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COMPENDIUM ON
‘ALL WEATHER TAP WATER SUPPLY
IN THE HIGHER REACHES OF
THE HIMALAYAS’
August, 2025 Copyright @ NITI Aayog
National Institute for Transforming India (NITI) Aayog
NITI Bhawan, Sansad Marg
New Delhi – 110001
Recommended Citation:
NITI Aayog. (2025). Compendium on All Weather Tap water supply in the Higher Reaches of
the Himalayas. New Delhi. NITI Aayog.
Every effort has been made to ensure the correctness of data/information used in this
Compendium on All Weather Tap Water Supply in Higher Reaches of Himalayas. All content
UH³HFWVWKHLQGLYLGXDOYLHZVRIWKHDXWKRUV1,7,$D\RJGRHVQRWKROGDQLQVWLWXWLRQDOYLHZ
on any subject. NITI Aayog does not acc ept any legal liability f or the accuracy or inferences
drawn from the material contained therein or for any consequences arising from the use of this
material. NITI Aay og does not claim cop yright for an y images produc ed in the Compendium.
No part of this report may be reproduced in any form (electronic or mechanical) without
prior permission from or intimation to NITI Aayog. We are also thankful to the NITI
Communication Cell for designing this compendium.
August, 2025 This compendium is the result of a collaborative effort involving numerous individuals and
institutions dedicated to addressing the challenges of water access in the Himalayan region.
We are grateful to the various State Government departments, academic institutions, and
civil society organisations whose participation and insights greatly enriched the discussions
and helped shape the outcomes presented in this document. COMPENDIUM ON THE WORKSHOP ON ‘ALL WEATHER TAP WATER SUPPLY IN THE HIGHER REACHES OF THE HIMALAYAS’
1. Springshed Management for Water Security in the Himalayas .............................. 1
2. Integrating Traditional Knowledge with Modern Technology in Water
Management ....................................................................................................................... 6
3. Water Supply Dynamics and Challenges in the Himalayan States of India .......10
4. Integrated Approach for Water Pipeline Inspection ...............................................14
5. Application of AI, ML, and IoT in Himalayan Water Resources .............................. 21
6. Providing Safe Drinking Water at Doorstep ............................................................. 25
7.Water Security and Climate Adaption-II in Himachal Pradesh (WASCA-II) ......31
8. Springshed Management ..............................................................................................37
9.Drinking Water Supply Challenges and Solutions in Lahaul Valley ....................43
10. Ensuring Drinking Water Supply in Hilly Terrains of Assam .................................48
11. Water supply system in Ladakh ................................................................................... 55
12. All weather Tap water supply in Higher reaches of Himalayas ............................ 62
13. Watershed Development Component - Pradhan Mantri Krishi
Sinchayee Yojana 2.0 (WDC-PMKSY 2.0) .................................................................66
14. Integration, Innovation, and Community Involvement ..........................................69
Table of Contents
List of Figures..............................................................................................................................i
List of Abbreviations...............................................................................................................iii
Executive Summary.................................................................................................................vi COMPENDIUM ON THE WORKSHOP ON ‘ALL WEATHER TAP WATER SUPPLY IN THE HIGHER REACHES OF THE HIMALAYAS’
i
List of Figures
Figure No.DescriptionPage
4.1 Holistic Water Resource Management14
4.2 Smart Drone-Based Water Sampling16
6.1 Map of Bageshwar district, Uttarakhand27
7.1 Location Map of WASCA-II Interventions in H.P. 33 COMPENDIUM ON THE WORKSHOP ON ‘ALL WEATHER TAP WATER SUPPLY IN THE HIGHER REACHES OF THE HIMALAYAS’
