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India’s
Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing
Deep-Sea and Ofshore
Fisheries India’s Blue Economy: Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
Copyright@ NITI Aayog, 2025
ISBN No.: 978-81-967183-9-8
AUTHORS:
Dr. Neelam Patel, Senior Advisor, NITI Aayog
Shri Pavan Raj G.H, Consultant-I, NITI Aayog
Dr. Namrata Thapa, Consultant-I, NITI Aayog
Shri Sambuddha Goswami, Consultant-II, NITI Aayog 2025 India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea
and Offshore Fisheries India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
iii India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
v India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
vii India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
xi India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
xii
CHAPTER-I��28
Introduction��28
1.1 Background and Rationale��28
1.2 India’s Untapped Deep-Sea Potential�� 30
1.3 Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana (PMMSY)��33
1.4 Objectives��34
1.5 Methodology��35
1.6 The Need for a Dedicated Deep Sea Fishing Strategy in India��36
CHAPTER-II��38
Global Deep-Sea Fishing Practices��38
2.1 Techniques, Technologies, and Vessels�� 38
2.2 Economic Viability and Sustainability�� 40
2.3 Country-Specific Case Studies and Key Learnings��42
2.4 Species-Specific Case Studies��46
CHAPTER-III��50
India’s Deep-Sea and Offshore Fishing Sector: Overview and Status��50
3.1 Sector Overview: Historical Context, Current Landscape, and Emerging
Trends��50
3.2 Deep-sea fisheries operated in potential locations.��53
a) Offshore/oceanic fisheries of India��54
b) High seas and ABNJ fishing�� 57
3.3 Fishing Areas, Key Species and Seasons��60
3.4 Institutions and Regulatory Framework�� 62
a) Institutional Framework:��63
b) Regulatory Framework:��63
CHAPTER-IV��66
Challenges And Opportunities��66
4.1 Stock Assessment of Deep-Sea Resources�� 66
4.2 Infrastructure and Technology Gaps�� 67
4.3 High Operational Costs��68
4.4 Financing, Insurance, and Capital Access��69
4.5 Sustainability and Conservation Concerns��70
CHAPTER-V��70
Policy Framework��76
TABLE OF
Contents India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
xiii
5.1 Registration, Licensing, and Access Rights��76
5.2 Incentives��80
5.3 Policy Intervention��81
CHAPTER-VI��84
Infrastructure Development��84
6.1 Fishing Harbours and Landing Centres��84
6.2 Post-Harvest and Cold Chain Infrastructure��86
6.3 Fleet Modernisation and Skill Development��89
CHAPTER-VII��96
Monitoring, Control, Surveillance and Enforcement (MCS&E)��96
7.1 Vessel Tracking System��96
7.2 On-board Observers��101
7.3 Dockside Monitoring��103
7.4 Reporting and Compliance��105
7.5 Security Concerns in Deep Sea and Offshore Fishing��107
CHAPTER-VIII��112
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)�� 112
8.1 Contribution to SDG 14 - Life Below Water��112
8.2 Interlinkages with other SDGs��114
8.3 SDG Framework for the Deep-Sea Fishing Sector��117
CHAPTER-IX��122
Roadmap for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries��122
9.1: Phase 1: Laying the foundation and fostering early growth��123
9.2: Phase 2: Scaling up and achieving global competitiveness��128
9.3: Phase 3: Global leadership in sustainable deep-sea fisheries��131
9.4 Recommendations��136
Annexure��140
Annexure-I: A Roadmap to Develop Offshore Tuna Fisheries in India��140
Annexure-II: Case Study on Fishing Craft and Gear Used for Offshore Tuna
Fishing in Andhra Pradesh��142
Annexure-III: List of contributors��147
Annexure-IV: List of reviewers��147
References��148 India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
xiv
List of Tables
Table 1.1: Coastal Geography and Demographics Summary��31
Table 3.1: The revalidated potential of the Indian marine waters, including EEZ��52
Table 3.2: Number of Authorised Fishing Vessels by Country in the IOTC Region/High
Seas (2013-2023)��58
Table 7.1: Comparison of the key features of different VMS technologies��99
Table 7.2: Observer coverage levels for various fisheries managed by RFMOs��102
Table 7.3: Potential compliance monitoring and enforcement mechanisms for deep-sea
and offshore fishing operations��107
Table 8.1: Alignment of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) with Relevant Targets��116
Table 8.2: Means of Implementation for Sustainable Deep Sea Management and Fisheries
Development��117
Table 9.1: Indicative cost estimation for the strategic phases��134 India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
xv
List of Figures
Fig 1.1: Delineation of the various realms of the ocean vis-à-vis fisheries terms��29
Fig 1.2: Indicative Map Showing Proposed Fishing Zones in the Indian (EEZ)��32
Fig 1.3: Deep-sea Fishing Vessels: Driving Higher Incomes for Traditional Fishermen��34
Fig 2.1: Longlining��38
Fig 2.2: Purse seining��39
Fig 2.3: Trawling��39
Fig 2.4: Chinese Mothership vessel Hai Feng 718�� 43
Fig 2.5: Chinese Fishing Fleet with Mothership Vessel at South America��44
Fig 2.6: Trans-shipment between Mothership and Fishing Vessels��44
Fig 3.1: The resource potential in the deep-sea realm (200-500 m depth) of mainland
Indian EEZ (*Including Wadge Bank and Gulf of Mannar)��53
Fig 3.2: Deep-sea prawns landed at Cochin Fisheries Harbour��53
Fig 3.3: Resource potential of oceanic resources in the Indian EEZ��55
Fig 3.4: Yellowfin tuna landed by offshore fleets at Cochin Fisheries Harbour��56
Fig 3.5: Number of authorised vessels in the IOTC region in 2023��59
Fig 3.6: Major Fishing Areas and Key Species��61
Fig 7.1: Vessel Monitoring System��108
Fig 7.2: Demarcation Diagram for Maritime & International Waters ��109
Fig 7.3: Diagram showcasing Baseline��109
India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
1
List of Abbreviations and Acronyms
ABNJ - Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction
CCAMLR - Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources
CIFT - Central Institute of Fisheries Technology
CMLRE - Centre for Marine Living Resources and Ecology
CMFRI - Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute
CPDAC - Coastal Protection Data Analysis Centre
EEZ - Exclusive Economic Zone
FAO - Food and Agriculture Organization (of the United Nations)
FFPO - Fish Farmer Producer Organization
FSI - Fishery Survey of India
GPS - Global Positioning System
ICG - Indian Coast Guard
INCOIS - Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services
IOTC - Indian Ocean Tuna Commission
IUU - Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated
MoES- Ministry of Earth Sciences
MPEDA - Marine Products Export Development Authority
NFDB - National Fisheries Development Board
PMMSY - Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana
QMS - Quota Management System
RE - Revised Estimates
RFMO - Regional Fisheries Management Organization
SDG - Sustainable Development Goal
SHGs- Self Help Groups
SIOFA - Southern Indian Ocean Fisheries Agreement
UNCLOS - United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
VMS - Vessel Monitoring System India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
2
India has an extensive maritime area, with a coastline stretching over 11,098 km across
nine coastal states and four union territories. The country has a long history of marine
fishing with a focus traditionally on coastal and inshore resources. The thriving fisheries
sector contributes significantly to the national economy (for instance, in 2023-24, export
earnings from fish and fishery products were `60,523 crore, witnessing a 100% increase
as against `30,213 crore in 2013-14). This sector supports the livelihoods of around 30
million people. However, the full potential of its deep-sea fishery resources remains
largely unexploited.
The deep waters beyond the continental shelf, extending beyond the Exclusive
Economic Zone (EEZ) boundary of 200 nautical miles (nmi), contain select high-value
fish stocks, including tuna, billfish, and shrimp species. The EEZ potential is estimated
at 7.16 million tonnes, including conventional and non-conventional resources (DADH,
2018). This suggests significant opportunities for expansion. However, these resources
are vulnerable to overexploitation due to their slow growth rates and long lifespans.
Harnessing the deep-sea resources can boost India’s fisheries sector, augment seafood
exports, and generate new employment opportunities in coastal regions while reducing
the fishing pressure on coastal fishery resources. Deeper waters present unique
opportunities, but the associated management challenges are not adequately addressed.
By addressing the multifaceted challenges and opportunities, the report aims to
catalyze the growth of deep-sea and offshore fishing operations, thereby contributing
to the overall development of the country’s fisheries sector. It provides a comprehensive
strategy roadmap for harnessing the untapped potential of India’s deep-sea fishery
resources in a sustainable and responsible manner.
The report aims to achieve the following objectives:
i. To assess the current status, techniques, and growth trends in India’s deep-sea
fishing sector, highlighting the existing gaps and untapped potential.
ii. To identify the critical infrastructure, technological, and sustainability challenges
inhibiting India’s growth and development of deep-sea fishing activities.
iii. To determine growth opportunities to be unlocked by harnessing the deep-sea
fishery resources within the EEZ and international waters.
iv. To improve the socio-economic condition of resource users; foster participatory
management; ensure equity; strengthen collaboration with regional fisheries
organizations.
v. To recommend feasible policy interventions at the national and state levels
to promote sustainable deep-sea fishing practices, addressing issues such as
licensing, incentives, subsidies, and regulatory frameworks.
Executive summary India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
3
vi. To establish robust monitoring, control, surveillance, and enforcement mechanisms
to ensure the long-term sustainability of deep-sea fish stocks and marine
ecosystems.
vii. To examine global best practices in deep-sea fishing and sustainability measures
that can be adopted in the Indian context, considering the unique challenges
and opportunities.
viii. To develop a roadmap for investments and infrastructure development required
to build India’s deep-sea fishing capacity, including fleet modernisation, skill
development, and post-harvest facilities.
The strategy report spans nine chapters, covering the deep-sea fishing sector both
within the Indian EEZ and international waters accessible through regional fisheries
agreements. The report aligns the development of the sector with the United Nations
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly SDG 14 (Life Below Water), ensuring
that the proposed policies and strategies contribute to the sustainable use of marine
resources and the conservation of ocean ecosystems. The chapters include:
Chapter 1 provides the background and rationale for a dedicated deep sea and offshore
fishing strategy in India.
Chapter 2 provides an overview of techniques, technologies, and vessels employed in
global deep-sea and offshore fishing operations and their economic and sustainability
considerations as it directly impacts the quantity and the value of the fish caught, cost
structures, and ultimately, the fisherfolks’ income.
Chapter 3 discusses the historical context, current status, growth trends, fishing areas,
infrastructure, institutional and regulatory framework related to India’s deep-sea and
offshore fishing activities.
Chapter 4 highlights the challenges and opportunities of the deep-sea and offshore fishing
sector. It focuses on stock assessment, infrastructure and technology gaps; high operational
costs; financing, insurance, and capital access; sustainability and conservation concerns.
Chapter 5 explores a comprehensive policy framework required for India’s deep-sea and
offshore fishing sector to grow sustainably and responsibly. It explores critical elements
necessary for effective management and regulation, namely, registration, licensing and
access rights; incentives and policy intervention.
Chapter 6 outlines the key investment areas and infrastructure upgradation required
to build India’s deep-sea and offshore fishing capacity. It covers the development of
harbours with support facilities, establishing integrated supply chains with efficient
logistics and cold storage, employing modern deep-sea and offshore fishing fleets, and
institutionalizing training programs for upskilling the workforce.
Chapter 7 discusses the key components of an effective MCS&E regime tailored for
the deep-sea and offshore fishing sector. It covers vessel tracking and communication
systems, onboard observer programs, dockside monitoring protocols, reporting and
compliance mechanisms as well as security concerns. India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
4
Chapter 8 examines the sectors’ contributions to achieving SDG 14 and other
interconnected goals. It proposes a comprehensive SDG roadmap with specific targets,
indicators, and implementation strategies to guide India’s progress on this front until
2030 and beyond.
Chapter 9 presents a roadmap outlining key initiatives and milestones for developing the
country’s deep-sea and offshore fishing sector. Harnessing the full potential of the sector
requires a well-planned, multi-layered, and adaptive implementation approach spanning
multiple years. The roadmap outlines three strategic phases: (1) laying the foundation
and fostering early growth; (2) scaling-up and achieving global competitiveness; and (3)
establishing global leadership in sustainable deep-sea fisheries. Based on the detailed
phase-wise strategic interventions, six key consolidated areas of interventions have
been identified and recommendations under each have been proposed to transform the
sector.
Key highlights:
1. Global deep-sea fishing practices
i. Choice of technique must be carefully aligned with the target species, vessel
capabilities, and regulatory frameworks that promote sustainable fishing practices.
ii. Species-specific case studies, from orange roughy to Patagonian toothfish
illustrate complexities of managing deep-sea fisheries and need for tailored
approaches to different species and ecosystems.
iii. Case studies from leading fishing nations provide crucial lessons for India a)
China’s extensive fleet and global reach demonstrate the potential scale of
deep-sea operations, highlighting concerns about overfishing and the need
for responsible practices. b) Japan’s experience emphasizes the importance of
scientific data and international cooperation. c) Spain’s adoption of sustainable
fishing practices and fleet modernization offers a model for technological
advancement. d) United States’ comprehensive regulatory framework showcases
the value of science-based management and stakeholder engagement. e) Sri
Lanka’s experience highlights their approach to fleet modernization, export
market access, and balancing artisanal and industrial fishing interests in the
deep-sea sector.
iv. Key learnings from these global experiences emphasize the critical importance
of science-based management, comprehensive regulatory frameworks,
collaborative governance, capacity building, international cooperation, and an
ecosystem-based approach to fisheries management.
2. India’s Deep-sea and offshore fishing sector: Historical Context, Current Landscape,
and Emerging Trends
i. Over the past four decades, the Government of India has undertaken various
initiatives to develop offshore and high-seas fisheries. However, these efforts
primarily relied on capital-intensive fishing fleets and outsourced expertise.
They faced significant resistance from fishing communities, failing to achieve India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
5
the desired outcomes. This highlights the critical need to develop and explore
indigenous capacity and expertise and ensure the active inclusion of fishing
communities in the design and implementation of such initiatives.
ii. There is significant untapped potential for India’s deep-sea and offshore fishing
sector, with an estimated resource potential of around 7.16 million tonnes (MT)
in 2018, including both conventional (74%) and non-conventional resources
(26%).
iii. There has been a notable increase in the resource potential of the Indian EEZ
with conventional resources between 2010 (4.41 MT) and 2018 (5.31 MT).
iv. Considering the depth-wise potential, in the 200-500 m depth zone, the
estimate was 97,461 tonnes during 2018, constituting around 1.8% of the total
conventional resources.
v. The resource potential in the 200-500 m depth zone was highest on the
southwest coast (60%), followed by India’s northwest coast (26%).
vi. The estimate for non-conventional resource potential stood at 1.847 MT. Out of
the non-conventional resources, the resource potential for deep-sea myctophids
was 1 MT, followed by ocean squids (0.63 MT), jellyfish (0.2 MT), and marine
algae (0.017 MT), indicating the additional resources that could be tapped for
deep-sea fishing.
vii. The strategy for harvesting high-sea non-conventional resources differs from
other offshore and high-sea resources. Some non-conventional resources are
slow-growing and late to mature, making them susceptible to overfishing with
signs of declining biomass (e.g., orange roughy exploited by bottom trawlers
at great depths). In contrast, flying squid and myctophids are large-biomass
resources, but require processing for human consumption. Globally, myctophids
are used for fish meal production.
viii. With regard to the conventional offshore and oceanic fisheries, the total
conventional resource potential for the Indian EEZ, including the Andaman and
Nicobar Islands, is estimated at 2,30,832 t.
The highest potential is estimated for skipjack tuna (99,500 t), followed by
yellowfin tuna (83,500 t) and pelagic sharks (25,000 t), underscoring the
economic importance of tuna fisheries. However, it is also important to note that
the stock of yellowfin tuna in the Indian Ocean is currently subject to overfishing,
and the Indian Ocean Tuna Commission (IOTC) has recommended rebuilding
measures to ensure its long-term sustainability, which also has implications for
India’s tuna fisheries.
ix. Offshore and oceanic fisheries have significant potential, but challenges hinder
its full exploitation. The migratory nature of oceanic tunas and allied resources
leads to fish harvesting in the EEZs of neighbouring countries or the high seas
by distant water fishing nations, highlighting the limitations that Indian fishers
face due to policy gaps and inadequate infrastructure support. Wadge Bank India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
6
in the Northern Arabian Sea and Laccadive waters, some of the best offshore
fishing grounds within the Indian EEZ, have remained largely unexploited and
are even subject to poaching.
x. As of 2023, only four Indian-flagged vessels owned by the Fishery Survey of
India (FSI) are available for high-seas fishing. This is significantly lower compared
to countries with the largest number of authorized fishing vessels, such as Sri
Lanka (1,883) and Iran (1,216) in the IOTC region. This stark disparity highlights
India’s limited participation in high-seas fisheries, given its vast coastline and
strategic position in the Indian Ocean. The limited presence could be attributed
to operational, regulatory, and infrastructural challenges, including the cessation
of Letter of Permit (LoP) vessels in 2017.
xi. The major fishing areas and the key species are:
a. Arabian Sea Region: Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala and the
broader Central Arabian Sea; key species: tuna, seer fish, billfish, and deep-
sea shrimps.
b. Bay of Bengal Region: Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, West Bengal;
key species: tuna, sharks, and demersal fishes.
c. Andaman and Nicobar Islands Region: Andaman and Nicobar archipelago
in the Bay of Bengal; key species: tuna, billfish, and deep-sea shrimps.
d. Lakshadweep Archipelago Region: The Lakshadweep Islands in the Arabian
Sea off the southwestern coast of India; key species: tuna and tuna-like fish,
sharks, Other pelagic species like billfishes, deep-sea shrimps, and squids.
xii. India’s deep sea and offshore fishing sector is governed by a multi-layered
institutional and regulatory framework involving various agencies and
stakeholders at the national, state, and regional levels. This framework aims to
regulate and manage fishing activities, ensure sustainable resource utilisation,
and address conservation, safety, and economic development issues.
xiii. However, India currently does not have specific regulatory laws for fisheries in
the 12-200 nmi of its EEZ. This implies that the Indian fishing vessels operate
in the EEZ and ABNJ without proper legal authorisation or protection from the
country. This regulatory gap has contributed to issues of illegal, unreported,
and unregulated (IUU) fishing.
xiv. Further, maritime states are currently limited to issuing licenses only for fishing
activities within the 12 nmi territorial waters. Addressing these regulatory gaps
is crucial for the sustainable development of India’s deep-sea fisheries sector.
xv. There is a need to enact comprehensive legislation for the regulation of fishing
in the EEZ, to clearly define the responsibilities of the nodal agency overseeing
the EEZ management.
xvi. The legislation is vital for ensuring fishers follow clear regulations; for
empowering the Monitoring, Control, Surveillance and Enforcement (MCS&E)
agencies to implement them effectively. India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
7
3. Challenges and opportunities
i. Stock assessment:
a. Data deficiency: Lack of a centralised database; insufficient integration of
available data from different sources like fishermen’s reports and satellite data;
available data do not adequately cover the fishing area, effort, season, species
aggregation and environmental conditions.
b. Technological limitations: Advanced technologies like satellite remote
sensing, acoustic devices which can facilitate more precise stock assessments,
have limited application due to high costs and capacity constraints.
c. Regulatory and coordination issues: Fragmented regulatory framework
and inadequate inter-agency coordination presents obstacles to sustainable
management; Variations in state-level policies challenge management.
State Maritime Security Coordinator (SMSC) has been recently developed for
better coordination between various stakeholders and developing security
architecture in the Coastal areas.
ii. Infrastructure gaps:
a. Harvesting and Landing Infrastructure:
•
Fishing harbours: over 90 fishing harbours, but only a handful are
equipped to handle larger vessels, with adequate draft, berthing facilities,
and support services.
•
Landing centres: The majority of the over 1547 fish landing centres are
basic, lacking proper infrastructure for offloading, sorting, and preserving
deep-sea and offshore catch.
•
Onboard infrastructure and handling: lack of proper storage and freezing
facilities leads to poor fish quality at landing, hampering export potential
and resulting in lower market prices.
