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REIMAGINING
CARE:
STRATEGIES FOR EMPOWERING
CAREGIVERS IN VIKSIT BHARAT@2047

Authors
NITI Aayog Team
Shri K.S. Rejimon, Joint Secretary
Shri Arvind Kumar, Deputy Secretary
Shri R.N. Mundhe, Senior Research Officer
Ms Smriti Pandey, Consultant
Shri Mridul Jain, Young Professional
Suggested Citation
NITI Aayog. (2026). Reimagining Care: Strategies for Empowering Caregivers in Viksit
Bharat@2047. NITI Aayog.
Copyright©NITI Aayog, (2026)
Published: August 2026
Disclaimer: Every effort has been made to provide accurate and up-to-date information, with
references. However, NITI Aayog shall not be liable for any loss or damage whatsoever, including
incidental or consequential loss or damage, arising out of, or in connection with any use of or
reliance on the information in this document. Readers of this document should be aware that
the document may be subject to revisions.
ISBN Number: 978-81-687585-2-0
NITI AAYOG
Government of India
Sansad Marg, New Delhi-110001,
India

REIMAGINING
CARE:
STRATEGIES FOR EMPOWERING
CAREGIVERS IN VIKSIT BHARAT@2047

CONTENT
Acknowledgement.........................................................................................................................1
Message from Hon’ble Vice-Chairperson................................................................................ 3
Message from Hon’ble Member .................................................................................................5
Foreword by CEO..........................................................................................................................7
Preface by Joint Secretary..........................................................................................................9
Abbreviations................................................................................................................................. 11
Abstract.......................................................................................................................................... 15
Executive Summary.....................................................................................................................17
1. Introduction to Caregiving Services..............................................................................19
1.1 Understanding Need for Caregiving in the Global and Indian Context.................... 20
1.1.1 Global Context....................................................................................................................20
1.1.2 Indian Context.......................................................................................................................21
1.2 Who is a Caregiver?......................................................................................................................22
1.3 Core Duties and Responsibilities of Caregivers................................................................. 23
1.4 Care Economy and its Growing Importance........................................................................ 23
1.5 Analytical Frame of the Study.................................................................................................24
2. Benchmarking Excellence: Global Best Practices in Caregiving............................ 27
2.1 Provision of Long-Term Care Services Globally ................................................................ 28
2.2 Financing and Cost of Long-Term Care.................................................................................28
2.3 Global Models and Case Studies -Long-Term Care (LTC). .............................................29
2.3.1 Universal or Need Test-Based Models . .....................................................................29
2.3.2 Residual Model....................................................................................................................29
2.3.3 Local Need Test-Based Models. ...................................................................................30
2.3.4 Private-Insurance-Based Model. ..................................................................................30
2.3.5 Societal Care Model .........................................................................................................30
2.4 Conclusion.........................................................................................................................................32
3. The Indian Caregiving Ecosystem: Current Landscape and Opportunities......... 35
3.1 Introduction .....................................................................................................................................36
3.2 Types of Caregiving in India.......................................................................................................34
3.2.1 Family Based Caregiving ................................................................................................37
3.2.2 Formal Caregiving..............................................................................................................37

3.3 Initiatives Undertaken by Central Ministries ....................................................................... 38
3.3.1 Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment........................................................ 38
3.3.2 Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. .....................................................................38
3.3.3 Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship.......................................... 40
3.3.4 Ministry of External Affairs..............................................................................................41
3.4 Education, Training, and Certification of Caregivers in India ....................................... 43
3.4.1 Course Conducted by the Rehabilitation Council of India............................... 43
3.4.2 Courses and Training Programmes run by NISD................................................... 43
3.4.3 Course Run by IGNOU.....................................................................................................44
3.5 Initiatives Taken by the State Government.........................................................................44
3.5.1 Government of Odisha.....................................................................................................44
3.5.2 Government of Tamil Nadu ...........................................................................................45
3.5.3 Government of Karnataka..............................................................................................45
3.5.4 Government of Kerala......................................................................................................45
3.6 Summary of Formal Caregiving Courses in India. .............................................................47
3.7 Employment Opportunities for Caregivers in India........................................................... 51
3.8 Access to Care Services in India...............................................................................................52
3.9 Opportunities for the Indian Workforce in the Global Care Market........................... 55
3.10 Conclusion.........................................................................................................................................56
4. Strategies and Recommendations. ................................................................................59
5. Way Forward ��78
6. References ��80
7. Annexures ��83
Annexure-I Caregiving Courses and Training Programmes �� 83
Annexure-II Detailed Case studies of Global Best Practices �� 96
Annexure-III Summary of Training of Caregivers Conducted by NISD �� 103

1
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The preparation of this report, “Reimagining Care: Strategies for
Empowering Caregivers in Viksit Bharat@2047,” was a collaborative
effort that drew on the insights, expertise, and dedication of numerous
individuals and institutions. We gratefully acknowledge their invaluable
contributions to this work.
We extend our deepest gratitude to the Vice-Chairperson, NITI Aayog,
the Member, NITI Aayog, and the CEO, NITI Aayog, for their visionary
guidance, unwavering support, and messages that underscored the
strategic importance of the care economy in realising the vision of Viksit
Bharat@2047. Their perspectives were foundational to the direction of
this report.
The support received from partner Ministries and Departments, viz.,
Ministry of Health and Family Welfare; Department of Social Justice
and Empowerment; Department of Empowerment of Persons with
Disabilities; Ministry of External Affairs, Ministry of Skill Development
and Entrepreneurship, and from various State Governments, whose
programme data, operational insights, and on-ground experiences
substantially informed the analysis, is deeply appreciated. The
contributions of national institutions, including the National Institute of
Social Defence (NISD), Rehabilitation Council of India (RCI), National
Institute for the Empowerment of Persons with Intellectual Disabilities
(NIEPID), National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences
(NIMHANS), as well as collaborating Civil Society Organisations, are
sincerely acknowledged.
Special thanks to Shri K. S. Rejimon, Joint Secretary, for his continuous
guidance, close review, and policy direction that significantly shaped
the structure, depth, and recommendations of this document.
We are thankful to subject experts, training agencies, industry
stakeholders, and caregiving-sector organisations for their
participation in consultations, which enriched the report’s analysis and
recommendations.
The preparation of this report reflects a shared commitment across
institutions and stakeholders to strengthen India’s caregiving ecosystem.
It is hoped that the perspectives and recommendations presented here
will support ongoing efforts toward building an inclusive, skilled, and
future-ready care economy for Viksit Bharat.

11
ABBREVIATIONS
Abbreviation Description
AAM Ayushman Arogya Mandir
AB Awarding Bodies
ADB Asian Development Bank
AHP Allied and Health Care Professionals
AIIMS All India Institute of Medical Sciences
ASAP Additional Skill Acquisition Programme
ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations
B&WSSC Beauty & Wellness Sector Skill Council
B2B Business to Business
BITs Bilateral Trade Agreements
CCCG Certificate Course in Caregiving
CEPAs Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreements
CGCA Certificate in Geriatric Care Assistance
CHBHC Certificate in Home-Based Health Care
CHC Community Health Centre
CHHA Certificate in Home Health Assistance
CPD Continuing Professional Development
CPR Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
CSO Civil Society Organisation
CSR Corporate Social Responsibility
DEPwD Department of Empowerment of Persons with Disabilities
DoSJE Department of Social Justice & Empowerment
EU European Union
FTA Free Trade Agreements
G2G Government to Government
GCAs Geriatric Care Assistants
GCC Gulf Cooperation Council
GDP Gross Domestic Product
GIZ Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit
GST Goods and Services Tax
HMCGSSC Home Management and Care Givers Sector Skill Council
HSSC Healthcare Sector Skill Council

Reimagining Care: Strategies For Empowering Caregivers In Viksit Bharat@2047 12
IADL Instrumental Activities of Daily Living
ICWF Indian Community Welfare Fund
IGNOU Indira Gandhi National Open University
IISc Indian Institute of Science
ILO International Labour Organisation
IOM International Organisation for Migration
IPOP Integrated Programme for Older Persons
ISCO International standard classification of occupations
ISO International Organisation for Standardisation
ITI Industrial Training Institutes
JECs Japanese Endowed Courses
JIMs Japan-India Institutes for Manufacturing
JWG Joint Working Group
LTC Long-term Care
LTCI Long-Term Care Insurance
MADAD MEA in Aid of Diaspora in Distress
MEA Ministry of External Affairs
MENA Middle East and North Africa region
MERCOSUR Mercado Común del Sur
MNREGA Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act
MoC Memorandum of Cooperation
MoHFW Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
MoUS Memorandum of Understanding
MSDE Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship
MSMEs Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises
NBER National Board of Examiners in Rehabilitation
NCAHP National Commission for Allied and Healthcare Professionals
NCC National Caregiver Council
NCERT National Council of Educational Research and Training
NCVET National Council for Vocational Education and Training
NHS National Health Service
NIMHANS National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences
NIPHTR National Institute of Public Health Training and Research
NISD National Institute of Social Defence
NNPC Neighbourhood Network in Palliative Care

13
NPHCE National Programme for Health Care of the Elderly
NPOs Non-Profit Organization
NSDC National Skill Development Corporation
NSQC National Skills Qualifications Committee
NSQF National Skills Qualification Framework
NQR National Qualification Register
OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
PBBY Pravasi Bhartiya Bima Yojana
PBSKs Pravasi Bhartiya Kendra
PDOT Pre-Departure Orientation Training
PIBA Population and Immigration Border Authority
PTA Preferential Trade Agreements
PwD Persons with Disability
R2R Road 2 Recovery
RAISE Act Reforming American Immigration for Strong Employment Act
RCI Rehabilitation Council of India
RPWD Act Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act
SHGs Self-Help Groups
SIDBI Small Industries Development Bank of India
SOs Sending Organizations
SSW Specified Skilled Worker
STT Short-term training
TAPAS Training for Augmenting Productivity and Services
TISS Tata Institute of Social Sciences
TITP Technical Intern Training Programme
ToT Training of Teachers
UN United Nations
UNFPA United Nations Population Fund
WEF World Economic Forum
WHO World Health Organisation
ZAV
Zentrale Auslands- und Fachvermittlung (International and Specialized
Placement Services)

15
ABSTRACT
India is undergoing a rapid demographic transition that is significantly
increasing the demand for long-term care services. By 2050, the
country’s elderly population is projected to reach 347 million, placing
unprecedented pressure on the existing care ecosystem. This report
examines the existing caregiving ecosystem in India, and draws on
national and international evidence to develop a comprehensive
framework for strengthening the sector. This report uses definition of
caregiving defined by WHO and proposes a coordinated approach
centred on standardised competency-based training, accreditation
and quality assurance mechanism, institutional coordination, improved
workforce and career pathways, greater support for family caregivers,
strategic use of technology, and enhanced international partnerships
for skilled caregiver mobility. This is proposed to be done by positioning
caregiving as a recognised, skilled, and dignified profession. The report
outlines a roadmap for building an organised caregiving ecosystem
that can support India’s vision of Viksit Bharat@2047.
(Keywords: Caregiving Ecosystem, Caregivers, Social Security, Long-
Term Care, Informal Care)

17
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
India’s transition towards Viksit Bharat@2047 requires strengthening
sectors that are critical for both social well-being and economic
development. Caregiving is emerging as one such priority sector.
With a growing elderly population, changing family structures, rising
disability prevalence, and increasing long-term care needs, India
must strengthen its caregiving ecosystem by moving towards a more
organised, professional, and coordinated system of care.
A stronger caregiving ecosystem can improve the quality of life of older
persons, people with disabilities, and others requiring long-term care,
while generating skilled employment, increasing women’s economic
participation, and strengthening health and social care systems.
Although Central Ministries and State Governments have undertaken
several initiatives, greater coordination, standardisation, workforce
recognition, and social protection are needed to build a cohesive
caregiving ecosystem.
Accordingly, the report proposes a comprehensive roadmap for
strengthening India’s caregiving ecosystem. Key recommendations
include establishing a National Caregiving Council (NCC) to provide
institutional leadership and coordination, developing a National
Caregiving Qualification Framework to standardise education, training,
accreditation, and certification, creating a National Caregiver Registry
and digital platform to strengthen workforce planning and service
delivery, expanding social security and welfare measures for caregivers,
and strengthening support for family and community caregivers.
The report also recommends promoting technology-enabled caregiving
services, encouraging innovation and cross-learning across States,
and strengthening international partnerships and overseas placement
mechanisms to prepare a globally competitive caregiving workforce.
Together, these measures seek to build an integrated ecosystem
of caregiving services, improve the quality and accessibility of care,
empower caregivers through professional recognition and support, and
enable India to meet its growing domestic care needs while emerging
as a trusted global provider of skilled caregiving professionals in line
with the vision of Viksit Bharat@2047.

CHAPTER 1
Introduction to Caregiving
Services

Reimagining Care: Strategies For Empowering Caregivers In Viksit Bharat@2047 20
Chapter-1 Introduction to Caregiving Services
1.1 Understanding Need for Caregiving in the Global and Indian
Context
1.1.1 Global Context
Caregiving involves the physical, emotional, and social support provided to
individuals who are unable to perform daily activities independently due to age,
illness, or disability, according to the World Health Organisation.
1
According to
the World Population Ageing Report 2019, the population aged 65+ was 703
million globally in 2019; this figure is projected to more than double to 1.5 billion
by 2050.
2
At present, for the first time in history, there are more older people than
younger people worldwide, according to the Global Coalition on Ageing Report
(2021).
3
As the population ages, the need for help with everyday tasks rises,
especially as older adults deal with health issues like dementia and frailty that
necessitate more involved and expensive care. Additionally, it is estimated that
1.3 billion people, or 16% of the world’s population, suffer from severe disabilities.
4
The growing need for caregivers is driven by these demographic changes,
leading to an urgent demand and shortage of professional care workers. In OECD
countries,
5
the number of care workers needs to increase by 60% by 2040 to
keep up with the current caregiver-to-older-person ratio, which means they need
an additional 13.5 million workers. In the United States,
6
a shortage of 151,000
care workers is predicted by 2030, which may increase to 355,000 by 2040.
Additionally, 60% of family caregivers in the U.S. work full-time or part-time jobs
while also caring for their loved ones
7
. In Germany, the need for caregivers has
risen by 34% from 2015 to 2018, with 76% of care happening at home as per a
study by Deutsche and Welle (2020),
8
which further states a shortfall of 120,000
care workers in Germany in 2020.
Regarding mental health, about 50 million people worldwide live with dementia
and Alzheimer’s disease, which is expected to increase to 152 million by 2050.
9

These projected figures indicate an anticipated increase in demand for caregivers.
1 World Health Organization. (2015). World report on ageing and health. World Health Organization.
2 United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. (2019). World population ageing 2019:
Highlights (ST/ESA/SER.A/430)
3 Global Coalition on Ageing, & Home Instead. (2021). Building the caregiving workforce our ageing world needs. Global
Coalition on Ageing. https://globalcoalitiononaging.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/GCOA_HI_Building-the-Caregiving-
Workforce-Our-Aging-World-Needs_REPORT-FINAL_July-2021.pdf
4 World Health Organisation.(2022, December). Disability and health. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/news-
room/fact-sheets/detail/disability-and-health
5 Organisation for Economic Co‑operation and Development. (2020, May). Who cares? Attracting and retaining care workers
for the elderly (OECD Health Policy Studies, No. 23). OECD Publishing. https://www.oecd.org/health/health-systems/LTC-
Who-Cares-Facts-and-Figures-June-2020.pdf
6 Miller, M. (2017, September 25). The future of U.S. caregiving: High demand, scarce workers. Reuters. https://www.reuters.
com/article/markets/wealth/the-future-of-us-caregiving-high-demand-scarce-workers-idUSKBN1AJ1JP/
7 Reinhard, S. C., Feinberg, L. F., Houser, A., Choula, R., & Evans, M. (2019). Valuing the Invaluable: 2019 Update: Charting a Path
Forward (Insight on the Issues No. 110). AARP Public Policy Institute.
8 Deutsche Welle. (2020). Germany looks abroad for nurses, caregivers https://www.dw.com/en/germany-looks-abroad-for-
nurses-caregivers/a-54576126
9 World Health Organization. (2017, December 7). Dementia: Number of people affected to triple in next 30 years. https://
www.who.int/news/item/07-12-2017-dementia-number-of-people-affected-to-triple-in-next-30-years

Introduction to Caregiving Services
21
Despite the rising demand for caregivers, the supply of professional caregivers is
not enough. The OECD report (2020),
10
points out that the long-term care sector
struggles to attract and retain workers due to factors such as non-standard work
hours, lower pay than in other health jobs, and greater health risks for caregivers.
In addition, educational requirements often do not prepare workers for the
growing and complex tasks in long-term care. Thus, as demand for caregivers
continues to grow, the burden of care often falls on unpaid and untrained family
members. A detailed discussion on this global situation is provided in Chapter 2.
1.1.2 Indian Context
The threshold age for old age differs across countries. In developing countries,
the threshold for old age is 60+, including India. In developed countries, the
threshold for old age is 65+, which is generally considered the starting point for
old age. These different age criteria are also applicable in determining eligibility
for social security benefits and defining the retirement age in the respective
countries. Moreover, these disparities in age definitions influence how ageing
populations are quantified, studied, and supported, thereby enabling effective
support for the varying needs and challenges faced by older adults.
In India, disability is defined under the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act
(RPWD Act), 2016, which is the primary legislation that protects the rights of
persons with disabilities. The RPwD Act defines a person with a disability (PwD)
as someone with long-term physical, mental, intellectual or sensory impairment
which, in interaction with barriers, hinders their full and effective participation
in society equally with others. A person with a specified disability of 40% or
more is defined as having a benchmark disability, which entitles them to certain
facilities and benefits. The Act recognises 21 types of disabilities, including visual
impairment, hearing impairment, locomotor disability, intellectual disability,
autism spectrum disorder, cerebral palsy, and multiple disabilities.
As per the Census 2011,
11
the differently abled population in India is 26.8 million
(2.21 % of the total population). This group also includes children with special
needs, who often rely on parents or close family members as primary caregivers.
As a result, persons with disabilities and their caregiving families form a significant
segment of the overall demand for caregiving services.
10 Organisation for Economic Co‑operation and Development. (2020, May). Who cares? Attracting and retaining care workers
for the elderly (OECD Health Policy Studies, No. 23). OECD Publishing. https://www.oecd.org/health/health-systems/LTC-
Who-Cares-Facts-and-Figures-June-2020.pdf
11 Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation. (2021). Persons with disabilities (Divyangjan) in India: A statistical
profile, 2021. Government of India.