ii
List of Abbreviations
Abbreviation Description
ADEAdvection-Dispersion Equation
AGVAutomated Guided Vehicles
AI$UWL²FLDO,QWHOOLJHQFH
ANMAuxiliary Nurse Midwife
CGWBCentral Ground Water Board
CHIRAG Central Himalayan Rural Action Group
CWRClean Water Reservoir
CWRMComposite Water Resource Management Plan
DoLRDepartment of Land Resources
DoWR, RD&GR
Department of Water Resources, River Development, and
Ganga Rejuvenation
DPRDetailed Project Report
DTRDetailed Technical Report
FTKField Testing Kit
G.B. Pant NHIE
Govind Ballabh Pant National Institute of Himalayan
Environment
GIZDeutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit
GISGeographic Information System
GPRGround Penetrating Radar
GSRGround Storage Reservoir
HDPEHigh-Density Polyethylene
HESAHealth Education and Social Action
IHRIndian Himalayan Region
IoTInternet of Things
JJMJal Jeevan Mission
JSDJal Shakti Department
LiDARLight Detection and Ranging
MDPEMedium-Density Polyethylene
MGNREGS
Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee
Scheme
MIMinor Irrigation COMPENDIUM ON THE WORKSHOP ON ‘ALL WEATHER TAP WATER SUPPLY IN THE HIGHER REACHES OF THE HIMALAYAS’
iii
MLMachine Learning
MMIMajor and Medium Irrigation
MoJSMinistry of Jal Shakti
NCMNon-Contact Magnetometry
NIH Roorkee National Institute of Hydrology, Roorkee
NRDWPNational Rural Drinking Water Programme
OHTOverhead Tank
PHEDPublic Health Engineering Department
PFRPre-Feasibility Report
PIPALPeople for Integrated Planning and Adaptable Living
PMKSYPradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana
PRAParticipatory Rural Appraisal
PRIPanchayati Raj Institution
PSI People’s Science Institute
PVCPoly Vinyl Chloride
PWSSPiped Water Supply Scheme
R&DResearch and Development
RDDRural Development Department
RSFPRapid Sand Filter Plant
SARSynthetic Aperture Radar
SARARSelf-Esteem, Resourcefulness, Action, and Responsibility
SBCCSocial Behavioural Change Communication
SBMSwachh Bharat Mission
SDGSustainable Development Goal
SHGSelf Help Group
SSFPSlow Sand Filter Plant
UNWAUnited Nations for Water Africa
VMWVillage Management Worker
UWSSCUser Water Sanitation Sub-Committee
WASCA-II Water Security and Climate Adaptation in Rural India-II
WDCWatershed Development Component
WUGWater User Group COMPENDIUM ON THE WORKSHOP ON ‘ALL WEATHER TAP WATER SUPPLY IN THE HIGHER REACHES OF THE HIMALAYAS’
iv COMPENDIUM ON THE WORKSHOP ON ‘ALL WEATHER TAP WATER SUPPLY IN THE HIGHER REACHES OF THE HIMALAYAS’
v COMPENDIUM ON THE WORKSHOP ON ‘ALL WEATHER TAP WATER SUPPLY IN THE HIGHER REACHES OF THE HIMALAYAS’
vi
Executive Summary
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1.1 Background and Importance of Springshed Management
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1.2 Understanding Springs and Springsheds
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1. Springshed Management for Water Security in the
Himalayas
Dr. Sumit Sen and Dr. Bhargava Dass
IIT Roorkee COMPENDIUM ON THE WORKSHOP ON ‘ALL WEATHER TAP WATER SUPPLY IN THE HIGHER REACHES OF THE HIMALAYAS’
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1.3 Challenges and Opportunities in Springshed Development
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1.5 Proposed Technological and Policy Solutions
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Technology in Water Management
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Dr. Sarla Shashni
Govind Ballabh Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment (GB Pant NIHE) COMPENDIUM ON THE WORKSHOP ON ‘ALL WEATHER TAP WATER SUPPLY IN THE HIGHER REACHES OF THE HIMALAYAS’
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3. Water Supply Dynamics and Challenges in the
Himalayan States of India
(A Regional Perspective)
Dr. Soban Singh Rawat
National Institute of Hydrology (NIH) Roorkee COMPENDIUM ON THE WORKSHOP ON ‘ALL WEATHER TAP WATER SUPPLY IN THE HIGHER REACHES OF THE HIMALAYAS’
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3.4 Conclusion
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3.5 References