•
Vessel repair and maintenance facilities: shortage of dry-docking
facilities, slipways, and workshops with skilled manpower capable of
servicing and repairing deep-sea and offshore fishing vessels.
b. Post-harvest infrastructure:
•
Processing Facilities: Around 646 registered seafood processing units,
but many lack specific equipment and technologies for handling and
processing deep-sea and offshore fish species.
•
Cold Chain and Storage: Inadequate cold storage and refrigerated
transportation infrastructure result in quality degradation and post-harvest
losses of deep-sea and offshore catch. India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
8
• Value Addition and Byproduct Utilisation: Limited facilities and
technologies for value addition and byproduct processing units lead to
suboptimal utilisation of deep-sea fishery resources. For instance, one
million tonnes of myctophids could be used for fish meal with appropriate
R&D support. Developing this value chain could reduce the pressure on
juveniles of more valuable coastal fishery resources.
iii. Technological gaps:
a.
Fish Finding Technologies: Vessels often lack access to advanced fish-
finding technologies like sonar, echo sounders, and satellite-based tracking
systems, making it challenging to locate and monitor fish stocks efficiently.
b.
Vessel Monitoring and Communication Systems: Inadequate deployment
of vessel monitoring and communication systems, Distress Alert Transmitter
(DAT) on vessels hampers effective monitoring, safety, and coordination of
operations. Fishermen increasingly using affordable Chinese-made instruments
for vessel monitoring and communication, these are not officially recognized
by the Department of Fisheries (DOF).
c.
Sustainable Fishing Gear and Techniques: Limited adoption of selective
fishing gear and techniques (circular hooks and turtle excluder devices);
bycatch issues and unsustainable fishing practices. Gillnets are commonly
used gear in the tuna fishery, landing large volumes of fish, but compromises
fish quality due to rapid spoilage. Longlining is more sustainable and efficient
method for catching tuna and tuna-like species, ensuring better fish quality
while reducing bycatch.
iv. High operational costs:
a.
Fuel Costs: Extended voyages and long distances travelled by deep-sea fishing
vessels result in high fuel usage; fluctuations in fuel prices can exacerbate financial
burden; exploring alternative energy-efficient options (green biofuels and
renewable resources) could support the energy transition of small-scale fisheries.
b.
Crew Expenses: Deep-sea and offshore fishing expeditions require larger
crews compared to coastal fishing operations. Costs associated with crew
wages, accommodations, provisions, and insurance can be substantial for
longer voyages.
c.
Vessel Maintenance and Repair: Harsh marine environment and extended
periods at sea take a toll on fishing vessels, necessitating regular maintenance
and repairs. Costs of spare parts, dry-docking, and specialized labour for
vessel upkeep can be significant.
d.
Specialised Equipment and Technologies: Deep-sea and offshore fishing
often requires investment in advanced fish-finding technologies, such as
sonar and satellite tracking systems, and specialized fishing gear and onboard
processing facilities. Acquiring and maintaining these technologies can be
cost-prohibitive. India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
9
v. Financing, insurance, and capital access:
a.
Limited Access to Institutional Financing: Securing loans and credit from
institutional lenders a hurdle, especially for small-scale and artisanal fishers.
Factors include perceived high-risk nature of operations, lack of collateral or
financial history, and limited understanding of the sector’s dynamics among
lenders.
b.
Inadequate Insurance Coverage: Deep-sea and offshore fishing vessels
and their crews face numerous risks, (adverse weather conditions, equipment
failures, and potential accidents or injuries at sea). Access to comprehensive
and affordable insurance coverage remains limited.
c.
Barriers to Capital Investment: Modernising fleet and adopting advanced
technologies require significant capital investment. Small-scale and artisanal
fishers face barriers in accessing capital. Barriers include stringent lending
criteria, high-interest rates, lack of awareness or support from government
agencies and financial institutions. Banks would be reluctant to provide credit
due to the absence of regulatory frameworks, proper licensing and effective
governance in the sector.
vi. Sustainability and conservation concerns:
a.
Overexploitation of fish stocks: Species such as tuna, billfish, and deep-sea
shrimps, are highly migratory and vulnerable to overfishing due to their life
histories and ecological characteristics.
b.
Bycatch and non-target species: Deep-sea and offshore fishing operations
often result in the unintentional catch of non-target species, such as sharks,
marine mammals, sea turtles, and seabirds.
c.
Habitat degradation: Certain deep-sea fishing practices, such as bottom
trawling, can cause significant damage to sensitive marine habitats. Compliance
with international standards such as the Code of Conduct for Responsible
Fisheries (CCRF) is imperative for vessels engaged in deep-sea fishing.
d.
Ghost Fishing: Lost or abandoned fishing gear, such as longlines, nets, and
traps, can continue to catch and kill marine life indiscriminately.
e.
Marine pollution: A global issue affecting the Indian EEZ and marine living
resources and ecosystems. Though several schemes like the Clean Ocean
mission (Swachhata Sagar) and awareness programs are available, they are
not able to fully curb the litter from reaching the ocean.
f.
Climate Change Impacts: The effects of climate change, including ocean
warming, acidification, and changes in ocean currents and productivity, can
profoundly impact deep-sea and offshore fish stocks and their migratory patterns. India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
10
4. Registration, licensing, and access rights
i. Registration as a fisherman is not legally compulsory. However, registration is
undertaken by Coastal States and UTs to create a data repository for facilitating
the Government schemes and benefits to the fishermen. Vessel registration and
license issued by the state Department of Fisheries are for within 12 nmi territorial
waters.
ii. Part XVA of the Merchant Shipping (MS) Act, 1958, provides detailed guidelines
for the registration, survey, and certification of Indian-flagged fishing boats (Sec
435 A-X of MS Act). However, this provision is outdated and is meant to regulate
commercial shipping. A separate Vessels Act would be required to cater to the
needs of the modern fishing vessels and their development in the country.
iii. Registration and licensing of fishing vessels are governed by the respective Marine
Fishing Regulation Acts (MFRAs) of coastal states and union territories. However,
it pertains to only within the 12 nmi zone and not to deep-sea areas.
iv. Maritime Zones of India (Regulation of Fishing by Foreign Fishing Vessels) Act,
1981, regulates fishing activities by foreign vessels within India’s EEZ. Indian-
flagged vessels have the right to fish within the EEZ, subject to state/UT licensing
conditions and adherence to conservation measures.
v. India is a member of various Regional Fisheries Management Organisations
(RFMOs), such as IOTC. With regard to SIOFA, India is a Cooperating non-
Contracting Party and not a full contracting party.
5. Incentives
Targeted incentivisation can play a crucial role in promoting the growth and
sustainable development of India’s deep-sea and offshore fishing industry. It is crucial
to establish clear eligibility criteria, monitoring mechanisms, and periodic reviews to
ensure that these incentives are effectively promoting the intended objectives while
minimising potential misuse or unintended consequences. All subsidies should be
kept to a minimum, applied for a limited period and phased out as soon as possible.
i.
Promoting green energy alternatives: Encouraging the adoption of technologies
(solar-powered systems, hybrid engines, and energy-efficient vessel designs) can
reduce fuel dependency and operational costs. Mechanism needs to be developed
to favour smaller vessels or those adopting fuel-efficient technologies.
ii.
Tax Benefits and Fiscal Incentives: Offering tax incentives (reduced import
duties on fishing equipment, gear, and vessels) can encourage fleet modernisation
and the adoption of advanced technologies. Tax credits or deductions for
investments in sustainable fishing practices, crew training programs, or research
and development initiatives can incentivise responsible and innovative approaches.
iii.
Financial Support for Fleet Modernization: Accessible financing options
(low-interest loans or loan guarantee programs) in acquiring new vessels or
upgrading their existing fleets. Prioritise vessels equipped with advanced fish- India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
11
finding technologies, sustainable fishing gear, and onboard processing facilities,
promoting efficiency and responsible practices.
iv.
Infrastructure Development Incentives: Incentives for the development
of dedicated deep-sea fishing harbours, landing centres, and post-harvest
infrastructure can include grants, tax incentives, or public-private partnership
(PPP) models to attract private investment in building state-of-the-art facilities
catering to the specific needs of the deep-sea fishing industry.
v.
Sustainable Fishing Practice Incentives: To encourage the adoption of
sustainable fishing practices, incentives can be offered for the use of selective
fishing gear, bycatch mitigation technologies, and vessel modifications that
minimize environmental impact. Incentives could take the form of subsidies,
tax credits, or preferential access to fishing grounds for vessels demonstrating
compliance with sustainability standards.
vi.
Insurance and Risk Management Support: Providing subsidised or government-
backed insurance schemes can mitigate the risks associated with deep-sea fishing
operations (vessel accidents, crew safety, and potential losses due to adverse
weather conditions or equipment failures).
6. Infrastructure development
India’s fishing harbour infrastructure is predominantly geared towards shallow water
and coastal fishing operations. Dedicated deep-sea fishing harbours and landing
centres need to be developed along 11,098 km coastline.
i. Fish harbours and landing centres: Key features and facilities envisaged at the
major deep-sea fishing harbours may include:
a. Minimum draft of 8-10 m to accommodate large deep-sea trawlers/liners
b. Berthing quays of at least 500 m in length
c. Dedicated basins/wharfs for deep-sea vessel anchorage and operations
d. Slipways and dry docks for vessel repair/maintenance
e. Marine machinery and net mending workshops
f. Cold storage and flake ice plants
g. Auction halls, pack houses and pre-processing facilities
h. Fuel bunkering and fresh water supply infrastructure
i. Power backup and modern navigational aids
j. Administrative buildings, crew accommodation and other amenities
The minor deep-sea landing centres will have a basic enclosed harbour, wharfs/
jetties, auction halls, cold storages, ice plants, boat repair yards and other
localized facilities. Ministry of Fisheries, State fisheries departments, and agencies
like FISCOPFED can be the nodal bodies for developing these harbour projects
through public-private partnership (PPP) models. India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
12
ii. Post-harvest and cold chain infrastructure:
Fish Handling and Processing Centres: Hygienically designed, modern fish
handling and processing centres must be established close to the proposed deep-
sea fishing harbours and landing centres. Facilities should incorporate several key
components:
a. Automated fish receiving, sorting, and weighing lines to ensure efficient and
hygienic catch handling.
b. Insulated processing halls with smooth, easily cleanable floors and walls to
maintain high hygiene standards.
c. Value-added product lines for processes such as canning, freezing, breading,
and other forms of product diversification.
d. Byproduct plants for producing fish feed and fish oil from processing waste.
e. Support utilities like ice plants, cold storage, and refrigeration systems to
maintain the cold chain.
f. Effluent treatment plants to ensure proper management of waste and
compliance with environmental norms.
g. Quality control and analytical laboratories for ensuring adherence to food
safety standards like HACCP.
Cold Chain Infrastructure: Key components of this infrastructure should include:
a. Integrated cold storage with modern equipment like refrigerated/insulated
vans and ample free storage capacity.
b. Refrigerated truck fleets and reefer vans for domestic distribution and
transportation to export gateways.
c. Reefer container freight stations and terminals to facilitate the export of deep-
sea and offshore catch.
d. Irradiation facilities for quarantine treatment, enabling compliance with
phytosanitary norms of importing countries.
Other Support Infrastructure: Several ancillary infrastructure components are also
essential for supporting deep-sea fishing operations and post-harvest activities like:
a. Ice plants and flake ice machines with substantial daily production capacity
clustered near landing centres.
b. Insulated and refrigerated trucks for local distribution and transportation to
processing facilities.
c. Cold chain power plants and energy-efficient systems to reduce operational costs.
d. Logistics parks and container freight stations for efficient handling and
movement of catch.
e. Third-party pre-cooling facilities for specific product lines.
iii. Fleet Modernisation and Skill Development: Transition from coastal to deep-
sea fishing would require targeted modernisation efforts focused on supporting
existing fleet and enhancing their capabilities. Industrial deep-sea fishing can be India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
13
promoted for ABNJ and distant water fishing. The Department of Fisheries can play
a key role to support these vessels by providing proper licenses, communication
facilities, and on-board processing capabilities.
Deep-Sea Fishing Research Development:
a. Develop species-specific potential fishing zone advisories through habitat
distribution modelling.
b. Collaboration between fisheries and oceanographic research institutions to
undertake studies on underutilised resources (squid species).
c. Expanding research efforts on deep-sea fishing and value chain development.
Modification of Fishing Vessels for Deep-Sea Fishing and Offshore Fishing:
a. Vessels above 20 m in length need modifications/upgradation.
b. Equipping them with state-of-the-art technology for locating, catching, and
processing target species.
c. Technical specifications for vessel construction may be finalised by a technical
committee with experts from Department of Fisheries, ICAR-CIFT, FSI, CIFNET
d. New fishing vessels should be equipped with modern equipment for navigation,
safety, and onboard fish handling.
e. Collaboration with the Ministry of Shipping may be explored for assistance in
boat building and procurement of navigation equipment.
Introduction of New Fishing Vessels for Offshore, Distant Water Fishing:
Vessels to be added to the fleet:
a. Offshore tuna longliners: 36-50 m in length for targeting tuna and other
pelagic species using long-line gear.
b. Purse seiners: With lengths of 50-60 m, it employs a purse seine net to catch
large schools of fish like tuna.
c. Offshore gillnetters: These 25-32 m long vessels use gillnets for catching
demersal and pelagic species in deeper waters.
d. Midwater trawlers: can trawl from greater depths targeting myctophids and
squids.
e. Squid jiggers: Specialized vessels for catching squid using jig machines and lures.
Financing Mechanisms: could include
a. low-interest boat loans,
b. subsidy-linked credit facilities,
c. lease-to-own models, and
d. promoting private investments through infrastructure funds. India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
14
iv. Capacity Development and Stakeholder Engagement:
Skill development programs: Complementing the fleet modernisation efforts,
comprehensive skill development programs must be launched to train deep-sea
and offshore fishermen in various technical aspects, including:
a. Navigation and communication systems
b. Sonar and fish-finding equipment operation
c. Hydraulic line haulers and power block handling
d. Safety equipment and emergency procedures
e. Deck operations and machinery maintenance
f. Cold chain management and preservation techniques
These training programs could be conducted through dedicated deep-sea and
offshore fishing academies and vocational institutes, fisheries departments both
in the public and private sectors.
Stakeholder engagement: In parallel with skill development, active participation
of stakeholders is critical to ensure inclusive and sustainable growth in the sector.
Stakeholder engagement to ensure inclusivity and fairness can be achieved
through
a. Engaging stakeholders, including fishers, communities, and industry
stakeholders in planning and decision-making, fostering ownership, inclusivity,
and collaboration in implementing strategies.
b. Supporting fishermen cooperatives, SHGs and FFPOs with targeted funding,
training, and access to modern technology and sustainable fishing techniques
tailored to the local context to enable them to participate effectively in
modernised deep-sea fishing programs.
c. Establishing a strong fisher-trader-exporter partnership based on mutual
cooperation and trust. Fisher and trade associations, along with NGOs, can
play a critical role in fostering and sustaining these partnerships.
7. Monitoring, Control, Surveillance and Enforcement (MCS&E):
i. Vessel tracking and communication system: ISRO developed a satellite-based
VMS - NavIC for monitoring the coastal fishing fleet. It needs to be scaled up for
the specific requirements of deep-sea and offshore fishing vessels.
VMS is increasingly used by fishermen for their safety but it is essential to establish
control and monitoring units to fully operationalise the system. VMS is effective
only when integrated with area-based (spatial) management. To achieve this,
the Department of Fisheries must define deep-sea fishing zones, issue specific
licenses and restrict access to these zones to vessels with appropriate licenses.
Implementing an effective deep-sea and offshore VMS requires addressing the
following key considerations: India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
15
a. Regulatory framework: Mandating VMS installations on all deep-sea and
offshore fishing vessels and ensuring proper maintenance. Establishing legal
requirements and penalties for non-VMS compliance and tampering.
b.
Data management: Setting up secure data centres and platforms, with optimal
cyber security measures for VMS data integration, analysis, and reporting.
c.
Monitoring capabilities: Developing expertise and infrastructure for real-time
monitoring and response to VMS alerts. Develop land-based vessel monitoring
stations in each maritime state.
d.
Integration with other MCS&E tools: Integrating VMS data with other MCS&E
components like observer programs and dockside monitoring.
e.
International coordination: Aligning with international VMS standards and
enabling data sharing with relevant regional fisheries bodies.
ii. On-board observers: On-board observers can be integrated with technology
for efficient, effective and improved compliance and monitoring through the use
of 1) mothership vessel programme; 2) autonomous ocean surveillance system
technology and 3) FLIR camera for the vessels.
Successful implementation of an on-board observer program requires for
addressing the following key considerations:
a.
Legal and regulatory framework: Establishing legal requirements for
observer coverage, rights, and responsibilities.
b.
Observer training and certification: Developing comprehensive training
programs and certification standards for observers.
c.
Observer safety and working conditions: Ensuring safe working conditions,
accommodation, and insurance coverage for observers.
d.
Data management and reporting: Establishing robust data management
systems, reporting protocols, and quality control measures.
e.
Stakeholder engagement: Fostering cooperation and acceptance from
the fishing industry through awareness campaigns and co-management
approaches.
f.
Funding and cost-sharing mechanisms: Securing sustainable funding
sources and exploring cost-sharing models with the fishing industry.
g.
Regional and international coordination: Aligning observer programs with
regional and international standards for data sharing and harmonization.
iii. Dockside Monitoring: Successful implementation of dockside monitoring requires
addressing the following key considerations:
a.
Legal and regulatory framework: Establishing legal requirements and
authorities for dockside monitoring, inspection, and enforcement actions.
b.
Infrastructure and logistics: Developing designated landing sites with
appropriate facilities, equipment, technology and logistics for monitoring
activities. India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
16
c. Training and capacity building: Providing comprehensive training and
certification programs for dockside inspectors and monitoring personnel.
d.
Data management and reporting: Establishing robust data management
systems, reporting protocols, and information-sharing mechanisms.
e.
Inter-agency coordination: Fostering coordination and collaboration
between relevant agencies, such as fisheries departments, marine police, coast
guard, navy and customs authorities.
f.
Stakeholder engagement: Promoting cooperation and compliance from
the fishing industry through awareness campaigns and co-management
approaches.
g.
Regional and international coordination: Aligning dockside monitoring
protocols with regional and international standards for data sharing and
harmonisation.
iv. Reporting and Compliance:
Catch reporting requirement: Deep-sea and offshore fishing vessels should be
mandated to maintain detailed catch and logbooks (both physically and digitally)
which record information such as:
a. Fishing location (coordinates)
b. Fishing effort (number of sets, soak time)
c. Catch composition (species and quantities)
d. Bycatch and discards
e. Interactions with protected species
f. Gear and equipment used
The logbooks should be submitted to the relevant fisheries authorities at regular
intervals (e.g., daily, weekly, or per trip) through electronic reporting systems or
upon arrival at designated landing sites.
Vessel monitoring and reporting: Potential reporting requirements could include:
a. Real-time automatic vessel tracking and two-way communication.
b. Entry and exit reports when entering or leaving designated fishing areas
c. Catch and transshipment reports
d. Incident reports (e.g., gear loss, interactions with protected species)
v. Security concerns in Deep Sea and offshore fishing: Addressing the following
challenges is crucial for ensuring maritime security and preventing potential
threats.
a. Support to State Marine Police (SMP) for Patrolling Inner Swathes: Ineffective
patrolling of vast patches due to non-parallel baselines. The critical areas are India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
17
Gulf of Kutch, Gulf of Khambhat, and Lakshadweep Islands. Small boats are
inadequate for monitoring extensive nautical miles.
b. Immediate Neighbourhood: The Southern Sir Creek Line, Palk Strait, northern
Andaman Islands, witness cross-border fishing activities leading to arrests of
fishermen; it necessitates comprehensive monitoring and patrolling.
c. Coordination among stakeholders: Fishing is a state subject, while coastal
security comes under the purview of the Union government. Effective
coordination and intelligence sharing among Indian Navy, Coast Guard, and
SMP are essential.