Reimagining Care: Strategies For Empowering Caregivers In Viksit Bharat@2047 22
According to the India Ageing Report 2023, the number of elderly individuals
(aged 60 years and above) was estimated at 149 million in July 2022, accounting
for approximately 10.5 percent of India’s population. This population is projected
to increase to 194 million by 2031 and further to 347 million (20.8 percent of the
population) by 2050.
12
These demographic trends indicate that the demand for
long-term care and caregiving services will increase substantially in the coming
decades. In India, caregiving has traditionally been provided by family members,
who often lack the skills and training required to care for older persons with
complex health needs, particularly those who are bedridden or require palliative
care. However, increasing female labour force participation, urbanisation,
migration of younger family members, and the gradual shift from joint to nuclear
families are reducing the availability of informal family caregivers and increasing
the demand for formal caregiving services. According to the International
Alliance of Carer Organisations, approximately 10 percent of India’s population
are family caregivers.
13
Further, in 2025, the World Health Organisation (WHO)
estimated a global shortage of nearly 11 million health workers by 2030, including
doctors, nurses, midwives, and other health professionals, as well as personal care
workers, highlighting the growing international demand for trained caregivers.
14

This estimate was revised upward from an earlier projection of 10 million in 2022,
reflecting the increasing global demand for a skilled health and care workforce.
In view of India’s rapidly ageing population, changing family structures, and the
expanding global demand for caregiving professionals, there is an urgent need
to develop a skilled and professional caregiver workforce that is proportionate
to the projected increase in the elderly population, supported by standardised
training, certification, quality assurance mechanisms, and an enabling caregiving
ecosystem.
India also has a significant opportunity to build a skilled caregiving workforce
capable of addressing both domestic care needs and international demand,
while creating meaningful employment opportunities, particularly for women and
youth, strengthening the care economy, and positioning the country as a global
hub for trained caregiving professionals. A detailed discussion of this topic will
be presented in Chapter 3.
1.2 Who is a Caregiver?
There are two types of caregivers - formal and informal. A formal caregiver, often
referred to as a personal care aid, is a professional who provides non-medical
assistance and support to help older individuals, people with disabilities (PwDs),
or patients with terminal or chronic illnesses with their daily activities. Informal
caregivers can be family members, friends, or volunteers who take care of the
elderly.
12 United Nations Population Fund India & International Institute for Population Sciences. (2023). Caring for our elders: Institutional
responses – India Ageing Report 2023. https://india.unfpa.org/en/publications/caring-our-elders-institutional-responses-
india-ageing-report-2023
13 International Alliance of Carer Organisations. (2017). Global state of care. International Alliance of Carer Organisations. https://
internationalcarers.org/global-state-of-care/
14 World Health Organisation. (2025). Health workforce. https://www.who.int/health-topics/health-workforce

Introduction to Caregiving Services
23
1.3 Core Duties and Responsibilities of Caregivers
i. Ensure physical, emotional, and social well-being.
ii. Promote healthy lifestyles by managing medications, preparing specialised
diets, utilising medical equipment, and responding effectively in emergencies.
iii. Provide assistance in activities of daily living such as encouraging physical
activity, bathing, grooming, self-care, taking medicines, etc.
iv. Provide specialised care to patients with chronic illness and those in need of
palliative support.
v. Provide emotional support to the patient through active listening, having
positive conversations and assistance in participating in social gatherings.
vi.
Coordinate with the healthcare professionals for providing timely medications
and noting basic observable health-related changes as well as maintaining
the medical record of the patient.
vii. Involved in planning long-term care of the patient by discussing with the
patient, doctor or his family members, including time and financial support
required for maintaining long-term well-being of the care seeker.
viii. Foster active involvement of the patient by encouraging safe independent
activities such as active participation in the community, contributing to doing
simple chores and tasks with family members.
1.4 Care Economy and Its Growing Importance
With a rise in the population of elderly persons and PwDs, and the resultant
demand for caregivers, creating an ecosystem of caregivers is a global concern.
For this, there is a need to create an economy that caters to the demand of
caregivers. At present, the care economy comprises caregiving services in both
paid and unpaid forms. There are various opportunities associated with it: global
investment in this sector can foster female labour force participation, given that
they have been primary caregivers for a long time, and professionalising this
sector can provide economic support to women.
15
The World Economic Forum
(WEF) report estimates that globally, the care sector accounts for 16% of total
employment, encompassing both formal and informal systems of care.
16
The report
also highlights that, at the global level, despite contributions of approximately
$11 trillion per year, the unpaid care sector remains unrecognised.
17
15 International Labour Organization. (2018). Care work and care jobs for the future of decent work. International Labour Office.
16 World Economic Forum. (2024). The Future of the Care Economy. Geneva: World Economic Forum. https://www3.weforum.
org/docs/WEF_The_Future_of_the_Care_Economy_2024.pdf
17 Ibid

Reimagining Care: Strategies For Empowering Caregivers In Viksit Bharat@2047 24
In India, the care economy relies heavily on unpaid labour, predominantly
performed by women. Promoting formal caregiving is expected to significantly
boost GDP by enabling women to pursue full-time careers. The equitable
distribution of caregiving responsibilities between governments and communities
is essential, along with the recognition of care work as a legitimate and valuable
contribution to society. The care economy today throws a greater spotlight on
overall well-being, companionship, assisted daily living, lifelong care, or person-
centred care, and community care.
Presently, in India, the traditional family caregiving model is predominant. It is
expected to continue playing a vital role in providing care services to its elderly
individuals. However, the importance of formally trained caregiving services is
bound to increase with shrinking family sizes and migration for employment.
This highlights that India needs to be prepared to address its population’s needs
and ensure adequate care facilities are available. Thus, it is crucial to evaluate the
current landscape, both globally and domestically, to identify existing demand,
gaps, and workforce requirements.
1.5 Analytical Frame of the Study
Developing a robust caregiving ecosystem requires a comprehensive approach
that extends beyond expanding the availability of caregiving services. It requires
an enabling institutional framework, appropriate financing and regulatory
mechanisms, effective models of care delivery, and a skilled workforce capable of
meeting evolving care needs. While countries have adopted diverse approaches
depending on their demographic, social, economic, and institutional contexts,
these elements remain fundamental to building a sustainable, inclusive, and
resilient caregiving ecosystem.
Accordingly, this report examines caregiving services for older persons and
persons with disabilities through three interrelated dimensions of the caregiving
ecosystem: governance, institutional arrangements, care delivery systems, and
workforce development. Chapter 2 presents selected international caregiving
ecosystems to illustrate the diverse pathways through which countries have
developed organised systems of care. It examines how different nations have
strengthened governance and regulatory frameworks, adopted varied financing
and service delivery models, and invested in workforce development to respond
to growing care needs. Rather than advocating a single model, these international
experiences demonstrate that caregiving ecosystems can evolve through
different institutional approaches and provide policy insights that may inform
the strengthening of India’s existing caregiving architecture.
Building on these insights, Chapter 3 presents the Indian caregiving landscape
by mapping the existing institutional ecosystem and examining initiatives
undertaken across Central Ministries, State Governments, regulatory institutions,
and training organisations. It highlights the current landscape of caregiving
services, identifies existing strengths, emerging opportunities, service delivery,

Introduction to Caregiving Services
25
and workforce development, and underscores areas where greater convergence
and coordination are required. Drawing upon the evidence and lessons emerging
from these chapters, Chapter 4 presents a comprehensive roadmap for developing
a coordinated, professional, and future-ready caregiving ecosystem aligned with
the vision of Viksit Bharat@2047.

CHAPTER 2
Benchmarking Excellence:
Global Best Practices in
Caregiving

Reimagining Care: Strategies For Empowering Caregivers In Viksit Bharat@2047 28
Chapter-2 Benchmarking Excellence: Global Best Practices in
Caregiving
Many countries have made efforts to professionalise caregiving by introducing
certification frameworks, competency-based training and inclusive career
pathways. This chapter aims to explore global best practices for creating an
ecosystem of formal caregiving services through caregiving models, policies,
regulations, and caregiver training. The chapter entails a description of diverse
models across Asia-Pacific, the Americas, and Europe and how these countries
are building their capacity of caregiving services.
2.1 Provision of Long-Term Care Services Globally
Informal care dominates as the main source of care even in high-income countries.
About 12-18 percent of people in the European Union (EU), in the age group of 18-
75, are involved in providing informal long-term care, according to the European
Commission (2021).
18
According to an OECD report, individuals who need care
largely depend on informal support, primarily from family members, friends, and
others in their social networks.
19
Informal caregiving is often unregulated and
unpaid; as a result, there is not enough detailed, comparable information about
it across countries. Therefore, the extent and effects of these care systems are
difficult to understand.
20
Further, formal care is provided by professionals or
service providers, including the formal Long-Term Care (LTC) workers such as
nurses and personal care assistants, which typically comprise just 1–2 Percent of
the total workforce.
21
2.2 Financing and Cost of Long-Term Care
Long-Term Care (LTC) in OECD countries is funded through a combination of
public and private sources. For example, countries like Sweden, South Korea,
and the Netherlands invest significantly in public health services, demonstrating
their commitment to providing universal long-term care. In contrast, countries
like the United States rely mainly on private insurance and spend less from
public funds.
22
Further, a trend toward the adoption of cash-for-care has been
observed in countries such as France, Germany, and Austria. Programmes in these
countries provide direct financial support to beneficiaries to arrange their own
care services, including the option to pay family members as caregivers. These
programmes provide flexibility and choices for users; however, they also raise
important concerns such as quality control and accountability, especially when
18 European Commission, Directorate‑General for Economic and Financial Affairs. (2021). The 2021 Ageing Report: Economic
and budgetary projections for the EU Member States (2019–2070) (European Economy Institutional Paper No. 148). https://
economy-finance.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2021-10/ip148_en.pdf
19 OECD. (2023). Health at a Glance 2023: OECD Indicators. OECD Publishing https://www.pslhub.org/learn/organisations-
linked-to-patient-safety-uk-and-beyond/health-at-a-glance-2023-oecd-indicators-7-november-2023-r10392/
20 Ibid
21 Colombo, F., Llena-Nozal, A., Mercier, J., & Tjadens, F. (2011). Help wanted? Providing and paying for long-term care. OECD Publishing.
https://www.oecd.org/content/dam/oecd/en/publications/reports/2011/05/help-wanted_g1g127b2/9789264097759-en.pdf .
22 OECD. (2023). Health at a Glance 2023: OECD Indicators. OECD Publishing. https://www.pslhub.org/learn/organisations-
linked-to-patient-safety-uk-and-beyond/health-at-a-glance-2023-oecd-indicators-7-november-2023-r10392/

Benchmarking Excellence: Global Best Practices in Caregiving
29
many people depend on informal care in areas with weak regulatory systems
(Rocard & Llena-Nozal, 2022; OECD, 2023).
23
2.3 Global Models and Case Studies on Long-Term Care (LTC)
Over time, various global models have emerged to meet the growing demand for
LTC services. Each model reflects different levels of public involvement, family
responsibility, and market participation. A brief on key models is provided below.
2.3.1 Universal or Need Test-Based Models
i. Social Insurance Model: The Social Insurance model for long-term care (LTC)
is a publicly managed system, where people make mandatory contributions
usually through payroll or health insurance so that when needed in the future,
they can receive support for long-term care. This model is based on the idea
of collective risk-sharing, meaning that everyone contributes and, in return,
they can access care when they need it. These support models are needs-
tested, i.e., based on a person’s level of dependency, but not means-tested,
so a person’s income or wealth does not affect their eligibility. For example, in
Germany, Japan, and South Korea, long-term care (LTC) insurance programmes
are prominent and mandatory. The key feature of these programmes is the
choice given to their citizens on how they receive this support: either in cash
to organise their own care, or in-kind through professional care providers who
visit them to provide assistance. Other countries, such as the Netherlands,
Israel, and Singapore, have also adopted the model, combining it with health
insurance, municipal support, and other public schemes (Colombo et al., 2011).
24
ii. National and Local Tax Funded Models for Long-Term Care: These models of
long-term care (LTC) primarily rely on public funding from general taxation for
providing caregiving services, either at the national or local level, to provide
services to older adults in need. This model is common in countries like Spain,
the Nordic nations, the Netherlands, and Scotland (UK).
25
2.3.2 Residual Model
In this model, the Government provides support to care seekers who are unable
to meet the costs of taking care services. Here, the Government only support
in cases where all support systems of a recipient have been exhausted. The
model is seen to be adopted by the southern parts of continental Europe, relying
heavily on family caregiving, such as Italy, Spain, and Portugal. However, the
coverage and support provided under this model remain low, as it covers only
approximately 10% of the elderly population. (Rocard et al., 2022).
26
23 Rocard, E., & Llena-Nozal, A. (2022). Informal carers: Who takes care of them? OECD Health Working Papers No. 142. OECD
Publishing.
24 Colombo, F., Llena-Nozal, A., Mercier, J., & Tjadens, F. (2011). Help wanted? Providing and paying for long-term care. OECD
Health Policy Studies. OECD Publishing.
25 European Commission. (2021). Long-term care report: Trends, challenges and opportunities in an ageing society (Vol. 2).
Publications Office of the European Union https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/b39728e3-cd83-11eb-
ac72-01aa75ed71a1
26 Rocard, E., Sillitti, P., & Llena-Nozal, A. (2022). Paying for long-term care: How to adapt financing systems to societal changes?
(OECD Health Working Papers No. 139). OECD Publishing.

Reimagining Care: Strategies For Empowering Caregivers In Viksit Bharat@2047 30
2.3.3 Local Need Test-Based Models
Under this model, the local government decides who meets the eligibility criteria
for publicly supported care. Here, the local authorities play a key role. The local
authority extends care support to individuals who are unable to obtain it from
any other source. In this model, care is largely a social assistance programme
provided upon meeting eligibility criteria, and these provisions do not cover the
entire population. This model is commonly followed in England, Italy and some
other European nations. (Comas-Herrera & Fernández, 2020).
27
2.3.4 Private-Insurance-Based Model
As per this model, individuals seek long-term care arrangements through private
insurance plans. Individuals pay regular premiums for insurance in exchange for
care services/ assistance. Unlike public or social insurance schemes, private LTC
insurance is neither universal nor mandatory. Models like these are prevalent in
countries such as the United States, France, Germany, Israel and Singapore. In
these countries, private LTC insurance serves as either a primary or supplementary
option alongside public or social systems.
2.3.5 Societal Care Model
This model is based on the concept of providing caregiving, considering it a
collective or social responsibility rather than a household responsibility. It is not
limited to care assistance provided by family members. The model aims to bring
all stakeholders, family members, community, market and the government to
work together, thereby ensuring care support to the elderly persons, PwDs and
any patient with chronic illness. This model has been adopted by the Nordic
countries, such as Sweden, Denmark, and the Netherlands. Japan and South
Korea, having strong reliance on family care support, have adopted this model by
developing long-term and community-based care systems that provide formal
caregiving services while strengthening the family-based caregiving system.
In addition to adopting financial models to extend long-term care support, various
countries have taken unique initiatives to build their caregiving ecosystems. For
example, Australia, by introducing new laws, making caregiving a profession and
developing digitally accessible dementia training modules, has shown its concern
for its vulnerable population. Japan has introduced long-term care insurance for
caregivers as well as an improved visa scheme for the ease of bringing trained
caregivers into the country. China is rapidly integrating artificial intelligence (AI)
and robotics into its elderly care system to address the challenges of a rapidly
growing ageing population, which reached over 310 million people aged 60
years and above by the end of 2024. China has also played a leading role in
developing the world’s first international standard for elderly-care robots and
is actively promoting AI, humanoid robots, and other advanced technologies as
part of its elderly care reforms. These innovations are intended to complement
human caregivers, reduce workforce shortages, improve the quality of long-term
care, and support the growing “silver economy”. This elderly-care service robot
27 Comas-Herrera, A., & Fernández, J.-L. (2020). England: The long-term care system for the elderly. International Profiles of
Long-Term Care Systems. London School of Economics and Political Science.

Benchmarking Excellence: Global Best Practices in Caregiving
31
market is projected to surpass 10 billion yuan (approximately US$1.47 billion) by
2026, reflecting the rapid expansion and commercial potential of technology-
enabled care services. Germany follows a holistic approach as it trains its formal
caregivers through formal training programmes and empowers its informal
caregivers through financial and legal support. A case study of these countries,
including the USA, is presented in Annexure II. Further, the strengths and
weaknesses of these models are given below:
Model Strengths Weaknesses
Social
Insurance
Model
This model provides a dedicated and
sustainable source of financing for
long-term care through mandatory
contributions. It offers financial
protection against long-term
care costs and ensures access to
services based on care needs rather
than income. It also promotes the
development of a formal caregiving
workforce and provides beneficiaries
with flexibility to choose between
cash benefits and professional care
services.
The model depends on a large
formal workforce capable of
making regular contributions
and requires a robust
administrative system to
assess eligibility and manage
benefits. Its long-term financial
sustainability may be affected
by rapid population ageing,
making it difficult to implement
in countries with large informal
labour markets.
National/
Local Tax-
Funded
Model
This model ensures equitable access
to long-term care by financing
services through public taxation.
It reduces the financial burden on
households and enables governments
to maintain quality standards through
strong regulation and oversight. It
also facilitates better integration of
health and social care services.
The model requires substantial
and sustained public
expenditure, which may not be
fiscally feasible for all countries.
Increasing demand for long-
term care may place significant
pressure on government
budgets and result in waiting
periods or service constraints.
Residual
Model
This model enables governments to
prioritise limited public resources
for individuals with the greatest care
needs and the least financial capacity.
It places relatively lower fiscal pressure
on public finances.
The model provides limited
coverage and relies heavily
on unpaid family caregivers.
As public support is available
only after personal and family
resources are exhausted, many
care needs remain unmet,
leading to inequitable access
and increased financial burden
on households.