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COMPENDIUM ON THE WORKSHOP ON ‘ALL WEATHER TAP WATER SUPPLY IN THE HIGHER REACHES OF THE HIMALAYAS’
4.1 Introduction
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4.2 Challenges in the Himalayan Region
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4.3 A Holistic Water Resource Management System
Fig.4.1. Water Resource Management System
4. Integrated Approach for Water Pipeline Inspection
(Water Resource Management in the Himalayan Region)
Dr. Amit Shukla
IIT Mandi COMPENDIUM ON THE WORKSHOP ON ‘ALL WEATHER TAP WATER SUPPLY IN THE HIGHER REACHES OF THE HIMALAYAS’
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4.5 Drone-based Monitoring
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4.7 Smart Drone-Based Water Sampling
Fig.4.2. Smart Drone based Water Sampling
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4.8 Proven Success: Non-Conventional Methods (NCM) for Oil and
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4.9 Key Outcomes and Impact
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4.10 Conclusion
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4.11 References
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COMPENDIUM ON THE WORKSHOP ON ‘ALL WEATHER TAP WATER SUPPLY IN THE HIGHER REACHES OF THE HIMALAYAS’
5.1 Introduction
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5.3 Applications for Himalayan Water Resources
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5. Application of AI, ML, and IoT in Himalayan Water
Resources
Dr. Deepak Swami
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6.1 Background
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6. Providing Safe Drinking Water at Doorstep
(Experiences of PSI in District Bageshwar, Uttarakhand)
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6.4 Impacts
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7. Water Security and Climate Adaption-II in Himachal
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7.5 Promoting Composite Water Resource Management (CWRM) in
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COMPENDIUM ON THE WORKSHOP ON ‘ALL WEATHER TAP WATER SUPPLY IN THE HIGHER REACHES OF THE HIMALAYAS’
8.1 Context
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8. Springshed Management
(A solution for source sustainability in the Himalayan context)
Abhishek Likam
Central Himalayan Rural Action Group (CHIRAG) COMPENDIUM ON THE WORKSHOP ON ‘ALL WEATHER TAP WATER SUPPLY IN THE HIGHER REACHES OF THE HIMALAYAS’
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COMPENDIUM ON THE WORKSHOP ON ‘ALL WEATHER TAP WATER SUPPLY IN THE HIGHER REACHES OF THE HIMALAYAS’
9.1 Introduction
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9. Drinking Water Supply Challenges and Solutions
in Lahaul Valley
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Abhishek Kumar
People for Integrated Planning and Adaptable Living (PIPAL)Foundation COMPENDIUM ON THE WORKSHOP ON ‘ALL WEATHER TAP WATER SUPPLY IN THE HIGHER REACHES OF THE HIMALAYAS’
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9.7 Conclusion
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COMPENDIUM ON THE WORKSHOP ON ‘ALL WEATHER TAP WATER SUPPLY IN THE HIGHER REACHES OF THE HIMALAYAS’
10.1 Introduction
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10.2 Field Challenges existing in hilly terrains
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10.3 Early Solutions and Challenges
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10. Ensuring Drinking Water Supply in Hilly Terrains
of Assam
Nripendra Sarma
Govt. of Assam COMPENDIUM ON THE WORKSHOP ON ‘ALL WEATHER TAP WATER SUPPLY IN THE HIGHER REACHES OF THE HIMALAYAS’
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10.4 Revised Solutions under Jal Jeevan Mission (JJM)
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10.5 Implementation Outcomes
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Infrastructure Strengthening:
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10.6 Sustainability Measures