Recommendations for mitigating challenges:
a. Robust legal framework: Enacting national legislation or policy framework
addressing
• fishing operations,
• security considerations,
• monitoring mechanisms, and
• penalties for non-compliance
b. Amending State Fishing Laws:
• Need for unified fishing laws and policies across India,
• States can have certain empowerment to adapt it in alignment with
sustainable conservation principles specific to their local needs.
c. Harmonising Best Practices: Coastal security measures implemented by some
states can be adopted by others
• Tamil Nadu model of operationalizing the ISRO-developed tracking system
• West Bengal’s digital database mapping and coastal geospatial data
analysis,
• Zonal operational coordination established by the southern states.
• Marine Enforcement Wing (MEW) established by Kerala and recently
implemented by Tamil Nadu as part of the State Marine Police.
d.
Coordination Among Regional Nations: As a member of Indian Ocean
Tuna Commission (IOTC), a RFMO, India should advocate for a data-sharing
mechanism among member nations, including a security advisory board, to
enhance regional cooperation and intelligence sharing.
e.
Infrastructural Upgradation of State Marine Police: Continued support
through the Coastal Security Scheme (CSS) for infrastructural upgradation of
marine police forces.
f.
Enhanced Maritime Domain Awareness (MDA): Investing in advanced
technologies such as maritime surveillance systems, satellite imagery, and
data analytics. India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
18
8. Sustainable Development Goals aligned approach
While SDG 14 (Life Below Water) is most directly relevant, the deep-sea and offshore
sector’s growth has multidimensional effects that contribute to several other SDGs,
including poverty reduction (SDG 1), zero hunger (SDG 2), decent work and economic
growth (SDG 8), responsible consumption and production (SDG 12) and climate
action (SDG 13). Key focus areas include ecosystem-based management, science-
based catch limits, marine protected areas, research and innovation, fair access
policies, and international cooperation. Regular monitoring, reporting, and review
mechanisms will be essential to track progress and adapt strategies as needed.
9. Roadmap for harnessing deep-sea and offshore fisheries
Phase 1: Laying the foundation and fostering early growth - focuses on laying a
solid foundation for the growth and development of India’s deep-sea fishing sector
through short-term interventions (3 years| 2025-28). The primary objectives and
targets include:
i. Regulatory Framework and Policy Interventions:
a. Enact a comprehensive legislation to ensure responsible and sustainable
fishing practices in deep-sea waters
• Develop rules and regulations of fisheries governance for 12-200 nmi region
and for enabling fishing in ABNJ.
• Update the Maritime Zones Act, 1976 and state Marine Fishing Regulation
Act (MFRAs).
• Enact a separate Vessels Act to cater to the needs of modern fishing vessels.
b. Formulation of state-level deep-sea and offshore fishing policies along with
incentive schemes tailored to regional needs.
c. Implementation of licensing and permit systems for deep-sea and offshore fishing
vessels, providing a comprehensive legal framework for fishing operations.
• Utilize ReALCRaft as a centralized digital platform for national-level
registration and licensing of deep-sea and offshore vessels, in coordination
with state and UTs.
d. Establishment of monitoring, control, surveillance and enforcement (MCS&E)
mechanisms.
• Scaling up of NAVIC to cater to the requirements of deep-sea and offshore
fishing.
• Develop land-based vessel monitoring stations in each maritime state
equipped with state-of-the-art technology.
• Implement an on-board observer program by integrating it with technology
such as electronic monitoring, FLIR cameras.
• The Department of Fisheries (DoF) can define deep-sea fishing zones and
implement a zone-specific licensing system, to ensure access to these
zones to vessels with appropriate licenses. India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
19
• Strengthen enforcement through interagency collaboration between DoF,
marine police, coast guards, navy.
ii. Infrastructure Development:
a. Upgradation/ Construction of major deep-sea fishing harbours in the coastal
states/UTs.
b. Establishment of 10-15 minor deep-sea landing centres in the coastal states/
UTs.
• Setting up integrated fish handling, processing and storage facilities near
harbours and landing centres.
• Identify Fisherwomen’s group and provide them training to operate and
maintain these facilities.
c. Development of cold chain infrastructure, including pack-houses and
strategically located cold storage facilities.
d. Establish vessel repair and maintenance facilities such as dry docking, slipways
and workshops in the coastal states.
iii. Fleet Upgradation and Capacity Building:
a. Induction of deep-sea and offshore fishing vessels (longliners, trawlers,
gillnetters, etc.)
b. Development of standardised fishing vessel designs and specifications at the
national level with a particular focus on ensuring uniformity, safety, operational
efficiency and energy efficiency.
• This could be incorporated into the new fishing Vessels Act.
c. Upgradation of onboard preservation facilities, including installation of
equipment such as compressors, ice-making machines and refrigerated
seawater (RSW) and modernisation of fish holds in existing vessels.
d. Establishment of domestic shipbuilding capacities for deep-sea and offshore
vessels in existing shipbuilding destinations.
e. Launch of skill development programs for deep-sea and offshore fishers and
crew in collaboration with national and international agencies.
f. Creation of dedicated deep-sea and offshore fishing training academies.
iv. Research and Development:
a. Mapping and scientific assessment of deep-sea and offshore fisheries resources
to evaluate potential and sustainability.
• Leverage National Marine Fisheries Data Centre (NMFDC) to serve as a
centralized database and reporting system for vessel logbooks, catch
data and compliance records, focusing on segregation of deep-sea fishery
catches.
• Enhance data collection on fishing area, effort, season, species aggregation
and environmental conditions. India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
20
b. Replace outdated fishery research vessels with MoES, ICAR, DoF, etc; induct
new deep-sea research vessels and formulate targeted scientific programs to
support deep-sea fisheries research and sustainability.
c. Launch of pilot projects and feasibility studies for deep-sea and offshore
fishing operations.
d. Collaboration with research institutions and international organisations to
adopt best practices and advanced technologies in sustainable fishing.
e. Undertake R&D on myctophids as fish meal.
v. Export Promotion:
a. Strengthening engagement with fisher cooperatives to leverage collective
resources and bargaining power for promoting exports through collaboration.
b. Promotion through export promotion councils and trade facilitation measures
to access global markets, with a focus on quality and sustainability.
c. Implement traceability systems and eco-labeling for compliance with global
standards.
Phase 2: Scaling up and achieving global competitiveness – through medium-term
interventions (4 years| 2029-32) focuses on the following
i. Fleet Modernization and Expansion:
a. Large-scale induction of advanced deep-sea and offshore fishing vessels
facilitated through cooperative ownership models, where fisher cooperatives
jointly own and operate modern vessels.
b. Upgradation of existing vessels with modern gear and handling equipment to
enhance efficiency and sustainability.
c. Strengthen shipbuilding capacities to support the production and maintenance
of advanced vessels with updated technologies.
d. Promotion of fishing corporations and joint ventures, and support for fisher
cooperatives in establishing deep-sea ventures.
ii. Infrastructure Development and Upgradation:
a. Construction of additional deep-sea fishing harbours and landing centres to
accommodate growing fleet capacity.
b. Expansion of fish handling, processing, and cold chain infrastructure to reduce
post-harvest losses and improve quality control.
c. Expansion of dedicated deep-sea and offshore vessel repair and maintenance
facilities.
d. Promotion of sustainable and low-impact fishing practices through the
integration of advanced technologies, such as modern fish-finding equipment
(e.g., sonar, echo sounders, satellite-based systems) along with best practices. India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
21
iii. Strengthening of Monitoring, Control, Surveillance and Enforcement (MCS&E):
a. Expand comprehensive vessel monitoring systems (VMS) to cover 100% of
deep-sea fleet.
b. Expansion of on-board observer programs to improve compliance with
sustainability regulations.
c. Strengthening of dockside monitoring and inspection protocols.
iv. Market Expansion and value-added processing:
a. Facilitation of access to premium domestic and international markets through
trade agreements and export facilitation.
b. Promotion of value-added and diversified deep-sea fishery products.
c. Integration of technology and automation throughout the value chain to
enhance efficiency and transparency.
d. Promotion of Offshore mariculture as an alternate revenue stream and to
diversify fish production.
v. Capacity Building and Research:
a. Continuing skill development programs for deep-sea and offshore fishers and
crew, integrating global best practices.
b. Collaboration with research institutions for stock assessments, resource
mapping, and sustainable fishing innovations.
c. Implementation and validation of the offshore/deep-sea fisheries advisories
with the commercial fishing fleets.
d. Promotion of sustainable fishing practices through scaling up of traceability
systems, eco-labelling initiatives, consumer awareness campaigns, and
responsible fisheries management to ensure transparency, incentivize
sustainable choices and foster long-term marine conservation and livelihoods.
Phase 3: Global leadership in sustainable deep-sea fisheries – the long-term interventions
(8 years and beyond | 2033 onwards) would be geared towards consolidating the gains
made through phases 1 and 2, ensuring long-term sustainability, and positioning India
as a global leader in sustainable deep-sea and offshore fishing practices. The primary
objectives and targets include:
i. High-value product development:
a. Expansion of dedicated value-addition and processing facilities to continuously
enhance product quality and efficiency.
b. Development of niche and premium deep-sea and offshore fishery products
targeted at high-end global markets.
c. Exploring alternative uses and byproduct utilisation to maximize resource
efficiency.
ii. Sustainability and Conservation:
a. Enforcement of ecosystem-based fisheries management frameworks. India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
22
b. Strengthening of monitoring, control, and surveillance (MCS) measures.
c. Expansion of marine protected areas and marine spatial planning.
d. Assess the impact of climate change on deep-sea fisheries and adaptation
strategies.
iii. Market Access and Trade Facilitation:
a. Compliance with international sustainability standards and certifications.
b. Harmonisation of regulations with regional and global norms.
c. Facilitation of access to premium global markets through trade agreements
and branding initiatives.
iv. Strengthening Research and Development:
a. Collaboration with international research institutions and organizations for
continuous innovation in sustainable fishing technologies and practices.
b. Continuous improvements in offshore/deep-sea fishery advisories for
commercial fishing fleets.
c. Regular stock assessments and resource mapping to ensure data-driven
fisheries management.
• An indicative costing framework for the three phases has also been provided by
considering the convergence of centrally sponsored and central sector schemes
related to fisheries – phase 1 (Rs 2430 crore); phase 2 (Rs 4210 crore), and phase
3 (Rs 1690 crore). India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
23
• Indicative cost estimation for the Strategic Phases
Phases Components
Estimated
Cost (Rs
crore)
Relevant schemes
Phase 1:
Laying the
foundation
and fostering
early growth
Regulatory
framework and
policy interventions
260
PMMSY, Coastal Security Scheme
(CSS)
Infrastructure
development
470
PMMSY, Fisheries and
Aquaculture Infrastructure
Development Fund (FIDF),
Sagarmala Programme, Pradhan
Mantri Kisan Sampada Yojana
(PMKSY) of the Ministry of Food
Processing Industries
Fleet upgradation
and capacity
building
790
PMMSY, Maritime Development
Fund (MDF)
Research and
Development
1
610 PMMSY, Deep Ocean Mission
Export promotion 300
PMMSY, NIRYAT SAHKAR
(NCDC)
Total2430
Phase 2:
Scaling up
and achieving
global
compe-
titiveness
Fleet modernisation
and expansion
1940
PMMSY, MDF, Shipbuilding
Financial Assistance Policy
(SBFAP) 2.0, MDF
Infrastructure
development and
upgradation
1760
PMMSY, FIDF, Sagarmala
Programme
Strengthening of
Monitoring, Control,
Surveillance and
Enforcement
(MCS&E)
10
2
PMMSY, CSS
Market Expansion
and value-added
processing
460 PMMSY, PMKSY
Capacity building
and research
40 PMMSY
1 The amount has been estimated based on allocation under ‘Deep Ocean Mission’.
2 The figure corresponds to ‘communication and/or tracking devices like VHF/DAT/NAVIC/transponders etc’
for 1000 deep-sea vessels (Rs 5 crore) and for expanding onboard observer program to 50% of vessels (Rs 5
crore). Common infrastructure for MCS would be Detailed Project Report (DPR) based on PMMSY operational
guidelines.
Further, given the complexity and evolving nature of some interventions, certain activities within the com-
ponents MCS&E, Sustainability and conservation, Capacity building, Research and Development etc. do not
have standardized unit costs and are expected to be implemented through Detailed Project Reports (DPR) or
Self-contained proposal. As such, these figures are indicative rather than definitive. India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
24
Phases Components
Estimated
Cost (Rs
crore)
Relevant schemes
Total4210
Phase 3:
Global
leadership in
sustainable
deep-sea
fisheries
High-value product
development
600 PMMSY
Sustainability and
conservation
210 PMMSY, Deep Ocean Mission
Market access and
trade facilitation
480
PMMSY, NIRYAT SAHKAR
(NCDC)
Strengthening
Research and
Development
400 PMMSY, Deep Ocean Mission
Total1690
• A dedicated committee within the Department of Fisheries could oversee progress
against the milestones, conducting annual reviews and adjusting timelines
as necessary. Periodic assessments from third-party research and advisory
organisations may be conducted to measure effectiveness and compliance.
• Several challenges and risks could be encountered during implementation of the
programme. Challenges include availability of technical expertise, cooperation of
the stakeholders and institutions, high cost of fishing etc. Potential risks include
declining fish stocks, sea safety concerns, and the impact of climate change etc. It
is essential to identify and prioritise challenges and risks and develop anticipatory
mitigation measures.
10. Recommendations
Six key consolidated areas of intervention have been identified and recommendations
under each have been proposed to transform the sector.
i. Policy and Regulatory Overhaul
a. Create clear rules to help everyone fish responsibly in deep waters and a
Regulatory Act with a legal framework aligned to international laws (UNCLOS),
standards, and guidelines.
b. Streamline licensing, registration, and access policies based on resource
potential, stakeholder inclusion, and sustainability principles.
c. Revise subsidy and incentive schemes to tap the potential of deep-sea and
offshore fishing.
d. Establish legal mandates and empower institutions for effective monitoring,
control, and surveillance. India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
25
ii. Institutional Strengthening and Capacity Building
a. Creation of a dedicated agency/directorate under the Department of Fisheries
for holistic governance of deep-sea and offshore fisheries.
b. Augment research, data collection, stock assessment, and reliable fisheries
advisory capabilities through specialized vessels, skills, and infrastructure.
c. Export Promotion through cooperatives to leverage collective resources and
bargaining power.
d. Develop institutional linkages with regional fisheries bodies, international
agencies, and research institutions.
e. Implement capacity-building programs covering legal, policy, and technical
aspects for regulatory personnel and industry stakeholders.
iii. Fleet Modernisation and Infrastructure Upgradation
a. Incentivize the adoption of larger and modernizing existing deep-sea vessels
equipped with modern refrigeration systems and value-addition facilities.
b. Recognize the capital-intensive nature of deep-sea fishing and promote
inclusive fleet development by supporting fisher cooperatives and cluster-
based approaches, enabling collective ownership, operation, and access to
technology.
c. Augment deep-sea fishing harbour infrastructure with berthing facilities,
maintenance support, unloading equipment etc.
d. Develop an integrated network of deep-sea fishing ports and fish landing
centres along the coastline.
e. Invest in post-harvest processing, cold chain infrastructure, and marketing
channels to minimise wastage.
iv. Sustainable Fisheries Management
a. Operationalize marine spatial planning and designate deep-sea marine
protected areas based on scientific assessments.
b. Develop and enforce total allowable catch limits integrating the ecosystem
approach to fisheries.
c. Mandate the adoption of technologies to reduce bycatch, juvenile catch, and
impacts on marine habitats.
d. Implement real-time digital monitoring systems through vessel tracking,
observers, and e-logbooks.
e. Establish traceability systems to ensure transparency in the supply chain
from catch to consumer, which would help in the identification of legal and
sustainable fishing practices. India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
26
f. Promote eco-labelling initiatives to certify sustainable fisheries, encouraging
market incentives for responsible practices.
v. Resource Mobilisation and Financing
a. Establish a dedicated Deep-Sea Fishing Development Fund through budgetary
support under PMMSY and industry contributions.
b. Facilitate public-private partnerships in deep-sea fishing vessels and
infrastructure.
c. Ease access to institutional credit and develop insurance and risk mitigation
mechanisms customized to this sector.
d. Explore viability gap funding and soft loan assistance from multilateral
agencies for green technologies.
vi. Stakeholder Inclusion and Partnerships
a. Develop co-management frameworks incorporating community institutions,
fish worker unions and industry bodies.
b. Ensure representation and inclusion of small-scale, artisanal and indigenous
fishers in access policies.
c. Promote responsible corporate stewardship and sustainable value chain
practices by fishing companies.
d. Foster cross-sectoral coordination between maritime agencies, research
bodies, coastal states/UTs, and international partners.
e. Launch of pilot projects in 2-3 coastal districts of Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, and
Maharashtra focusing on demonstration of technologies, skills, and monitoring
practices.
In addition to the aforementioned six key areas of intervention, successful delivery
of the strategy would require a robust implementation mechanism.
vii. Implementation Mechanism
a. Create an overarching Deep-Sea Fishing Program (DSFP) with a dedicated
Programme Management Unit in the Department of Fisheries, to design,
coordinate, implement, and monitor the program.
b. The DSFP can have an advisory council consisting of all maritime states and
other relevant agencies to advise the Programme Director. India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
27 India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
28
1.1 Background and Rationale
India has a vast maritime area and a long coastline stretching over 11,098 kilometres
3

across nine coastal states and four union territories. While the country boasts a thriving
fisheries sector that contributes significantly to the national economy and supports
the livelihoods of millions
4
, the full potential of its deep-sea fishery resources remains
largely unexploited. The deep waters beyond the continental shelf, extending beyond
the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) boundary of 200 nautical miles (nmi), contain high-
value fish stocks, including tuna, billfish, and shrimp species. The EEZ potential is 7.16
million tonnes (MT), including conventional and non-conventional resources (DADH,
2018). While this suggests significant expansion opportunities, it is crucial to consider
that many of these resources have slow growth rates and high longevity, making them
vulnerable to overexploitation. Harnessing these deep-sea fisheries can provide a much-
needed economic boost to India’s marine fisheries sector, augment seafood exports,
enhance food security, and generate new employment opportunities in coastal regions
while reducing the fishing pressure on coastal fishery resources.
To begin with, it is essential to clarify specific terms that are often used interchangeably
but do not necessarily convey the same meaning, particularly in the context of deep-sea
fisheries or globally recognised frameworks. In Indian marine fisheries literature, terms
such as “high seas,” “offshore,” “offshore tuna fisheries,” “oceanic fisheries,” etc. are used
synonymously with “deep sea,” which is incorrect.
5
According to the FAO, deep-sea
fisheries are defined as “fisheries that take place at great depths (between 200-2000
meters (m)), on continental slopes, oceanic seamounts, ridge systems banks. These
fisheries target demersal/benthic species using a range of gears including bottom and
mid-water trawls, pots, and longlines”. Therefore, “deep-sea fisheries” can be described
as any fishing activity occurring at depths greater than 200 m, typically targeting
demersal/benthic species
6
using gears including bottom and mid-water trawls and
longlines, etc, as shown in (Fig. 1.1).
3 The Indian coastline has expanded from 7516.6 km in 1970 to 11,098 km in 2023-24 based on new methodology
that includes bays, estuaries, inlets and other geomorphological features that replaced the earlier straight-line
measurement approach.
4 India is the second largest fish producing country in the world. In FY 2022-23, it accounted for 8% of global
production and contributed 1.09% to GVA and over 6.7% to agricultural GVA. It provides livelihood to around
30 million people, particularly marginalised and vulnerable communities https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.
aspx?PRID=1986155, accessed on November 21, 2024). Further, in FY 2023-24, the export earnings from fish
and fishery products were Rs 60,523 crore, which had seen a 100% increase as against Rs 30,213 crore in 2013-
14 (https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2055709, accessed on November 21, 2024).