Reimagining Care: Strategies For Empowering Caregivers In Viksit Bharat@2047 32
Model Strengths Weaknesses
Local Need-
Tested
Model
This model allows local governments
to design and deliver services
based on the specific needs of
their communities. It promotes
decentralised decision-making and
enables more responsive service
delivery.
The quality and availability
of services may vary across
regions due to differences in
local capacity and financial
resources. Variations in
eligibility criteria can also result
in unequal access to care.
Private
Insurance
Model
This model provides an additional
source of financing for long-term care
and reduces dependence on public
expenditure. It offers individuals
greater choice and encourages private
sector participation and innovation in
care services.
Private insurance is often
unaffordable for low- and
middle-income households
and generally has limited
coverage. Since participation
is voluntary, it cannot ensure
universal access and may
exclude individuals with higher
health risks.
Societal
Care Model
This model recognises caregiving as
a shared responsibility of families,
communities, governments, and
the private sector. It promotes
community-based care, strengthens
support for informal caregivers, and
reduces dependence on institutional
care while improving the continuity of
care.
Successful implementation
requires strong coordination
among multiple stakeholders
and sustained investment in
community care infrastructure,
trained caregivers, and support
services. Establishing such
an integrated system can be
administratively complex and
resource intensive.
2.4 Conclusion
The review of international caregiving ecosystems demonstrates that there is no
single pathway for developing organised systems of care. Countries have adopted
diverse combinations of governance arrangements, financing mechanisms,
service delivery models, and workforce development strategies, reflecting their
demographic profiles, institutional capacities, and socio-economic contexts.
While these approaches vary, they collectively demonstrate that a sustainable
caregiving ecosystem is built through coordinated institutional arrangements,
effective care-delivery systems, and a skilled, well-supported workforce.
Several countries have taken significant steps to institutionalise caregiving
through legislative reforms, long-term care financing mechanisms, competency-
based training systems, technology-enabled care, and community-centred
service delivery. For instance, Japan’s Long-Term Care Insurance (LTCI) system
has strengthened community-based care through certified care managers.

Benchmarking Excellence: Global Best Practices in Caregiving
33
At the same time, South Korea has integrated home-based, community, and
institutional care within an affordable long-term care framework. Similarly,
Australia has professionalised caregiving through nationally recognised training
and regulatory frameworks, and Germany has strengthened both formal and
informal caregiving through structured training programmes and long-term
care insurance. The United Kingdom and the Netherlands have expanded home-
based care supported by public long-term care financing and professional
qualification frameworks. These examples illustrate the diverse pathways
through which countries have developed comprehensive caregiving ecosystems
while strengthening their existing institutional structures and responding to their
unique national priorities.
At the same time, the analysis highlights that even well-established caregiving
systems continue to face persistent challenges, including workforce shortages,
low wages, rising long-term care costs, fragmented service delivery, and limited
protections for both paid and unpaid caregivers. These common challenges
reinforce that strengthening caregiving is a continuous policy process requiring
sustained institutional support, quality assurance, and long-term investment in
workforce development.
For India, these international experiences serve as illustrative examples of the
diverse pathways through which organised caregiving ecosystems can be
developed and strengthened. While rooted in distinct demographic, social,
and institutional contexts, they highlight common enabling factors—including
effective governance, sustainable financing, integrated care delivery, workforce
professionalisation, and quality assurance —that are fundamental to building a
resilient caregiving ecosystem. These experiences provide a useful reference for
assessing India’s existing caregiving ecosystem and identifying opportunities
to strengthen its institutional arrangements, care delivery mechanisms, and
workforce development initiatives. Building on these insights, the next chapter
maps the existing caregiving landscape in India by examining initiatives
undertaken across Central Ministries, State Governments, regulatory institutions,
and training organisations. It analyses the current ecosystem to identify its
strengths, emerging opportunities, thereby providing the foundation for the
policy recommendations presented in the subsequent chapter.

CHAPTER 3
The Indian Caregiving
Ecosystem: Current Landscape
and Opportunities

Reimagining Care: Strategies For Empowering Caregivers In Viksit Bharat@2047 36
Chapter-3 The Indian Caregiving Ecosystem: Current
Landscape and Opportunities
3.1 Introduction
In India, the idea of caregiving is deeply connected to cultural values, familial
duties, and the country’s social and economic conditions. Caregiving is usually
provided in two ways: informal and formal. Informal caregiving is mostly provided
by family members, friends, and communities, who form the backbone of care
for those in need. In contrast, the formal caregiving involves caregiving support
through trained professionals. For people with long-term illnesses, older people,
and persons with disabilities, India has medical facilities and trained healthcare
workers to provide support.
As discussed earlier, as per the India Ageing Report 2023, the number of elderly
individuals (aged 60 years and above) was estimated at 149 million in July 2022,
accounting for approximately 10.5 percent of India’s population. This population
is projected to increase to 194 million by 2031 and further to 347 million (20.8
percent of the population) by 2050.
28
India’s population is projected to change
significantly between 2020 and 2050, which will increase demand for care services.
This rise means that a large portion of the population would need caregiving
support. Traditionally, in India, family care has been the main source of help.
However, changes in population, rapid urbanisation, and shifts in family structures
are putting pressure on this conventional way of caring for elderly persons.
Currently, there is a lack of comprehensive data to understand how well both
formal and informal caregiving services are working in India. With estimates of
a rise in the elderly population and evolving family structures, the demand for
caregiving services is likely to rise significantly as the traditional system of care
is changing. To adequately address the needs of our ageing population, there is a
need to develop new policies and measures that create a formal caregiving system
while also strengthening the informal care given by families and communities.
This chapter outlines the current state of caregiving practices, government
initiatives related to caregiving, and the efforts required to build a holistic
caregiving ecosystem. The chapter also explores the opportunities for India to
support caregiving demands at both the domestic and global levels.
3.2 Types of Caregiving in India
In India, caregiving practices include support from family members, friends,
professional caregivers, community groups, and institutions such as hospitals
and nursing homes. Each form of caregiving is influenced by a country’s cultural
traditions, economic conditions, and the overall capacity of the healthcare system
to support these services. The following are different categories of care practices
in the country:
28 United Nations Population Fund India & International Institute for Population Sciences. (2023). Caring for our elders: Institutional
responses – India Ageing Report 2023. https://india.unfpa.org/en/publications/caring-our-elders-institutional-responses-
india-ageing-report-2023

The Indian Caregiving Ecosystem: Current Landscape and Opportunities
37
3.2.1 Family-Based Caregiving
Informal caregiving is the main source of caregiving in India, with family
members, mostly women, providing support to dependent individuals within
their households. In the Indian context, women caregivers constitute a major part
of both unpaid domestic care and professional caregiving. It was also reported
in the Time Use Survey (2019) conducted by the National Statistical Office that
Indian women allocate approximately 299 minutes per day to unpaid domestic
and caregiving tasks, compared with just 97 minutes for men.
29

Community-Based Caregiving: It is one of the traditional forms of caregiving
services, wherein caregiving is considered more than a moral responsibility. Under
such systems, older individuals, especially those living without family members
or caregivers, are often cared for by extended kin, neighbours, or others in the
community. However, with changing family structure and disrupting traditional
caregiving patterns, these models are affected.
3.2.2 Formal Caregiving
This is one of the evolving systems in India, wherein care is provided by trained
professionals, mostly in the urban areas of the country, through private companies,
hospitals, and special agencies. Through these centres, people receive services
such as day care, nursing support, physical therapy, dementia support, respite
care, and palliative care. However, in rural areas, these services need to be
expanded. The Indian care services market, estimated at approximately USD
29.62 billion in 2023, is projected to grow at a compound annual growth rate
(CAGR) of 13.76 percent, reaching an estimated value of USD 72.31 billion by
2030. This growth reflects the increasing demand for organised and professional
caregiving services in the country.
30
This indicates a growing opportunity for
organised care solutions and the exploration of a huge untapped market.
i. Institutional Caregiving: Institutional Caregiving refers to the care services
provided in institutions such as care homes, rehabilitation centres, hospitals,
etc. Under these facilities, 24/7 support is provided to individuals with complex
needs. These institutions are more commonly found in metropolitan areas and
are generally accessible only to those who can afford private care services.
Further, the Government of India extends institutional caregiving support
through the National Programme for Healthcare of the Elderly (NPHCE) and
the Integrated Programme for Older Persons (IPOP), by establishing geriatric
wards and physiotherapy units and offering grants to NGOs and hospitals to
operate care facilities.
ii. Palliative Care: Palliative care is a more specialised form of care, in which
medical care is provided to older persons with severe medical conditions. In
India, palliative care is a crucial mode of assisting older persons with serious
29 National Statistical Office. (2020). Time Use Survey, 2019—Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation,
Government of India.
30 Grand View Research. (2024). India care services market size report, 2024–2030. https://www.grandviewresearch.com/
industry-analysis/india-care-services-market-report

Reimagining Care: Strategies For Empowering Caregivers In Viksit Bharat@2047 38
illnesses, mostly in cases where traditional healthcare support is not sufficient
to cater to the specified needs of the individual.
3.3 Initiatives Undertaken by Central Ministries
3.3.1 Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment
The Ministry has two key Departments, i.e., the Department of Social Justice and
Empowerment and the Department of Empowerment of Persons with Disabilities.
i.
Department of Social Justice and Empowerment: The Department is entrusted
with the task of welfare of socially, politically and economically vulnerable
people in the country, including elderly persons. The Department ensures the
well-being of elderly persons through various means; one of these is the PM
Special (Training of Geriatric Care Givers). The main objective of the programme
is to bridge the gap in supply and demand in the field of geriatric caregivers,
providing better and professional services to caregivers.
31
To implement this, a
National Action Plan for the preparation of a sufficiently trained workforce of
geriatric Caregivers named ‘Training of Geriatric Caregivers’ has been created.
Further, the Department also has a National Institute, known as the National
Institute of Social Defence, which develops and implements several courses for
training caregivers to provide caregiving services. The details of these courses
are given in the upcoming section. In addition to these, the Ministry launched
the following initiatives in May 2026 for the care of elderly persons in India.
a.
SHATAYU (Senior Holistic Care Assistance and Training for Your Utility)
Dashboard: A Dashboard, developed to support and strengthen caregiving
services for senior citizens across the country, was also launched during
the National Workshop on “Creating a Well-Functioning Care Economy”
in 2026. Its primary feature is providing a real-time, searchable database
that maps the availability of certified Geriatric Caregivers in a particular
district and the State for senior citizens.
b. JEEVAN (Joint Elderly Empowerment & Virtual Assistance Network)
Application: It is an accessible, citizen-facing mobile application engineered
to serve as a single-window support ecosystem for senior citizens. The
app consolidates information on government welfare schemes, senior
citizen homes, and support services. It also includes an SOS emergency
feature that connects users with police, medical, and local administrative
responders during emergencies.
ii. Department of Empowerment of Persons with Disabilities: The objective of
the nodal Department for PwDs is to facilitate the empowerment and inclusion
of PwDs. The Department envisages empowering the PwDs through various
rehabilitative schemes and programmes. Through one of its 9 National Institutes,
i.e., the Rehabilitation Council of India ( RCI), the Department implements
31 Detailed guidelines about who can join the programme and how it will be monitored are available on the website of Ministry
of Social Justice & Empowerment https://socialjustice.gov.in/schemes/111

The Indian Caregiving Ecosystem: Current Landscape and Opportunities
39
the Certificate Course in Caregiving (CCCG), to provide basic care to PwDs,
patients with chronic illness, etc. The details of the programme are discussed
in the next section.
3.3.2 Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
i. National Programme for the Health Care of the Elderly (NPHCE): The
programme provides a comprehensive and tiered service delivery model for
elderly persons. Under the programme, a key strategy to promote the well-
being of elderly persons at the sub-centre level is the adoption of a community-
based primary health care approach. This includes training family caregivers,
conducting domiciliary visits by trained healthcare workers for homebound or
bedridden elderly individuals, and providing guidance to caregivers of disabled
elderly individuals. The service package also includes facilitating linkages
with local support groups and day care centres to ensure comprehensive
and accessible care. At the Community Health Centre (CHC) level, one of
the service packages includes domiciliary visits by the rehabilitation worker
for bedridden elderly and counselling for family members to provide home-
based care. The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare performs its functions
for caregiving services through the following institutes:
ii. National Commission for Allied and Healthcare Professions (NCAHP): It
is an Indian regulatory body for allied and healthcare professionals (AHP)
established by an act of Parliament, the National Commission for Allied and
Healthcare Professions Act, 2021. It regulates 10 Categories of Allied and
Health Care Professionals. Among these categories, the Community Care,
Behavioural Health Sciences and other Professions category includes Palliative
Care Professionals (ISCO Code 3259) and Community Health Promoters (ISCO
Code 3253), which are most relevant under the categorisation of Trained
Caregiver in the Indian Context.
iii.
National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore:
an Institute of National Importance, has taken various initiatives to support
caregiving and mental health support.
a.
Psychiatric Rehabilitation Services: The Institute’s R2R (Road to Recovery)
programme is conducted online each month (last Friday) on topics relevant to
caregivers of persons with mental illness and neurodevelopmental disorders.
b. Course on Geriatric Mental Healthcare and Dementia Care: This course is
developed by the Department of Psychiatry, NIMHANS, for online upskilling
of Geriatric Caregivers. It is a 30 Hour online training programme that
has trained 240 geriatric caregivers to date.
c.
Online Support Group for Caregivers of Dementia Patients: It is a coordinated
approach between NIMHANS and Dementia India Alliance, which is an
online support training programme for caregivers of dementia patients.

Reimagining Care: Strategies For Empowering Caregivers In Viksit Bharat@2047 40
d. Vayo Manasa Sanjeevani: It is an initiative to spread awareness and provide
online education to promote mental health support among elderly persons
and support healthy ageing.
iv.
National Institute of Public Health Training and Research (NIPHTR): The Home
Health Aid course offered by the NIPHTR is a skill-based training programme
designed to equip individuals with the necessary competencies to provide
essential care to patients in home settings. The course spans a minimum
duration of 414 hours, comprising 150 hours of theoretical instruction and 264
hours of practical and clinical training. Eligibility criteria include completion
of 10+2 with science, and candidates should be between 18 and 30 years of
age. The curriculum focuses on developing skills such as assisting patients
with bathing, grooming, dressing, eating, and maintaining hygiene, as well as
infection control and effective communication with patients and caregivers.
Though NIPHTR has been offering this course since 2016, it has not yet started
at the institute, as a sufficient number of candidates have not enrolled so far.
3.3.3 Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship
The Ministry is responsible for coordinating skill development and
entrepreneurship efforts across India. The Ministry, with its coordinated and
targeted efforts taken in collaboration with the National Council for Vocational
Education and Training (NCVET). NCVET regulates entities operating in the
skilling ecosystem, namely Awarding Bodies (ABs) and Assessment Agencies,
and undertakes alignment of qualifications with the National Skills Qualification
Framework (NSQF), a competency-based framework for skill training to ensure
consistency, industry relevance, and learner mobility across sectors. NCVET has
recognised ABs such as Home Management and Care Givers Sector Skill Council
(HMCGSSC), Healthcare Sector Skill Council, Beauty and Wellness Sector Skill
Council, and DGT. NCVET has approved ten (10) Short-term training (STT)
qualifications and one (01) Long-term qualification to support training delivery
and certification of trainees in the geriatric care sector. These qualifications
are available on the National Qualification Register (NQR), which is an official
national repository of all NSQF-aligned qualifications across sectors in India,
providing comprehensive information on each qualification, including its level,
learning outcomes, eligibility, duration and implementing bodies. The Ministry
also has several programmes to promote skilling and employment of caregivers
through the National Skill Development Corporation (NSDC) in other countries.
The programme details and agreements are provided below, and the courses are
described in the Training and Education Section.
i.
Technical Intern Training Programme (TITP): The Ministry of Skill Development
and Entrepreneurship (MSDE) has signed the Memorandum of Cooperation
(MoC) with the Ministry of Justice, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and the Ministry
of Health, Labour, and Welfare of Japan. This programme is implemented through
NSDC, and the goal is to change and improve the way skills are developed in India
by allowing Indian students to work as interns in Japan, while also welcoming
Japanese interns to India. This exchange will help Indian companies learn new

The Indian Caregiving Ecosystem: Current Landscape and Opportunities
41
and effective practices from Japanese industries, ultimately enhancing the overall
skill set in India. Under the programme, selected candidates undergo training
in the Japanese language, Japanese lifestyle, culture, etiquette, and relevant
domains (as per the requirements of Japanese Supervising Organisations) by
the empanelled Sending Organisations (SOs) in India before being placed in
Japan for a period of up to 5 years. Candidates under TITP have been placed
as Caregivers, as well as in a range of other sectors, including Machinery and
Metals, Construction, Agriculture, Textiles, Food Manufacturing, etc.
ii.
G2G Engagement for Care Workers with Israel: The Government of the Republic
of India and the Government of the State of Israel signed an agreement to
facilitate the temporary employment of Indian workers in specific labour market
sectors in Israel, specifically in the home-based caregiver sector. In 2023,
MSDE and the Population and Immigration Border Authority (PIBA) of Israel
signed Implementation Protocol B. Under this protocol, in May 2024, PIBA
requested the recruitment of 5,000 home-based caregivers from India. The
Population and Immigration Border Authority (PIBA) of Israel and the National
Skill Development Corporation (NSDC) of India have been designated as the
nodal agencies for its implementation. As of August 18, 2025, a total of 47
candidates have successfully travelled to Israel under Implementation Protocol B.
iii. G2G Engagement for Care Workers with Germany: The National Skill
Development Corporation (NSDC) International has partnered with German
companies and organisations, such as BorderPlus and Auxila Academy, to train
Indian caregivers in the German language and vocational skills for employment
opportunities in Germany’s healthcare sector. In 2024, 32 caregivers were placed
in Germany, and they received a comprehensive residential language training
programme. The training was imparted to all the candidates under the Skill
India International initiative for those who have completed their B.Sc. Nursing
or the General Nursing and Midwifery (GNM) programme. All 32 candidates
cleared the B1 German Language Training. They were placed with the leading
hospitals and employers, earning between 2300 and 2700 Euros per month
(over Rs. 2 lakh), with B2 training included. After completing B2 in Germany,
their salary will increase from Rs. 3 lakh to Rs. 4 lakh per month.
3.3.4 Ministry of External Affairs
The Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) is the nodal agency in India for handling
relations with foreign countries. It plays a key role in expanding country
engagement and promoting labour migration through the development of MoUs
and agreements. At present, the Ministry has approximately 21 labour migration
agreements with countries like Japan, Taiwan, Israel, etc. To enhance trade,
mobility, and cooperation, India has signed various agreements, including the
Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) with Sri Lanka and ASEAN, as well as Bilateral
Investment Treaties (BITs) with several countries, such as the United Kingdom,
Germany, and Mauritius. Further, some of the agreements specifically mention
the agreement, including the services of care providers. India has been actively

Reimagining Care: Strategies For Empowering Caregivers In Viksit Bharat@2047 42
engaging in agreements related to circular migration with various countries to
enhance the mobility of caregivers. Examples of such initiatives are as follows:
i. Migration and Mobility Agreement between India and Italy: It aims to foster
people-to-people contacts, facilitate the mobility of students, skilled workers,
business people, young professionals, and strengthen cooperation on issues
related to irregular migration.
ii.
Strategic Partnership with the European Union: India has a strategic partnership
with the European Union, which includes cooperation on migration and mobility.
It aims to address both highly-skilled and low-skilled migration, as well as
irregular migration, through various policy measures and joint actions.
iii. Labour Co-operation for Domestic Service Workers with the Kingdom of
Saudi Arabia: India has signed an agreement with the Kingdom of Saudi
Arabia, which includes a party agreement for domestic workers, including
people taking care of children, elderly persons and persons with disabilities.
iv.
Japan’s Skilled Worker Agreement (SSW): India and Japan signed a Memorandum
of Cooperation (MoC) on a Basic Framework for Partnership for the Proper
Operation of the System Pertaining to Specified Skilled Worker (SSW). The
MoC promotes the movement of Indian workers to Japan across 14 specified
industry fields, including nursing care, building cleaning, material processing,
machinery manufacturing, electrical and electronic information, construction,
shipbuilding, automobile maintenance, aviation, lodging, agriculture, fisheries,
food and beverages manufacturing, and food services. Indian workers who
meet the skills and Japanese language requirements are eligible for contractual
employment in Japan and are granted the status of “Specified Skilled Worker.”
A Joint Working Group (JWG) comprising officials from both countries is
constituted to ensure smooth implementation. This MoC builds on India–Japan
cooperation in skill development.
v. Pre-Departure Orientation Training (PDOT): The MEA started this flagship
programme in 2018 in collaboration with the Ministry of Skill Development
and Entrepreneurship (MSDE) at 4 centres in Delhi and Mumbai. The Ministry
administers this training programme through the National Skill Development
Council. The objective of this training is to ensure the safety and security of
migrant workers in the respective destination country. During the training
session, they are trained on dos and don’ts, the cultural environment, and
language for better adjustment. They are also sensitised regarding their rights
and the welfare measures and support schemes undertaken by the Government
of India, such as Welfare Fund (ICWF), Pravasi Bharatiya Bima Yojana (PBBY),
eMigrate Portal, MADAD Portal, Pravasi Bharatiya Kendras (PBSKs), and 24x7
helplines at Indian Embassies and Consulates. On the success of this training
programme, it has been expanded from 4 to 54 centres across India.

