. Chemical4
Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilisers4
3. Defence3. Defence53
Ministry of Defence53
Earth Sciences & EnvironmentEarth Sciences & Environment37
Ministry of Earth Sciences10
Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change27
4. Education & Skilling4. Education & Skilling4
Ministry of Education2
Ministry of Labour and Employment1
Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship1
5. Energy5. Energy30
Department of Atomic Energy10
Ministry of New and Renewable Energy5
Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas14
Ministry of Power1
6. Finance & Commerce6. Finance & Commerce10
Ministry of Commerce and Industry10
7. Health & AYUSH7. Health & AYUSH154
Ministry of AYUSH124
Ministry of Health and Family Welfare30
Heavy IndustryHeavy Industry5
Ministry of Heavy Industry and Public Enterprises3
Ministry of Steel2
IT & TelecomIT & Telecom23 42Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
Ministry of Communications1
Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology22
Natural ResourcesNatural Resources9
Ministry of Jal Shakti5
Ministry of Mines4
11. Others11. Others9
Ministry of Home Affairs7
Ministry of Information and Broadcasting1
Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation1
12. Science and Technology12. Science and Technology75
Ministry of Science and Technology75
13. Small Industry13. Small Industry4
Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises4
14. Socio-cultural & Allied Sectors14. Socio-cultural & Allied Sectors20
Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution 4
Ministry of Culture5
Ministry of Food Processing Industries2
Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs1
Ministry of Rural Development1
Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment7
15. Space15. Space25
Department of Space25
16. Textiles16. Textiles18
Ministry of Textiles18
17. Transportation17. Transportation4
Ministry of Civil Aviation1
Ministry of Railways1
Ministry of Road Transport and Highways1
Ministry of Shipping1
TotalTotal619 43Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
Annexure – III: Central Sector R&D Institutes by Sector &
Ministry (Name)
Agriculture & Allied Sectors
Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare
1Central Agroforestry Research Institute
2Central Arid Zone Research Institute
3Central Avian Research Institute
4Central Citrus Research Institute
5Central Coastal Agricultural Research Institute
6Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute
7Central Institute for Cotton Research
8Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes
9Central Institute for Research on Cattle
10Central Institute for Research on Cotton Technology
11Central Institute for Research on Goats
12Central Institute for Women in Agriculture
13Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering
14Central Institute of Arid Horticulture
15Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture
16Central Institute of Fisheries Education
17Central Institute of Fisheries Technology
18Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture
19Central Institute of Post Harvest Engineering and Technology
20Central Institute of Subtropical Horticulture
21Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture
22Central Island Agriculture Research Institute
23Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute
24Central Plantation on Crops Research Institute
25Central Potato Research Institute
26Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture
27Central Research Institute for Jute and Allied Fibres 44Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
28Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute
29Central Soil Salinity Research Institute
30Central Tobacco Research Institute
31Central Tuber Crops Research Institute
32Directorate of Cashew Research
33Directorate of Cashewnut and Coca Development
34Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research
35Directorate of Floriculture Research
36Directorate of Groundnut Research
37Directorate of Jute Development
38Directorate of Knowledge Management in Agriculture
39Directorate of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research
40Directorate of Mushroom Research
41Directorate of Onion and Garlic Research
42Directorate of Poultry Research
43Directorate of Pulses Development
44Directorate of Rapeseed Mustard Research
45Directorate of Weed Science Research
46Directorate of Wheat Development
47ICAR Research Complex for Eastern Region
48ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region
49Indian Agricultural Research Institute
50Indian Agricultural Research Institute Jharkhand
51Indian Agricultural Statistical Research Institute
52Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute
53Indian Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology
54Indian Institute of Farming Systems Research
55Indian Institute of Horticultural Research
56Indian Institute of Maize Research
57Indian Institute of Millets Research
58Indian Institute of Natural Resin and Gums 45Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
59Indian Institute of Oil Palm Research
60Indian Institute of Oilseeds Research
61Indian Institute of Pulses Research