5 Policy guidance for harnessing the deep-sea and offshore fishery potential of India, NITI Aayog
6 Note: Pelagic sources also contribute to deep sea resources.
CHAPTER-I
Introduction India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
29
Deep-sea fisheries can occur within the EEZ and in Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction
(ABNJ)/ High Seas. On the other hand, “offshore fishing”, in the Indian context, may
be considered as fishing beyond 12 nmi and up to 200 nmi within the Indian EEZ and is
unrelated to the fishing activity’s depth. “Distant water / high seas fishing” is any fishing
activity beyond 200 nmi, i.e, fishing in ABNJ /the High Seas.
Fig 1.1: Delineation of the various realms of the ocean vis-à-vis fisheries terms
((TW=Territorial Waters up to 12 nmi, EEZ= Exclusive Economic Zone up to 200 nmi)
Deep-sea fishing operations present unique challenges and complexities that differ
significantly from traditional coastal or inland fishing activities. It requires specialized
vessels equipped with advanced technologies capable of undertaking extended voyages
in often treacherous ocean conditions. Access to cutting-edge fish-finding equipment,
sustainable harvesting techniques, and robust infrastructure for landing and processing
the catch becomes paramount. Though Indian vessels engage in fishing in the ABNJ,
many coastal states in India currently lack the necessary deep-sea fishing fleet, shoreside
facilities, and well-established institutional frameworks to tap into these offshore marine
resources effectively. Moreover, the deep-sea environment is more fragile and vulnerable
to overexploitation and habitat degradation, necessitating stringent conservation
measures and responsible fishing practices to maintain the long-term sustainability of
these precious resources.
Given these challenges and opportunities, a comprehensive national strategy framework
is crucial to promote the sustainable development of India’s deep-sea, offshore, and high-
seas fisheries sector. The strategy must address the multifaceted issues of infrastructural
gaps, technological barriers, financing hurdles, and regulatory aspects while prioritising
the long-term preservation of marine ecosystems and fish stocks. By strategically India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
30
unlocking the potential of deep-sea fisheries, India can diversify its marine catch, boost
economic growth in coastal communities, enhance food security, and position itself as a
global leader in sustainable marine resource management. This report aims to provide a
strategic roadmap for harnessing India’s deep-sea fisheries potential through a holistic
and forward-looking approach that balances economic imperatives with environmental
sustainability.
1.1.1 Governance of Marine Fisheries as per the Indian Law
• Fishing and Fisheries beyond Territorial waters: Sl 57 in the List-1 (Union list)
of the 7
th
Schedule of the Indian constitution deals with the governance of
fishing and fisheries beyond territorial waters (TW). Article 246(1) of the Indian
Constitution empowers the Union (parliament) to enact laws pertaining to any
matter enumerated in the ‘Union List’.
• Fisheries: Sl 21 in the List-II (State List) of the 7th Schedule of the Indian
Constitution deals with the governance of Fisheries. Article 246(3) of the
Indian Constitution empowers the states to enact laws pertaining to matters
enumerated in the ‘State List’.
Article 297 of the Indian Constitution vests in the Union for all the resources within
TW, the Continental Shelf, and the EEZ. Though the resources in the Maritime Zones
of India mentioned above come fully under the control of the Union, it does not take
away/supersede the legislative competence of the Centre and the State as defined
under Article 246.
Effective collaboration and coordination between the Union and State governments
are essential to address the challenges and maximize the benefits of the dual
system of governance for marine fisheries in India. This can be achieved through
joint planning, information sharing, and the development of shared standards and
guidelines to ensure the long-term strength of India’s marine ecosystems.
1.2 India’s Untapped Deep-Sea Potential
EEZ covers an expansive area of over 2 million square kilometres (km
2
) (Table 1. 1), rich
in marine living resources. However, the vast deep-sea areas beyond the continental
shelf remain largely unexplored and underutilised for fishing activities. Preliminary
assessments by the Fishery Survey of India (FSI) and other research organizations have
revealed the immense potential of these deep-sea regions, both within the EEZ and in
international waters.
The inshore waters of the Indian mainland are overly fished, placing significant pressure
on several coastal fish species. This has raised concerns among coastal fishermen about
their means of livelihood, given the current surge in fishing activity. Unlike the heavily
exploited near-shore and coastal waters, the deep-sea and offshore waters remain largely
untapped by traditional fishers. On the consumption side, India’s monthly per capita fish
consumption has increased from 2.9 kg in 1990-91 to 6.31 kg in 2020-21(Handbook on India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
31
Fisheries Statistics, 2022). With the population of India on the rise, the nation has to
inevitably enhance the availability of fish to meet the increased nutritional demands.
This can be achieved through the country’s offshore and deep-sea fisheries, which have
become the iconic last frontier for expanding marine fisheries and high-seas fishing.
Research suggests that the deep-sea zone holds significant potential for fish stocks,
and most deep-sea fish are considered safe for human consumption (Gatto et al., 2023).
In recent years, India’s deep-sea fisheries have been recognised and gained attention
as a latent matter. India produced about 4.13 MT of marine fish, mostly from depths of
200 m in 2021-22. The additional unconventional marine fish catch from oceanic waters
that could supplement conventional resource landings was estimated at 1.84 MT (DAHD,
2018).
Harvesting marine resources beyond the continental shelf, in waters deeper than 200 m,
provides an opportunity to increase seafood production, support economic growth, and
meet the growing global demand for fish products
7
. Various methods, such as pole-and-
line fishery using live baits, purse seining, gill netting, long lining, trawl, trolling hooks
and lines, can effectively harvest deep-sea or oceanic resources.
Table 1.1: Coastal Geography and Demographics Summary
Coastal Data
Length of coastline11,098 km
Total land area3,287,263 km
2
Area of the continental shelf372,424 km
2
Territorial sea (up to 12 nautical miles)193,834 km
2
Exclusive Economic Zone2.02 million km
2
Coastal Geomorphology (Mainland)
Sandy Beach*43%
Rocky Coast*11%
Muddy Flats*36%
Marshy Coast*10%
Population of the Coastal States and UTs560 million
Population of Island Territories 0.44 million
Source: Compiled from https://surveyofindia.gov.in/webroot/UserFiles/files/Length%20of%20
Coastline%20of%20India.pdf ; https://www.nccr.gov.in/sites/default/files/schangenew.pdf
Note ‘*’: The figures correspond to the percentage of the Indian coast.
Fig 1.2: Indicative Map Showing Proposed Fishing Zones in the Indian (EEZ)
7 According to the State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture (2024), the global consumption of aquatic foods
reached 162.5 million tonnes in 2021, which had increased nearly twice the rate of the world population since
1961. The global per capita annual consumption has risen from 9.1 kg in 1961 to 20.7 kg in 2022. (https://www.
fao.org/newsroom/detail/fao-report-global-fisheries-and-aquaculture-production-reaches-a-new-record-high/
en, accessed on November 21, 2024) India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
32
Source: Mohamed et al. (2018)
Note: The fishing zones consist of 13 Territorial Water (TW) zones: A1, A2, A3, B4, B5, B6, C7, C8,
C9, D10, D11, E12, FG13; and six regional zones, namely A, B, C, D, F, G.
Maritime states like Gujarat, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu have skilfully caught deep-sea fish
and oceanic resources within India’s EEZ using vessels under 20 m Over All Length
(OAL) without modernisation of fishing and craft gear.
8
This reflects the reliance of
fishermen on traditional knowledge and skills passed down through generations and a
deep understanding of local marine ecosystems. Deeper waters account for a small part
of India’s fish production.
In addition to the EEZ, the international waters and areas under regional fisheries
management organizations (RFMOs) like the Indian Ocean Tuna Commission (IOTC)
and the Southern Indian Ocean Fisheries Agreement (SIOFA) offer further opportunities
for Indian deep-sea fishing vessels. These areas are rich in valuable pelagic and demersal
species, and India’s participation in these regional bodies can provide access to these
resources, subject to sustainable fishing practices. Antarctic fisheries governed by the
Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR), one of
the best RFMOs in the world, have huge potential to tap the cold fisheries like Krill, Tooth
Fish, Ice Fish, etc. CMLRE, MoES
9
, a nodal agency, is promoting this fishery for Indian
entrepreneurs, and domestic regulatory mechanisms and policies are being worked out.
This offers additional growth revenues for the Indian deep-sea fishing industry to utilise
the opportunities in the Antarctic waters apart from the IOTC and SIOFA regions.
However, realising the full potential of India’s deep-sea fisheries requires overcoming
8 https://eprints.cmfri.org.in/17830/1/CMFRI%20Training%20Manual%20Series%20No.%2035_2023_AARDO.
pdf (accessed on January 20, 2024).
9 Centre for Marine Living Resources and Ecology, Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES) India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
33
several challenges, including the lack of a specialised deep-sea fishing fleet, inadequate
infrastructure for landing and processing the catch, limited technological capabilities
for locating and harvesting deep-sea resources, and gaps in regulatory frameworks
and management systems. Additionally, ensuring the long-term sustainability of these
resources through responsible fishing practices and effective conservation measures is
crucial.
By addressing these challenges and implementing a comprehensive policy framework,
India can unlock its deep-sea fisheries’ immense economic and food security benefits.
Harnessing these resources can contribute to the growth of the marine fisheries
sector, enhance export earnings, create employment opportunities in coastal regions,
and strengthen the nation’s position as a global leader in sustainable marine resource
management.
1.3 Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana (PMMSY)
Significant investments in the fisheries sector to the tune of `38,572 crore have been
made by the Government of India through various schemes/programs such as the Blue
Revolution Scheme, Fisheries and Aquaculture Infrastructure Development Fund (FIDF),
PMMSY and Pradhan Mantri Matsya Kisan Samridhi Sah-Yojana (PM-MKSSY)
10
since
2015. This financial outlay underscores the government’s commitment to transforming
the fisheries sector and unlocking its economic potential. Among these schemes,
PMMSY is a five-year scheme from FY 2020-21 to FY 2024-25 that aims to bring about
a Blue Revolution through sustainable and responsible development of India’s fisheries
potential. With an ambitious investment of `20,050 crores (cr), the highest-ever in the
sector, the scheme received a substantial allocation of `2,248.77 cr, in the FY 2023-24
budget, marking a 38.45% increase compared to previous years. The total investment
under PMMSY is divided into a Central share of `9,407 cr, a State share of `4,880 cr, and
a beneficiary’s contribution of `5,763 cr. Additionally, a new sub-scheme, PM-MKSSY,
with a targeted investment of `6,000 cr, was introduced to enhance the earnings and
incomes of those engaged in the fisheries sector. Since its launch by the Hon’ble Prime
Minister on 10th September 2020, the Department of Fisheries, Ministry of Fisheries,
Animal Husbandry and Dairying has effectively implemented PMMSY.
Further, concerning marine fisheries and particularly deep sea fishing vessels, the physical
achievements under PMMSY (since 2020-21 till 14
th
December 2024) were as follows: 2259 bio-
toilets in mechanized fishing vessels; 1338 upgradation of existing fishing vessels, 480 deep
sea fishing vessels.
11
PMMSY also aims to promote ‘Make in India’ initiatives by modernising
fishing vessels, low-cost Indigenous fishing vessels, and mother vessels.
12
This is the right
step towards building the much-required basic infrastructure through modernisation and
indigenisation of fishing vessels, which would help generate higher income for traditional
fisher folks (Fig. 1.3). However, the cost component of operating these mechanized vessels
must be considered to ensure positive earnings for the fisher folks.
Fig 1.3: Deep-sea Fishing Vessels: Driving Higher Incomes for Traditional Fishermen
10 https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2074882 (accessed on November 21, 2024)
11 https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1986155 (accessed on November 21, 2024)
12 https://dof.gov.in/sites/default/files/2021-10/Reform_Booklet_English.pdf (accessed on November 21, 2024) India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
34
Source: https://dof.gov.in/sites/default/files/2021-10/Reform_Booklet_English.pdf
1.4 Objectives
The primary objective of this strategy report is to provide a comprehensive roadmap
for harnessing the untapped potential of India’s deep-sea fishery resources sustainably
and responsibly. By addressing the multifaceted challenges and opportunities in this
sector, the report aims to catalyze the growth of deep-sea fishing operations, thereby
contributing to the overall development of the country’s marine fisheries sector.
The report aims explicitly to achieve the following key objectives:
1.4.1 To assess the current status, techniques, and growth trends in India’s deep-sea
fishing sector, highlighting the existing gaps and untapped potential.
1.4.2 To identify the critical infrastructure, technological, and sustainability challenges
inhibiting India’s growth and development of deep-sea fishing activities.
1.4.3 To determine growth opportunities to be unlocked by harnessing the deep-
sea fishery resources within the EEZ and international waters.
1.4.4 To improve the socio-economic condition of resource users, foster participatory
management, ensure equity, and strengthen collaboration with regional
fisheries organizations.
1.4.5 To recommend feasible policy interventions at the national and state levels
to promote sustainable deep-sea fishing practices, addressing issues such as
licensing, incentives, subsidies, and regulatory frameworks.
1.4.6 To establish robust monitoring, control, surveillance, and enforcement
mechanisms to ensure the long-term sustainability of deep-sea fish stocks and
marine ecosystems.
1.4.7 To examine global best practices in deep-sea fishing and sustainability
measures that can be adopted in the Indian context, considering the unique
challenges and opportunities.
1.4.8 To develop a roadmap for investments and infrastructure development required
to build India’s deep-sea fishing capacity, including fleet modernisation, skill
development, and post-harvest facilities.
The scope of this strategy report encompasses a comprehensive analysis of the deep-sea India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
35
fishing sector, covering both the Indian EEZ and international waters accessible through
regional fisheries agreements. It will delve into the economic, environmental, and social
aspects of deep-sea fishing, addressing the concerns of various stakeholders, including
coastal communities, industry players, policymakers, and conservation organisations. By
providing a holistic and forward-looking approach, this strategy report aims to serve as
a guiding framework for policymakers, industry stakeholders, and regulatory authorities
to unlock the full potential of India’s deep-sea fisheries while balancing economic
imperatives with environmental sustainability and social equity.
Furthermore, the report will align the development of the deep-sea fishing sector with
the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly SDG 14 (Life
Below Water), ensuring that the proposed policies and strategies contribute to the
sustainable use of marine resources and the conservation of ocean ecosystems.
1.5 Methodology
The methodology for developing this strategy report was comprehensive, involving
secondary and primary research. A thorough literature review was conducted to collect
global best practices, case studies, policies, and models from nations boasting well-
established deep-sea fishing industries. This review encompassed relevant reports,
publications, and data from government departments, research institutions, and online
resources. An extensive analysis of government fisheries databases, reports from
research institutions, the Marine Products Export Development Authority (MPEDA) and
National Fisheries Development Board (NFDB), and published research papers was
done. International conventions and cooperation mechanisms under Regional Fisheries
Management Organisations (RFMOs) governing fishing access rights were also examined.
Primary activities included multi-stakeholder consultations with central and state
government departments, exporters associations, and field visits to key fishing states.
Two national workshops at Cochin, Kerala, and Visakhapatnam, AP, were organized
in 2024 to gather further insights from various stakeholders. An inter-ministerial
workshop on “Harnessing Deep Sea and Offshore Fishing Potential” was also held with
participation from various ministries and organisations. Key participants included the
representatives from the Department of Fisheries, the Ministry of Ports, Shipping and
Waterways, and the Ministry of Earth Sciences. The Indian National Centre for Ocean
Information Services (INCOIS), the National Institute of Oceanography (NIO), and
the Centre for Marine Living Resources & Ecology (CMLRE) were also involved. The
Ministry of Commerce was represented by the Marine Products Export Development
Authority (MPEDA). The Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) was represented
by the Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute (CMFRI) and the Central Institute of
Fisheries Technology (CIFT). Additional stakeholders included the Indian Coast Guard,
the National Security Council Secretariat (NSCS), the Bay of Bengal Program (BOBP),
Cochin Shipyard Ltd, and the Sustainable Seafood Network India (SSNI). Furthermore,
inputs from ICAR-CMFRI, CIFT, CMLRE, INCOIS, SSNI, and the Indian Coast Guard
were received and incorporated into the document to provide feasible solutions for
the sector. These interventions helped to understand the sector and develop practical India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
36
solutions. This participatory methodology ensured policy recommendations aligned
with diverse stakeholder concerns and implementable feasibility solutions within India’s
federal governance system. A well-researched, evidence-based approach was adopted
for developing pragmatic, tailored solutions.
1.6 The Need for a Dedicated Deep Sea Fishing Strategy in India
Deeper waters present unique opportunities, and management challenges are not
adequately addressed. While India has a long history of marine fishing, the focus has
traditionally been on coastal and inshore resources. With rising demand outstripping
supply from overexploited coastal stocks, harnessing deep-sea resources becomes
imperative to ensure food security. However, tapping the deep-sea potential requires
shifting towards more capital-intensive offshore fishing through modern fleets. It also
involves complex resource exploration, tracking, and harvesting technologies in a fragile
ecosystem.
A streamlined legal and administrative setup must be developed to effectively regulate
access, licensing and operations in the EEZ and high seas. There are gaps in safety
and security standards, vessel monitoring, catch certification, Illegal, unreported and
unregulated (IUU) fishing prevention, fleet modernisation, skill development, processing
infrastructure, and sustainable financing, which requires coordinated long-term policy
interventions. A unified fisheries control approach covering central and state agencies
will facilitate effective planning and investment.
Further, as observed through stakeholder consultation, existing stock assessments using
different approaches are limited due to data scarcity. Strict implementation of a vessel
monitoring system (VMS) for all fishing vessels could help address this by providing more
granular catch data to feed into stock assessments. This, in turn, would enable fixing
sustainable catch quotas for vessels. Artisanal fleet integration merits special focus in a
highly centralised sector dominated by mechanised boats. Compliance with international
agreements is challenging without an empowered nodal body overseeing deep-sea
activities, particularly the lack of databanks on resources beyond 200 nmi, with scientific
management. Social safeguards are needed for vulnerable coastal communities exposed to
industrialisation risks. Considering these complex and futuristic aspects of deep-sea fishing
development, a dedicated long-term strategy and regulatory framework is indispensable. It
should clarify issues pertaining to maritime zones, inter-state coordination, dispute redressal,
and oversight mechanisms, which are presently in a grey area.
A holistic strategy framework will help to optimize the sustainable industrialisation of
deep-sea resources for economic growth while addressing concerns through improved
governance and inclusive small fisher participation in the journey. It can propel India as
a leader in the Indian Ocean, responsibly harnessing its rich marine heritage. In summary,
a need for a structured approach through a dedicated strategy framework has become
imminent to unlock vast untapped Indian EEZ potential in a balanced and scientific manner. India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
37 India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
38
This section overviews the techniques, technologies, and vessels employed in global
deep-sea fishing operations and their economic and sustainability considerations. In a
worldwide context, deep-sea fishing, also called deep-sea trawling or deep-sea bottom
fishing, involves harvesting marine resources from depths typically exceeding 200 m.
The deep sea is the world’s largest ecosystem, with deep-sea fishing fleets operating
between 200 and 1800 m depth, where about 300 fish species are fished as either
target species or bycatch (Priede, 2017).
2.1 Techniques, Technologies, and Vessels
Deep-sea fishing operations employ various specialized techniques and advanced
technologies to locate, capture, and harvest fish stocks in the vast expanses of the open
ocean. The choice of technique depends on the target species, vessel capabilities, and
regulatory frameworks governing sustainable fishing practices (Annexure II provides a
case study on fishing craft and gear used for offshore tuna fishing in Andhra Pradesh).
Longlining is one of the most widely used techniques in deep-sea and offshore fishing. It
involves setting out a main line, often several miles long, with thousands of baited hooks
attached regularly (Fig. 2.1). Longlines can be set at different depths to target specific
species, such as tuna, swordfish, and halibut. Automated longlining systems have been
developed to improve efficiency and reduce labour intensity.
Fig 2.1: Longlining
Source: https://www.msc.org/what-we-are-doing/our-approach/fishing-methods-and-gear-types/
longlines
Purse seining is another common method for catching pelagic species like tuna, mackerel,
and sardines that travel in large schools. This technique involves encircling the school
of fish with a large wall of netting, which is then closed at the bottom to form a purse,
trapping the fish inside (Fig. 2.2).