The Indian Caregiving Ecosystem: Current Landscape and Opportunities
43
3.4 Education, Training, and Certification of Caregivers in India
3.4.1 Course conducted by the Rehabilitation Council of India
i. The Certificate Course in Caregiving (CCCG): This Course, run by the
Rehabilitation Council of India (RCI), a national institute under the Department
of Empowerment of Persons with Disabilities (MoSJE), is a structured, 10-month
programme that equips individuals with the skills necessary to provide quality
care to people with disabilities, elderly persons, and those with chronic illnesses.
The programme consists of 1200 hours of training, divided into 720 hours of
practical experience and 480 hours of theoretical instruction, with a focus on
hands-on learning (60 percent practical and 40 percent theory). Students with
a 10
th
standard qualification / pass certificate are eligible to pursue the course.
To promote effective learning, the course is offered in 3 languages, namely,
English, Hindi, and regional languages. This course is currently being implemented
by partner agencies/ national institutes, and the certificate is awarded by the
National Board of Examination in Rehabilitation (NBER-New Delhi).
3.4.2 Courses and Training Programmes Run by NISD
i. Geriatric Care providers (Three to Four Months): This course is designed for
individuals aiming to provide essential bedside care and assistance to elderly
persons. Eligible candidates must have passed at least the 10
th
standard and
be 18 years or older. The course offers 25 seats per batch and focuses on
creating a cadre of caregivers skilled in bed care assistance, palliative care
services, and emergency crisis management. Having been run since 2014-15,
this course continues to provide skilled training to meet the rising demand for
geriatric caregivers. Further, the National Institute of Social Defence (NISD)
has also been granted NCVET recognition as an awarding body. Trainees are
placed in hospitals, Geriatric Units, and geriatric units on a full-time basis with
an average salary of Rs. 16,000 - Rs. 30,000 per month initially, which further
increases to Rs. 40,000- Rs. 50,000. Further, those who provide caregiving
services on a part-time basis earn around Rs. 1,200-1,500 per day.
ii. Advanced Caregiver Course (One month): This course provides additional
training to those candidates who have completed the basic three-month course.
It prepares them to assume supervisory roles and to provide palliative, dementia,
and hospice care in care and management institutions.
iii.
PG Diploma in Integrated Geriatric Care (One Year): This course was launched
in 2005-06 by NISD and updated in collaboration with Tata Institute of Social
Sciences (TISS) in 2020-21. It is open to candidates aged 21-45 who hold a
Bachelor’s degree, with preference given to those in relevant fields such as
Social Work and Nursing. The programme offers a maximum class size of 30
students per batch. This programme equips participants with both theoretical
knowledge and practical skills, preparing them to meet the complex needs of
elderly individuals in various care settings in the role of a manager. Trainees
receive an average salary of Rs. 40,000- Rs. 80,000 per month after completing
the basic course.

Reimagining Care: Strategies For Empowering Caregivers In Viksit Bharat@2047 44
iv. Family Caregiver Training: Besides the existing programmes, NISD is also
providing five-day caregiving training to family members. This training is
provided in hospitals, communities, residential areas, and other institutions
where long-term patient care is anticipated. In addition, NISD organises 5-day
training for Grant-in-Aid institutions, online training through the TAPAS Module,
and National and International Training Workshops to empower caregivers in
various disciplines, such as Dementia and Palliative Care.
Further, NISD is in the process of introducing fresh skill development
training courses to empower caregivers community including courses on
Palliative and Hospice Caregivers/ Care and Management of Dementia/
Geriatric Nutrition/ Geriatric Social Work /Geriatric Counselling/ Spiritual
Gerontology/ Geriatric Therapies: Physiotherapy, Naturopathy, and Music
Therapy/ Geriatric Mental Health Wellbeing/ Yoga for Senior Citizens /
Basic Geriatric Skilling and course modules are being developed on these
courses. A detailed summary of caregivers trained by NISD may be referred
to Annexure-III.
3.4.3 Course Run by Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU)
Indira Gandhi National Open University promotes the training of caregivers
through running several courses, as mentioned below:
i.
Certificate in Geriatric Care Assistance (CGCA): The Certificate in Geriatric Care
Assistance (CGCA), developed by IGNOU in collaboration with the Ministry of
Health and Family Welfare, is a six-month programme designed for 12th pass
students with a science background. It aims to train individuals as Geriatric
Care Assistants (GCAs) to work in hospitals, homes, or old age care facilities,
providing essential support to elderly patients. The programme equips learners
with knowledge and skills in basic healthcare, elderly hygiene, infection control,
feeding techniques, safety, emergency response, including CPR, and professional
communication. It also focuses on counselling, management of aged care
institutions, advocacy, resource management, and biomedical waste handling.
ii. Certificate in Home-Based Health Care (CHBHC) and Certificate in Home
Health Assistance (CHHA): This is a short-term programme, which can be
availed by any person having a 10
th
pass certification. This programme enables
trainees to extend non-clinical support and assistance to patients residing in
the home and elderly persons. The focus of the programme is to extend care
in cases where a person is discharged after any health illness or any medical
exigency. This enables family members to manage long-term caregiving without
any stress or burnout.
3.5 Initiatives Taken by the State Government
3.5.1 Government of Odisha
Geriatric Caregiver Training Programme: The Government of Odisha runs a
3-month certificate course, which provides training for extending physical and

The Indian Caregiving Ecosystem: Current Landscape and Opportunities
45
mental health support to elderly persons. Components of the curriculum include
training in activities of daily living, dementia care, counselling, physiotherapy,
first aid, and management of bed sores, etc. To pursue this course, candidates
must have a 10th pass certificate, and their age must be between 18 and 38 years.
At present, the programme runs at 4 locations in Odisha, aiming to create 400
caregivers each year.
3.5.2 Government of Tamil Nadu
Home-Based Elderly Care Support Assistant Course: The Government of Tamil
Nadu has launched a three-month certificate course for “Home-Based Elderly
Care Support Assistant” on October 1, 2024, coinciding with the International
Day for Older Persons. The course was offered in 36 government medical
colleges across Tamil Nadu. The total intake capacity was 975 candidates. Under
this course, candidates received practical training by caring for elderly patients
in government hospitals. The candidate should have completed Class X to be
eligible to pursue this course.
3.5.3 Government of Karnataka
i. Monthly Allowance for Unpaid Caregivers: Karnataka became the first state in
India to introduce a scheme titled “Carer’s monthly allowance scheme” which
provides a monthly allowance of Rs. 1,000 to parents of individuals with severe
disabilities such as Cerebral palsy, muscular dystrophy, Parkinson’s disease,
and multiple sclerosis.
ii. Carers Groups (Self-Help Groups - SHGs): Karnataka supports 5,000 carers
groups, formed by both the government and NGOs. Additionally, seven district-
level carers associations are operational. Many SHGs are linked with the State
Rural Livelihood Mission.
3.5.4 Government of Kerala
i. Additional Skill Acquisition Programme (ASAP): A Government of Kerala
Undertaking with dual recognition of NCVET runs “The Care Certificate –
Knowledge Programme as a self-paced, 30-hour online course in collaboration
with Focus Active Learning that is associated with the National Health Service
(NHS) of the UK Designed to equip education and job aspirants in the UK with
the foundational knowledge and the Continuing Professional Development
(CPD) credits required to work in the care industry, the course covers topics
including understanding one’s role as a care worker, effective communication,
health and safety practices, safeguarding procedures, and promoting dignity
and respect in all aspects of care. The programme is open to all candidates
who have completed 12
th
grade or an equivalent qualification. Upon successful
completion, participants receive a joint certification from ASAP Kerala and
Focus Active Learning. There is no batch size restriction. Around 100 candidates
who intend to do care work as part-time work while pursuing higher education
in the UK have already completed the programme and are working there as
care workers.

Reimagining Care: Strategies For Empowering Caregivers In Viksit Bharat@2047 46
ii. Caregiver for Persons with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities: In
addition, this is a three-month training course, which is conducted by‘Nish
Chintha’, Palakkad, under accreditation/affiliation from ASAP Kerala since March
2024, with an intake of24 students. Further, Geriatric Courses under ASAP
currently include the following two courses aligned with the Health Sector
Skill Council: Geriatric Care Assistant (Hospital/Hospice Care) – 600 hours,
and Geriatric Caregiver (Institutional & Homecare)– up to 660 hours. These
are intended to be offered on demand by institutions such as local bodies.
iii. Kudumbashree K for Care project: Kudumbashree has launched K4 Care, a
business model scheme as part of exploring the employment opportunities
in the care economy, and also to provide a wide range of home care services
at the State level for senior citizens, bedridden patients, the differently abled
and newborns. The initiative involves a network of trained women (K 4 Care
executives) to provide the caregiver service in all districts. Executives trained
by K for Care provide services in areas where a family needs the assistance of
another person in daily life, such as geriatric-child care, patient care, disability
care and maternity care. The major health care services under this programme
are nursing services, babysitting, screening for risk factors and diseases, geriatric
counselling, hospital bedside care, accompanying aged people to medical
check-ups, palliative care services (cancer), and recreational activities.
iv. Aswasakiranam Scheme : Envisages assisting the caregivers of physically
and mentally disabled bedridden patients, who are their family members or
relatives. This scheme intends to provide a monthly assistance of Rs. 600 to
those caregivers who are unable to take up employment for self-sustenance.
The scheme came into effect in August 2010, and the family members receive
monthly financial assistance.
v. The Neighbourhood Network in Palliative Care (NNPC): This model aims to
strengthen home-based care and assistance through the involvement of local
volunteers and coordination with healthcare professionals. These volunteers
can be families, community volunteers, local health workers or any NGO. This
is an effective example of how to provide palliative care in a resource-limited
setting using community-driven strategies. Under this programme, trained
caregivers/volunteers are entrusted with the task of identifying patients in
need of care and assistance. Alongside these, volunteers also coordinate and
assist health professionals to ensure the delivery of home-based assistance.
This programme promotes community participation and support.
32

vi. Triple Win Programme: This programme was launched in 2013 under the
agreement between the German Federal Employment Agency’s ZAV, GIZ,
and the Government of Kerala’s agency Norka Roots. Under this programme,
qualified nurses from the State of Kerala are recruited to provide caregiving
services in Germany. The programme has been named such, as it aims to provide
3 benefits through a single programme, first is providing fair job opportunities
32 Khosla, D., Patel, F. D., & Sharma, S. C. (2012). Palliative care in India: Current progress and future needs. Indian Journal of
Palliative Care, 18(3), 149–154.

The Indian Caregiving Ecosystem: Current Landscape and Opportunities
47
to nurses, second, easing oversupply in the State of Kerala and addressing
nursing shortage in Germany and supporting its healthcare institutions. Selected
candidates undergo free German language training (A1–B1), nursing orientation,
and document preparation in Kerala before employer interviews, medical checks,
visa issuance, and departure. On arrival, GIZ provides integration support,
recognition guidance, and counselling during the first year. Eligibility requires
a GNM Diploma, B.Sc. Nursing, or Indian Nurse Registration Certificate, age
18+, and B1 German proficiency at the visa stage, with documents including
CV, legalised nursing credentials, and passport. Nurses initially receive a 1-year
visa, must complete the B2 German exam and qualification recognition, then
gain a residence permit, and after 5 years, become eligible for permanent
residence. Family reunification is possible if income and housing requirements
are met, and the programme is free of cost to applicants, with even medical
and vaccination expenses covered by GIZ.
3.6 Summary of Formal Caregiving Courses in India
A team from NITI Aayog visited some of the important institutions in India which
are providing caregiving training, such as the Rehabilitation Council of India and
the National Institute of Social Defence. In addition to these, a survey was also
conducted among the private agencies and CSOs to identify the private courses
offered by them as well as the employment opportunities for caregivers. One of
the findings was that for the employment of the trained caregivers (short-term
and long-term), the training institutes partner with third-party organisations that
support the demand-based recruitment of the caregivers. Further, a summary
of the government-run and private-run caregiving courses is as follows (a more
detailed version is at Annexure I):

Reimagining Care: Strategies For Empowering Caregivers In Viksit Bharat@2047 48
Table 1: Summary of Training Courses for Caregivers
S.No.Organisation Title of the Course Eligibility
Duration /
Hours
Seat
Intake
Courses Run by Central and State Government Institutes
1Rehabilitation
Council of India
(DEPwD)
Certificate Course in
Caregiving
10
th
or
equivalent
pass
1 Year
hrs
30
2 National
Institute of
Social Defence
(DoSJE )
PG Diploma in Integrated
Geriatric Care
10
th
Standard1 Year 25-30
3 Geriatric Care Providers10
th
Standard3- 4 Months25-30
4 PM Special Training of
Geriatric Caregivers
Less than 45
years and
qualified as
per the Job
Course-wise
training
hours
25-30
5 1 Month Advanced
Caregivers Course on
Palliative and Hospice
Care
Geriatric Care
Certified
Candidates
1 Month 25
6 1 Month Advanced
Caregivers Course on
Dementia Care
Geriatric Care
Certified
Candidates
1 Month 25
7 Online Basic Course on
Geriatric / Elderly Care,
through TAPAS
General Public- -
8 Online Basic Course on
Care & Management of
Dementia through
TAPAS
General Public- -

The Indian Caregiving Ecosystem: Current Landscape and Opportunities
49
S.No.Organisation Title of the Course Eligibility
Duration /
Hours
Seat
Intake
9 Home
Management
and Care Givers
Sector Skill
Council
(MSDE)
Elderly Caretaker
(NonClinical)
8th grade
pass; age 18+
360 Hours 25
10 Care Homes Supervisor 10
th
grade
pass;
age 18+; 1 yr.
caregiving
experience
750 Hours 20
11 Manager Care Homes (UG Diploma
/12
th
Grade
Pass with 3
years relevant
experience
540 Hours 30
12National
Institute of
Public Health
Training &
Research,
MoHFW
Home Health aid 10+2 with
Science
Age Limit: 18-
30 years
4 Months NA
13Indira Gandhi
National Open
University
Certificate in Geriatric
Care Assistance
12
th
pass with
sciences
6 Months NA
14 Certificate in Home-
Based Health Care
10
th
Pass 6 Months NA
15 Certificate in Home
Health Assistance
10+2 Pass 6 Months NA
16Government of
Odisha
Geriatric Caregiver
Training
18-38
10
th
pass
3 Months NA
17Government of
Kerala - ASAP
Care Certificate –
Knowledge Programme
12
th
Pass Online
30 hours
NA
18 Caregiver for Persons
with Intellectual
and Developmental
Disabilities
10
th
pass 3 months 24
19Beauty &
Wellness Sector
Skill Council
Wellness Therapist for
the Elderly
12
th
Pass 570 hours NA

Reimagining Care: Strategies For Empowering Caregivers In Viksit Bharat@2047 50
S.No.Organisation Title of the Course Eligibility
Duration /
Hours
Seat
Intake
20Healthcare
Sector Skill
Council
Yoga Therapy Assistant
(Electives on Diabetes
and Palliative care)
12
th
Pass 870 hours NA
21 Care Home Supervisor 12
th
Pass with
1.5 years of
experience
750 hours NA
22 Geriatric Caregiver
(Institutional & Home
Care)
12
th
Pass 660 hours NA
23 Geriatric Care Assistant
(Hospital/ Hospice Care)
12
th
Pass with
1.5 years of
experience
600 hours NA
24 Home Health aid
Trainee
10
th
Pass 420 hours NA
25 Vriddha Swasthya
Sahyaka (care based
on Ayurveda and Yoga
principles)
12
th
Pass 60 hours NA
Courses run by Private Organisations, including Virtual Courses
26Shiksha Online Diploma in Caregiving Anyone 6 Hours NA
27Nightingle
Medical
Trust, RRTC
Caregiving
Course
Diploma in Caregiving,
Home Health aid and
Nurse aid
NA 12.5 hours NA
28Indian Institute
of Skill
Development
Training
Certificate in Elderly
Caretaker (Non-Clinical)
Not Specified1 Month NA
29Guardian Angel
Institute of
Caregiving
Caregiver Training
Programme (CTP)
10
th
Standard
Pass
15 Day Class
+ 3 months
internship
NA
30 Family Caregiver
Training (Need-based)
10
th
Standard
Pass
3 hours
each for
specific
skills
training
NA