62Indian Institute of Seed Sciences
63Indian Institute of Soil and Water Conservation
64Indian Institute of Soil Science
65Indian Institute of Soybean Research
66Indian Institute of Spices Research
67Indian Institute of Sugarcane Research
68Indian Institute of Vegetable Research
69Indian Institute of Water Management
70Indian Institute of Wheat and Barley Research
71Indian Instiute of Rice Research
72Indian Veterinary Research Institute
73Mahatma Gandhi Integrated Farming Research Institute
74National Academy of Agricultural Research Management
75National Bureau of Agricultural Insect Resources
76National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms
77National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources
78National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources
79National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources
80National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning
81National Dairy Research Institute
82National Institute of Abiotic Stress Management
83National Institute of Agricultural Economics and Policy Research
84National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology
85National Institute of Biotic Stress Management
86National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases
87National Institute of Natural Fibre Engineering and Technology
88National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics
89National Organic Farming Research Institute 46Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
90National Research Centre for Banana
91National Research Centre for Equines
92National Research Centre for Grapes
93National Research Centre for Integrated Pest Management
94National Research Centre for Orchids
95National Research Centre on Camel
96National Research Centre on Litchi
97National Research Centre on Meat
98National Research Centre on Mithun
99National Research Centre on Pig
100National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology
101National Research Centre on Pomegranate
102National Research Centre on Seed Spices
103National Research Centre on Yak
104National Rice Research Institute
105Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease
106Soil and Land Use Survey of India (Formerly All India Soil & Land Use Survey)
107Sugarcane Breeding Institute
108Vivekanand Parvatiya Krishi Anusandhan Sansthan
109Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology
Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying
1Central Cattle Breeding Farm
2Central Frozen Semen Production & Training Institute
3Central Herd Registration Scheme
4Central Herd Registration Unit
5Central Poultry Development Organization & Training Institute
6Central Poultry Development Organization (Eastern Region)
7Central Poultry Development Organization (Northern Region)
8Central Poultry Development Organization (Western Region)
9Central Poultry Performance & Testing Centre
10Central Sheep Breeding Farm 47Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
11Regional Station for Forage Production & Demonstration
Chemical
Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilisers
1Central Institute of Petrochemicals Engineering & Technology
2Institute of Pesticide Formulation Technology
3National Institute of Pharmaceutical & Education Research
Defence
Ministry of Defence
1Advanced Centre for Energetic Materials
2Advanced Numerical Research & Analysis Group
3Advanced System Laboratory
4Aerial Delivery Research & Development Establishment
5Aeronautical Development Agency
6Aeronautical Development Establishment
7Armament Research & Development Establishment
8Centre for Air Borne Systems
9Centre for Artificial Intelligence & Robotics
10Centre for Fire, Explosive and Environment Safety
11Centre for Military AirWorthiness & Certification
12Combat Vehicles Research & Development Establishment
13Defence Avionics Research Establishment
14Defence Bio-Engineering and Electro-Medical Laboratory
15Defence Electronics Application Laboratory
16Defence Electronics Research Laboratory
17Defence Food Research Laboratory
18Defence Institute of Advanced Technology
19Defence Institute of Bio Energy Research
20Defence Institute of High Altitude Research (Field Research Laboratory)
21Defence Institute of Physiology & Allied Sciences
22Defence Institute of Psychological Research
23Defence Laboratory Jodhpur 48Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
24Defence Material & Stores Research & Development Establishment
25Defence Metallurgical Research Laboratory
26Defence Research & Development Establishment
27Defence Research & Development Laboratory
28Defence Research and Development Organisation
29Defence Research Laboratory
30Defence Scientific Information & Documentation Centre
31Defence Terrain Research Laboratory
32Electronics & Radar Development Establishment
33Gas Turbine Research Establishment
34High Energy Materials Research Laboratory
35Institute for Systems Studies & Analysis
36Institute of Aerospace Medicine
37Institute of Nuclear Medicines & Allied Sciences
38Institute of Technology Management
39Instruments Research & Development Establishment
40Integrated Test Range
41Laser Science & Technology Centre
42Microwave Tube Research & Development
43Naval Materials Research Laboratory