Source Sustainability:
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Disaster Response:
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Pond Water Utilisation and Monitoring COMPENDIUM ON THE WORKSHOP ON ‘ALL WEATHER TAP WATER SUPPLY IN THE HIGHER REACHES OF THE HIMALAYAS’
Capacity Development:
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10.7 Current Challenges
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10.8 Conclusion
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Capacity Development COMPENDIUM ON THE WORKSHOP ON ‘ALL WEATHER TAP WATER SUPPLY IN THE HIGHER REACHES OF THE HIMALAYAS’
COMPENDIUM ON THE WORKSHOP ON ‘ALL WEATHER TAP WATER SUPPLY IN THE HIGHER REACHES OF THE HIMALAYAS’
11.1 Background
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11.2 Freezing Temperatures
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11.3 Scarcity of Freshwater Resources
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11.4 Limited Water Storage Infrastructure
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11.5 Climate Change
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11. Water supply system in Ladakh
Kacho Mumtaz Ali Khan
Govt. of Union Territory of Leh Ladakh COMPENDIUM ON THE WORKSHOP ON ‘ALL WEATHER TAP WATER SUPPLY IN THE HIGHER REACHES OF THE HIMALAYAS’
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11.6 Water Transportation and Supply Solutions
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11.7 Lack of Proper Wastewater Treatment
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11.8 Solutions and Innovations
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11.9 Types of water supply schemes
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11.10 Source augmentation and sustainability
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12.1 Introduction
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13.1 Introduction
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Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana 2.0 (WDC-PMKSY
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14. Integration, Innovation, and Community Involvement
(A Way Ahead for Sustainable Water Management in Himalayan Reaches«of India)
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14.1 Introduction COMPENDIUM ON THE WORKSHOP ON ‘ALL WEATHER TAP WATER SUPPLY IN THE HIGHER REACHES OF THE HIMALAYAS’
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supply in Himalayan Water Management
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14.4 Case Studies: Lessons from Exemplary Water Management Models
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6FLHQFH COMPENDIUM ON THE WORKSHOP ON ‘ALL WEATHER TAP WATER SUPPLY IN THE HIGHER REACHES OF THE HIMALAYAS’
‘ALL WEATHER TAP WATER SUPPLY
IN THE HIGHER REACHES OF
THE HIMALAYAS’
August, 2025 Copyright @ NITI Aayog
National Institute for Transforming India (NITI) Aayog
NITI Bhawan, Sansad Marg
New Delhi – 110001
Recommended Citation:
NITI Aayog. (2025). Compendium on All Weather Tap water supply in the Higher Reaches of
the Himalayas. New Delhi. NITI Aayog.
Every effort has been made to ensure the correctness of data/information used in this
Compendium on All Weather Tap Water Supply in Higher Reaches of Himalayas. All content
UH³HFWVWKHLQGLYLGXDOYLHZVRIWKHDXWKRUV1,7,$D\RJGRHVQRWKROGDQLQVWLWXWLRQDOYLHZ
on any subject. NITI Aayog does not acc ept any legal liability f or the accuracy or inferences
drawn from the material contained therein or for any consequences arising from the use of this
material. NITI Aay og does not claim cop yright for an y images produc ed in the Compendium.
No part of this report may be reproduced in any form (electronic or mechanical) without
prior permission from or intimation to NITI Aayog. We are also thankful to the NITI
Communication Cell for designing this compendium.
August, 2025 This compendium is the result of a collaborative effort involving numerous individuals and
institutions dedicated to addressing the challenges of water access in the Himalayan region.