The Indian Caregiving Ecosystem: Current Landscape and Opportunities
51
S.No.Organisation Title of the Course Eligibility
Duration /
Hours
Seat
Intake
31Caregiver
Saathi
Programmes for
Caregivers:
• Caregiver
Prepares- Training
for Professional
Caregivers
• Practice of
Compassionate
Caregiving
• Caregiving
Resources-
Preventive burnout
Caregivers -- NA
Programmes for Family
Caregivers:
• Emotional First aid
• Respite Care
Programme
• Practices of
Compassionate
Caregiving
• Caregiver Coach
Programme
Family
Caregivers
3.7 Employment Opportunities for Caregivers in India
Caregivers find employment in serving a wide variety of groups, including PwDs,
elderly persons, infants and children, Military persons, persons with chronic
injury, pregnant women, persons with temporary impairment, and individuals
with Alzheimer’s or any other mental health issues.
Caregiver recruitment in India is influenced by a mix of traditional practices and
new formal systems. Traditionally, caregiving, especially for older adults, children,
and persons with disabilities, has mostly been done through informal networks.
Families often find caregivers through recommendations from friends, neighbours,
or local networks, which usually results in jobs without written agreements, social
benefits, or proper training. This predominantly female workforce provides vital
support but often lacks legal recognition and protections.
In recent years, there has been an increase in formal caregiving services due to
a rising demand for home and hospital care, especially in cities. Private health
providers and home care agencies have started more organised recruitment
processes. Employment opportunities are also arising in a large number of Senior
Care Homes and Day Care Centres. These hirings are generally done directly
or via recruitment agencies, staffing organisations, referrals from within the
company, and specialised training centres. These agencies generally offer basic
training, conduct background checks of candidates, and monitor the quality of

Reimagining Care: Strategies For Empowering Caregivers In Viksit Bharat@2047 52
care provided. The shift towards more medicalised care for the elderly persons,
PwD and those needing palliative support has also encouraged the demand
for professional caregivers, especially for patients recovering from surgery or
dealing with chronic conditions.
3.8 Access to Care Services in India
3.8.1 Recognition and Financial Support to Family Carers
In India, family caregivers constitute the primary support base of the caregiving
ecosystem, yet they continue to remain largely unrecognised within formal
policy frameworks. The caregivers, despite providing constant support, remain
economically weak as no financial assistance/aid is provided to them. The
provision of an allowance to persons providing caregiving support to PwDs with
high support needs is acknowledged in the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
Act, 2016.
3.8.2 Access to Affordable Care Services
A comprehensive public financing mechanisms and affordable long-term care
insurance has scope for better access to formal caregiving services, particularly
for low- and middle-income households. Therefore, a comprehensive finance
mechanism need to be evolved to ensured to strengthen long-term care for all.
3.8.3 Public Awareness and Social Acceptance of Professional
Caregiving
Caregiving continues to be perceived primarily as a family responsibility, resulting
in delayed utilisation of professional care services. In view of the growing demand
for caregiving services and its sustainability, awareness regarding the role and
recognition of caregivers play an important role. Therefore, public awareness
needs to be emphasised in the framework for social acceptance for formal
caregiving.
3.8.4 Skilling in Caregiver Training
At present, the caregiving programmes in India are only focused on providing
training for supporting the activities of daily living, instrumental activities of daily
living, and care management. However, these programmes are not designed to
align with the international curriculum of care, which leaves caregivers’ training
unrecognised in other countries. Further, to build global opportunities for
caregivers from India, there is a need for such programmes alongside language
training for caregivers seeking training in destination countries.
3.8.5 Formal Care Support
The formal caregiving training programmes and certification are yet to expand
their scope and quality, to meet the rising caregiving demand and meet the
shortfall within the informal care system. Further, access to certified professionals

The Indian Caregiving Ecosystem: Current Landscape and Opportunities
53
remains limited and unaffordable, ultimately placing the burden of caregiving
solely on informal caregivers.
3.8.6 Mental Healthcare Training Leading to High Turnover
Lack of training for handling patients with chronic and acute mental health issues
and behavioural problems, including patients with neuropsychiatric disorders
such as Alzheimer’s disease and Dementia, stroke, etc., often leads to frustration
and burnout among caregivers, thus leading them to leave the caregiving industry.
3.8.7 Social Security for Caregivers
Due to the non-recognition of caregivers as allied healthcare providers, there
is also a significant gap in ensuring their social security. This exclusion prevents
them from accessing essential benefits such as health and accident insurance,
retirement security, and compensation for injuries or illnesses acquired while
providing care, as well as accessing respite care.
3.8.8 Safeguarding and Protection Mechanisms
Protection mechanisms for caregivers against exploitation, harassment, and
unsafe working environments are limited, affecting the safety and trust of both
care recipients and caregivers. Similarly, Standardised systems for background
verification of caregivers, mandatory reporting of abuse or neglect, grievance
redressal mechanisms, ethical standards, and codes of professional conduct
needs to be developed.
3.8.9 Respite Care Infrastructure
Overwhelming caregiving duties frequently lead to severe physical and emotional
burnout. Addressing this requires dedicated caregiver support mechanisms,
including mental health counseling, flexible workplace policies, and peer support
groups, rather than relying solely on patient-focused care infrastructure.
3.8.10 Integration of Technology in Caregiving
Digital technology plays an important role to support caregiving services. At
present, the Caregivers require better access to electronic care records, tele-
health services, remote monitoring systems, mobile support applications, and
digital training platforms. Therefore, in the framework for caregiving ecosystem,
technology integration needs to be prioritised.
3.8.11 Institutional Coordination for Caregiving Services
Caregiving responsibilities are spread across multiple ministries and departments,
including health, social justice, disability, skill development, labour, and women
and child development. Therefore, a dedicated institutional mechanism to
coordinate policies, training, regulation, financing, and workforce planning needs
to be developed within an integrated caregiving ecosystem.

Reimagining Care: Strategies For Empowering Caregivers In Viksit Bharat@2047 54
3.8.12 Migration as a source of reduction in care in rural areas
India, with almost 65 percent of its population living in rural areas and small
towns and the increasing intra-country migration has decreased the availability of
informal carers in small towns and villages. India’s reliance on traditional, altruistic
caregiving is no longer sustainable due to migration. Therefore, individuals in
need of care are facing challenges because of reductions in the availability of
informal care, resulting in a massive gap between demand and supply of informal
care. The issue of unmet need is likely to grow as India marches into the future,
with increasing life expectancy and urbanisation.
33

3.8.13 Comprehensive Regulatory and Accreditation Framework
At present, caregiving is not regulated through a dedicated statutory or
professional framework. In order to ensure a thriving and sustainable ecosystem,
there is a need to establish a dedicated mechanism for ensuring standardisation,
accreditation, licensing, competency standards, certification and caregiving
services.
33 Costa-Font, J., & Raut, N. (2022). Global report on long-term care financing. World Health Organization.
https://www.lse.ac.uk/business/consulting/assets/documents/WHO-Global-Report-on-Long-Term-Care Financing-Final-Report.pdf

The Indian Caregiving Ecosystem: Current Landscape and Opportunities
55
3.9 Opportunities for the Indian Workforce in the Global Care
Market
With the rise of the elderly population and the global shortage of the caregiver
workforce, caregivers from India have an emerging scope for employment
opportunities globally. Indian caregivers are valued for their compassion, training,
and cost-effectiveness, making them ideal candidates for international caregiving
roles. The escalating global demand emphasises the need for well-trained
and qualified caregivers. Indian caregivers, due to their training and cultural
emphasis on compassion, are well-positioned to meet this demand. Currently,
many highly qualified nurses from India are taking up personal care work abroad,
leading to their underemployment, underscoring the need for caregiver training
programmes to equip workers with a broader, internationally relevant skill set to
meet diverse care demands in global markets. Hence, even skilled people with
higher qualifications often have to work as Elderly caregiving workers.
34
The current caregiver training ecosystem in India is not sufficiently equipped
to increase the supply of quality manpower in caregiving, which could take
advantage of the increasing global demand for caregiver services. India’s
demographic advantage and female workforce participation offer a huge
potential for structured care migration. To realise this potential, mutual recognition
of care-related certifications between countries is essential. The demand for
caregivers is high in Organisation for Economic Co-operation & Development
(OECD) and Middle East & North Africa (MENA) countries. The Gulf Cooperation
Council (GCC) countries are experiencing an ageing transition, while a number
of countries in MENA are providing support for long-term care through partial
cash benefits. Countries with sizable demand for caregivers include Australia,
Canada, European Union nations, Gulf Cooperation Council countries, Japan,
Singapore, the United States of America, and the United Kingdom, where India
should leverage G2G MoUs and agreements to meet global demand.
34 International Organization for Migration. (2024). Elderly care-giving sector: India–Europe labour migration [PDF]. IOM Asia-
Pacific. Retrieved from https://roasiapacific.iom.int/sites/g/files/tmzbdl671/files/documents/2024-03/elderly-care-report.pdf

Reimagining Care: Strategies For Empowering Caregivers In Viksit Bharat@2047 56
3.10 Conclusion
The international experiences presented in Chapter 2 have shown that countries
have developed organised caregiving ecosystems through diverse pathways,
shaped by their demographic, social, economic, and institutional contexts. While
no single model is directly applicable to India, these experiences consistently
highlight that effective caregiving systems are built through coordinated
governance, sustainable financing, professional workforce development, quality
assurance, and integrated models of care delivery.
Viewed in this context, India’s caregiving ecosystem provides a strong, evolving
foundation for developing a comprehensive system of care. Significant efforts
have been undertaken by Central Ministries, State Governments, regulatory
institutions, training organisations, and community-based institutions to
strengthen caregiving services, expand workforce capacity, and improve access
to care. Alongside these formal initiatives, families and communities continue
to remain the primary providers of care, underscoring the enduring importance
of India’s informal caregiving system. Together, these formal and informal
arrangements constitute the core building blocks of India’s caregiving ecosystem.
At the same time, the existing ecosystem continues to evolve through multiple
initiatives operating across different institutions and sectors. While these efforts
have strengthened caregiver training, workforce development, service delivery,
and community-based care, greater convergence is required to harmonise training,
accreditation and certification standards, strengthen institutional coordination,
enhance quality assurance, and improve workforce recognition. Building upon the
existing institutional architecture through a coordinated governance framework
can facilitate stronger linkages across skilling, regulation, service delivery, and
workforce development, enabling the transition from a collection of individual
initiatives to an integrated ecosystem of caregiving services.
The continued development of the caregiving ecosystem also requires sustained
attention to caregivers’ well-being and professional recognition. As the demand
for caregiving services expands, strengthening social security, occupational safety,
and career progression will be important for improving workforce retention and
ensuring dignity in the profession. Equally, recognising the central role played by
families and communities through accessible training, capacity-building, mental
health support, respite care, and other support mechanisms can strengthen
informal caregiving while improving the quality and continuity of care. Given that
caregiving in India continues to be predominantly undertaken by women, further
professionalisation of the sector can also contribute to enhancing its social
recognition, encouraging wider participation across genders, and promoting
caregiving as a skilled and respected profession.
The international experiences discussed in the previous chapter also illustrate
the role of technology-enabled training, innovative service delivery models,
long-term care financing, and integrated policy frameworks in strengthening
caregiving ecosystems. Similarly, the diverse initiatives emerging across Indian
States provide valuable opportunities for cross-learning, adaptation, and the

The Indian Caregiving Ecosystem: Current Landscape and Opportunities
57
scaling of context-specific innovations. Harnessing these experiences while
strengthening convergence across existing institutional mechanisms can support
the development of a holistic caregiving ecosystem capable of meeting India’s
growing domestic care needs and preparing a skilled workforce for emerging
international opportunities.
Against this backdrop, the following chapter presents recommendations to
strengthen governance, institutional coordination, workforce development,
quality assurance, caregiver welfare, and service delivery. Collectively, these
recommendations seek to strengthen the existing ecosystem of caregiving
services while fostering a skilled, empowered, and globally competitive caregiving
workforce.

CHAPTER 4
Strategies and
Recommendations

Reimagining Care: Strategies For Empowering Caregivers In Viksit Bharat@2047 60
Chapter-4 Strategies and Recommendations
Developing an inclusive and caring society is an integral part of India’s aspiration
for Viksit Bharat @2047. As the country aspires to achieve its vision, the
inclusion, welfare, and holistic well-being of senior citizens and PwDs remain a
key endeavour of national policies. The health and well-being of all is one of the
key priority areas in the national agenda. The landscape of the caregiving system
in India has highlighted a growing need to develop a cadre of trained caregivers
to address unmet care needs for the domestic population. Furthermore, with the
country’s strong belief in traditional compassionate caregiving and the global
demand for caregivers, India presents a significant opportunity to explore global
opportunities for expanding its care network and skilled workforce. At present,
the caregiving ecosystem in India remains nascent, as key national initiatives are
fragmented. To integrate existing efforts with national priorities and build a skilled,
empowered workforce, a national framework is needed to streamline ongoing
efforts. This national framework would guide policymakers in strengthening the
caregiving ecosystem within the country and enable India to emerge as a reliable
and competitive source of skilled caregivers worldwide. The following sections
present key recommendations and strategies for building a comprehensive and
sustainable caregiving ecosystem in India.
Summary of Recommendations for Developing an Ecosystem for
Caregiving Services
S.No.Strategic Pillar Priority Actions
Concerned
Ministry/ Agency
I
Policies,
Schemes and
Agencies for
Formalising
& Scaling
Caregiving
Services
1. Develop and notify a National Policy
on Caregiving.
2. Formulate schemes for capacity
building and training of caregivers
3. Effective Coordination among
Central and State Governments
through Strengthening Policies and
Schemes
Department of
Social Justice and
Empowerment

Strategies and Recommendations
61
S.No.Strategic Pillar Priority Actions
Concerned
Ministry/ Agency
2.
Recognition
and
Regulation of
Caregiving
Services
1. Provide professional recognition to
caregivers.
2. Constitute the National Caregiver
Council (NCC) as the apex institution
for regulating, coordinating and
promoting the caregiving ecosystem.
3. Regulate and accredit caregiver
training programmes and institutions
4. Develop minimum standards
and guidelines for curriculum,
competency, certification and
continuing professional development.
5. Develop short-term and long-term
caregiving courses.
6. Language and Cultural Competency
Training
7. Establish a National Portal for
Caregivers and Care Seekers and a
National Caregiver Registry.
8. Promote informal and community-
based caregiving.
9. Strengthen international
collaboration for caregiver education
and global standards.
10. Strengthen inter-ministerial and
State/UT coordination.
11. Facilitate international mobility and
upskilling of Indian caregivers.
12. Establish or accredit Regional
Caregiving Centres.
13. Promote knowledge sharing and
dissemination of best practices.
14. Undertake periodic assessment of
caregiver demand and supply.
15. Establish a grievance redressal
mechanism for caregivers, care
seekers and service providers.
Department of
Social Justice and
Empowerment
In coordination
with
MoHFW, DEPwD,
MSDE, NCVET,
NSDC, RCI,
NCAHP

Reimagining Care: Strategies For Empowering Caregivers In Viksit Bharat@2047 62
S.No.Strategic Pillar Priority Actions
Concerned
Ministry/ Agency
3.
Building
a Skilled
Caregiving
Workforce
1. Develop a specialised cadre of
palliative and long-term care.
2. Develop a standardised training and
certification system aligned with
national standards.
3. Integrate caregiving modules into
the school and college curricula.
4. Spreading caregiving training
through digital and e-learning
platforms
5. Integration of family caregivers into
structured training programmes.
6. Expand specialised training for
geriatric, mental health, and dementia
patients.
7. Promote Purple Economy through
Participation of Persons with
Disabilities in the Caregiving Sector
National
Caregiver Council
(NCC)
(Proposed to be
constituted)
In coordination
with
MEA, MSDE,
DEPWD, NCVET,
NSDC, QCI,
NCERT, UGC,
AICTE

Strategies and Recommendations
63
S.No.Strategic Pillar Priority Actions
Concerned
Ministry/ Agency
4
Global
Caregiving
and
International
Cooperation
1. Developing Policies for Promoting
Global Cooperation through Bilateral
and Multilateral Agreements
2. Expand India’s role in the global care
supply.
3. Design comprehensive international
agreements
4. Support international collaborations
for training and capacity building of
skill training institutes:
5. Address skill gaps and language in
caregiver training
6. Strengthening Safeguards for
International Mobility of Indian
Caregivers
7. Strengthening Ethical Recruitment
and Safeguards for International
Caregivers
8. Reintegration and Career Progression
of Returning Caregivers
National
Caregiver Council
(NCC)
(Proposed to be
constituted)

In coordination
with
MEA, MSDE,
NSDC(I)
5
Strengthening
Existing
Ecosystem
and
Organisational
Set-up
1. Strengthen RCI, NISD, Awarding
Bodies and other training institutions.
2. Standardise, accredit and certify
caregiver courses through the NCC.
3. Re-envision institutional capacities
to improve quality and expand
enrolment.
4. Leverage the National Centre for
Ageing and Regional Geriatric
Centres under NPHCE.
National
Caregiver Council
(NCC)
(Proposed to be
constituted)

Reimagining Care: Strategies For Empowering Caregivers In Viksit Bharat@2047 64
S.No.Strategic Pillar Priority Actions
Concerned
Ministry/ Agency
6
Social Security
and Financial
Protection of
Caregivers
1. Promote financial incentives and
entrepreneurship for caregivers.
2. Role of the Ministry of Labour and
Employment in extending labour
protection to caregivers
3. Expand the Unorganised Workers
Act, 2008, to include caregivers.
4. Provision of Social Security for
Caregivers
5. Requirement for Professional
Recognition
6. Occupational Disease and Work
Accident Insurance
Ministry of Labour
& Employment
In coordination
with
DoSJE, MoHFW
7
Strengthening
Family and
Community-
Based
Caregiving
1. Reducing the Disproportionate Care
Burden on Women
2. Strengthen home-based caregiving
services
3. Strengthen support systems for
caregivers
4. Reaching Underserved Regions
through Community-Based
Caregivers and Family Caregivers
5. Strengthen Self-Help Groups (SHGs)
as community care providers
6. Utilising Government Healthcare
Facilities for Caregiver Training
7. Community-based training
programmes
8. Leverage CSR for caregiving
infrastructure, training and service
delivery.
DoSJE
In coordination
with
NCC, MoHFW,
Ministry of Rural
Development,
State
Governments,
CSR Partners

Strategies and Recommendations
65
S.No.Strategic Pillar Priority Actions
Concerned
Ministry/ Agency
8
Strengthening
Emotional and
Social Support
Systems
for Family
Caregivers
1. Leave for Providing Care Services
2. Workplace sensitisation and
employer engagement.
3. Respite and temporary care services.
4. Community and public recognition
5. Counselling for family caregivers
Ministry of Labour
& Employment
In coordination
with
DoSJE, MoHFW
9
Leveraging
Technology
and Oversight
1. Digital portal for accessing caregiving
services and certified caregivers.
2. Promote technology-enabled
learning, monitoring and service
delivery.
3. Encourage adoption of digital tools
and assistive technologies to improve
the quality of care.
National
Caregiver Council
(NCC)
(Proposed to be
constituted)
In coordination
with
MeitY, DoSJE,
DEPwD, MSDE
The above recommendations are elaborated below
Pillar I: Policies, Schemes and Agencies for Formalising &
Scaling Caregiving Services
Actions
i. Creating a National Policy on Caregiving: The caregiving sector is going to be
crucial for India’s socio-economic development. A comprehensive framework
at national and state level can significantly contribute in growth of the sector.
Hence, there is a need for a National Policy on Caregiving to establish a robust
regulatory ecosystem, develop a skilled and trained cadre of caregivers, and
systematically promote the caregiving sector.
ii. Formulating Schemes for Capacity Building, Training, etc.: Since capacity
building and training, as well as certification of caregivers, are crucial for
ensuring the quality of care services provided through caregivers, it is important
to have specialised schemes to promote capacity building and training in the
caregiving sector. For instance, DoSJE can leverage the Training for Augmenting
Productivity and Services (TAPAS) platform to provide accessible caregiver