CHAPTER-II
Global Deep-Sea Fishing
Practices India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
39
Fig 2.2: Purse seining
Source: https://www.msc.org/what-we-are-doing/our-approach/fishing-methods-and-gear-types/
purse-seine
Trawling is employed to capture demersal species that live near the seafloor. Bottom
trawlers drag large, funnel-shaped nets along the seabed, while midwater trawlers
target species in the pelagic zone (Fig. 2.3). Advanced trawling systems incorporate
sophisticated net monitoring and control technologies to improve catch selectivity and
reduce bycatch.
Fig 2.3: Trawling
Source: https://www.msc.org/what-we-are-doing/our-approach/fishing-methods-and-gear-types/
demersal-or-bottom-trawls
Techniques such as purse seining, longlining, and trawling are highly effective methods
that improve profitability and address growing demands for seafood. However, these India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
40
methods can impose severe ecological consequences as well. As such, choosing fishing
technology and vessels involves a critical balancing act. By prioritising sustainable
techniques that balance economic gain and ecological preservation, the fishing industry
can work towards a model that supports marine ecosystems and the communities that
depend on them.
In addition to traditional fishing methods, using fish aggregating devices (FADs) has
become increasingly common in offshore fisheries. FADs are floating objects that attract
and concentrate pelagic fish, making them easier to locate and harvest using purse
seines or other techniques. However, they must be used with strict regulations to ensure
the sustainability of target fish stocks.
Deep-sea and offshore fishing operations rely heavily on advanced technologies for
navigation, fish finding, monitoring, and information sharing. Global Positioning System
(GPS) and electronic charts aid in precise navigation and tracking of fishing grounds.
Sonar and acoustic technologies, such as echo sounders and multibeam sonars, detect
and map fish aggregations, seamounts, and underwater features. Advanced deep-sea
and offshore fishing technologies include Remotely Operated Vehicles (ROVs) and
Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) for mapping fish habitats and monitoring
ecosystems. Landers and Crawlers provide stationary or mobile seabed monitoring,
while adaptive sensor-equipped marine robotic platforms enable comprehensive fish
stock assessments and habitat evaluations. These technologies improve fishing precision,
reduce environmental impact, and support sustainable practices (Aguzzi et. al., 2024).
Specialized deep-sea fishing vessels are designed to withstand extended voyages and
harsh ocean conditions. These small- to industrial-scale vessels have refrigerated holds,
onboard processing facilities, and advanced communication and safety systems. Larger
vessels may also have specialised equipment like hydraulic haulers, power blocks, and
line haulers to handle the heavy fishing gear and catch.
Technological advancements have also led to the adoption of satellite-based vessel
monitoring systems (VMS), Automatic Identification Systems (AIS), and electronic
monitoring tools, which aid in tracking fishing activities, ensuring compliance with
regulations, and supporting sustainable management efforts.
By employing these advanced techniques, technologies, and vessels, global deep-sea
fishing operations aim to maximize efficiency, improve catch quality, and promote
responsible fishing practices while minimising environmental impacts and ensuring the
long-term sustainability of marine resources.
2.2 Economic Viability and Sustainability
Deep-sea and offshore fisheries play a vital role in the global seafood supply chain and
contribute significantly to the economies of nations with access to offshore waters.
However, the economic viability of these operations is closely intertwined with concerns
over the long-term sustainability of deep-sea fish stocks and the health of marine
ecosystems. India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
41
From an economic perspective, deep-sea and offshore fishing offer lucrative opportunities
due to the high market demand and value of many targeted species, such as tuna,
swordfish, and deep-sea shrimp. The total economic value of the deep-sea ecosystem is
estimated at USD 267 billion per year, with fish landings from the deep sea contributing
around USD 9.4 billion (Ottaviani, 2020). The total economic value of the deep sea was
estimated by including the provision of deep-water fish, harvesting of precious corals, the
use of marine-derived substances for pharmaceuticals, the extraction of deep and ultra-
deep oil, and the potential mining of seafloor mineral resources. It also accounted for
carbon sequestration performed by deep-sea ecosystems, the significance of scientific
research in these environments, and tourism activities.
However, the high operational costs associated with deep-sea and offshore fishing pose
significant challenges. Factors such as fuel consumption, vessel maintenance, specialised
equipment, extended voyages, and crew expenses contribute to substantial overhead
costs, undermining profitability and economic viability. Further, access to financing,
insurance, and capital investment for fleet modernisation is often limited, particularly for
small-scale operators.
Balancing the economic viability of deep-sea and offshore fishing with sustainability
is crucial, as the marine ecosystems’ long-term health directly influences the fishing
industry’s profitability and resilience. Sustainability concerns in deep-sea and offshore
fisheries arise from the potential for overexploitation of fish stocks, bycatch issues, and
habitat degradation. The remote and vast nature of deep-sea environments, combined
with the migratory patterns of many targeted species, makes effective monitoring and
management exceptionally challenging.
Illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing activities further exacerbate the
depletion of deep-sea and offshore fish stocks, undermining conservation efforts and
distorting market dynamics. Bycatch, including non-target species, marine mammals,
and seabirds, significantly threatens marine biodiversity and ecosystem health.
In 2023, the Information Fusion Centre (IFC) recorded 708 Illegal, Unreported, and
Unregulated Fishing (IUUF) incidents in the IFC’s Area of Interest (AOI). This number
was significantly higher than previous years, representing a 27% increase from 2022,
when 559 incidents were recorded. The increase is even more dramatic compared to
2021, with the 2023 figure being 95% higher than the 364 incidents recorded that year.
These statistics demonstrate a concerning upward trend in IUUF incidents within the
IFC’s AOI over the past three years (IFC,

2024).
The IUU Fishing Risk Index, which evaluates the exposure and effectiveness of 152
coastal countries in combating IUU fishing, further underscores the severity of this
issue (Macfadyen and Hosch, 2023). The index assigns scores ranging from 1 (best) to 5
(worst). In 2023, the global average score across all state responsibilities and indicators
was 2.28, reflecting a slight deterioration from 2.24 in 2021. Regionally, Asia and the
Western Pacific exhibited the highest prevalence of IUU fishing. The North American
region emerged as the most vulnerable region, while the Middle East performed the India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
42
worst in response to IUU fishing.
13
These trends highlight IUU fishing as a persistent
global challenge with profound environmental, social, and economic consequences.
To address the sustainability challenges, several international and regional frameworks
have been established, such as the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
(UNCLOS), the Food and Agriculture Organisation’s Code of Conduct for Responsible
Fisheries, and various regional fisheries management organizations (RFMOs). These
frameworks promote sustainable fishing practices, establish catch limits, reduce
bycatch, and protect vulnerable marine ecosystems.
The review of the implementation
of international guidelines for managing deep-sea fisheries in the high seas indicates that
many of the voluntary measures for sustainable management proposed in the guidelines
have been adopted by RFMOs (Thompson and Reid, 2024).
Further, climate change-induced shifts in fish stock distribution and migratory behaviour
pose significant challenges to sustainable fisheries management (FAO, 2018). Adaptive
strategies will be essential to ensure optimum utilization of fishery resources while
safeguarding marine ecosystems. In this context, RFMOs must adopt flexible and
adaptive decision-making frameworks to address these dynamic challenges (FAO,
2018). As deep-ocean climate change continues to impact habitats and fish populations,
collaboration between scientists, managers, and the fishing industry will be critical.
Even as climate change threatens the distribution and abundance of fish stocks, innovative
approaches, such as ecosystem-based fisheries management, marine protected areas,
and selective fishing gear and techniques, can be promoted to balance economic
interests with environmental considerations. Traceability systems, eco-labelling, and
consumer awareness campaigns, along with improving market access, can also play a
role in promoting sustainable deep-sea fisheries (Gatto et al., 2023).
Ultimately, the long-term economic viability of the deep-sea and offshore fishing
industry hinges on its ability to adopt sustainable practices and effectively manage these
valuable marine resources. Striking the right balance between economic incentives and
environmental stewardship is crucial for ensuring the resilience of deep-sea ecosystems
and the livelihoods of coastal communities that depend on these fisheries (Norse et al.
2012; Gatto et al. 2023).
2.3 Country-Specific Case Studies and Key Learnings
Examining the experiences of major deep-sea fishing nations can provide valuable
insights and lessons for India as it seeks to develop its deep-sea fishing industry. This
section highlights case studies from the country-specific & species-specific, analysing
their practices, regulatory frameworks, and lessons learned in sustainable management,
economic viability, and marine conservation.
2.3.1 China: China has become the world’s undisputed leader in deep-sea fishing,
accounting for around 36% of total global fish production and hauling around
15.2 MT of marine life annually, or 20% of the world’s annual catch. China has
13 https://iuufishingindex.net/report India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
43
the world’s largest distant water fishing fleet, numbering around 2701 vessels,
compared to just 300 distant water vessels of the United States (EPRS, 2024).
i. The Chinese deep-sea fishing industry is characterized by the following
factors:
• Support for the construction and modernisation of deep-sea fishing
vessels.
• Ancillary fleets, including large trawlers, refueling ships, freezer vessels,
and transport vessels, enabling extended operations at sea.
• Substantial domestic market demand for fishery products, supporting a
large-scale fishing industry.
• Extensive presence in international waters, participating actively in
global fisheries.
ii. Voyage of the Chinese Fishing Fleet: Recently, an enormous Chinese fishing
fleet, with around 350-400 vessels, traversed from the South China Sea to
the South Pacific Ocean, then to the South Atlantic Ocean, and back to the
South China Sea, exploiting fishing resources along the way.
14
iii. Transhipment of Cargo: China can fish on a large industrial scale due to
ancillary cargo ships called “motherships” accompanying the fishing
fleet (Fig. 2.4). These motherships have refrigerated storage to hold and
preserve the catch fuel and other supplies for smaller ships, which can
unload their catch and resupply their crews at sea (Fig. 2.5 and 2.6) as a
result, the fishing vessels need not visit ports regularly.
Fig 2.4: Chinese Mothership vessel Hai Feng 718
14 https://www.defstrat.com/magazine_articles/china-expands-its-maritime-footprint-in-the-indian-ocean-
through-its-fishing-fleet/ (accessed on September 21, 2024) India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
44
Fig 2.5: Chinese Fishing Fleet with Mothership Vessel at South America
Fig 2.6: Trans-shipment between Mothership and Fishing Vessels
Source: Global-View-of-Transshipment-Preliminary-Findings-GFW.pdf (globalfishingwatch.org)
iv. Modernization in the Fishing Sector: China is expected to improve its management,
technological equipment, and degree of systematisation of marine fisheries
facilities. Efforts are ongoing to strengthen fishing village construction, optimising India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
45
the fishermen’s employment structure, and effectively safeguard and improve
people’s livelihoods through the fishing sector

(Cao et al., 2017).
2.3.2 Japan: As a leading nation in offshore fishing, Japan has a long history and
extensive experience in harvesting tuna and other pelagic species from distant
waters. The Japanese offshore fishing fleet is highly advanced, employing
cutting-edge technologies and specialised vessels. However, Japan has faced
challenges with overfishing and the depletion of certain fish stocks, leading
to stricter catch limits and management measures. Key learnings include the
importance of sound scientific data, effective monitoring and enforcement
mechanisms, and the need for international cooperation through RFMOs.
15
2.3.3 Spain: Spain is a major player in offshore fishing, focusing on tuna, swordfish,
and other high-value species. The Spanish fleet operates globally, including in
the Indian Ocean region. Spain has made significant strides in implementing
sustainable fishing practices, such as using circular hooks to reduce bycatch
and adopting VMS for better tracking and regulation. Key learnings include
the benefits of fleet modernisation, investment in research and development,
and the importance of stakeholder engagement in policymaking.
16
2.3.4 United States: The United States has a well-established deep-sea and offshore
fishing industry, particularly in the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. The U.S. has
implemented a comprehensive regulatory framework, including the Magnuson-
Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act, which emphasizes science-
based management, catch limits, and protecting essential fish habitats. Key
learnings from the U.S. experience include the value of robust data collection and
stock assessments, the role of marine protected areas, and the importance of
capacity-building and training programs for fishers

(Hildreth, 2008).
2.3.5 Sri Lanka: As a fellow Indian Ocean nation, Sri Lanka offers valuable insights into
India’s deep-sea fishing aspirations. Sri Lanka experienced significant growth
in deep-sea fisheries after 2000 because of a rapid increase in new vessels
with modern technology and the development of export market opportunities
(Kariyawasam et al., 2010). Sri Lanka has made significant strides in developing
its deep-sea fishing capabilities, particularly in tuna fishing. The country’s multi-
day fishing fleet consists of about 4,200 vessels, and the high seas fishing fleet is
around 1,500 vessels, it targets high-value species like yellowfin tuna, bigeye tuna,
and swordfish. Sri Lanka’s success in accessing European markets for its tuna
exports, despite initial challenges with (IUU) fishing, demonstrates the importance
of robust monitoring and compliance systems. The country has implemented
vessel monitoring systems (VMS) and strengthened its legal framework to combat
IUU fishing. Sri Lanka’s experience highlights the potential for smaller nations to
compete in the global deep-sea fishing market while emphasizing the need for
sustainable practices and international cooperation. India could learn from Sri
Lanka’s approach to fleet modernisation, export market access, and balancing
artisanal and industrial fishing interests in the deep-sea sector.
17
15 https://www.fao.org/4/ac750e/AC750E08.htm
16 Spain and the Common Fisheries Policy. Published online 2010.
17 https://earthjournalism.net/stories/sri-lankan-government-to-expand-vessel-monitoring-as-fishers-continue-
to-fish-in-foreign (accessed on September 21, 2024) India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
46
2.3.6 Other notable case studies include:
• New Zealand successfully implemented a quota management system
(QMS) and marine conservation efforts.
• Norway’s sustainable management of its deep-sea fisheries, including cod
and herring stocks.
• Chile’s efforts to combat illegal fishing and promote traceability in its deep-sea fisheries.
2.4 Species-Specific Case Studies
2.4.1 Orange roughy, Hoplostethus atlanticus Collett, 1889 (Trachichthyidae) has a
wide distribution. It is known from North West (NW) and North East (NE) Atlantic,
throughout much of the eastern Atlantic, South Central Indian, and South West (SW)
and South East (SE) Pacific at depths 500-1000 m. The fisheries were initiated from
the catches by Soviet vessels in the 1970s around New Zealand. Currently, the species
is targeted by fisheries in New Zealand, off Australia, NE Atlantic, off Namibia, off
Chile, and in the Southern Indian Ocean. Overfishing has led to a significant decline in
orange roughy populations, prompting governments to implement strict quotas and
fishing restrictions to allow stocks to recover. Japan, New Zealand, and South Korea
are the major countries that exploit orange roughy.
2.4.2 Greenland halibut, Reinhardtius hippoglossoides Walbaum, 1792
(Pleuronectidae), also known as Turbot, is a deep-sea halibut fishery, which
employs demersal trawls (800-1,400 m) and takes place in both the North
Atlantic and North Pacific Oceans. In the Atlantic, the best-known areas for
Greenland halibut have been on the continental slopes and high seas. The fishery
was developed in the 1960s in the Davis Strait, Denmark and has improved
considerably since the identification of other fishing areas. Greenland halibut
fishery received Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) certification in 2017.
2.4.3 Slender armorhead (Pentacerotidae) inhabits 400-1200 m seamounts and is
found in all oceans. Three species are observed in the fishery, namely, the pelagic India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
47
armourhead (Pseudopentaceros richardsoni), the slender armourhead (P.
wheeleri), and longfin (P. pectoralis). The fishery was started in the 1960s mainly
by Japan and the erstwhile USSR by trawling in the Emperor Seamount area.
2.4.4 Grenadier (Macrouridae) is widespread in oceans and mainly exploited by bottom
trawlers from 600-1500 m depths in the mid to upper continental slope. Roughead
grenadier and round nose grenadier are the exploited species in the North Atlantic.
Concerns about habitat destruction and bycatch of vulnerable species such as deep-
sea corals and sponges have been raised regarding this fishery. Efforts are underway
to mitigate these impacts through better fishing practices and area closures.
2.4.5 Blue whiting (Micromesistius poutassou), a bathypelagic species found at
depths 150-3000, is exploited by trawls and purse seines in the North Atlantic,
shared by Norway, EU, and Iceland. The fishery was initiated in the 1970s.
Currently, it is managed using catch quotas to ensure resource sustainability.
2.4.6 Patagonian toothfish: Mostly exploited from the Southern Ocean; Illegal,
unreported, and unregulated (IUU) has threatened the sustainability of
this species. International cooperation and enforcement efforts, such as
establishing the Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living
Resources (CCAMLR), have been critical in combating IUU fishing and
promoting sustainable management of toothfish stocks.
2.5 Key Learnings
Key learnings from these case studies highlight the importance of several critical factors
in developing a sustainable and economically viable deep-sea fishing industry:
International
cooperation:
Participation
in Regional
Fisheries
Management
Organisation
(RFMOs) and
adherence to
international
agreements
for managing
shared
resources &
combating
illegal fishing.
Ecosystem-
based
approach:
Adopting an
ecosystem-
based fisheries
management
approach for
long-term
sustainability.
Science-based
management:
Robust data
collection,
stock
assessments,
and research
for informed
decision-
making and
effective
conservation
measures.
Regulatory
frameworks:
Comprehensive
state,
national, and
international
regulations
(catch
limits, gear
restrictions,
and monitoring
systems) for
sustainable
management.
Collaborative
governance:
Engagement
with
stakeholders
for successful
policy
implemen-
tation.
Capacity
building:
Investment in
modern fleets,
infrastructure,
and training
programs
for fishers
and industry
personnel for
efficient and
responsible
operations.
As India progresses in developing its deep-sea fishing sector, these insights from global
practices can inform the creation of a robust, sustainable, and economically viable
sector. By carefully adapting these lessons to its unique context, India can position
itself to harness the potential of its deep-sea resources while ensuring their long-term
conservation and the well-being of its coastal communities. India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
48 India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
49 India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
50
The evolution of Indian marine fisheries over the last 30 years is crucial to understanding
the current landscape. India was traditionally a coastal fishing nation, with fishing
concentrated within the territorial waters (TW) within 12 nmi from the coastline. Fishing
durations were typically short, lasting only 1 to 2 days per voyage. However, in the last
three decades, fishing has expanded beyond the TW into the offshore waters of the EEZ
using larger mechanised boats and outboard motorboats. This shift has involved the
adoption of various fishing techniques, such as strawling, gillnetting and seining, with
fishing durations now averaging 3 to 15 days per voyage.
Offshore fishing in the EEZ is now practised by nearly 50,000 mechanised boats and a
large number of outboard motorboats along the coastline, harvesting pelagic, midwater
and bottom fish resources. While India has a well-established coastal fisheries sector,
its deep-sea and offshore fishing industry remains relatively underdeveloped compared
to its potential. This expansion into off-shore and high-sea fisheries presents a unique
opportunity to further develop and organize the sector.
India’s marine fish production has been around 2.7 MT per annum in the last decade (2001-
2010), increased to 3.9 MT in 2012, and remained constant till 2020

(CMFRI, 2021). Finfishes
constitute the major share of this, and the major share of Indian marine fisheries comes
from operations within 200 m depth zones. India is the largest country in the Indian Ocean
region, comprising a coastline of 11098 km (including Islands). With absolute rights on the
EEZ, India has also acquired the responsibility to conserve, develop, and optimally exploit
the marine resources up to 200 nm off our coastline

(GoI, 2007).
This section provides the historical context and an overview of the current status, growth
trends, fishing areas, infrastructure, and institutional and regulatory framework related
to India’s deep-sea and offshore fishing activities.
3.1 Sector Overview: Historical Context, Current Landscape, and Emerging Trends
In 1946, the Government of India initiated plans to identify potential fishery resources
beyond the regular fishing area by establishing a Deep-sea Fishing Station in Mumbai,
which established survey stations across the country and was later renamed the Fishery
Survey of India (FSI) (FSI, 2024). In addition, other publicly funded agencies have also
undertaken surveys to assess the deep-sea fisheries and diversity over the years. The
surveys of FSI provided information on demersal and deep-sea resources within 500 m
depth; the results also showed rich deep-sea diversity and potential resources (Sudarsan
and Somavanshi, 1988; Somavanshi, 1998). Since 1976, after the declaration of the EEZ,
the country’s fisheries and marine biological research institutes were assigned to collect
data on the distribution and abundance of deep-sea and offshore resources and develop
techniques for their exploitation and utilisation (Reeves et. al., 1996).