We are grateful to the various State Government departments, academic institutions, and
civil society organisations whose participation and insights greatly enriched the discussions
and helped shape the outcomes presented in this document. COMPENDIUM ON THE WORKSHOP ON ‘ALL WEATHER TAP WATER SUPPLY IN THE HIGHER REACHES OF THE HIMALAYAS’
1. Springshed Management for Water Security in the Himalayas .............................. 1
2. Integrating Traditional Knowledge with Modern Technology in Water
Management ....................................................................................................................... 6
3. Water Supply Dynamics and Challenges in the Himalayan States of India .......10
4. Integrated Approach for Water Pipeline Inspection ...............................................14
5. Application of AI, ML, and IoT in Himalayan Water Resources .............................. 21
6. Providing Safe Drinking Water at Doorstep ............................................................. 25
7.Water Security and Climate Adaption-II in Himachal Pradesh (WASCA-II) ......31
8. Springshed Management ..............................................................................................37
9.Drinking Water Supply Challenges and Solutions in Lahaul Valley ....................43
10. Ensuring Drinking Water Supply in Hilly Terrains of Assam .................................48
11. Water supply system in Ladakh ................................................................................... 55
12. All weather Tap water supply in Higher reaches of Himalayas ............................ 62
13. Watershed Development Component - Pradhan Mantri Krishi
Sinchayee Yojana 2.0 (WDC-PMKSY 2.0) .................................................................66
14. Integration, Innovation, and Community Involvement ..........................................69
Table of Contents
List of Figures..............................................................................................................................i
List of Abbreviations...............................................................................................................iii
Executive Summary.................................................................................................................vi COMPENDIUM ON THE WORKSHOP ON ‘ALL WEATHER TAP WATER SUPPLY IN THE HIGHER REACHES OF THE HIMALAYAS’
i
List of Figures
Figure No.DescriptionPage
4.1 Holistic Water Resource Management14
4.2 Smart Drone-Based Water Sampling16
6.1 Map of Bageshwar district, Uttarakhand27
7.1 Location Map of WASCA-II Interventions in H.P. 33 COMPENDIUM ON THE WORKSHOP ON ‘ALL WEATHER TAP WATER SUPPLY IN THE HIGHER REACHES OF THE HIMALAYAS’
ii
List of Abbreviations
Abbreviation Description
ADEAdvection-Dispersion Equation
AGVAutomated Guided Vehicles
AI$UWL²FLDO,QWHOOLJHQFH
ANMAuxiliary Nurse Midwife
CGWBCentral Ground Water Board
CHIRAG Central Himalayan Rural Action Group
CWRClean Water Reservoir
CWRMComposite Water Resource Management Plan
DoLRDepartment of Land Resources
DoWR, RD&GR
Department of Water Resources, River Development, and
Ganga Rejuvenation
DPRDetailed Project Report
DTRDetailed Technical Report
FTKField Testing Kit
G.B. Pant NHIE
Govind Ballabh Pant National Institute of Himalayan
Environment
GIZDeutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit
GISGeographic Information System
GPRGround Penetrating Radar
GSRGround Storage Reservoir
HDPEHigh-Density Polyethylene
HESAHealth Education and Social Action
IHRIndian Himalayan Region
IoTInternet of Things
JJMJal Jeevan Mission
JSDJal Shakti Department
LiDARLight Detection and Ranging
MDPEMedium-Density Polyethylene
MGNREGS
Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee
Scheme
MIMinor Irrigation COMPENDIUM ON THE WORKSHOP ON ‘ALL WEATHER TAP WATER SUPPLY IN THE HIGHER REACHES OF THE HIMALAYAS’
iii
MLMachine Learning
MMIMajor and Medium Irrigation
MoJSMinistry of Jal Shakti
NCMNon-Contact Magnetometry
NIH Roorkee National Institute of Hydrology, Roorkee
NRDWPNational Rural Drinking Water Programme
OHTOverhead Tank
PHEDPublic Health Engineering Department
PFRPre-Feasibility Report
PIPALPeople for Integrated Planning and Adaptable Living
PMKSYPradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana
PRAParticipatory Rural Appraisal
PRIPanchayati Raj Institution
PSI People’s Science Institute
PVCPoly Vinyl Chloride
PWSSPiped Water Supply Scheme
R&DResearch and Development
RDDRural Development Department
RSFPRapid Sand Filter Plant
SARSynthetic Aperture Radar
SARARSelf-Esteem, Resourcefulness, Action, and Responsibility
SBCCSocial Behavioural Change Communication
SBMSwachh Bharat Mission
SDGSustainable Development Goal
SHGSelf Help Group
SSFPSlow Sand Filter Plant
UNWAUnited Nations for Water Africa
VMWVillage Management Worker
UWSSCUser Water Sanitation Sub-Committee
WASCA-II Water Security and Climate Adaptation in Rural India-II
WDCWatershed Development Component
WUGWater User Group COMPENDIUM ON THE WORKSHOP ON ‘ALL WEATHER TAP WATER SUPPLY IN THE HIGHER REACHES OF THE HIMALAYAS’
iv COMPENDIUM ON THE WORKSHOP ON ‘ALL WEATHER TAP WATER SUPPLY IN THE HIGHER REACHES OF THE HIMALAYAS’
v COMPENDIUM ON THE WORKSHOP ON ‘ALL WEATHER TAP WATER SUPPLY IN THE HIGHER REACHES OF THE HIMALAYAS’
vi
Executive Summary
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COMPENDIUM ON THE WORKSHOP ON ‘ALL WEATHER TAP WATER SUPPLY IN THE HIGHER REACHES OF THE HIMALAYAS’
COMPENDIUM ON THE WORKSHOP ON ‘ALL WEATHER TAP WATER SUPPLY IN THE HIGHER REACHES OF THE HIMALAYAS’
2.1 Background
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2. Integrating Traditional Knowledge with Modern
Technology in Water Management
(A case study of Cold Desert Region of Lahaul Valley)
Dr. Sarla Shashni
Govind Ballabh Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment (GB Pant NIHE) COMPENDIUM ON THE WORKSHOP ON ‘ALL WEATHER TAP WATER SUPPLY IN THE HIGHER REACHES OF THE HIMALAYAS’
2.2 Challenges to traditional water management systems
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3.1 Introduction
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3. Water Supply Dynamics and Challenges in the
Himalayan States of India
(A Regional Perspective)
Dr. Soban Singh Rawat
National Institute of Hydrology (NIH) Roorkee COMPENDIUM ON THE WORKSHOP ON ‘ALL WEATHER TAP WATER SUPPLY IN THE HIGHER REACHES OF THE HIMALAYAS’
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COMPENDIUM ON THE WORKSHOP ON ‘ALL WEATHER TAP WATER SUPPLY IN THE HIGHER REACHES OF THE HIMALAYAS’
4.1 Introduction
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Fig.4.1. Water Resource Management System
4. Integrated Approach for Water Pipeline Inspection
(Water Resource Management in the Himalayan Region)
Dr. Amit Shukla
IIT Mandi COMPENDIUM ON THE WORKSHOP ON ‘ALL WEATHER TAP WATER SUPPLY IN THE HIGHER REACHES OF THE HIMALAYAS’
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4.5 Drone-based Monitoring
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4.8 Proven Success: Non-Conventional Methods (NCM) for Oil and
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4.10 Conclusion
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4.11 References
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COMPENDIUM ON THE WORKSHOP ON ‘ALL WEATHER TAP WATER SUPPLY IN THE HIGHER REACHES OF THE HIMALAYAS’
5.1 Introduction
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5.3 Applications for Himalayan Water Resources
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5. Application of AI, ML, and IoT in Himalayan Water
Resources
Dr. Deepak Swami
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5.6 Presented Case Study
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5.7 Conclusion
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6.1 Background
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6. Providing Safe Drinking Water at Doorstep
(Experiences of PSI in District Bageshwar, Uttarakhand)
Puran Bartwal
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6.4 Impacts
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6.5 Achievements
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6.7 References
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COMPENDIUM ON THE WORKSHOP ON ‘ALL WEATHER TAP WATER SUPPLY IN THE HIGHER REACHES OF THE HIMALAYAS’
7.1 Intoduction
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7.2 Water Security and Climate Adaptation-II in Himachal Pradesh