Reimagining Care: Strategies For Empowering Caregivers In Viksit Bharat@2047 66
training as well as the SAGE scheme to promote elder-preneurs. Parallelly,
SWAYAM Portal may also be leveraged.
iii.
Fostering Effective Coordination among Central and State Governments through
Strengthening Policies and Schemes: Central and State Governments need to
play an active role in strengthening the caregiving ecosystem, especially at the
grassroots level. This may be done by introducing new schemes, strengthening
the existing schemes and policies and nurturing support systems that empower
communities to expand care services. While several States have launched
caregiving training initiatives, the overall scale remains limited. To meet the
growing need, these initiatives should be scaled up and replicated nationwide.
Pillar II: Recognition and Regulation of Caregiving Services
Actions
i. Professional Recognition of Caregivers: There is a need to integrate caregivers
as essential contributors to health and social care in a formal framework.
This can be done by defining their role clearly in national policies and legal
frameworks. Moreover, there is also a need to formally recognise caregiving
as an allied profession with defined roles, fair wages, job security, and growth
opportunities.
ii. Constitution of a National Caregiver Council (NCC): In order to create a
conducive caregiving ecosystem that effectively meets domestic as well as global
caregiver demand, a nodal body, i.e., National Caregiver Council (NCC), may be
established at the national level. The NCC would serve as the apex institution
responsible for regulating, standardising, and professionalising caregiving
services across the country. The NCC may oversee the following functions:
a. Regulation and Accreditation: Regulate and accredit caregiver training
programmes across the country and empanel national, state and private
bodies engaged in caregiver training.
b. Standards for curriculum: Set minimum standards and guidelines for
caregiving services and ongoing courses run by other institutions, and
create a framework for continuous professional development. Develop a
comprehensive caregiver training curriculum for various skill levels.
c. Course Development: Develop long-term as well as short-term courses
for basic to advanced caregiving skill training. For this purpose, training
of trainers may also be done effectively to ensure the effective skilling
of budding caregivers.
d. Language and Cultural Competency Training: Develop language and
cultural competency training programmes to equip caregivers with regional
Indian and foreign language proficiency required for delivering quality
care services across diverse settings. The programmes need to facilitate
effective communication, cultural adaptation, and person-centred care,

Strategies and Recommendations
67
while enhancing the mobility and employability of caregivers across different
States and Union Territories, as well as international destinations. The
training may be aligned with domestic care requirements and destination-
country standards to expand career opportunities for Indian caregivers.
e.
National Portal for Caregivers and Care Seekers: Maintain a comprehensive
National Caregiver Registry to register, de-register/ blacklist caregiver
and care service providers/ institutions registered under the NCC. This
registry may also serve as a digital platform for connecting caregivers
and care seekers, which would be made accessible through a National
Portal for Caregivers and Care Seekers. The portal would also provide
details about the empanelled/ accredited agencies through which care
seekers can access caregiving services.
f.
Informal and Community-Based Care: The council may promote informal
caregiving and community-based caregiving services through targeted
capacity building, training and awareness programmes at the district level.
g. International collaboration: Foster partnerships with international caregiving
organisations to align with global standards and develop dedicated course
structures aimed at creating a pool of skilled caregivers to meet global
demand. Such courses may also cater to the region-specific caregiving
requirements.
h.
Inter-Ministerial and State/UT Collaboration: To enable international mobility
and to strengthen the national caregiving ecosystem, the NCC will ensure
effective coordination and collaboration between various stakeholders,
including central Ministries/Departments and State Departments.
i.
Global Mobility: Act as the nodal agency for facilitating international mobility
and upskilling of Indian caregivers, including support for returnee migrants.
j. Regional Centres: Establish/ accredit regional centres to facilitate easy
access to caregiving courses/training on the lines of the Rehabilitation
Council of India.
k.
Knowledge Sharing: Promote best practices, cross-learning and knowledge
exchange in the caregiving sector.
l.
Periodic Assessment: Undertake periodic assessment of projected demand
and supply of caregivers in order to plan for workforce development, and
explore global caregiving opportunities.
m.
Grievance Redressal System: Maintain a grievance redressal system, which
will address complaints, fraud, and service-related issues for both patient
care recipients and care providers. This may also include a support system
for caregivers working abroad, helping them address employment-related
challenges and safeguard their rights.

Reimagining Care: Strategies For Empowering Caregivers In Viksit Bharat@2047 68
Pillar III: Building a Skilled Caregiving Workforce
Actions
i. Developing a Specialised Cadre of Palliative and Long-Term Care: At present,
India has limited availability of caregivers trained in palliative and long-term
care. Therefore, there is a need for developing specialised training of the
caregivers with competencies to provide sevices to patients with chronic
diseases, cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, age-related dependency, and
those in need of palliative care. This will contribute in long-term care and
contribute in workforce strengthening.
ii. Standardised Training and Certification Systems: To streamline existing
fragmented courses, it is essential to develop common standards and curriculum
for courses/ programmes/ training programmes that equip caregivers with
essential skills. Hence, aligning these caregiving programmes with the NSQF
will ensure standardisation, industry acceptance, and clear career pathways for
caregivers. This will also facilitate alignment with the international standards
and support the development of a skilled and professional caregiving workforce.
Further, the Quality Council of India (QCI), through the National Accreditation
Board for Hospitals & Healthcare Providers, can play a pivotal role in establishing
quality benchmarks, accrediting caregiver training institutions, and developing
certification and assessment standards to ensure consistency, credibility,
and quality assurance. Such a framework would also facilitate alignment
with international caregiving standards, enhancing the global mobility and
professional recognition of India’s caregiving workforce while strengthening
the quality of care delivered domestically.
iii. Integration of Caregiving Modules In The Syllabus of School and College
Curriculum: It is essential to cultivate an understanding of the value of caregiving
among young minds. Therefore, caregiving modules may be integrated into the
school curriculum, in collaboration with NCERT and State Boards, to introduce
high school students to basic caregiving concepts and to foster the quality of
family caregiving. Caregiving modules may also be introduced as an elective
course in Universities/ Colleges as a career pathway.
iv.
Spreading Caregiving Training through e-learning platforms: To strengthen
the training and teaching of caregiving methods, it is recommended that
existing e-learning platforms already in use at the University and Central/
State government levels be leveraged. Platforms such as the SWAYAM Portal,
DIKSHA, e-Pathshala, and iGOT Karmayogi may be utilised to provide accessible,
standardised, and scalable training modules on caregiving.
v. Integration of Family Caregivers: In India, caregiving is largely provided by
family caregivers. Therefore, along with the formalisation of caregiver training,
emphasis should also be placed on short-term training, on-the-job training,
Recognition of Prior Learning (RPL)-based certification, orientation modules,
and basic support services to empower family carers. The RPL provisions can be

Strategies and Recommendations
69
leveraged to transition informal caregivers into the formal workforce with certified
qualifications. This recognition can be undertaken through NCVET-recognised
Awarding Bodies, thereby enabling formal certification of informal caregivers.
vi. Specialised Training for Geriatric, Mental Health and Dementia Patients:
With the rising prevalence of neuropsychiatric disorders like dementia and
other neurological illnesses, and for patients in palliative care, there is a need
for specialised training and capacity building for caregivers to help them
handle the associated impacts of these illnesses. Enhancing caregiver skills
in this area will reduce workforce turnover and improve the resilience of the
caregiving workforce.
vii.
Promote Purple Economy through Participation of Persons with Disabilities
in the Caregiving Sector: The expansion of India’s care economy presents
an opportunity to promote both inclusive employment and accessible care
services by enabling Persons with Disabilities (PwDs) Many PwDs, particularly
those with locomotor disabilities, hearing impairments, or other disabilities
that do not limit their ability to provide care, who possess the requisite skills
and capabilities to participate as professional caregivers. The Department of
Empowerment of Persons with Disabilities (DEPwD) may develop a framework
to identify suitable caregiving roles for different categories of disabilities and
facilitate their inclusion within the formal care workforce. This may include
designing disability-inclusive skill development programmes in collaboration with
NCC. Such efforts would strengthen the emerging Purple Economy, recognising
persons with disabilities as active contributors to economic growth rather
than solely as beneficiaries of welfare measures.
Pillar IV: Global Caregiving and International Cooperation
Actions
i. Developing Policies for promoting global cooperation through Bilateral
and Multilateral Agreements: To streamline mechanisms for formalisation of
caregiving services to meet the domestic and global demand, and to strengthen
the care economy development of a unified national caregiving policy is the
need of the hour. Such policies may focus on the following:
a.
Expanding India’s Role in Global Care Supply: There is a need to manage
human resources for health through policies that support cooperation
between origin and destination countries. Therefore, India may build
more bilateral and multilateral agreements on the model of the Triple Win
Programme (Kerala–Germany) and MoUs implemented by MEA, alongside
skilling programmes, to make India a leading global supplier of caregivers
with strong provisions for social security and welfare.
35
35 This programme was launched in the year 2013 under the agreement between the German Federal Employment Agency’s
ZAV, GIZ, and Government of Kerala’s agency Norka Roots. Under this programme, qualified nurses from the State of Kerala
are recruited to provide caregiving services in Germany. The programme has been named this way because it aims to provide
3 benefits through a single programme: first, providing fair job opportunities to nurses; second, easing oversupply in the
State of Kerala and addressing nursing shortages in Germany; and third, supporting its healthcare institutions.

Reimagining Care: Strategies For Empowering Caregivers In Viksit Bharat@2047 70
b. Designing Effective Agreements: While drafting such agreements, it may
be ensured that these policies include the role of each party, a mechanism
to ensure issues such as migration, stay of caregivers, as well as their
qualifications, so that the well-being of caregivers working abroad is
taken care of.
ii.
Support international collaborations for training and capacity building of skill
training institutes: The Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship
(MSDE) and the Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) may prioritise Government-
to-Government (G2G) and Business-to-Business (B2B) partnerships within the
care services sector. These collaborations focus on facilitating international
accreditation for Indian trainees, co-developing training modules with Indian
skill-training institutes, and incorporating global best practices into care-
sector training and capacity-building programmes. There is growing potential
for India to position itself as a global supplier of trained caregivers through
structured international mobility programmes.
36
Ongoing efforts with Japan
and Germany, supported by NSDC, are showing promising results and can
be expanded through focused training and certification in foreign languages
and care standards. Further, B2B and G2G initiatives need to be explored and
strengthened through the Ministry of External Affairs. Here are a few examples
of what a G2G model could look like:
a. India–Japan: A bilateral agreement under which India trains caregivers
according to Japanese standards, provides Japanese language training,
and places certified caregivers in Japanese long-term care facilities through
an agreed recruitment mechanism.
b. India–Germany: A government-to-government partnership for mutual
recognition of caregiver qualifications, German language training, ethical
recruitment, visa facilitation, and placement of Indian caregivers in Germany’s
elderly care sector.
c.
India–United Kingdom: A bilateral arrangement for developing caregiver
training curricula aligned with UK standards, certification recognition,
and recruitment through approved employers under ethical migration
guidelines.
d.
India–Australia: A partnership for joint curriculum development, exchange
of trainers, recognition of skills, and structured mobility pathways for
aged care workers.
iii.
Addressing Skill Gaps and Language in Caregiver Training: To address skill gaps
and align with the international standards, caregiver training may go beyond
clinical care to include managing cognitive decline, supporting mental health,
navigating healthcare systems, and facilitating community participation. Further,
language training facilities need to be enhanced, additional testing centres
36 Structured international mobility programmes facilitate the movement of individuals (employees, students, researchers)
across borders for work, study, or research purposes.

Strategies and Recommendations
71
established, and the language curriculum tailored to meet the requirements
of destination countries.
iv. Strengthening Safeguards for International Mobility of Indian Caregivers:
With the growing international mobility of Indian caregivers, it is essential to
establish a robust framework to safeguard their rights, dignity, and well-being
throughout the migration cycle. India may develop dedicated safeguards for
caregivers migrating overseas, including standardised employment contracts,
pre-departure orientation, legal awareness, grievance redressal mechanisms, and
access to welfare support through Indian Missions abroad. These safeguards may
also ensure ethical recruitment practices, fair working conditions, social security,
and protection against discrimination and abuse, in line with international
labour standards.
v.
Strengthening Ethical Recruitment and Safeguards for International Caregivers:
To facilitate safe, transparent, and ethical international mobility of Indian
caregivers, a comprehensive framework may be developed to strengthen ethical
recruitment practices and safeguard caregivers throughout the migration cycle.
Dedicated mechanisms may be established to regulate recruitment agencies
engaged in overseas caregiver placements through appropriate accreditation,
monitoring, and accountability measures. These mechanisms should prevent
unethical practices such as excessive recruitment charges, contract substitution,
fraudulent recruitment, misinformation regarding wages and working conditions,
document retention, and exploitation of caregivers. The framework may further
provide for standardised employment contracts, pre-departure orientation,
legal and financial literacy, grievance redressal mechanisms, welfare support
through Indian Missions abroad, and access to emergency assistance.
vi.
Reintegration and Career Progression of Returning Caregivers: A structured
reintegration framework may be developed for caregivers returning to India after
overseas employment to facilitate their transition into the domestic caregiving
ecosystem. The framework may include recognition of overseas experience,
Recognition of Prior Learning (RPL), career counselling, skill upgradation,
entrepreneurship support, employment linkages, and psychosocial assistance.
Mechanisms may also be established to facilitate the transfer of skills and
knowledge acquired abroad, enabling returning caregivers to contribute to
strengthening India’s caregiving ecosystem while supporting their continued
career progression.
Pillar V: Strengthening Existing Ecosystem and Organisational
Set-up
Actions
i. Strengthening RCI, NISD, Awarding Bodies and Other Training Institutes:
Existing caregiver training institutions, including the Rehabilitation Council of
India (RCI), National Institute of Social Defence (NISD), and Sector Skill Councils,

Reimagining Care: Strategies For Empowering Caregivers In Viksit Bharat@2047 72
need to significantly expand and strengthen their training capacity to meet the
growing domestic and global demand for skilled caregivers. Current courses
are largely focused on companionship, wellness, and other non-clinical aspects
of caregiving. There is a need to standardise curricula, increase student intake,
incorporate practical and on-the-job training, develop integrated job roles, and
strengthen Training-of-Trainers (ToT) programmes to equip caregivers with
the skills required to support Persons with Disabilities and Senior Citizens.
To strengthen the caregiver training ecosystem, the following measures are
recommended:
a. All courses offered by these institutes may be standardised, accredited,
and certified by the National Caregiver Council (NCC).
b.
The institutional capacities may be re-envisioned to enhance the quality of
training and expand student enrolment, keeping pace with both national
and global demand for caregivers.
c.
National Centre for Ageing and Regional Geriatric Centres under National
Programme for Health Care of the Elderly (NPHCE), may be leveraged for
wider outreach and more effective delivery of caregiver training programmes.
Pillar VI: Social Security and Financial Protection of Caregivers
Actions
i. Promote Financial Incentives and Entrepreneurship for Caregivers:
Entrepreneurship in Caregiving can be incentivised to make it scalable and
profitable. MSMEs in the caregiving space may be encouraged to register and
access government financial products, such as Mudra Funds. These funding
sources can help caregiving businesses scale operations, expand service
delivery, and improve infrastructure. Developing niche caregiving services for
specific groups, such as dementia care, or end-of-life support and palliative
care, following their registration under the Startup India initiative can unlock
substantial growth potential in the caregiving sector.
ii. Role of the Ministry of Labour and Employment: The Ministry of Labour and
Employment is responsible for the safety, health, and social security of labour,
and promotes workers’ education. To enhance social security and the safety
of caregivers, the Ministry may expand its existing schemes/programmes to
include caregivers.
iii. Expand the Unorganised Workers Act, 2008, to include Caregivers: While
creating a formal workforce along with existing informal caregiving support,
ensuring fair wages, social security, and access to benefits for caregivers are
crucial. Therefore, to formally recognise caregivers as part of the unorganised
workforce, the Unorganised Workers Social Security Act 2008 needs to be
expanded. This will provide legal protections, financial stability, and improved
working conditions for caregivers, who play a vital role in the care sector but
often face inadequate support.