CHAPTER-III
India’s Deep-Sea and
Offshore Fishing Sector:
Overview and Status India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
51
The inception of the Fishery Oceanographic Research Vessel Sagar Sampada (FORV
Sagar Sampada) in 1984 was the turning point in Indian deep-sea fisheries research.
Since its inception, FORV Sagar Sampada has been surveying and supporting deep-sea
fishery research (Venu, 2009; Rajasree, 2011; Hashim, 2012). Sagar Sampada surveys
have reported the existence of fairly rich grounds of deep-sea fishery resources in
the EEZ of India (Sivakami, 1990; Sivakami et. al., 1998; Venu and Kurup, 2002; James,
2014). Early exploratory surveys of Sagar Sampada conducted in 1985 pointed towards
rich grounds of deep-sea prawns up to 800 m depths, which are being exploited now
(James and Pillai, 1990; Pillai et. al., 2009). The deep-water shrimp fishery was one of the
first to develop and commercialize. Since 1988, deep-water sharks have been exploited
in Andaman waters, and since 2000, deep-water sharks have been exploited along
southern India
36
.
Over the past four decades, the Government of India has undertaken various initiatives
to develop offshore and high-seas fisheries by introducing capital-intensive fishing
techniques with foreign assistance in technology and expertise.
Key policy interventions include:
However, these efforts primarily relied on capital-intensive fishing fleets and outsourced
expertise. They also faced significant resistance from fishing communities, failing to achieve
the desired outcomes (Parappurathu et. al., 2020). Consequently, many of these schemes
were discontinued midway. Recognizing these challenges, expert committees were formed
at various points to suggest measures for promoting high-seas fisheries. These included the
Sudarshan Committee (1994) and the Murari Committee (1996), constituted in response to
demands from the fishing community. This highlights the critical need to develop and explore
indigenous capacity and expertise and ensure the active inclusion of fishing communities in
the design and implementation of such initiatives.
Regardless, India’s deep-sea fishing industry is still nascent, with significant untapped
potential to be harnessed. The estimate for the overall EEZ potential in 2018 was 7.158
MT, including conventional (74%) and non-conventional resources (26%). The potential India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
52
of conventional resources was estimated at 5.31 MT in 2018 and 4.41 MT in 2010 (Table
3.1). Considering the depth-wise potential, in the 200-500 m depth zone, the estimate
was 97,461 tonnes during 2018, constituting around 1.8% of the total conventional
resources (Fig. 3.1). The resource potential in the 200-500 m depth zone was highest on
the southwest coast (60%), followed by India’s northwest coast (26%).
The estimate for non-conventional resource potential stood at 1.847 MT. Out of the
non-conventional resources, the resource potential for deep-sea myctophids was 1 MT,
followed by ocean squids (0.63 MT), jellyfish (0.2 MT), and marine algae (0.017 MT),
indicating the additional resources that could be tapped for deep-sea fishing (Table 3.1).
Notably, the strategy for harvesting and utilising high-sea non-conventional resources will
completely differ from other offshore and high-sea resources. Some non-conventional
resources are slow-growing and late to mature, resulting in very low resilience and are
extremely susceptible to overfishing. They do not contribute huge volumes, and there
are indications of declining biomass (for example, orange roughy exploited by bottom
trawlers at great depths). On the other hand, flying squid and myctophids are large
biomass resources but can be used for human consumption only after processing.
Globally, myctophids are used for fish meal production.
Table 3.1: The revalidated potential of the Indian marine waters, including EEZ
Conventional ResourcesQuantity (tonnes)
Demersal resources (mainland)22,98,281
Pelagic resources (mainland)26,31,827
Lakshadweep (excluding oceanic resources)14,490
Andaman & Nicobar (excluding oceanic resources) 43,794
Oceanic (for the entire EEZ)2,30,832
Others91,369
Sub-total53,10,593 (44, 11, 687*)
Non-conventional resourcesQuantity (tonnes)
Deep sea Myctophids10,00,000
Ocean squids6,30,000
Jellyfish2,00,000
Marine macroalgae17,775
Sub-total18,47,775
Total71,58,368
Source: Department of Animal Husbandry, Dairying, and Fisheries (DADF), 2018
(*) Please note that the figure in parenthesis is the potential yield estimate data corresponding
to the year 2010, and it was obtained from the Report of the Expert Committee constituted for
Comprehensive Review of the Deep Sea Fishing Policy and Guidelines. New Delhi: Department of
Animal Husbandry, Dairying & Fisheries. India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
53
Fig 3.1: The resource potential in the deep-sea realm (200-500 m depth) of mainland Indian EEZ
(*Including Wadge Bank and Gulf of Mannar)
Source: Department of Animal Husbandry, Dairying, and Fisheries (DADF), 2018
3.2 Deep-sea fisheries operated in potential locations
3.2.1 Southwest deep-sea prawn fishery:
• Operates primarily off Kerala, along the southwest coast of India.
• Began in 1999 with small and medium trawlers venturing into deep-sea fishing.
• The fishery has experienced growth, collapse, and recovery periods.
• Major fishing ground is off the Kollam area, with around 81% of deep-sea
prawn trawlers operating there
37
.
• The trawlers range from 15 to 40 m long and are well-equipped with modern
fishing devices.
• Dominant species include M. andamanensis, A. alcocki, P. quasigrandis, H.
chani, and H. woodmasoni
37
.
• There is significant diversification in targeted species and areas of operation
by the seasonal fishers due to economics and demand drivers
Fig 3.2: Deep-sea prawns landed at Cochin Fisheries Harbour India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
54
3.2.2 Southwest deep-sea shark fishery:
• Emerged rapidly along the west coast of India from 2000 onwards, driven
by international demand for shark liver oil (squalene).
• Targets gulper sharks (Centrophoridae) using hook and line, longline, and
bottom set gillnet fishing methods.
• Major landing centers include Cochin, Kollam (Kerala), and various ports in
Tamil Nadu.
• The highest landing of 305 tonnes was recorded in 2008, but landings have
decreased considerably over the years due to fluctuations in demand38.
• Concerns about stock sustainability and the need for regular monitoring
due to potential depletion or collapse, as observed in other regions.
3.2.3 Deep-water shark fishery of Andaman:
• It is one of the oldest targeted deep-water shark fisheries in India, and it
has been recorded since the 1980s.
• Targets Centrophorus spp. and Squalus spp. for liver oil extraction and
meat utilization.
• Estimated landings varied from 2.8 to 4.6 t between 1988 and 1991
39
.
3.2.4 Deep-sea shrimp fishery off Tuticorin:
• Trawlers have operated in deeper waters since the late 1980s, primarily
during October to March.
• The main catch includes shrimps like Plesionika spinipes, Heterocarpus
woodmasoni, Aristeus alcocki, Metapeneopsis andamanensis, and
Solenocera hexti.
• Seasonal deep-water shrimp fisheries also exist in Nagapattinam and
Chennai.
3.2.5 Deep-water fisheries of Thoothoor Belt (Muttom, Thengapattinam, Colachel,
Thoothoor):
• This region is known for skilled fishers adept in deep-sea and offshore
fishing.
• Besides offshore fishing, they also land-targeted deep-water shrimps,
sharks, and deep-water bycatch from fisheries operating at greater depths.
These operations indicate that the deep-sea fisheries in India are diverse and regionally
specialised, targeting species such as prawns, sharks, and shrimps.
a. Offshore/oceanic fisheries of India
India possesses significant untapped offshore/oceanic fisheries potential within its EEZ.
According to the Department of Animal Husbandry, Dairying, and Fisheries (DADF), the
total conventional resource potential for the Indian EEZ, including the Andaman and
Nicobar Islands, is estimated at 2,30,832 tonnes. The highest potential is estimated for India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
55
skipjack tuna (99,500 tonnes), followed by yellowfin tuna (83,500 tonnes) and pelagic
sharks (25,000 tonnes) (Fig. 3.3) (Annexure I provides details of developing offshore
tuna fisheries in India). The economic importance of tuna fisheries is indicated by the
fact that the global tuna industry is valued at over $40 billion annually.
18
However, it is
also important to note that the stock of yellowfin tuna in the Indian Ocean is currently
subject to overfishing, and the Indian Ocean Tuna Commission (IOTC) has recommended
rebuilding measures to ensure its long-term sustainability, which also has implications for
India’s tuna fisheries.
19
The potential for oceanic squids, too, is estimated at a staggering
6,30,000 tonnes, representing an underutilised resource (DADH, 2018).
Despite this significant potential, several challenges hinder its full exploitation. The
migratory nature of oceanic tunas and allied resources often leads to these fish being
harvested in the EEZs of neighbouring countries or the high seas by distant water fishing
nations, highlighting the limitations Indian fishers face due to policy gaps and inadequate
infrastructure support. Furthermore, areas like the Wadge Bank in the Northern Arabian
Sea and Laccadive waters, which offer some of the best offshore fishing grounds within
the Indian EEZ, have remained largely unexploited and are even subject to poaching.
Fig 3.3: Resource potential of oceanic resources in the Indian EEZ
Source: Department of Animal Husbandry, Dairying, and Fisheries (DADF), 2018
Other species include barracuda, dolphin fish, wahoo, pelagic rays etc.
The Indian Ocean Tuna Commission (IOTC) has estimated the potential of tuna fishery
in the Indian Ocean. They have set the maximum sustainable yield (MSY) for Yellowfin
tuna at 3.44 lakh tonnes (LT) and reported that exploitation should not exceed 3 LT for
sustainable production.
20

18 https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2073291 (accessed on November 20, 2024)
19 https://www.seafoodsource.com/news/supply-trade/iotc-publishes-2022-yellowfin-tuna-catch-limits
20 https://mpeda.gov.in/?page_id=633 (accessed on 8th March, 2024) India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
56
Studies from the Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS)
involving satellite tagging of yellowfin tuna have provided valuable insights into the
habitat and migratory patterns of important pelagic species within Indian waters. The
tagging research showed that yellowfin tuna predominantly remains within the India
EEZ and does not undertake long migrations as previously believed. Their habitat was
also mapped in detail, including preferred depth ranges. This scientific knowledge helps
better understand yellowfin tuna distribution in offshore regions targeted by domestic
fleets. It indicates the potential for expansion of yellowfin tuna fisheries if fishing is
concentrated in these identified offshore habitat areas based on guidance from habitat
distribution models developed using such tagging data (Bright et. al., 2016).
Offshore/Oceanic Fisheries Case Studies
India’s offshore fisheries are widespread and diverse, targeting a range of tuna and
other abundant pelagic resources. The fishing activities have expanded spatially, with
vessels of varying sizes and technologies employed, from small traditional crafts to large
mechanised boats equipped with modern fishing gear. The transition from single-species
target gears to combination gears has enabled exploiting multiple available resources
within the same fishing trip or season.
One of the major offshore fisheries in India is the oceanic tuna and large pelagic fishery.
Four tuna species contribute significantly to this fishery, namely, Thunnus albacares,
Katsuwonus pelamis, Gymnosarda unicolor, and Thunnus obesus. Gillnets, hooks and
lines are the primary gears used, with the southeast coast, particularly Andhra Pradesh,
being the leading contributor (Abdussamad, 2012) (Fig. 3.4).
Fig 3.4: Yellowfin tuna landed by offshore fleets at Cochin Fisheries Harbour
The Thoothoor fishermen of Kanyakumari district in Tamil Nadu are renowned for their
indigenous expertise in offshore fishing for tuna and tuna-like species. With a fleet of
over 500 vessels, ranging from 12 to 22 m in length, these artisanal fishermen contribute India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
57
a significant share of offshore fish landings in India. Their fishing grounds extend not only
within the EEZ but also into ABNJ, targeting a variety of offshore resources including
sharks, tunas, rays, seer fish, and billfishes (Parappurathu et. al., 2020; Surya et. al., 2023).
In the north of Andhra Pradesh, traditional fishermen from Visakhapatnam and
Pudimadaka have been engaged in offshore tuna fishing for a long time. Using motorised
fishing craft and employing troll lines or hook and lines, they primarily target yellowfin
tuna and other large pelagics like kingfish, marlin, sailfish, wahoo, and dolphinfish.
Approximately 1500 traditional vessels participate in this fishery, with an average catch
21

of 2-3 yellowfin tunas, 1-2 billfishes, 3-4 dolphinfish, and a few coastal tunas per trip.
22
Thus, India’s offshore fisheries are characterised by regional expertise, technological
diversity, and significant contributions from artisanal and traditional fishermen. However,
maximising the human utilisation of offshore resources requires addressing post-harvest
management, market values, and processing alongside sustainability concerns to fully
capitalise on these valuable resources’ nutritional and economic benefits.
b. High seas and ABNJ fishing
India, a nation with an extensive coastline, has yet to establish a significant presence in
the high seas and ABNJ, despite the vast opportunities these areas present. While the
structure of ocean usage by mankind has changed significantly in recent years, with the
high seas and ABNJ accounting for more than 64% of the global oceans
23
, India has not
been able to capitalise on this common pool resource.
The exploitation of the high seas has increased by 400% since the 1950s
24
, with several
nations taking advantage of technological advancements, capacity, and policy gaps to
exploit a significant share of these resources, often unaccounted for (Fig. 3.5). This unchecked
exploitation significantly threatens the oceans, creating geopolitical complications and
challenges. The United Nations Agreement on Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction or
BBNJ Agreement, also referred to by some stakeholders as the High Seas Treaty or Global
Ocean Treaty, is a recent legally binding instrument for the conservation and sustainable use
of marine biological diversity of areas beyond national jurisdiction, aimed at protecting the
high seas from pollution, climate change, and overfishing.
The IOTC monitors the high seas area, which has been exploited by at least 30 contracting
party countries and IOTC-registered vessels ranging from 10 to 80 m in overall length
25
.
Smaller neighbouring countries, such as Iran and Sri Lanka, have exploited the high seas
for high-value resources with their artisanal fleets for decades
26
. However, India has yet
to exploit these common pool resources effectively.
21 These are average quantities of each species caught by a single fishing vessel.
22 https://www.fao.org/fishery/en/publications/25574 (accessed on 22nd April 2024)
23 https://globaloceanforum.com/areas-of-focus/areas-beyond-national-jurisdiction/ (accessed on 21st Septem-
ber, 2024)
24 https://www.iied.org/it-time-control-fishing-high-seas-protect-life-ocean-coastal-people-who-depend-it (ac-
cessed on 21st September, 2024)
25 www.fao.org/publications (accessed on 21st September, 2024)
26 https://iotc.org/vessels (accessed on 17th September, 2024) India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
58
In 2017, the last Indian Letter of Permit (LoP) vessel ceased operations. As of 2023, only
four Indian-flagged vessels owned by the Fishery Survey of India (FSI), Government
of India, are available for high-seas fishing (Table 3.2)
49
. This number is significantly
lower compared to countries with the most significant number of authorized fishing
vessels, such as Sri Lanka (1,883) and Iran (1,216) in the IOTC region (Fig. 3.5). The stark
disparity highlights India’s limited participation in high-seas fisheries, particularly given
its vast coastline and strategic position in the Indian Ocean. This limited presence could
be attributed to operational, regulatory, and infrastructural challenges, including the
cessation of LoP vessels.
To address this gap, the proposed “Guidelines for Regulation of Fishing by Indian Flagged
Fishing Vessels in the High Seas, 2022” are critically needed. As per the guidelines,
permits can be issued to “any Indian citizen; Indian entrepreneur; Partnership firm;
Private Ltd Company; Public Ltd. Company; Corporation; and Registered Cooperative
Society”. This could help to promote Indian vessel participation in high seas fisheries,
thereby increasing national earnings and ensuring a fair share in the common pool of
marine resources of the high seas.
Table 3.2: Number of Authorized Fishing Vessels by Country in the IOTC Region/High Seas
(2013-2023)
Flag
Years
2013201420152016201720182019
2020202120222023
Australia 9 4 2 2 3 3 3 3 2 2 4
Belize 3 4
China31 36 46 54 71 75 74 72 70 70 67
France (EU) 8 28 29 29 29 30 28 55 24 27 23
Italy (EU)1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Portugal (EU)1
Spain (EU) 36 25 35 33 29 28 26 26 24 23 27
United
Kingdom (EU)
1 1 2 2
France
(Territories)
5
Guinea
India15 254 4 4 4 4
Indonesia584271246324 315382435462567
Iran1228119512051236122112131210 12131216
Japan73 53 56 46 42 49 48 60 53 41
Kenya13 10 6 7
Madagascar 8 7 7 7 7 5 5 5 5
Malaysia10 10 10 19 19 17 17 20 20 16
Maldives 318344367372400391393 373372375354
Mauritius 2 7 7 7 7 10 15 3 3 17 20
Mozambique2 9 11 2 2 4 14 6 6 India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
59
Flag
Years
2013201420152016201720182019
2020202120222023
Oman5 3 1 1 1 1 1 4 5
Pakistan
Philippines 9 4
Republic of
Korea
13 14 19 18 18 14 12 14 7 7 6
Senegal
Seychelles 43 37 50 77 71 83 92 87 95 92 101
South Africa 16 4 9 8 17 24 17 15 14 20 19
Sri Lanka 2241160915771367137110941004832
104613361883
Tanzania 5 3 3 31 1
Thailand 2 6 6
Uruguay
Vanuatu
Grand total 2842
345340143525 3570337432783180218136854366
Source: https://iotc.org/vessels, as of 18/04/2024
Fig 3.5: Number of authorised vessels in the IOTC region in 2023
Source: https://iotc.org/vessels, Indian Ocean Tuna Commission (IOTC)
Developing distant water fisheries in ABNJ is a major suggestion in the “Blue Economy”
initiative for developing nations’ marine fishing sectors. Although these fisheries in the
high seas form only a small portion of the world’s fisheries, they represent a high-value India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
60
group. Untapped resources are available in the ABNJ near Indian waters, but they are
often exploited by vessels from Taiwan, Thailand, and China due to limited information
and awareness among Indian entrepreneurs regarding the availability, distribution, and
abundance of these resources.
The exploitation trends of foreign vessels in the Indian Ocean, Southern Ocean, Central
Indian Ocean, and Arabian Sea suggest significant potential for the Indian fishing
industry. In the Southern Ocean, the Southern Indian Ocean Deepsea Fishers Association
(SIODFA) harvests high-value commercial fish species such as Orange roughy, Alfonino,
Oreo Boarfish, and Cardinal fish

(Kaplan et. al., 2014; Palomares et. al., 2021).
The recent expansion of the Indian fishing fleet into the central Arabian Sea, within the
EEZ and close to international waters, has resulted in good fish catches. However, the
initial search time for locating suitable fishing grounds was significantly high, reducing
economic viability. With technological and policy support, these artisanal fishers can
ensure additional fish catch for India.
India’s offshore fishing fleet consists primarily of small to medium-sized vessels, with
limited capabilities for extended voyages and advanced fish-finding technologies. The
fleet is dominated by traditional wooden and fiber-reinforced plastic (FRP) boats/
motorised non-mechanical boats, with only a handful of larger steel vessels equipped
for deep sea operations. However, there has been an increase in investments and efforts
to modernise the fleet and enhance offshore fishing capabilities in recent years, driven
by rising demand for seafood and the recognition of the economic potential of this
sector.
The current situation in these waters indicates a promising scope for ventures by Indian
fishermen in the high seas and ABNJ. However, it requires addressing information
gaps, technological advancements, and regulatory gaps to facilitate sustainable and
profitable exploitation of these valuable resources while preserving marine ecosystems.
By resolving these specific challenges, India can enhance its presence in the high sea,
securing a fair share of common pool marine resources while contributing to national
economic growth. At the same time, integrating sustainable practices aligned with
global frameworks like the Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction (BBNJ) agreement
will ensure the long-term conservation of marine diversity.