44Naval Physical & Oceanographic Laboratory
45Naval Science & Technological Laboratory
46Proof and Experimental Establishment
47Research & Development Establishment
48Research Centre Imarat
49Scientific Analysis Group
50Snow & Avalanche Study Establishment
51Solid State Physics Laboratory
52Terminal Ballistics Research Laboratory
53Vehicles Research & Development Establishment
Earth Sciences & Environment 49Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
Ministry of Earth Sciences
1Centre for Marine Living Resources and Ecology
2Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology
3Indian Meteorological Department
4Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services
5National Centre for Coastal Research
6National Centre for Earth Science Studies
7National Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasting
8National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research
9National Centre for Seismology IMD Complex
10National Institute of Ocean Technology
Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change
1Botanical Survey of India
2C.P.R Environmental Education Centre
3Central Pollution Control Board Parivesh Bhawan
4Central Zoo Authority
5Centre for Animals and Environment
6Centre for Ecological Sciences
7Centre for Environment Education
8Centre for Environmental Management of Degraded Ecosystems
9Centre of Mining Environment
10Centres of Excellence in Environmental Economics
11Forest Survey of India
12Foundation for Revitalization of Local Health Traditions
13
G. B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment and Sustainable
Development
14Himalayan Forest Research Institute
15Indian Council of Forestry Research & Education
16Indian Institute of Forest Management
17Indian Plywood Industries Research and Training Institute
18Indira Gandhi National Forest Academy 50Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
19Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden & Research Institute
20National Biodiversity Authority
21National Centre for Sustainable Coastal Management
22National Museum of Natural History
23National Tiger Conservation Authority
24National Zoological Park
25Salim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History
26Wildlife Institute of India
27Zoological Survey of India
Education & Skilling
Ministry of Education
1Centre for Industrial Consultancy and Sponsored Research
2Industrial Research & Consultancy Centre
Ministry of Labour and Employment
1Directorate General of Mines Safety
Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship
1Indian Institute of Entrepreneurship
Energy
Department of Atomic Energy
1Atomic Minerals Directorate for Exploration and Research
2Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
3Centre for Excellence in Basic Sciences Health Centre
4Global Centre for Nuclear Energy Partnership
5Harish Chandra Research Institute
6Homi Bhabha National Institute
7Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research
8Institute for Plasma Research
9Institute of Mathematical Sciences
10Institute of Physics
Ministry of New and Renewable Energy 51Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
1
Department of Hydro and Renewable Energy (Formerly Alternate Hydro Energy
Centre)
2Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency
3National Institute of Solar Energy
4National Institute of Wind Energy
5Sardar Swaran Singh National Institute of Bio-Energy
Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas
1Centre for Excellence in Well Logging Technology
2Exploration and Development Directorate
3Gas Hydrate Research & Technology Centre
4Geodata Processing and Interpretation Centre
5Institute of Biotechnology and Geotectonic Studies
6Institute of Drilling Technology
7Institute of Engineering and Ocean Technology
8Institute of Oil and Gas Production Technology
9Institute of Petroleum Safety, Health and Environment Management
10Institute of Reservoir Studies
11Keshava Deva Malaviya Institute of Petroleum Exploration
12National Institute of Rock Mechanics
13Non Ferrous Materials Technology Development Centre
14Petroleum Conservation Research Association
Ministry of Power
1Central Power Research Institute
Finance & Commerce
Ministry of Commerce and Industry
1Central Coffee Research Institute
2Central Pulp & Paper Research Institute
3Indian Institute of Packaging
4Indian Rubber Manufacturers Research Association
5National Council for Cement and Building Materials
6National Institute of Design 52Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
7National Productivity Council
8Rubber Research Institute of India
9Tocklai Tea Research Institute Tea Research Association
10UPASI Tea Research Foundation
Health & AYUSH
Ministry of AYUSH
1Advanced Centre For Ayurveda In Mental Health and Neuro Sciences
2All India Institute of Hygiene and Public Health
3All India Institute of Medical Sciences
4All India Institute of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
5All India Institute of Speech and Hearing Naimisham Campus
6BCG Vaccine Laboratory
7Cancer Institute (WIA)
8Captain Srinivasa Murthy Regional Ayurveda Drug Development Institute
9Central Ayurveda Research Institute for Cardiovascular Diseases
10Central Ayurveda Research Institute for Drug Development