Strategies and Recommendations
73
iv. Provision of Social Security for Caregivers: To dignify and secure the welfare
of the caregivers, it is essential to ensure their social security through the
establishment of provisions for sick leave, access to healthcare facilities,
insurance, etc.
v.
Requirement for Professional Recognition: There is a need to integrate caregivers
as essential contributors to health and social care in a formal framework. This
can be achieved by clearly defining their role in national policies and legal
frameworks. Moreover, there is also a need to formally recognise caregiving
as an allied profession with defined roles, fair wages, job security, and growth
opportunities.
vi.
Occupational Disease and Work Accident Insurance: Facility for insurance for
accidents while providing care or exposure to any disease may be provided
to the caregivers.
Pillar VII: Strengthening Family and Community-Based
Caregiving
Actions
i. Reducing the Disproportionate Care Burden on Women: According to the
Time Use Survey (2019), women spend an average of 299 minutes per day
on unpaid domestic services, compared to 97 minutes for men, reflecting the
disproportionate burden of unpaid care work borne by women. To reduce
this imbalance and enhance women’s economic participation, measures may
include expanding access to affordable, high-quality caregiving services and
respite care programmes, strengthening community- and home-based care, and
promoting shared caregiving responsibilities through awareness campaigns.
ii.
Strengthening Home-Based Care Services: At present, home-based care services
in India remain fragmented and are available only in limited geographies,
despite evidence from the RESPECT Programme (Elderly Care) and community-
based palliative care initiatives demonstrating that a majority of older persons
and individuals with chronic illnesses prefer to receive care in their homes.
A structured home-based care ecosystem may therefore be developed by
integrating trained caregivers with Ayushman Arogya Mandirs, District Hospitals,
and community health programmes to ensure continuity of care. Caregivers
may support treatment adherence, symptom monitoring, rehabilitation, and
timely referrals, thereby improving access to quality care for older persons,
Persons with Disabilities, and individuals with chronic illnesses.
iii. Strengthening Support Systems for Caregivers: Prioritising well-being for
both formal and informal caregivers is critical to ensure effective caregiving.
Caregivers should have access to counselling, mental health support, respite
care, and other services. Particular emphasis should also be placed on palliative
and end-of-life care support, equipping caregivers with the knowledge, skills,
and psychosocial assistance required to care for individuals with terminal

Reimagining Care: Strategies For Empowering Caregivers In Viksit Bharat@2047 74
illnesses and complex chronic conditions while managing caregiver stress and
bereavement. A specialised programme may be developed to cater to this
essential requirement. Programmes such as the U.S. Family Caregiver Support
initiative and Road to Recovery (R2R) sessions run by the National Institute
of Mental Health and Neuro-Sciences (NIMHANS), India, provide valuable
models that can be scaled up nationally.
iv. Reaching Underserved Regions through Community-Based Caregivers and
Family Caregivers: Since the formal workforce is still an emerging area, family-
based care remains a source of caregiving in the underserved areas. Therefore,
the family and community-based care may be strengthened to provide care.
This may be done by integrating community caregivers with the e-Ayushman
Arogya Mandir (AAM).
v. Strengthening Self-Help Groups as Community Care Providers: To expand
caregiving to every corner of the country, it is essential to strengthen the
local self-help groups/ NGOs and develop a network of community care by
providing training and certification to these community care providers to
serve as caregivers within their local networks.
vi. Utilising Government Healthcare Facilities for Caregiver Training: There is
a scope for utilising the Government hospitals and Public Healthcare Centres
as training centres for caregivers with a focus on learning through practical
exposure with patients/ care seekers. These centres can provide structured
programmes that combine clinical experience with certification, enhancing
caregivers’ competence in elderly and disability care. Such initiatives promote
professional caregiving standards and improve service availability across
communities.
vii. Community-based training programmes: Training may be given to informal
and family caregivers with essential skills in caregiving, first aid, basic nursing,
and communication, enabling them to provide better care.
viii. Leveraging CSR: Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) may be leveraged to
strengthen caregiving services at the local level, through training, capacity-
building, and financial assistance to caregiving agencies, CSOs, NGOs, SHGs,
and other community-based institutions. This may be done by inclusion of
care services and training in the sector for CSR initiatives and funding. Since
these interventions are broadly aligned with the permissible activities under
Section 135 and Schedule VII of the Companies Act, 2013, particularly those
relating to healthcare, vocational skill development, and support for vulnerable
populations, suitable guidelines or advisories may be issued to encourage
companies to prioritise caregiver training and community-based care initiatives
within their CSR portfolios. In addition to the above, organisations rendering
care services may consider registering and listing on the social stock exchange
as a source of financing.

Strategies and Recommendations
75
Pillar VIII: Strengthening Emotional and Social Support Systems
for Family Caregivers
Actions
i. Leave for Providing Care Services: In India, mostly caregiving continues to
be undertaken by family members. Managing job and family responsibilities
often leads to job loss and burnout among care providers. To enable family
members to provide effective care and fulfil their official responsibilities, it is
recommended that a provision for care leave be introduced. This will empower
employees to provide necessary support to dependent parents or persons
with chronic illnesses.
ii.
Workplace Sensitisation and Employer Engagement: To spread awareness and
learning within the workplace, sensitisation modules may be introduced in the
employee welfare frameworks. Further, peer support and effective alternatives
to traditional work arrangements may be encouraged.
iii.
Respite and Temporary Care Services: To help caregivers deal with the burnout
arising from caregiving and allow them to fulfil their other responsibilities,
the concept of short-term or respite care services may be explored. These
services may be integrated within community caregivers, local networks, health
centres, etc.
iv.
Community and Public Recognition: For the promotion of providing caregiving
services and to reinforce the individuals/organisations providing caregiving
support, periodic awards or appreciation events at the district and state levels
may be organised to acknowledge the contribution of caregivers.
v. Counselling for Family Caregivers: Prolonged caregiving often leads to
emotional distress, physical exhaustion, social isolation, and financial hardship.
Experiences from both elderly care and palliative care programmes have shown
that empowering family caregivers through training, counselling, peer support,
and respite services improves patient outcomes and reduces caregiver burnout.
Policy initiatives may therefore focus not only on training professional caregivers
but also on strengthening the capacities of family caregivers through accessible
community-based support systems.

Reimagining Care: Strategies For Empowering Caregivers In Viksit Bharat@2047 76
Pillar IX: Leveraging Technology and Digital Governance
Actions
i. Digital Portal for Accessing Care Services: A digital portal needs to be developed
containing an exhaustive and region-wise directory of certified caregivers, for
availing their care services. The portal may also maintain a list of blacklisted
caregivers to ensure accountability and quality of services. Further, the caregiving
ecosystem may incorporate standardised background verification of caregivers
before placement, mandatory reporting and grievance redressal mechanisms
for cases of abuse, neglect, or exploitation, and appropriate safeguards to
protect vulnerable older persons and Persons with Disabilities. At the same time,
suitable protection mechanisms may be established to safeguard caregivers
from exploitation, harassment, violence, and unsafe working conditions in
households, thereby fostering trust, accountability, and safety for both care
recipients and caregivers.
ii.
Leveraging Technology: The adoption of technology-enabled learning platforms
may be promoted to broaden the coverage and quality of training for formal
and informal caregivers. These platforms should offer modular, multilingual, and
accessible content, supported by interactive and self-paced learning features,
to facilitate safe, inclusive, and scalable capacity building. For this, inspiration
may be drawn from global case studies for the delivery of safe and accessible
learning, and the adoption of digital tools and assistive technologies to improve
the quality of care may be encouraged.

Reimagining Care: Strategies For Empowering Caregivers In Viksit Bharat@2047 78
Way Forward
The development of a comprehensive caregiving ecosystem presents an
opportunity to reimagine care as a cornerstone of India’s social and economic
development. As demographic transitions, changing family structures and rising
care needs continue to reshape society, investing in a professional, inclusive and
sustainable caregiving ecosystem has the potential to improve the quality of life
of older persons, Persons with Disabilities and other care dependent populations,
while generating dignified employment, strengthening women’s economic
participation and positioning India as a trusted provider of quality caregiving
services for both domestic and global needs.
Realising this vision requires a whole-of-government and whole-of-society
approach, recognising that caregiving extends across health, social justice,
disability inclusion, skill development, labour, education, technology and
international cooperation. The proposed ecosystem envisages strong institutional
convergence among Central Ministries, State Governments, regulatory bodies,
training institutions, healthcare systems, academia, Civil Society Organisations,
the private sector and community-based institutions, with clearly defined roles,
shared accountability and coordinated implementation.
At the centre of this governance architecture, the National Caregiver Council
(NCC) is envisaged as the apex institution responsible for providing strategic
direction, regulatory oversight and institutional coordination for the caregiving
sector. The Council may serve as the anchor for strengthening and integrating
the existing formal and informal caregiving ecosystem, while promoting a
professional, standardised and inclusive care framework across the country. It
may facilitate the development of national standards for caregiver education,
training, accreditation, certification and professional recognition; strengthen
existing training institutions and caregiving services; coordinate workforce
planning and quality assurance; maintain the National Caregiver Registry and
Digital Portal; promote research, innovation and knowledge sharing; foster
international collaboration; and establish effective grievance redressal and
monitoring mechanisms. By providing a unified institutional framework, the NCC
has the potential to promote coherence, consistency and convergence across
the caregiving ecosystem.
As the nodal Ministry, the Department of Social Justice and Empowerment (DoSJE)
may provide strategic leadership by anchoring the National Policy on Caregiving,
facilitating inter-ministerial and Centre-State convergence, and coordinating the
implementation of key initiatives across sectors. Complementing this effort, the
Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Department of Empowerment of Persons
with Disabilities, Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship, Ministry of
Labour and Employment, Ministry of External Affairs, MeitY, State Governments,
NCVET, NSDC, Quality Council of India, NCERT, UGC, AICTE, RCI, NISD, healthcare
institutions, CSR partners, Civil Society Organisations and community based
institutions each have distinct yet complementary roles in policy development,
skilling, service delivery, social protection, digital transformation, international

Way Forward
79
cooperation and community outreach. The success of the proposed ecosystem,
therefore, rests on sustained collaboration, policy convergence and coordinated
implementation across these institutions.
The caregiving ecosystem envisioned in this report extends beyond creating a
new cadre of workers or expanding care services. It represents a shift towards
recognising caregiving as a critical component of India’s human development
architecture, one that values care as a public good, recognises caregivers as skilled
professionals, supports families and communities, and enables equitable access
to quality care across the life course. Through sustained institutional commitment,
coordinated action, and collective ownership, India has the opportunity to build
a resilient, inclusive, and sustainable caregiving ecosystem that addresses the
country’s growing care needs while contributing to social inclusion, economic
growth, and global leadership in caregiving.

Reimagining Care: Strategies For Empowering Caregivers In Viksit Bharat@2047 80
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Annexure-I
83
Annexure-I
Caregiving Courses and Training Programmes
S.N.OrganisationTitle of the CourseEligibility
Duration /
Hours
Seat
Intake
Topics Included
Courses Run by Central and State Government Institutes
1
Rehabilitation
Council of India
(DEPwD)
Certificate Course in
Caregiving
10th or equivalent
pass
1 Year
hrs
30• Employability Skill and
Soft Skill
• Mental Health for
Persons with Disabilities,
Parkinson’s disease,
Chronic illness patients
and the Geriatric
Population
• Autism, Cerebral Palsy,
Intellectual disabilities,
and Multiple Disabilities,
including deaf blindness
2
Directorate
General of
Training
Geriatric (Old Age) Care-
one-year-long term Training
10th Standard1350 hours-• Elementary Geriatric
care, computer
knowledge,
• Communication skills
for Geriatric, database
management, food and
dietary first-aid,
• Firefighting, environment
regulation and
housekeeping

Reimagining Care: Strategies For Empowering Caregivers In Viksit Bharat@2047 84
S.N.OrganisationTitle of the CourseEligibility
Duration /
Hours
Seat
Intake
Topics Included
3
National Institute
of Social Defence
(DoSJE )
PG Diploma in Integrated
Geriatric Care
10th Standard1 Year25-30• Gerontology
• Public Policy and
Planning
• Clinical Geriatrics
• Geriatric Management
• Psychology and
Counselling
• Research Methodology
4
PM Special Training of
Geriatric Caregivers
Less than 45 years
and qualified as per
the Job
Course-wise
training hours
25-30---------------
5
Geriatric Care Providers12th Pass and 18+3-4 months/480
hours
25-30• Assistance to elderly
persons, mostly in
palliative care
6
1 Month Advanced Caregivers
Course on Dementia Care
Geriatric Care
Certified Candidates
1 Month 25• Socio-Demographic
Dynamics
• Public Policy and
Planning
• Fundamentals of Ageing
Care
• Geriatric Counselling
• Geriatric Management
1 Month Advanced Caregivers
Course on Palliative and
Hospice Care
7

Annexure-I
85
S.N.OrganisationTitle of the CourseEligibility
Duration /
Hours
Seat
Intake
Topics Included
8
NISDOnline Basic Course on
Geriatric / Elderly Care,
through TAPAS
General Public----• Importance of Health
& Hygiene for Senior
Citizens
• Measuring vital signs &
checking blood sugar
• Mental Health Illnesses
among the Elderly: Role
of Communication
• Age-friendly
environment: Fall & its
prevention
• Exercises and handling
assistive devices for
senior citizens
• Elder Abuse:
Manifestation &
Prevention
• Legal Provisions for
Senior Citizens
• Geriatric Palliative Care

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S.N.OrganisationTitle of the CourseEligibility
Duration /
Hours
Seat
Intake
Topics Included
9
Online Basic Course on Care
& Management of
Dementia through TAPAS
General Public ----• Dementia: An
Introduction
• Causes, Stages and
Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s
Dementia
• Behavioural Problems
among people with
dementia and ways of
communicating with
them
• Ensuring Safety in
Dementia Care
• Ensuring Hygiene in
Dementia Care
• Management of
Dementia during Natural
Disasters
• Managing Dementia
Caregiver Stress

Annexure-I
87
S.N.OrganisationTitle of the CourseEligibility
Duration /
Hours
Seat
Intake
Topics Included
10
Home
Management and
Care Givers Sector
Skill Council
(MSDE)
Elderly Caretaker
(NonClinical)
8thgrade pass;
age 18+
360 Hours25• Geriatric communication
& counselling;
• mobility assistance &
fallprevention; meal
planning & hygiene
support recordkeeping;
11
Care Homes Supervisor10thgrade pass;
age 18+; 1 yr
caregiving experience
750 Hours20• Leadership & team
management;
• regulatory compliance;
• quality assurance
processes;
• advanced elderly &
disability care principles
12
Care Homes Manager UG Diploma or
Equivalent / 12th
Grade Pass with 3
years of experience
540 Hours 30--

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S.N.OrganisationTitle of the CourseEligibility
Duration /
Hours
Seat
Intake
Topics Included
13
National Institute
of Public Health
Training &
Research,
MoHFW
Home Health aid 10+2 with Science
Age Limit: 18-30 years
1 Month
414 hours (150
hours for theory
and 264 hours
of practical and
clinical training)
------• Introduction to the home
health aid programme.
• Assist the nurse in
bathing the patient.
• Assist the nurse in
grooming the patient.
• Assist the patient in
dressing up.
• Support individuals to
eat and drink
• Assist the patient in
maintaining normal
elimination.
• Prevent and control
infection
• Communicate with
geriatric /paralytic/
immobile patient and
their caregivers.
• Enable geriatric/
paralytic/immobile
patients to cope with
changes to their health
and well-being
• Implement interventions

Annexure-I
89
S.N.OrganisationTitle of the CourseEligibility
Duration /
Hours
Seat
Intake
Topics Included
14
Indira Gandhi
National Open
University
Certificate in Geriatric Care
Assistance
12th pass with
Sciences
6 MonthsNA• Foundation for Geriatric
Care Assistance
• Special Needs of
Geriatric Care
• Special Needs of
Geriatric Care
15
Certificate in Home-Based
Health Care
10th Pass6 MonthsNA• Basics of Home-Based
Care
• Skills related to Home-
Based Care
16
Certificate in Home Health
Assistance
10+2 Pass6 MonthsNA• Basic Home Health
Assistance
• Applied Home Health
Assistance
• Skills for Home Health
Assistance
17
Government of
Odisha
Geriatric Caregiver Training
(RFP in process. Guidelines
issued)
18-38
10th pass
3 MonthsNA• Geriatric/ Elderly Care –
Introduction
• Body system, functions,
and related problems
• Infection and control
• Caring procedures
• Mental health issues/
concerns in the elderly
• Caring procedures

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S.N.OrganisationTitle of the CourseEligibility
Duration /
Hours
Seat
Intake
Topics Included
18
Govt of Kerala,
in collaboration
with Focus Active
Learning
Care Certificate – Knowledge
Programme
12th PassOnline
30 hours
NA• Effective Communication
• Person-Centered Care
• Safeguarding
• Health and Safety
Awareness
• Infection Prevention and
Control
19
Beauty &
Wellness Sector
Skill Council
Wellness Therapist for
Elderly
12th Pass570 hoursNA-
20
Healthcare Sector
Skill Council
Geriatric Caregiver
(Institutional & Home Care)
12th Pass660 hours

NA-
21
Geriatric Care Assistant
(Hospital/ Hospice Care)
12th Pass with 1.5
years of experience
600 hoursNA-
22
Home Health aid Trainee10th Pass420 hoursNA-
23
Vriddha Swasthya Sahyaka
(care based on Ayurveda
and Yoga principles)
12th Pass60 hoursNA-
24
Yoga Therapy Assistant
(Electives on Diabetes and
Palliative care)
12th Pass870 hoursNA-
Courses Run by Private Organisations

Annexure-I
91
S.N.OrganisationTitle of the CourseEligibility
Duration /
Hours
Seat
Intake
Topics Included
25
Indian Association
of Palliative Care
(IAPC)
• Foundation Course in the
Essentials of Palliative
Care (FCEPC)
• Certificate Course in
Basics of Palliative Care
(Blended Learning)
• Foundation Course
in Palliative Care for
Volunteers (FCPCV)
• Foundation Course in
Physiotherapy–Palliative
Care Interface
• Foundation Course in
Palliative Care Pharmacy
• Foundation Course in
Psychosocial Issues in
Palliative Care
• Doctors (MBBS/
BDS)
• Nurses (GNM/B.
Sc./M.Sc.)
• Physiotherapists
• Pharmacists
• Psychologists/
Social Worker
• Community
Volunteers
• (course-specific)
Certificate
Course: 600
hours over 6
months; 12-day
clinical posting.
Volunteer
Course: 32
hours (16-hour
online + 16-hour
observership).
Not
publicly
specified
• Principles of palliative
care
• Pain and symptom
• management
• Communication skills
• Psychosocial care
• End-of-life care
• Ethical and legal issues
• Team-based care
• Clinical skills

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S.N.OrganisationTitle of the CourseEligibility
Duration /
Hours
Seat
Intake
Topics Included
26
Institute of
Palliative
Medicine (WHO
Collaborating
Centre for
Community
Participation in
Palliative Care and
Long-Term Care)
• Fellowship in Palliative
Care
• National Fellowship
in Palliative Medicine
(NFPM)
• National Fellowship in
Palliative Nursing (NFPN)
• Basic Certificate Course
in Palliative Medicine
(BCCPM)
• Volunteer/Carer Training
Programme (WHO
Workbook)
• Foundations of Palliative
Care
• Healthcare
professionals
• Programme
managers
• NGOs
• Social workers
• Community
volunteers
• Paid carers
• Family caregivers
(course-specific)
Fellowship: 6
months.
NFPM: 1 year.
NFPN: 1 year.
BCCPM: 6
weeks.
Volunteer/Carer
Programme: 20
hours.
NFPM: 25/
year
NFPN: 25/
year
Others:
Not
publicly
specified
• Principles of palliative
care
• Pain and symptom
management
• Communication and
counselling
• Community- and home-
based care
• Caregiver support
• End-of-life care
• Psychosocial and
spiritual care
• Ethics
• Rehabilitation
• Team-based care
27
Shiksha Online
(Online)
Diploma in CaregivingAnyone 6 Hours• Fundamentals Skills in
Caregiving
• Infections, Nutrition, &
Food Safety
• Emergencies, falls & fire
safety
• Understanding dementia