3.3 Fishing Areas, Key Species and Seasons
India’s deep sea and offshore fishing activities are primarily concentrated within the
country’s EEZ, which extends up to 200 nmi from the coastline. The major fishing areas
and key species are given in Fig. 3.6. India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
61
Fig 3.6: Major Fishing Areas and Key Species
The key deep-sea and offshore fish species targeted by Indian vessels include:
3.3.1 Tuna and tuna-like species: Yellowfin tuna, skipjack tuna, bigeye tuna, and
frigate tuna are among the most valuable and sought-after species.
3.3.2 Billfish: Swordfish, marlins, and sailfish are highly prized for their meat and
recreational fishing value.
3.3.3 Deep-sea shrimps: Species like the deep-sea lobster and deep-sea shrimp are
in high demand for export markets.
3.3.4 Sharks: Various shark species, such as silky sharks and thresher sharks, are
harvested for their meat, fins, and other products.
An important aspect to highlight is that resources such as migratory tunas, tuna-like
fishes and pelagic sharks, deepwater snappers, deepwater shrimps and flying squids
move between the EEZ and the high sea, whereas orange roughy, myctophids and
toothfish are found mostly in the high-seas. As environmental conditions and stock
characteristics of these resources are different, developing and managing the fishery
for these resources will be different. While developing and managing the fisheries in
the EEZ is the responsibility of the nations, international conventions, agreements, and
guidelines provide governance and management frameworks for high-sea fisheries
in areas beyond national jurisdiction. In addition, a number of transboundary stocks
move between the EEZ of neighbouring countries and are shared by two countries or
more. These resources need cooperative management between the countries that have
harvesting opportunities. India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
62
Fishing seasons and patterns
The fishing seasons and patterns for deep-sea species vary based on their migration
and aggregation behaviours, which are influenced by factors such as water temperature,
currents, and food availability. Generally, the peak fishing seasons align with the following
patterns:
i. Tuna and billfish: The prime seasons are typically during the inter-monsoon
periods (March-May and September-November) when the ocean conditions
are more favourable for these pelagic species.
ii. Deep-sea shrimps: The best seasons for deep-sea shrimp fishing are often
during the post-monsoon months (October-January) when nutrient-rich waters
ascent brings essential nutrients to the surface, promoting shrimp abundance.
It’s important to note that these fishing seasons and patterns are not fixed and can vary
based on environmental conditions, climatic changes, and other factors. Continuous
monitoring and adaptive management strategies are necessary to ensure sustainable
fishing practices. By understanding the fishing areas, key species, and seasonal patterns,
the deep-sea and offshore fishing sector in India can optimize its operations, improve
catch efficiency, and develop targeted management strategies for different regions and
resources.
3.4 Institutions and Regulatory Framework
India’s deep sea and offshore fishing sector is governed by a multi-layered institutional
and regulatory framework involving various agencies and stakeholders at the national,
state, and regional levels. This framework aims to regulate and manage fishing activities,
ensure sustainable resource utilization, and address conservation, safety, and economic
development issues.
However, it is important to recognise that India currently does not have specific
regulatory laws for fisheries in the 12-200 nmi of its EEZ. The absence of such laws
means Indian fishing vessels operate in the EEZ and in ABNJ without proper legal
authorisation or protection from the country. This regulatory gap has contributed to
issues of illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing. Further, maritime states
are currently limited to issuing licenses only for fishing activities within the 12 nmi
territorial waters. Addressing these regulatory gaps is crucial for the sustainable
development of India’s deep-sea fisheries sector. There is an urgent need to enact
comprehensive legislation for the regulation of fishing in the EEZ, which would clearly
define the responsibilities of the nodal agency overseeing the EEZ management.
This legislation is vital not only for ensuring that fishers follow clear regulations but
also for empowering the Monitoring, Control, Surveillance and Enforcement (MCS&E)
agencies to implement them effectively. India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
63
a) Institutional Framework:
Ministry of Fisheries,
Animal Husbandry,
and Dairying
(MoFAHD)
responsible for
formulating policies,
regulations, and
development programs
FSI
subsidiary body under MoFAHD;
conducts resource surveys, stock
assessments, and research on marine
ﬁsheries, including deep-sea
resources�
FSI
subsidiary body under MoFAHD;
conducts resource surveys, stock
assessments, and research on marine
ﬁsheries, including deep-sea
resources�Maritime agencies (state marine
police, Indian Coast Guard, and Navy)
for monitoring, controlling,
surveillance� Coordination limited; need
for a central agency to facilitate better
information ﬂow.
State Fisheries Departments
implementing central policies,
managing ﬁshing activities within
territorial waters, and developing
state-level regulations and
schemes�
Fishery Research Institutes under
ICAR
CMFRI and CIFT contribute to
R&D efforts� 8 institutes but only
a few focus speciﬁcally on deep
sea ﬁsheries.
Marine Products Export
Development Authority (MPEDA)
promotes and regulates seafood
exports, including those from
deep sea ﬁshing.
Marine Products Export
Development Authority (MPEDA)
promotes and regulates seafood
exports, including those from
deep sea ﬁshing.
CMLRE under MoES
contributing to deep-sea
resources biodiversity and
mapping with their
habitat/ecosystem assessment,
and coordinating BBNJ activities
b) Regulatory Framework:
01
02
04
03
05
Maritime Zones of India (Regulation of Fishing by
Foreign Fishing Vessels) Act, 1981:
regulates ﬁshing activities by foreign vessels within
India’s EEZ and TW vessels within India's EEZ and TW.
Coastal Aquaculture Authority Act, 2005
regulates coastal aquaculture activities, and coastal area
management
Regional Fisheries Management Organisations
UNCLOS and UNFSA speciﬁes the need for RFMO’s for
effective conservation and optimum utilisation of
migratory ﬁsh stock. India is a member of RFMOs (IOTC,
CCAMLR )CCAMLR)
Marine Fishing Regulation Acts (MFRAs)
Each coastal state has MFRA governing ﬁshing activities
within TW, (licensing, gear restrictions, & conservation
measures) conservation measures)
National Plan of Action for the Conservation and
Management of Shark Fisheries
promotes sustainable and responsible shark ﬁshing
practices, including in deep-sea ﬁsheries. India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
64 India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
65 India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
66
While India’s deep-sea and offshore fishing sector holds immense potential, it faces
several challenges that have hindered its growth and development. Simultaneously,
addressing these challenges presents significant opportunities for economic growth,
employment generation, and sustainable resource utilization

(Sinha et. al., 2017).
4.1 Stock Assessment of Deep-Sea Resources
Effective stock assessment is critical for managing deep-sea fisheries sustainably and
preventing overexploitation of resources. However, conducting regular stock assessments
of deep-sea fish stocks poses unique challenges in the Indian context.
4.1.1 Stock assessment challenges
1
1
2
23
Data deficiency
Regulatory and coordination
issues
Lack of centralized databaseFragmented regulatory
framework for deep-sea fishing
inadequate inter-agency
coordination obstacle to
sustainable management.Insufficient integration of data
(fishermen’s reports and satellite
data)
Variations in state-level policies
challenge management.
State Maritime Security Coordinator
(SMSC) recently developed for
better coordination and security in
the Coastal areas.
Fishing area, effort, season,
species aggregation and
environmental conditions not
adequately covered.
11
2
Technological limitationsEnvironmental factors
Advanced technologies
(satellite remote sensing,
acoustic devices) facilitate
precise stock assessments,
limited application due to high
costs and capacity constraints.
Dynamic influences of climate
change on fish distributions
and ocean conditions introduce
uncertainties in stock
predictions.
Knowledge of deep-sea ecosystem
functions limited.
CHAPTER-IV
Challenges And
Opportunities India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
67
11
Resource and capacity
constraint
Communication gaps
Limited technical proficiency
constrains regular stock
assessments and monitoring of
population trends.
Gaps in communication of
assessment needs and outputs
between scientists, managers,
and fishermen compromise
evidence-based decision-making.
4.2 Infrastructure and Technology Gaps
One of the most significant challenges hindering the growth of India’s deep-sea and
offshore fishing industry is the lack of adequate infrastructure and access to advanced
technologies. Many of the existing fishing fleets comprise aging and inefficient boats
with limited capacity, storage, and refrigeration. This constrains their ability to access
deeper fishing grounds and undertake long voyages. These gaps manifest themselves
across various aspects of the value chain, from vessel operations, harvesting, catch
handling to post-harvest operations such as storage, processing and distribution, and
pose substantial hurdles to efficient and sustainable deep-sea fishing practices.
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
Harvesting and Landing
Infrastructure
Post-harvest
infrastructure
Only a handful of 90 fishing
harbours equipped to handle
larger vessels, with adequate
draft, berthing facilities, and
support services.
Majority of 1547 landing
centres basic, lacking proper
infrastructure for offloading,
sorting, and preserving.
Infrastructure and handling:
lack proper storage and freezing
facilities, leading to poor fish
quality at landing, hampering
export potential and hence lower
Vessel repair and maintenance
facilities: shortage of dry-
docking facilities, slipways, and
workshops with skilled manpower
for servicing and repairing
vessels.
Many of the 646 seafood
processing units lack specific
equipment and technologies for
handling and processing
Inadequate cold storage and
refrigerated transportation
infrastructure
Limited facilities and
technologies for value addition
and byproduct processing units.
• For eg. 1 million tonnes of
myctophids could be used for
fish meal with R&D support.
• Developing this value chain
could reduce pressure on
juveniles. India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
68
1
1
2
2
3
1
2
Fish Finding Technologies
Sustainable Fishing Gear and Techniques
Vessel Monitoring and
Communication Systems
Vessels lack access to advanced
fish-finding technologies (sonar,
echo sounders, and satellite-
based tracking systems)
Limited adoption of selective fishing gear and techniques (circular hooks and
turtle excluder devices); bycatch issues and unsustainable fishing practices.
Challenging to locate and
monitor fish stocks efficiently.
Gillnets commonly used in tuna fishery, landing large volumes of fish; compromises
fish quality due to rapid spoilage.
Longlining sustainable and efficient method ensuring better fish quality while
reducing bycatch.
Inadequate deployment of vessel
monitoring and communication
systems, Distress Alert
Transmitter on vessels hampers
effective monitoring, safety, and
coordination.
Fishermen increasingly using
affordable Chinese-made
instruments, not officially
recognized by the DoF.
Addressing these infrastructure and technology gaps is crucial for the sustainable
growth and development of India’s deep-sea and offshore fishing sector. Investments in
deep-sea fishing harbours, landing centres, fleet modernization, onboard infrastructure
and handling post-harvest facilities, and the adoption of advanced technologies can
enhance operational efficiency, reduce post-harvest losses, and promote responsible
fishing practices.
Moreover, fostering adoption of advanced deep-sea and offshore fishing technology,
equipment, and research institutions efforts can facilitate knowledge transfer and access
to cutting-edge solutions tailored to India’s specific needs and challenges.
4.3 High Operational Costs
Deep-sea and offshore fishing operations are inherently capital-intensive and involve
substantial operational costs, posing a significant challenge for the Indian fishing
industry, particularly for small-scale operators. These high costs stem from various
factors, including fuel consumption, crew expenses, vessel maintenance, and the need
for specialized equipment and technologies. India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
69
1
2
3
1
2
Fuel costsCrew Expenses
Extended voyages and long
distances travelled by deep-sea
fishing vessels result in high fuel
usage.
Fluctuations in fuel prices can
exacerbate financial burden.
Exploring alternative energy-
efficient options (green biofuels
and renewable resources) could
support the energy transition of
small-scale fisheries.
Deep-sea and offshore fishing
expeditions require larger crews
compared to coastal fishing
operations.
Costs associated with crew
wages, accommodations,
provisions, and insurance can be
substantial for longer voyages.
1
2
1
2
Vessel Maintenance and Repair
Specialized Equipment and
Technologies
Harsh marine environment
and extended periods at
sea take a toll on fishing
vessels, necessitating regular
maintenance and repairs.
Costs of spare parts, dry-
docking, and specialized
labour for vessel upkeep can be
significant.
Deep-sea and offshore fishing
often requires investment
in advanced fish-finding
technologies, such as sonar and
satellite tracking systems, and
specialized fishing gear and
onboard processing facilities.
Acquiring and maintaining these
technologies can be cost-
prohibitive.
4.4 Financing, Insurance, and Capital Access
Developing a specialized deep-sea fishing fleet requires significant investments that small-
scale fishermen may find difficult to mobilize independently. The cost of a deep-sea fishing
vessel can range from `50 lakh to ` 1 crore (US$67,000 to US$134,000) in India. Many
fishermen cannot afford these costs without substantial financial assistance. Accessing
institutional credit for marine ventures also poses challenges due to higher perceived risks.
Furthermore, deep-sea operations involve greater risks of accident or damage to vessels
and gear in hostile sea conditions. Higher insurance premiums compound the financial
burden. At present, most banks are reluctant to lend for marine fishing or provide insurance
due to the sector’s irregular income patterns and inherent risks.
The Govt. of India, under the PMMSY scheme, has brought deep-sea under focus for
development through financial support. Under the scheme, the government is extending India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
70
up to 60% of financial assistance to traditional fishermen for converting their vessels
into deep-sea and offshore fishing boats. Additionally, loan facilities are available to
facilitate this transformation. Further, financial assistance is being provided to traditional
fishermen for the acquisition of deep-sea and offshore fishing vessels under PMMSY at a
subsidy rate of 40% for the General Category and 60% for SC/ST/Women beneficiaries.
27

Access to adequate financing, insurance coverage, and capital investment is crucial for the
growth and development of any industry, including deep-sea fishing.
28
However, in India,
these factors pose significant challenges, impeding fleet modernization, technological
upgradation, and the overall competitiveness of the deep-sea and offshore fishing sector.
1
1
2
2
3
1
2
Limited Access to Institutional
Financing
Barriers to Capital Investment
Inadequate Insurance
Coverage
Securing loans and credit from
institutional lender hurdle for
small-scale and artisanal fishers.
Modernizing fleet and adopting advanced technologies require significant capital
investment.
Perceived high-risk nature of
operations, lack of collateral
or financial history, and limited
understanding of the sector’s
dynamics among lenders.
Small-scale and artisanal fishers face barriers in accessing capital.
Barriers - stringent lending criteria, high-interest rates, lack of awareness or
support from government agencies and financial institutions.
Deep-sea and offshore fishing
vessels and their crews face
numerous risks, (adverse weather
conditions, equipment failures,
and potential accidents or injuries
at sea).
Access to comprehensive and
affordable insurance coverage
remains limited.
4
Banks would be reluctant to provide credit due to the absence of regulatory
frameworks, proper licensing and effective governance.
Addressing these challenges related to financing, insurance, and capital access is crucial
for the sustainable growth and competitiveness of India’s deep-sea fishing industry.
27 https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2042662 (accessed on 17th September, 2024)
28 https://oursharedseas.com/impact-investing-in-a-sustainable-ocean-and-global-fisheries/ (accessed on 11th
March, 2024) India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
71
Potential solutions and measures include:
4.4.1 Dedicated Financing Schemes: Establishing dedicated financing schemes or
credit lines specifically tailored to the needs of deep-sea and offshore fishing
operators can improve access to institutional financing. These schemes could
involve collaboration between government agencies, banks, and industry
stakeholders to create favorable lending terms and conditions.
4.4.2 Risk Mitigation Mechanisms: Developing risk mitigation mechanisms, such as
government-backed insurance programs or risk-sharing models, can enhance
the availability and affordability of insurance coverage for deep-sea and
offshore fishing operations. This can provide financial security and encourage
investment in the sector.
4.4.3 Capacity Building and Awareness Programs: Conducting capacity-building
and awareness programs for financial institutions and lenders can enhance
their understanding of the deep-sea and offshore fishing sector’s dynamics,
risks, and potential. This can facilitate more informed decision-making and
tailored financing solutions. Besides, traditional fisher folks’ capacity and
capability building can help effectively adopt deep-sea fishing techniques and
harness the deep-sea resources with due regard to sustainability concerns.
4.4.4 Incentives and Tax Benefits: Offering targeted incentives, such as tax benefits for
investments in deep-sea and offshore fishing vessels, equipment, and technologies,
can encourage capital inflow and support fleet modernization efforts.
4.4.5 Micro-financing and Cooperative Models: Exploring micro-financing options
and cooperative models can provide access to capital for small-scale and
artisanal deep-sea fishing operators, enabling them to invest in their operations
and adopt sustainable practices.
4.5 Sustainability and Conservation Concerns
While deep-sea and offshore fisheries present significant economic opportunities, their
exploitation must be balanced with responsible management practices to ensure the long-
term sustainability of marine ecosystems and fish stocks. Failure to address conservation
concerns could lead to overexploitation, habitat degradation, and irreversible damage
to these valuable resources.
1
1
Overexploitation of fish
stocks
Bycatch and non-target
species
Species such as tuna, billfish,
and deep-sea shrimps, highly
migratory and vulnerable
to overfishing due to their
life histories and ecological
characteristics.
Deep-sea and offshore fishing
operations often result in the
unintentional catch of non-target
species. India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
72
11
Ghost FishingClimate Change Impacts
Lost or abandoned fishing
gear (longlines, nets, and traps)
continue to catch and kill marine
life indiscriminately.
The effects of climate change
(ocean warming, acidification,
and changes in ocean currents
and productivity) can impact
deep-sea and offshore resources
and their migratory patterns.
1
2
1
2
Habitat degradationMarine pollution
Certain fishing practices,
(bottom trawling) cause
damage to marine habitats.
Compliance with international
standards such as the Code
of Conduct for Responsible
Fisheries imperative.
Global issue affecting the Indian
EEZ and marine living resources
and ecosystems.
Several schemes like Clean Ocean
mission (Swachhata Sagar) and
awareness programs available,
but not able to fully curb the
litter from reaching the ocean.
To address these sustainability and conservation concerns, a comprehensive approach
is necessary, involving:
4.5.1 Robust Monitoring and Data Collection: Enhancing data collection,
stock assessments, and scientific research to better understand deep-
sea fish populations, their dynamics, and the impacts of fishing activities.
Stock assessment based catch quota system could be permitted to avoid
overexploitation and sustainably harvest deep sea resources.
4.5.2 Ecosystem-Based Fisheries Management: Adopting an ecosystem-based
approach that considers the broader marine environment, including non-target
species, habitats, and ecosystem interactions, when developing management
strategies.
4.5.3 Offshore mariculture: Harnessing resources through artificial propagation,
such as promoting offshore mariculture, is essential. The infrastructure
proposed for deep-sea fisheries can significantly support the mariculture
industry. This approach not only reduces pressure on wild fish stocks but also
establishes a parallel industry, generating an additional economic value chain.
4.5.4 Gear and Fishing Method Regulations: Technological innovations in fishing
gear design, such as selective fishing nets, escape panels, and turtle excluder
devices (TEDs), minimize bycatch and reduce environmental impacts
associated with deep-sea fishing operations. Additionally, implementing
regulations on fishing gear and methods to minimize bycatch, reduce habitat
damage, and promote selective and sustainable fishing practices. India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
73
4.5.5 Establishment of Marine Protected Areas: UN Act, designates strategically
located marine protected areas and no-take zones to safeguard critical
habitats, nursery grounds, and spawning areas for deep-sea and offshore
species.
4.5.6 Compliance and Enforcement: Strengthening compliance and enforcement
mechanisms, including vessel monitoring systems, observer programs, and
penalties for illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing activities.
Combating IUU fishing is essential for ensuring the sustainability and integrity
of deep-sea and offshore fisheries, as well as promoting responsible resource
management.
4.5.7 Regional and International Cooperation: Collaborating with regional and
international organizations, such as RFMOs, to ensure coordinated management
and conservation efforts for shared deep-sea and offshore resources; while
ensuring that national interests are not compromised.
4.5.8 Stakeholder Engagement and Awareness: Involving stakeholders, including
fishers, coastal communities, conservation organizations, and the public, in
decision-making processes and raising awareness about the importance of
sustainable deep-sea and offshore fishing practices.
4.5.9 Marine Litter and Pollution Management: Developing and implementing a
National Marine Litter Policy and Management Plan, as recommended by the
National Action Plan on Marine Plastic Litter from Sea-based Sources (2024).