11
Central Ayurveda Research Institute for Hepatobiliary Disorders (Formerly
National Research Institute of Ayurvedic Drug Development)
12Central Ayurveda Research Institute for Respiratory Disorders
13Central Council for Research in Ayurveda Sciences
14Central Council for Research in Homoeopathy
15Central Council for Research in Siddha
16Central Council for Research in Unani Medicine
17Central Council for Research in Yoga & Naturopathy
18Central Drugs Standard Control Organization
19Central Institute of Psychiatry
20Central Leprosy Teaching and Research Institute
21Central Research Institute
22Central Research Institute of Unani Medicine
23Centre of Medicinal Plants & Research in Homoeopathy
24Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute 53Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
25Clinical Research Pilot Project (Unani)
26Clinical Research Unit (Unani)
27Clinical Research Unit for Homoeopathy
28Clinical Verification Unit for Homoeopathy
29Dr. Abhin Chandra Homoeopathic Medical College & Hospital
30Dr. Achanta Lakshmipathi Research Centre for Ayurveda
31Dr. Anjali Chatterjee Regional Research Institute of Homoeopathy
32
Dr. D.P. Rastogi Central Research Institute of Homoeopathy (Formerly Central
Research Institute of Homoeopathy)
33Drug Proving Unit Dr. Abhin Chandra Homoeopathic Medical College & Hospital
34Drug Standardisation Research Institute (Unani)
35Drug Standardisation Unit (H)
36Extension Unit of Drug Standardization Unit
37Family Welfare Training & Research Centre
38Hakim Ajmal Khan Institute for Literary & Historical Research in Unani Medicine
39Homeopathic Drug Research Institute
40Homeopathy Treatment Centre
41Homoeopathic Research Institute For Disabilities
42Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research
43Jawaharlal Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research
44M.S. Regional Ayurveda Research Institute for Endocrine Disorders
45Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences
46National Ayurveda Research Institute for Panchakarma
47
National Centre for Disease Control (Formerly National Institute of Communicable
Diseases)
48National Food Laboratory Kolkata (Formerly Central Food Laboratory)
49National Homoeopathy Research Institute in Mental Health
50National Institute of Ayurveda
51National Institute of Health & Family Welfare
52National Institute of Homoeopathy
53National Institute of Indian Medical Heritage 54Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
54National Institute of Mental Health & Neuro Sciences
55National Research Institute for Sowa Rigpa
56
National Research Institute of Unani Medicine for Skin Disorders (Formerly
Central Research Institute of Unani Medicine)
57National Tuberculosis Institute
58Pasteur Institute of India
59Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research
60Raja Ramdeo Anandilal Podar Central Ayurveda Research Institute for Cancer
61Regional Ayurveda Institute for Fundamental Research
62Regional Ayurveda Research Centre
63Regional Ayurveda Research Institute
64Regional Ayurveda Research Institute for Drug Development
65Regional Ayurveda Research Institute for Eye Diseases
66Regional Ayurveda Research Institute for Gastro-Intestinal Disorders
67Regional Ayurveda Research Institute for Infectious Diseases
68Regional Ayurveda Research Institute for Life style related Disorders
69Regional Ayurveda Research Institute for Metabolic Disorders
70Regional Ayurveda Research Institute for Mother and Child Health
71Regional Ayurveda Research Institute for Nutritional Disorders
72Regional Ayurveda Research Institute for Skin Disorders
73
Regional Ayurveda Research Institute for Skin Disorders Ahmedabad (Formerly
Ayurveda Contraceptive Drug Research Institute)
74Regional Ayurveda Research Institute for Urinary Disorders
75Regional Research Centre (Unani)
76Regional Research Centre (Unani)
77
Regional Research Centre of Ayurveda (Formerly Ayurveda Tribal Health Care
Research Project)
78-80Regional Research Institute (H) – 3 campuses
81Regional Research Institute of Unani Medicine
82Regional Research Institute of Unani Medicine,
83School of Tropical Medicine 55Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
84Siddha Central Research Institute Govt. Anna Hospital Campus
85-87Siddha Clinical Research Unit
88Siddha Medicinal Plants Garden
89Siddha Regional Research Institute
90The King Institute of Preventive Medicine
91Unani Medical Centre
92Unani Speciality Clinic Deendayal Upadhyay Hospital
93Vallabhabhai Patel Chest Institute
Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
1Bhopal Memorial Hospital and Research Centre
2Indian Council of Medical Research
3National AIDS Research Institute
4National Animal Resource Facility for Biomedical Research
5National Centre for Diseases Informatics and Research
6National Institute for Implementation Research on Non-Communicable Diseases
7National Institute for Research in Environmental Health
8National Institute for Research in Tribal Health
9National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis
10National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health
11National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research
12National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases
13National Institute of Epidemiology
14National Institute of Immunohematology
15National Institute of Malaria Research
16National Institute of Medical Statistics
17National Institute of Nutrition
18National Institute of Occupational Health
19National Institute of Pathology
20National Institute of Traditional Medicine
21National Institute of Virology 56Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
22National Jalma Institute for Leprosy & other Mycobacterial Diseases
23Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences
24-26Regional Medical Research Centre – 3 campuses
27Regional Occupational Health Centre (Eastern)
28Regional Occupational Health Centre (Southern)
29Vector Control Research Centre
Heavy Industry
Ministry of Heavy Industry and Public Enterprises
1Automotive Research Association of India
2Central Manufacturing Technology Institute
3Fluid Control Research Institute
Ministry of Steel
1Biju Patnaik National Steel Institute
2National Institute of Secondary Steel Technology
IT & Telecom
Ministry of Communications
1Centre for Development of Telematics
Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology
1Centre for Development of Advanced Computing
2Centre for Materials for Electronics Technology
3Digital India Corporation (Technology Development & Deployment Division)
4Education and Research Network India
5Society for Applied Microwave Electronics Engineering & Research
Natural Resources
Ministry of Jal Shakti
1Central Ground Water Board
2Central Soil and Materials Research Station
3Central Water & Power Research Station
4National Institute of Hydrology
5North Eastern Hydraulic and Allied Research Institute (NEHARI)
Ministry of Mines 57Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
1Geological Survey of India
2Indian Bureau of Mines
3Jawaharlal Nehru Aluminium Research Development & Design Centre
4National Institute of Miners’ Health
Others
Ministry of Home Affairs
1Central Forensic Science Laboratory
2
Loknayak Jayaprakash Narayan National Institute of Criminology & Forensic
Science
Ministry of Information and Broadcasting
1Research Department, Prasar Bharati
Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation
1Indian Statistical Institute
Science and Technology
Ministry of Science and Technology
1National Institute of Immunology
2Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute
3Agharkar Research Institute
4Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences
5Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeosciences
6Bose Institute
7Central Building Research Institute
8Central Drug Research Institute
9Central Electrochemical Research Institute
10Central Electronics Engineering Research Institute
11Central Food Technological Research Institute
12Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute
13Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants
14Central Institute of Mining and Fuel Research
15Central Leather Research Institute
16Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute 58Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
17Central Road Research Institute
18Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute
19Central Scientific Instruments Organisation
20Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology
21Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics
22Centre for Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing
23Centre for Nano and Soft Matter Sciences
24CSIR Fourth Paradigm Institute
25CSIR Unit for Research & Development of Information Products
26Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science
27Indian Institute of Astrophysics
28Indian Institute of Chemical Biology
29Indian Institute of Chemical Technology
30Indian Institute of Geomagnetism
31Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine
32Indian Institute of Petroleum
33Indian Institute of Toxicology Research
34Indo-French Centre for the Promotion of Advanced Research
35Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine
36Institute of Advanced Study in Science & Technology
37Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development
38Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology
39Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology
40Institute of Life Sciences
41Institute of Microbial Technology
42Institute of Minerals & Materials Technology
43Institute of Nano Science and Technology
44
International Advanced Research Centre for Powder Metallurgy and New
Materials
45International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology
46Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Science Research 59Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
47National Aerospace Laboratories
48National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institution
49National Atlas & Thematic Mapping Organisation
50National Botanical Research Institute
51National Brain Research Centre
52National Centre for Cell Science
53National Chemical Laboratory
54National Environmental Engineering Research Institute
55National Geophysical Research Institute
56National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology
57National Institute of Animal Biotechnology
58National Institute of Biomedical Genomics