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7. Water Security and Climate Adaption-II in Himachal
Pradesh (WASCA-II)
Dr. Jagdish K Purohit and Garima Chauhan
Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit(GIZ) COMPENDIUM ON THE WORKSHOP ON ‘ALL WEATHER TAP WATER SUPPLY IN THE HIGHER REACHES OF THE HIMALAYAS’
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7.5 Promoting Composite Water Resource Management (CWRM) in
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COMPENDIUM ON THE WORKSHOP ON ‘ALL WEATHER TAP WATER SUPPLY IN THE HIGHER REACHES OF THE HIMALAYAS’
8.1 Context
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8. Springshed Management
(A solution for source sustainability in the Himalayan context)
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8.4 References
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COMPENDIUM ON THE WORKSHOP ON ‘ALL WEATHER TAP WATER SUPPLY IN THE HIGHER REACHES OF THE HIMALAYAS’
9.1 Introduction
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9.2 Background: Lahaul Valley
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9.3 The Kuhl System: A Model of Community Water Management
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9. Drinking Water Supply Challenges and Solutions
in Lahaul Valley
(Keylong and Udaipur)
Abhishek Kumar
People for Integrated Planning and Adaptable Living (PIPAL)Foundation COMPENDIUM ON THE WORKSHOP ON ‘ALL WEATHER TAP WATER SUPPLY IN THE HIGHER REACHES OF THE HIMALAYAS’
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9.5 Emerging Challenges
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Community-Managed Water Systems
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9.7 Conclusion
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COMPENDIUM ON THE WORKSHOP ON ‘ALL WEATHER TAP WATER SUPPLY IN THE HIGHER REACHES OF THE HIMALAYAS’
10.1 Introduction
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10.3 Early Solutions and Challenges
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10. Ensuring Drinking Water Supply in Hilly Terrains
of Assam
Nripendra Sarma
Govt. of Assam COMPENDIUM ON THE WORKSHOP ON ‘ALL WEATHER TAP WATER SUPPLY IN THE HIGHER REACHES OF THE HIMALAYAS’
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10.5 Implementation Outcomes
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10.6 Sustainability Measures
Source Sustainability:
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10.7 Current Challenges
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10.8 Conclusion
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Capacity Development COMPENDIUM ON THE WORKSHOP ON ‘ALL WEATHER TAP WATER SUPPLY IN THE HIGHER REACHES OF THE HIMALAYAS’
COMPENDIUM ON THE WORKSHOP ON ‘ALL WEATHER TAP WATER SUPPLY IN THE HIGHER REACHES OF THE HIMALAYAS’
11.1 Background
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11.2 Freezing Temperatures
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11.5 Climate Change
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11. Water supply system in Ladakh
Kacho Mumtaz Ali Khan
Govt. of Union Territory of Leh Ladakh COMPENDIUM ON THE WORKSHOP ON ‘ALL WEATHER TAP WATER SUPPLY IN THE HIGHER REACHES OF THE HIMALAYAS’
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11.7 Lack of Proper Wastewater Treatment
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11.8 Solutions and Innovations
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11.9 Types of water supply schemes
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11.10 Source augmentation and sustainability
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11.11 Conclusion
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COMPENDIUM ON THE WORKSHOP ON ‘ALL WEATHER TAP WATER SUPPLY IN THE HIGHER REACHES OF THE HIMALAYAS’
12.1 Introduction
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12. All weather Tap water supply in Higher reaches
of Himalayas
Nawaz Ahmad Bhat
Govt. of Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir COMPENDIUM ON THE WORKSHOP ON ‘ALL WEATHER TAP WATER SUPPLY IN THE HIGHER REACHES OF THE HIMALAYAS’
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12.2 Possible Solutions for having all weather water supply in Higher
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