Annexure-I
93
S.N.OrganisationTitle of the CourseEligibility
Duration /
Hours
Seat
Intake
Topics Included
28
Nightingales
Medical Trust,
RRTC
Caregiving Course
Diploma in Caregiving, Home
Health aid and Nurse aid
12.5 hours
12.5 hours on-
demand video
3 articles
Access on
mobile and TV
Certificate of
completion
• How to measure vitals
• Emerging shortage
of aid professionals in
developed countries
• Understanding
medication
• Elderly care
• Disability management
• Working with the
paediatric population
29
Indian Institute of
Skill Development
Training
Certificate in Elderly
Caretaker (Non-Clinical)
Not Specified1 Month • Non-Medical Assistance
• Personal hygiene
• Mobility assistance
• Household management

Reimagining Care: Strategies For Empowering Caregivers In Viksit Bharat@2047 94
S.N.OrganisationTitle of the CourseEligibility
Duration /
Hours
Seat
Intake
Topics Included
30
Guardian Angel
Institute of
Caregiving
Caregiver Training
Programme (CTP)
10th Standard Pass15 Day Class
+ 3 months
internship
---------• Introduction to
caregiving
• Understanding the needs
of patients, elderly
people, and individuals
with disabilities
• Communication skills for
caregivers.
• Patient safety and
mobility.
• Assisting with activities
of daily living.
• Vital signs monitoring.
• Care for patients with
dementia
• Medication management.
• Nutrition and hydration.
• Infection control.
• End-of-life care.
31
Family Caregiver Training
(Need-based)
10th Standard Pass3 hours each for
specific skills
training
----------• Same as above

Annexure-I
95
S.N.OrganisationTitle of the CourseEligibility
Duration /
Hours
Seat
Intake
Topics Included
32
Caregiver SaathiProgrammes for CaregiversCaregivers ----• Caregiver Prepares-
Training for Professional
Caregivers
• Practice of
Compassionate
Caregiving
• Caregiving Resources-
Preventive burnout
33
Programmes for Family
Caregivers
Family Caregivers----• Emotional First Aid
• Respite Care Programme
• Practices of
Compassionate
Caregiving
• Caregiver Coach
Programme

Reimagining Care: Strategies For Empowering Caregivers In Viksit Bharat@2047 96
Annexure-II
Detailed Case studies of Global Best Practices in Expansion of Formal Caregiving
Support
1. China
i. Workforce Status and Gap: As of 2024, China has approximately 500,000
trained caregivers, while estimates suggest that to meet the care demands
of its rapidly ageing population, over 6 million caregivers would be required
(State Council of China, 2023).
37
This shortage of over 5.5 million caregivers
highlights the urgent need for a skilled workforce capable of supporting both
home- and institution-based eldercare.
ii.
National Guideline on Professional Competence (2025): These guidelines were
issued by the Ministry of Civil Affairs and the Ministry of Human Resources
and Social Security, China
38
establish an eight-level certification framework,
ranging from apprentice to chief skilled master, and mandates annual skill
assessments for formal caregivers. This initiative aims to ensure that quality
service delivery of care reaches coverage up to 80 percent among elder care
workers by 2030.
iii.
Removal of Formal Education Requirement (2019): To ease access to caregiving
training, China has removed the mandatory formal education requirement for
caregiver certification in the year 2019. This initiative empowers individuals with
basic literacy skills to receive training in the caregiving profession. This reform
was introduced to expand workforce participation, especially among rural
populations and middle-aged individuals who may not have formal academic
qualifications but are willing to work in eldercare.
iv.
Recognition of Long-Term Care as a Profession, 2022: In 2022, the occupation
“Long-Term Care Worker” was officially added to China’s National Occupation
Catalogue by the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security and the
National Healthcare Security Administration. This formal recognition elevated
the status of caregivers and aligned their work with regulated skill standards
and employment protections.
v.
Elder Care Robot Standards (2025) IEC 63310: In March 2025, the International
Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), with China’s active participation
39
, released
IEC 63310, titled “Functional Performance Criteria and Guidelines for Robots
Intended for Use in the Active Assisted Living Connected Home Environment.”
37 State Council of China. (2023). China’s Elder Care Workforce Development Plan.
38 Ministry of Civil Affairs, & Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security. (2025, April 15). National guideline for elderly care
established. State Council of the People’s Republic of China. https://english.www.gov.cn/policies/policywatch/202504/15/
content_WS67fdc04ec6d0868f4e8f1b40.html
39 International Electrotechnical Commission. (2025, January 17). IEC 63310: Functional performance criteria for AAL robots
used in connected home environment. https://webstore.iec.ch/en/publication/66358

Annexure-II
97
This global standard defines the performance, safety, usability, and ethical
guidelines for eldercare robots that assist with hygiene, feeding, mobility,
communication, and emotional well-being.
2. Japan
i. Workforce Status and Gap: As of 2024, Japan has approximately 2 million
certified caregivers and 500,000 home caregivers, with a reported shortfall
of about 300,000 care workers, which reflects a need for rise in creating large
pool of caregivers and advance informal care services.
40
Given the current
unmet demand for health workers, Japan has signed several agreements with
Southeast Asian countries to recruit foreign-born nursing professionals.
ii.
Caregiver Visa Scheme – Specified Skilled Worker (SSW) Visa (2019 onwards):
Japan launched the Specified Skilled Worker (SSW) visa programme in 2019,
to address workforce shortages in sectors like long-term care. Under this
scheme, foreign nationals with caregiving experience or training, along with
a basic level of Japanese language proficiency, are eligible to work in Japan’s
eldercare facilities. The visa provided under the programme is valid for five
years. The applicants have to pass two assessments: one for caregiving skills
and another for Japanese language proficiency (equivalent to N4 level of the
Japanese Language Proficiency Test). After the selection process, workers
provide assistance with daily living to elderly persons. The programme is
managed by Japan’s Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare in coordination
with partner countries through bilateral agreements.
41
iii. Long-Term Care Insurance (LTCI) System (2000): In the year 2000, the
Government of Japan launched the LTCI system. This system aims to provide
access to care and to integrate informal care through allowances, respite services,
and volunteer participation. Under this system, the role of informal and family
caregivers is recognised. It also promotes regional inclusive service models.
42
iv. Caregiver Training Programmes (Updated 2024): Since 2024, Japan has
offered caregiver training through three programmes, under which the Certified
Care Workers complete a 2–to 3-year vocational course, the Home Helpers
undergo tiered training (500 hours basic + 230 hours advanced), while the
care Managers require prior certification and specialised training for enrolling
in these courses.
43
40 Japan Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. (2024). National Care Worker Demand and Supply Report
41 Government of Japan. (2019). Specified Skilled Worker Visa Guidelines.
42 International Journal of Integrated Care. (2014, January 19). Implementation process and challenges for the community-based
integrated care system in Japan. https://ijic.org/articles/10.5334/ijic.988
43 Japan Association of Certified Care Workers. (2024). Care worker training curriculum overview. https://www.jaccw.or.jp/en.

Reimagining Care: Strategies For Empowering Caregivers In Viksit Bharat@2047 98
3. Australia
i. Workforce Status and Gap: Australia has approximately 2.7 million caregivers
who remain unpaid. This represents for 11 percent of its population.
44
These unpaid
workers are mostly family members or friends who provide essential support
to persons with disabilities, those with chronic illnesses, or elderly persons.
ii. Legislation – Carer Recognition Act (2010) and Aged Care Act (1997)
45
:
These two key legislations formally acknowledge the vital role of caregivers in
Australia. The Aged Care Act 1997 served as the principal legislation governing
the planning, funding, regulation, and delivery of government-funded aged care
services in Australia. It established the legal framework for the approval and
regulation of aged care providers, quality standards, funding arrangements,
and the rights and responsibilities of care recipients. Complementing this, the
Carer Recognition Act 2010 formally acknowledges the valuable contribution
of carers. It requires Australian Government agencies and associated providers
to consider carers’ needs in the planning, design, and delivery of services.
While the Act does not provide direct financial benefits, it promotes greater
recognition of carers, their inclusion in decision-making, and improved access
to support services.
iii. New Aged Care Act (Commencing 2025): From 1 November 2025, Australia
has introduced a new Aged Care Act. This new legislation introduces major
reforms to Australia’s aged care system. It promotes a person-centred approach
with a single, streamlined entry point for services, culturally safe assessment
processes, and a rights-based framework to uphold the dignity and choices
of older people receiving care.
iv.
Training & Certification Programmes: Australia has various national programmes
to support both new entrants and existing workers in the aged care sector.
These programmes include the following.
46
a. Home Care Workforce Support Programme: providing subsidised training
and supported work placement opportunities for home caregivers.
b.
Online training: Open-source free modules titled ‘Equip Aged Care Learning
Packages’ and developed by University of Tasmania where anyone interested
in developing and improving their care expertise.
c.
Dementia care training: Training provided by Dementia Training Australia;
an organisation supported by the Australian Government to help people
caring for patient with acute dementia.
44 Carers Australia. (2024). Caring for others and yourself: Carer Wellbeing Survey 2024 report. WellRes Unit, Health Research
Institute, University of Canberra; Carers Australia. https://www.carersaustralia.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Final-
CWS-2024-Report-compressed.pdf
45 Australian Government. (2010). Carer Recognition Act 2010. https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2010A00123
46 Dementia Training Australia, University of Tasmania, Equip Aged Care Packages, ELDAC, & PEPA. (2024). Equip Aged Care
Packages. https://equiplearning.utas.edu.au/

Annexure-II
99
d. Palliative care training: End of Life Directions for Aged Care (ELDAC)
and Programme of Experience in the Palliative Approach (PEPA) have
been created for enhancing training of caregivers.
4. United States of America
i. Workforce Status and Gap: The USA has approximately 43.5 million caregivers,
accounting for 13% of its population. The professional caregiving sector is
experiencing annual turnover rates of over 70%, leading to frequent disruptions
in care. The demand for caregivers is estimated to increase by 33% by 2030.
Additionally, family caregivers, numbering over 53 million as of 2020, shoulder
the majority of care, often without adequate financial or institutional support.
47
ii. Federal Policy Framework: The U.S. caregiving ecosystem is supported by a mix
of federal laws, Medicaid waivers, and grant programmes. Key legislation includes:
a. Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA, 1993): This Act contains provisions
for 12 weeks of unpaid, job-protected leave to eligible employees who
provide caregiving assistance for family members.
b.
Lifespan Respite Care Act (2006): The Act provides coordinated systems
of accessible, community-based respite care services for family caregivers.
c. RAISE Family Caregivers Act (2018): The Act mandates the development
of a national caregiving strategy and the creation of federal programmes
to strengthen the caregiving ecosystem.
d. Older Americans Act – National Family Caregiver Support Programme
(2000): The National Family Caregiver Support Programme (NFCSP) was
established under the Older Americans Act in 2000 to support family
and informal caregivers of older persons. The programme provides grants
to states and territories to deliver caregiver support services, including
information and assistance, counselling, caregiver training, respite care,
and supplemental services. By strengthening caregivers’ capacity and
well-being, the programme enables older persons to continue living
independently in their homes and communities. The Act facilitates and
acknowledges the provision of grants to States for providing services
such as training, respite care, and counselling through Area Agencies on
Ageing (AAAs) programmes.
47 AARP, & National Alliance for Caregiving. (2020). Caregiving in the U.S. 2020. AARP. Retrieved July 15, 2026, from https://
www.aarp.org/content/dam/aarp/ppi/2020/05/full-report-caregiving-in-the-united-states.doi.10.26419-2Fppi.00103.001.pdf

Reimagining Care: Strategies For Empowering Caregivers In Viksit Bharat@2047 100
iii. Training & Certification Programmes: The training programmes conducted
through State and Federal Support are as follows:
a.
Certified Dementia Practitioner (CDP) (2003): Administered by the National
Council of Certified Dementia Practitioners (NCCDP), this programme trains
caregivers to provide care to patients with dementia. For the training and
certification in this programme, the candidates are required to attend a
seminar and complete 10 hours of continuing education every two years.
b. Caregivers FIRST Programme (2018): Delivered by the U.S. Department
of Veterans Affairs (VA). Under this programme, military caregivers are
trained in emotional support, health navigation, and caregiving strategies.
c. Open Access Training Resources (Ongoing): Organizations like AARP, the
Family Caregiver Alliance, and the Bureau of Health Workforce (under HRSA)
provide free, accessible materials covering caregiving basics, dementia
care, and ethical caregiving practices. These resources support family
caregivers and direct care workers across different care environments.
d.
State-Based Competency Certification (Ongoing): Caregivers are required
to pass state-level competency exams, undergo background checks, and
obtain Basic Life Support and First Aid certifications, with health and
immunisation clearance. These requirements vary by state and care setting.
5. Germany
i. Workforce Status and Gap: As of 2024, Germany has a shortfall of over
150,000 professional caregivers, which is projected to rise sharply by 2030
due to rapid population ageing. Around 80% of elderly people in Germany
receive care from a family member.
48

ii. Policy and Legislative Framework: Germany aims to ensure its caregiving
through long-term caregiving policies.
a. Care Realignment Law (2013): The Act aims to ensure implementation
of improved quality of care and availability of flexible services for
dementia patients.
b.
Family Care Act (Familienpflegezeitgesetz), 2012: Allows family caregivers
to take short-term leave up to 10 days of emergency care leave (with
partial wage compensation).
c. Care Support Acts I, II, and III (2015–2017): These laws expanded care
services, improved support for home care, and introduced a broader
definition of care needs, including mental and psychological health.
d. Home Care Leave Act (Pflegezeitgesetz) 2012: Offers long-term leave
(up to 24 months) for family caregivers with partial salary support and
48 German Federal Statistical Office. (2019, August 14). Long-term care. Retrieved July 13, 2026, from https://www.destatis.de/
EN/Themes/Society-Environment/Health/Long-Term-Care/node.html

Annexure-II
101
job protection. These laws ensure job protection and partial income
replacement.
iii.
Provision for Insurance: Germany has operated a “mandatory Long-Term Care
Insurance (LTCI) system” since 1995. Everyone contributes through payroll
deductions. People in need of care can receive either:
a. In-kind services through professional care providers, or
b. Cash benefits to support care by family members.
iv.
Training and Certification Programmes: Germany has an extensive programme
for the skilling of formal caregivers, titled ‘Elderly Care Ausbildung’. This
programme, launched in 2003, is a nationally recognised 3-year vocational
training programme for formal eldercare professionals. Learners must clear
written, oral, and practical exams to receive a nationally valid certificate that
allows them to work independently as professional caregivers. The course
has the following two components:
a. Theory Classes: Topics include basic and advanced nursing, hygiene,
nutrition, communication, psychology, safety, and elderly care laws.
b.
Practical Training: Minimum of 2,500 hours in care homes, hospitals, and
home care settings.
v. Support for Informal Caregivers: Germany provides strong and structured
support to family members and friends who act as informal caregivers. Informal
caregivers are supported through Pension contributions, Respite care, and Legal
leave options to take care of relatives. The details of the same are given below:
a. Cash Allowance: Informal caregivers can receive monthly cash payments
through the ‘Long-Term Care Insurance System’, depending on the care
level (ranging from approximately €300 to €900). This helps cover daily
care expenses or compensate for lost income.
b.
Pension Contributions: The government pays into the caregiver’s pension
if they provide care for at least 10 hours per week over two days or more.
c.
Social Security Coverage: Under this programme, in addition to ensuring
social security benefits to the formal caregivers, social security is extended
to Informal carers under accident and unemployment insurance, which
provides them with basic security in case of injury or job loss during the
period of providing care.
d. Respite Care Services: Provision of respite care, i.e., alternate break
through availing another care provider, is introduced to prevent the family
caregivers from dealing with stress and fatigue due to a prolonged period
of caregiving.
e.
Free Training and Counselling: Free of cost training is provided to family
members providing care, who can take the training, which improves their

Reimagining Care: Strategies For Empowering Caregivers In Viksit Bharat@2047 102
skill in caregiving, especially for long-term patient care. It also helps them
to navigate through their patients’ emotional needs.
f. Flexible Care Choices: The families of caregivers can choose between
fully formal care, informal care with cash benefits, or a combination of
both, based on their needs and preferences.
g.
Digital Learning Platforms: To provide caregiver training through flexible
and online means, Germany has introduced digital platforms or portals,
such as quatraCare Health Academy and platform3L. These platforms
provide personalised training, AI-assisted learning, and foster caregiving
skills across multiple languages. This allows candidates to take training
due to the ease of accessibility.

Annexure-III
103
Annexure-III
Summary of Training of Caregivers Conducted by NISD from 2018-25
S.No.Year
Implemented throughout the States/ UTs Pan India
District
No. of Training
Programmes
Conducted
Total
Caregivers
Enrolled
Total
Caregivers
Certified
Total Trained Caregivers
Placed in Employment (if
tracked)
12018-19
1. New Delhi
2. Gadarwara (MP)
3. Hyderabad (AP)
4. Gautam Buddha
Nagar (UP)
5. Bengaluru
(Karnataka)
6. Nasik
(Maharashtra)
7. Tuennsang
(Nagaland)
8. Ramathapuram
(TN)
9. Vilupuram (TN)
10. Cuddalore (TN)
11. Theni (TN),
Thanjavur (TN)
12. Kattumannarkoil
(TN) Thirunelvely
(TN)
13. Thenkasi (TN)
14. Nalgonda
(Telangana)
15. Thiruvallur (TN)
16. Ahmedabad
(Gujarat)
17. Patna (Bihar)
18. Chittoor (AP)
19. Lucknow (UP)
20. Khunti
(Jharkhand)\
21. Dindigul (TN)
22. Sitapur (UP)
Shahjahanpur(UP)
23. Trichi (TN)
24. Ariyalur (TN)
25. Paschim
Medinipur (WB)
26. Bokaro
(Jharkhand)
27. Kadappa
(Maharashtra),
28. Banjari (Bihar)
29. Faridabad
(Haryana)
12300286229
22019-2015375364291
32020-210000
42021-223757575
5
2022-23
18450446357
6
2023-24
25625625625
7
2024-25
99247524051924
Total
172430042013501

Reimagining Care: Strategies For Empowering Caregivers In Viksit Bharat@2047 104
Trained Candidates under Training of Geriatric Care Givers (PM-Special) in FY 2023-24
S.No.Geriatric Care Training
No. of
Candidates
Approved
No. of
Candidates
Trained
Total
Caregivers
Certified
Total Trained Caregivers
Placed in Employment (if
tracked)
1Wellness Therapist (Elderly)291952697426974Not yet Tracked
2Elderly Care Companion441044104410Not yet Tracked
3
Geriatric Caregiver (Institutional &
Home Care)
129012901290Not yet Tracked
4Elderly Caretaker (Non Clinical)455540104010Not yet Tracked
Total394503668436684

ISBN NUMBER: 978-81-687585-2-0

Reimagining Care Strategies for Empowering Caregivers in Viksit Bharat@2047