59National Institute of Oceanography
60National Institute of Plant Genome Research
61National Institute of Science Communication & Information Resources
62National Institute of Science, Technology and Development Studies
63National Metallurgical Laboratory
64National Physical Laboratory
65North East Centre for Technology Application & Reach
66North-East Institute of Science & Technology
67Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology
68Raman Research Institute
69Regional Centre for Biotechnology
70Satyendra Nath Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences
71Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences & Technology
72Survey of India
73Technology Information, Forecasting & Assessment Council
74Translational Health Science and Technology Institute
75Vigyan Prasar
Small Industry
Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises 60Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
1Central Coir Research Institute
2Central Institute of Tool Design
3Institute for Design of Electrical Measuring Instruments
4National Institute for Micro, Small & Medium Enterprises
Socio-cultural & Allied Sectors
Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution
1Bureau of Indian Standards
2Indian Grain Storage Management & Research Institute
3National Sugar Institute
4National Test House
Ministry of Culture
1Anthropological Survey of India
2Archaeological Survey of India
3National Council of Science Museums
4National Research Laboratory for Conservation of Cultural Property
5Pt. Deendayal Upadhyay Institute of Archaeology
Ministry of Food Processing Industries
1Indian Institute of Food Processing Technology
2National Institute of Food Technology, Entrepreneurship and Management
Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs
1National Institute of Urban Affairs
Ministry of Rural Development
1National Institute of Rural Development
Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment
1Ali Yavar Jung National Institute of Speech and Hearing Disabilities
2National Institute for Empowerment of Person with Multiple Disabilities
3National Institute for Locomotor Disabilities
4National Institute for the Empowerment of Person with Intellectual Disabilities
5National Institute for the Empowerment of Persons with Visual Disabilities
6Pt. Deendayal Upadhyaya National Institute for with Physical Disabilities
7Swami Vivekanand National Institute of Rehabilitation Training and Research 61Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
Space
Department of Space
1Indian Institute of Remote Sensing
2Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology
3Indian Space Research Organisation Headquarters
4INSAT Master Control Facility
5ISRO Inertial Systems Unit
6ISRO Propulsion Complex
7ISRO Telemetry, Tracking & Command Network
8Laboratory for Electro-Optics Systems
9Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre
10National Atmospheric Research Laboratory
11National Institute of Science Education and Research
12National Remote Sensing Centre
13North Eastern Space Applications Centre
14Physical Research Laboratory
15Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology
16Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics
17Satish Dhawan Space Centre
18Semi-Conductor Laboratory
19Space Applications Centre
20Tata Institute of Fundamental Research
21Tata Memorial Centre (Tata Memorial Hospital)
22U R Rao Satellite Centre (Formerly ISRO Satellite Centre)
23Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre
24Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre
Textiles
Ministry of Textiles
1Ahmedabad Textile Industry’s Research Association
2Bombay Textile Research Association
3Central Muga Eri Research and Training Institute 62Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
4Central Sericultural Germplasm Resources Centre
5Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute
6Central Silk Technological Research Institute
7Central Tasar Research & Training Institute
8Indian Jute Industries’ Research Association
9Man Made Textiles Research Association
10National Silkworm Seed Organisation
11Northern India Textile Research Association
12Seribiotech Research Laboratory
13Silkworm Seed Technology Laboratory
14South India Textile Research Association
15Synthetic & Art Silk Mills’ Research Association
16Wool Research Association
Transportation
Ministry of Civil Aviation
1
Aircraft Engineering Directorate (Formerly DGCA Research and Development
Aircraft Engineering Directorate)
Ministry of Railways
1Research Designs & Standards Organisation
Ministry of Road Transport and Highways
1Central Institute of Road Transport (A unit of ASRTU, New Delhi)
Ministry of Shipping
1National Ship Design and Research Centre (Indian Maritime University)
Disclaimer:
The number of R&D institutes listed by name may not sum to the total count, as certain institutes
have multiple branches or locations. 63Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
Annexure – IV: Central Public Sector R&D Institutes by Sector &
Ministry (Count)
Agriculture & Allied Sectors1
Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare1
Chemical13
Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilisers13
Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distributions1
Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution 1
Defence19
Ministry of Defence19
Energy25
Department of Atomic Energy4
Ministry of Coal4
Ministry of New and Renewable Energy1
Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas11
Ministry of Power5
Finance & Commerce1
Ministry of Finance1
Health & AYUSH1
Ministry of Health and Family Welfare1
Heavy Industry27
Ministry of Heavy Industry and Public Enterprises 16
Ministry of Steel11
IT & Telecom2
Ministry of Communications2
Natural Resources3
Ministry of Mines3
Science and Technology3
Ministry of Science and Technology3
Small Industry2
Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises2
Socio-cultural & Allied Sectors3
Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs2
Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment1
Transportation7
Ministry of Civil Aviation1
Ministry of Railways1
Ministry of Shipping5
Total108 64Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
Annexure – V: Central Public Sector R&D Institutes by Sector &
Ministry (Name)
Agriculture & Allied Sectors
Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare
1National Seeds Corporation Limited
Chemical
Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilisers
1Bengal Chemicals & Pharmaceuticals Limited
2Brahmaputra Cracker and Polymer Limited
3Brahmaputra Valley Fertilizer Corporation Limited
4F C I Aravali Gypsum and Minerals India Limited
5HIL (India) Limited (Formerly Hindustan Insecticides Limited)
6Hindustan Antibiotics Limited Pimpri
7Indian Farmers Fertiliser Cooperative Limited, Kandla
8Indian Farmers Fertiliser Cooperative Limited, Kalol
9Karnataka Antibiotics & Pharmaceuticals Limited
10Madras Fertilizers Limited
11National Fertilizers Limited
12Rashtriya Chemicals & Fertilizers Limited
13The Fertilizers and Chemicals Travancore Limited
Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distributions
Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution
1Central Warehousing Corporation
Defence
Ministry of Defence
1BEML Limited (Formerly Bharat Earth Movers Limited)
2Bharat Dynamics Limited
3Bharat Electronics Limited
4Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers Limited
5Goa Shipyard Limited 65Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
6Hindustan Aeronautics Limited, Aero Engine Research & Design Centre
7Hindustan Aeronautics Limited, Aerospace System and Equipment R&D Centre
8Hindustan Aeronautics Limited, Aircraft Research & Design Centre
9Hindustan Aeronautics Limited, Central Materials & Processes Laboratory
10Hindustan Aeronautics Limited, Gas Turbine R&D Centre
11Hindustan Aeronautics Limited, Hyderabad Division
12
Hindustan Aeronautics Limited, Mission & Combat System Research & Design
Centre
13Hindustan Aeronautics Limited, Rotary Wing R&D Centre
14Hindustan Aeronautics Limited, Transport Aircraft R&D Centre
15Hindustan Aeronautics Limited, Aircraft Upgrade R&D Centre
16Hindustan Shipyard Limited
17Mazgon Dock Shipbuilders Limited
18Mishra Dhatu Nigam Limited
Energy
Department of Atomic Energy
1Electronics Corporation of India Limited
2IREL (India) Limited (Formerly Indian Rare Earths Limited)
3Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited
4Uranium Corporation of India Limited
Ministry of Coal
1Central Mine Planning & Design Institute Limited
2Coal India Limited
3NLC India Limited (Formerly Neyveli Lignite Corpora on Limited)
4The Singareni Collieries Company Limited
Ministry of New and Renewable Energy
1Solar Energy Corporation of India Limited
Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas
1Balmer Lawrie & Company Limited
2Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited 66Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
3Chennai Petroleum Corporation Limited
4Engineers India Limited
5Gail (India) Limited
6Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited
7Indian Oil Corporation Limited
8Numaligarh Refinery Limited
9Oil & Natural Gas Corporation Limited
10Oil India Limited
Ministry of Power
1National Thermal Power Corporation Limited
2NHPC Limited (Formerly National Hydroelectric Power Corporation)
3North Eastern Electric Power Corporation Limited
4Power Grid Corporation Limited
5THDC India Ltd (Formerly Tehri Hydro Development Corporation Limited)
Finance & Commerce
Ministry of Finance
1Security Printing and Minting Corporation of India Limited
Health & AYUSH
Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
1HLL Lifecare Limited
Heavy Industry
Ministry of Heavy Industry and Public Enterprises
1Andrew Yule & Co. Limited
2Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited
3Bharat Heavy Plate & Vessels Limited
4Bridge and Roof Company (India) Limited
5Cement Corporation of India Limited
6Engineering Projects India Limited
7Heavy Engineering Corporation Limited 67Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
8Hindustan Newsprint Limited
9HMT Limited (Tractor Division)
10HMT Machine Tools Limited
11Instrumentation Limited
12NEPA Limited
13Rajasthan Electronics and Instruments Limited
14Sambhar Salts Limited
15Scooters India Limited
16The Braithwaite Burn and Jessop Construction Company Limited
Ministry of Steel
1Bird Group of Companies
2Ferro Scrap Nigam Limited
3KIOCL Limited
4MECON Limited
5MOIL Limited (Formerly Manganese Ore India Limited)
6National Textile Corpora on Limited (Western Region)
7National Textile Corporation Limited (Southern Region)
8NMDC Limited (Formerly National Mineral Development Corporation)
9Rashtriya Ispat Nigam Limited
10
Research & Development, Centre for Iron & Steel, SAIL Steel Authority of India
Limited
11Steel Authority of India Limited, Alloy Steel Plant
IT & Telecom
Ministry of Communications
1Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited
2Indian Telephone Industries
Natural Resources
Ministry of Mines
1Hindustan Copper Limited
2Mineral Exploration Corporation Limited 68Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
3National Aluminium Company Limited
Science and Technology
Ministry of Science and Technology
1Bharat Immunologicals & Biologicals Corporation Limited
2Central Electronics Limited
3National Research Development Corporation
Small Industry
Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises
1MSME-Testing Station
2National Small Industries Corporation Limited
Socio-cultural & Allied Sectors
Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs
1Housing and Urban Development Corporation Limited
2NBCC India Limited
Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment
1Artificial Limbs Manufacturing Corporation of India
Transportation
Ministry of Civil Aviation
1Airports Authority of India
Ministry of Railways
1Burn Standard Company Limited
Ministry of Shipping
1Cochin Shipyard Limited
2Hooghly Dock & Port Engineers Limited
3Kamarajar Port Limited
4Sethusamudram Corporation Limited
5Shipping Corporation of India
Disclaimer:
The number of R&D institutes listed by name may not sum to the total count, as certain
institutes have multiple branches or locations. 69Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
Annexure – VI: State Public Sector R&D Institutes by Sector &
Institution Sub Type (Count)
Agriculture & Allied Sectors8
Public Sector Industry8
Chemicals2
Public Sector Industry2
Earth Sciences & Environment1
Public Sector Industry1
Electricity1
Public Sector Industry1
Energy11
Public Sector Industry11
Health & AYUSH1
Public Sector Industry1
Heavy Industry2
Public Sector Industry2
Other4
Public Sector Industry4
Public Health1
Public Sector Industry1
Science and Technology2
Public Sector Industry2
Transportation1
Public Sector Industry1
Total34 70Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
Annexure – VII: State Public Sector R&D Institutes by Sector &
Institution Sub Type (by State/ UT)
State Name
Sectors
Agriculture & Allied
Sectors
Chemicals
Earth Sciences &
Environment
Electricity
Energy
Health & AYUSH
Heavy Industry
Others
Public Health
Science and
Technology
Transportation
Andhra Pradesh1
Gujarat 3 1
Haryana 12
Karnataka 11 1 1
Kerala 1 1 3 1 11 1
Madhya Pradesh1
Maharashtra 11
Tamil Nadu 121
Uttar Pradesh11
West Bengal22
Total 8 2 1 1111 2 4 1 2 1
71Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
Annexure – VIII: State Sector R&D Institutes by Sector &
Institution Sub Type (Count)
Agriculture & Allied Sectors779
Board/Division/Department/Cell3
Centre91
College/University74
Institute21
Laboratory1
Other40
Project/Scheme/Mission14
Station/Complex/Farm507
Sub-Centre1
Sub-station/Unit27
Earth Sciences & Environment41
Board/Division/Department/Cell3
Centre6
College/University10
Institute8
Laboratory1
Other6
Station/Complex/Farm4
Sub-station/Unit3
Energy10
Board/Division/Department/Cell1
Centre1
Energy and Renewable Energy1
Institute2
Other4
Station/Complex/Farm1
Health & AYUSH35
Centre4
College/University7
Institute9
Laboratory4
Other7
Station/Complex/Farm2 72Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
Sub-station/Unit2
IT2
Centre1
Other1
Natural Resources38
Board/Division/Department/Cell4
Centre6
College/University1
Institute4
Laboratory5
Other4
Station/Complex/Farm12
Sub-station/Unit2
Other103
Board/Division/Department/Cell5
Centre10
College/University4
Institute4
Laboratory11
Other8
Project/Scheme/Mission2
Station/Complex/Farm48
Sub-station/Unit11
Science and Technology43
Board/Division/Department/Cell1
Centre6
Institute4
Laboratory5
Other11
Project/Scheme/Mission1
Station/Complex/Farm7
Sub-station/Unit8
Transportation3
Centre1
Institute2
Total1054 73Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
Annexure – IX: State Public Sector R&D Institutes by Sector &
Institution Sub Type (by State/ UT)
State Name
Sectors
Agriculture &
Allied Sectors
Earth Sciences &
Environment
Energy
Health & AYUSH
Information
Technology
Natural Resources
Other
Science and
Technology
Transportation
Andhra Pradesh 641 1
Assam 11 2 1 2 1 1
Bihar 22 3 1 5 9 1
Chhattisgarh 72
Goa 1
Gujarat 108 5 2 5 5 13 4
Haryana 9310 1
Himachal Pradesh22 1 14 1
Jammu & Kashmir 232
Jharkhand 13
Karnataka 124 3 1 24
Kerala 53 4 1 4 2 5 4 2
Madhya Pradesh 34 3 1 1 1
Maharashtra 964 4 1
Manipur 11 74Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration
Meghalaya 11 1 3
Nagaland 1
Odisha 5 17 16
Punjab 17 31 2 1
Rajasthan 34 22 2
Tamil Nadu 63 8 5 2 10 9 3
Telangana 35 1 5 1 1 2
Tripura 1 1 1
Uttar Pradesh 27 2 3 110 3
Uttarakhand 10 25 1
West Bengal 9 1 4 3 10 1
Total 77941 10 35 2 3810343 3 Notes Notes 77Public R&D Institutes in India: Opportunities for Multisectoral Integration