Addressing marine litter and pollution is crucial for protecting the integrity of
deep-sea habitats and ensuring the long-term health of marine ecosystems.
The United Nations Agreement on Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction
or BBNJ Agreement, also talks about preventing pollution in the oceans,
specially International waters.
In conclusion, this chapter highlights India’s deep-sea and offshore fishing sector which
stands at a critical juncture, facing significant challenges but also poised for tremendous
growth opportunities. The sector grapples with issues ranging from inadequate stock
assessment and infrastructure to high operational costs and sustainability concerns.
However, these challenges also present avenues for innovation, investment, and
sustainable development. By addressing data deficiencies, onboard and post-harvest
handling, embracing advanced technologies, improving access to financing, and
prioritizing conservation efforts, India can transform its deep-sea and offshore fishing
industry. This transformation has the potential to not only boost the economy and
create employment but also ensure long-term food security and contribute to India’s
blue economy aspirations. By prioritising sustainability and conservation concerns, India
can unlock the full potential of its deep-sea and offshore fisheries while safeguarding
the long-term health and resilience of marine ecosystems, ensuring the availability of
these resources for future generations. India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
74 India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
75 India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
76
A comprehensive policy and regulatory framework is essential for India’s deep-sea and
offshore fishing industry to grow sustainably and responsibly. This chapter addresses
the sector’s multifaceted challenges, aiming to harness its potential while prioritising
environmental sustainability. It explores critical elements necessary to achieve these goals,
balancing economic opportunities with ecological considerations in the management of
deep-sea and offshore fisheries
5.1 Registration, Licensing, and Access Rights
Effective management and regulation of deep-sea and offshore fishing activities
require a comprehensive framework for vessel registration, licensing procedures, and
the allocation of access rights to fishing grounds within EEZ and international waters.
This section outlines the existing regulations and proposes measures to streamline and
strengthen this critical aspect of sustainable resource management.
5.1.1 Current Regulations:
(i) Fishermen / Fishing Boat Registration Procedures in India are given below-
• In India, fishing activities can be undertaken by any individual whether
he/she is a fisher by birth or by profession. Registration as a fisherman
is not legally compulsory, however registration is undertaken by Coastal
States and UTs to create a data repository for facilitating the Government
schemes and benefits to the fishermen. Further, vessel registration and
license issued by state DoFs are for within 12 nmi territorial waters.
• Part XVA of the Merchant Shipping (MS) Act, 1958 provides detailed
guidelines for the registration, survey, and certification of Indian-
flagged fishing boats (Sec 435 A-X of MS Act). However, this provision
is outdated and is meant to regulate commercial shipping. Hence, a
separate Vessels Act would be required to cater to the needs of the
modern fishing vessels and their development in the country.
• Fishing boat registration can be done by Section 435 G of the MS Act,
1958 (Central Act 44 of 1958). As per 435G, M.S. (Amendment) Act,
1983, the owner of every Indian fishing boat shall make an application
to the Registrar for grant of a ‘Certificate of Registry’ in respect of the
fishing boat.
• GSR-594 (E) [F. No. SR- 19014/01/2009-MG] of DG Shipping dated
14.08.14 has made provisions for the appointment of Surveyors
applicable to Part XVA [fishing boats].
CHAPTER-V
Policy Framework India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
77
• Mercantile Marine Department (MMD) of DG Shipping undertakes
tasking related to registration, survey, and certification of Indian fishing
boats of length 24 m and above, whereas fishing boats below 24 m in
length may be registered by the Fisheries Department of Coastal States
and UTs.
(ii) Vessel Registration and Licensing:
• The registration and licensing of fishing vessels in India are governed
by the respective Marine Fishing Regulation Acts (MFRAs) of coastal
states and union territories.
29
However, it pertains to only within the 12
nmi zone and not to deep-sea areas.
• Deep-sea fishing vessels must be registered with the respective state/
UT fisheries department and obtain a valid license to operate within the
territorial waters and EEZ.
• The licensing process involves submitting details such as vessel
specifications, gear types, crew information, and adherence to safety
and operational standards.
(iii) Access Rights within the EEZ:
• The Maritime Zones of India (Regulation of Fishing by Foreign Fishing
Vessels) Act, 1981, regulates fishing activities by foreign vessels within
India’s EEZ.
• Indian-flagged vessels have the right to fish within the EEZ, subject to
state/UT licensing conditions and adherence to conservation measures.
(iv) Access to International Waters and Regional Fisheries Bodies:
• India is a member of various RFMOs, such as IOTC. With regard to SIOFA,
India is a Cooperating non-Contracting Party and not a full contracting
party.
• Indian vessels require specific permits or authorizations to fish in
international waters and areas under the jurisdiction of these RFMOs,
subject to their regulations and quota allocations.
5.1.2 Proposed Measures:
(i) Vessel Construction:
• Standardized fishing vessel designs and specifications should be
established nationally, especially for deep-sea, offshore, and distant
water fishing vessels. This could be a part of the new fishing vessel
29 https://krishi.icar.gov.in/jspui/bitstream/123456789/78263/1/3_Fishing%20Regulations%20in%20India.pdf
(accessed on 14th March, 2024)
https://eprints.cmfri.org.in/9871/1/Rajesh_8.pdf (accessed on 14th March, 2024) India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
78
regulations as the current Merchant Shipping (MS) Act has no provision
for such development. Vessel construction needs to adhere to safety
standards and undergo inspections by trained officials.
• Guidelines for fishing vessel construction and maintenance should
be developed at the state and national levels. All licensed vessel
construction firms should be listed in a central registry (ReALCRaft)
30
.
(ii) Centralized Vessel Registration and Licensing System:
• Leverage ReALCRaft as a centralized, digitized system for the
registration and licensing of deep-sea and offshore fishing vessels at
the national level, in collaboration with state/UT authorities.
• This system would streamline the application process, ensure
standardized data collection, and facilitate monitoring and compliance.
(iii) Allocation of Access Rights and Quota Management:
• Develop a transparent and science-based mechanism for allocating
access rights and catch quotas for deep-sea and offshore fishing within
the EEZ, taking into account aspects such as historical catch records,
vessel capacities, and sustainability considerations.
• Implement a system of transferable fishing quotas or effort-based
management regimes to promote economic efficiency and prevent
overcapitalization.
(iv) Enhanced Monitoring and Compliance:
• While Indian deep-sea fishing vessels use VMS voluntarily, there is
currently no monitoring by the DoF. Strengthening oversight mechanisms
is necessary to ensure compliance and effective monitoring. Further,
installation of VMS should not be limited only to the deep sea and offshore
regions but must be implemented in all the fishing vessels across India
including those operating in the territorial and coastal waters.
• Implement a robust observer program integrated with technology
deploying trained observers on board vessels to monitor catch
composition, bycatch, and adherence to regulations.
• India currently employs a landing-centre-based observer system,
managed by CMFRI (Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute), which
records catches at landing sites. However, separate catch statistics
for deep-sea fishing is not recorded. Addressing this gap is urgently
needed to ensure effective monitoring of deep-sea fisheries which can
improve management and conservation efforts.
30 RealCraft is a web enabled workflow based online application system for issuing Registration Certificate (RC)
Under MS Act (Merchant Shipping) and Fishing License Certificate (LC) to fishing vessels operating along the
Indian Coast under MFR (Marine Fisheries Regulation )Act. https://fishcraft.nic.in/web/new/index/ India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
79
• Enhance the National Marine Fisheries Data Centre (NMFDC) at CMFRI
to serve as a comprehensive centralized database and reporting system
for vessel logbooks, catch data, and compliance records. Improvements
should focus on better segregation of deep-sea fishery catches to
ensure more effective data management and monitoring. Strengthening
deep-sea research capabilities is critical for continued exploration and
assessment of deep-sea resources. There is a need to replace existing
aged research vessels (with various bodies such as MoES, ICAR, DoF etc)
with modern tools for the non-invasive digital collection of biodiversity
data.
(v) Traceability
• India’s deep-sea and offshore fishing industry should adhere to
comprehensive standards and regulations covering sustainability,
quality, and safety throughout the supply chain. Compliance is ensured
through inspections and enforcement.
• A robust seafood traceability system tracks products from harvest
to consumer, promoting transparency, combating illegal fishing,
preventing fraud, ensuring food safety, and enabling sustainable
resource management. Traceability strengthens consumer confidence
and both domestic and international market access.
(vi) International Cooperation and Access Agreements:
• Strengthen collaboration with RFMOs and explore bilateral or multilateral
access agreements with other nations to facilitate responsible deep-sea
and offshore fishing in international waters and shared maritime zones.
• Ensure compliance with international laws, regulations, and conservation
measures governing deep-sea and offshore fishing activities in these areas.
• Attain full membership of SIOFA, leverage India’s membership in the
Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources
(CCAMLR), sign the FAO Agreement on Port State Measures (FAO-
PSMA) to combat IUU fishing and adhere to scientific advisories of IOTC.
• While India is already engaged with RFMOs such as IOTC, these
agreements do not fully cover the entire Indian Ocean region. Given the
increasing challenges posed by Illegal, Unreported, and Unregulated
(IUU) fishing, it is crucial to establish a comprehensive RFMO for the
broader Indian Ocean. Strengthening regional cooperation through
such an organization would enable better management of fisheries,
ensure sustainability, and enhance India’s role in international fisheries
governance.
(vii) Capacity Building and Stakeholder Engagement:
• Conduct regular training and capacity-building programs for fishers,
vessel operators, and regulatory authorities on licensing procedures,
access rights, and compliance requirements. India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
80
• Engage stakeholders, including fishing communities, industry
associations, and conservation organizations, in the decision-making
processes related to licensing and access rights allocation.
By implementing these measures, India can establish a robust and transparent system
for registering and licensing deep sea and offshore fishing vessels, allocating access
rights based on scientific principles, and ensuring compliance with national and
international regulations. This will promote sustainable resource management, prevent
overcapitalization, and facilitate responsible deep-sea and offshore fishing practices
within India’s EEZ and in international waters.
5.2 Incentives
Providing targeted incentivisation can play a crucial role in promoting the growth and
sustainable development of India’s deep-sea and offshore fishing industry. These measures
can address various challenges, such as high operational costs, fleet modernization,
infrastructure development, and adopting sustainable fishing practices. However,
designing and implementing these incentives and subsidies judiciously is essential to
avoid unintended consequences like overcapitalization, overfishing, or distortions in the
market

(Sala et. al., 2018).
31
Promoting green energy
alternatives
(solar-powered systems,
hybrid engines, and energy-
efficient vessel designs) to
reduce fuel dependency and
operational costs.
Infrastructure Development
Incentives
(Grants, tax incentives,
or PPP models) for the
development of dedicated
deep-sea fishing harbours,
landing centres, and post-
harvest infrastructure.
Tax Benefits and Fiscal
Incentives
(reduced import duties on
fishing equipment, gear, and
vessels) to modernize fleet
and adoption of advanced
technologies.
• tax credits for
investments in
sustainable fishing
practices, crew training,
R&D
Sustainable Fishing Practice
Incentives
• Incentivize gear
minimizing bycatch and
environmental impact.
• Reward compliance:
subsidies, tax breaks,
priority fishing access.
Financial Support for Fleet
Modernization
• Accessible financing
(low-interest loans or loan
guarantee programs) for
acquiring new vessels/
upgrading fleets.
• prioritize vessels with
advanced fish-finding
technologies, sustainable
fishing gear, and onboard
processing facilities
Insurance and Risk
Management Support
• Providing subsidized
or government-backed
insurance schemes to
mitigate the risks.
31 https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=710ed314e09285f4054b-
13031b3a06d7747e4329 (accessed on 17th September, 2024) Prioritize fleet
modernization through
incentives for adopting
advanced, fuel-efficient
technologies and
phasing out aging
vessels�
Regulatory
framework (licensing,
gear restrictions,
catch limits, and
conservation measures)
complemented by
robust monitoring,
control, and surveillance
mechanisms�
Reinforce engagement
with RFMOs, explore
bilateral or multilateral
agreements to secure
access rights and
quota allocations in
international waters�
Investments for
establishing deep-sea
fishing harbours, landing
centres, and cold chain
infrastructure along the
coastline�
Strengthening research
initiatives, collaborating
with global leaders,
fostering capacity-
building programs for
knowledge transfer,
skill development, and
adoption of sustainable
practices
National
level policy
intervention India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
81
Establishing clear eligibility criteria, monitoring mechanisms, and periodic reviews is crucial
to ensure that these incentives and subsidies effectively promote the intended objectives
while minimizing potential misuse or unintended consequences. Moreover, all subsidies
should be kept to a minimum, applied for a limited period, and phased out as soon as
possible.
5.3 Policy Intervention
5.3.1 National Level
At the national level, it is imperative to steer the sustainable development of
India’s deep-sea, offshore, and distant water fishing sector. Formulate dedicated
deep-sea and
offshore fishing
policies and action
plans aligned with
the national strategy
but customized to
local conditions and
stakeholders’ needs�
Collaborating with
national agencies for
state-level monitoring,
enforcement
mechanisms, and
compliance assistance�
Capacity-building
programs, stakeholder
consultations, and
awareness campaigns
to involve fishing
communities,
industry players,
and civil society
organizations in
policy implementation
processes�
Enhancing marketing
and branding
initiatives, value
chain development,
and direct marketing
channels to maximize
economic returns for
deep-sea and offshore
fishing operators.
Establish state-level
task forces/advisory
committees for
policy formulation
and implementation
in collaboration with
SMSC and other
stakeholders�
Introduce incentives
and support
mechanisms to
encourage investment,
sustainable practices,
and financial stability
(subsidies, tax
benefits, grants,
state-backed loan
programs, and risk-
sharing models or
insurance schemes)�
Develop integrated
coastal zone
management plans,
identifying suitable
areas for deep sea
fishing infrastructure
while minimizing
environmental impact�
State level
policy
intervention India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
82
5.3.2 State Level
State governments play a pivotal role in tailoring policies to address state-
specific challenges and priorities. India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
83 India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
84
This chapter outlines the key investment areas and infrastructure upgradation required
to build India’s deep-sea and offshore fishing capacity and capitalise on the lucrative
economic opportunities this sector presents. It covers the development of deep-sea
fishing harbours with support facilities, establishing integrated supply chains with
efficient logistics and cold storage, employing modern deep-sea and offshore fishing
fleets, and institutionalising training programs for upskilling the workforce.
A roadmap is provided to systematically upgrade infrastructure, attract private
investments through conducive policies, and develop a thriving deep-sea and offshore
fishing sector. The investments proposed will not only boost India’s marine fish production
but also generate employment, enable export opportunities, and contribute to food
security. Sustainable financing models leveraging public-private partnerships have been
explored to mobilise the required capital outlays.
6.1 Fishing Harbours and Landing Centres
India’s fishing harbour infrastructure is predominantly geared towards shallow water
and coastal fishing operations. To facilitate the growth of deep-sea and offshore fishing,
dedicated deep-sea fishing harbours and landing centres need to be developed along
the country’s 11,098 km coastline. As of 2021, India had several designated deep-sea
fishing harbours located at Vizhinjam (Kerala), Cochin (Kerala), Chennai (Tamil Nadu),
Visakhapatnam (Andhra Pradesh), Paradip (Odisha), and Poompuhar (Tamil Nadu).
32

Additionally, around 87 fish landing centres can potentially handle deep-sea catches.
However, most lack adequate draft, shipyard facilities, and other amenities required for
efficient deep-sea operations.
33
More such infrastructure is needed to improve India’s
capacity for deep-sea fishing activities.
To address these infrastructure gaps and support the growth of the deep-sea and
offshore fishing industry, the following measures can be considered:
6.1.1 Upgrading existing harbours and landing centres: Selected harbours and
landing sites can be identified for modernisation, equipped with deep-water
berths, offloading facilities, and other amenities tailored for deep-sea and
offshore fishing vessels.
6.1.2 Developing dedicated deep-sea fishing harbours: In strategic coastal
locations, new dedicated deep-sea fishing harbours can be developed,
incorporating state-of-the-art infrastructure, logistics support, ship repair
facilities and auxiliary services.
6.1.3 Enhancing processing and value addition facilities: Specialised processing
units, equipped with advanced technologies for handling deep-sea species,
can be established in proximity to major landing centres or harbours.
32 https://mpeda.gov.in/fishers/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/007-MARINE-FISH-LANDINGS-JULY-2021.pdf
(accessed on 18th September, 2024)
33 https://eprints.cmfri.org.in/18344/1/Marine%20Fish%20Landings%20in%20India_2023.pdf (accessed on 18th
September, 2024)
CHAPTER-VI
Infrastructure Development India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
85
6.1.4 Strengthening cold chain infrastructure: Investments in refrigerated
transportation, modern cold storage facilities, and integrated supply chain
logistics can help to minimise post-harvest losses and maintain the quality of
deep sea catch.
6.1.5 Promoting byproduct utilization: Establishing fish feed/meal plants,
biorefinery facilities, and other byproduct processing units can optimise
resource utilisation and generate additional revenue streams from deep-sea
and offshore fishing operations.
6.1.6 Facilitating public-private partnerships: Encouraging collaboration between
government agencies, private investors, and industry stakeholders can attract investments
and expertise in developing comprehensive deep-sea fishing infrastructure.
Key features and facilities envisaged at the major deep-sea fishing harbours India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
86
The minor deep-sea landing centres will have a basic enclosed harbour, wharfs
/ jetties, auction halls, cold storages, ice plants, boat repair yards and other
localised facilities. Existing fishing harbours like Visakhapatnam, Paradeep,
Veraval etc. may also require modernisation to handle additional deep-sea
vessel traffic safely. Ministry of Fisheries, State fisheries departments and
agencies like and FISCOPFED can be the nodal bodies for developing these
harbour projects through public-private partnership (PPP) models. Funding
can also be mobilised from multi-lateral agencies like the World Bank, Asian
Development Bank (ADB) as well as private investment through Design, Build,
Finance, Operate and Transfer (DBFOT) modes for construction and operations
of the fishing harbours. A cluster-based approach should be adopted for
developing ancillary industries like ice plants, vessel repair facilities and cold
storage in the vicinity of these harbours. With the strategic development of
modern deep-sea fishing harbours providing safe anchorage and support
utilities, India can unlock its vast underutilised deep-sea fishing potential in
the EEZ and beyond.
6.2 Post-Harvest and Cold Chain Infrastructure
Efficient post-harvest handling, processing, and cold chain infrastructure is critical for
ensuring quality, reducing wastage, enabling value addition, and accessing premium
markets for India’s deep-sea and offshore fish catch. However, there are significant gaps in
this area currently. As per 2020 estimates, India has only around 250 food processing plants
approved for exports, with a combined handling capacity of just 25,000 t/day. The installed
cold storage capacity is also limited to around 37 MT. Lack of integrated cold chain logistics
from harvest to consumption leads to high wastage levels of over 20% annually.
34
To capitalise on the economic opportunities from deep-sea fishing, investments in
upgrading and scaling up the following post-harvest infrastructure are essential:
6.2.1 Fish Handling and Processing Centres: Hygienically designed, modern fish
handling and processing centres must be established close to the proposed
deep-sea fishing harbours and landing centres.
35

34 https://www.kenresearch.com/industry-reports/india-agricultural-cold-storage-industry (accessed on 26th
April, 2024)
https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1658114 (accessed on 26th April, 2024)
35 https://www.fao.org/3/y5718e/y5718e09.htm (accessed on 18th March, 2024) India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
87
These facilities should incorporate several key components:
These processing centres should be designed to handle significant volumes
of deep-sea and offshore catch, with the larger facilities. A network of such
major and minor processing centres will need to be established across the
country’s coastal clusters.
6.2.2 Cold Chain Infrastructure
An efficient and integrated cold chain infrastructure is pivotal for preserving
the quality of the deep-sea and offshore catch and enabling access to distant
markets, both domestic and international.
36
As part of the PMMSY, 586 new
ice plants and cold storage units have been sanctioned to be established in
proximity to the deep-sea fishing harbours and landing centres.
36 https://www.fao.org/3/y5718e/y5718e09.htm (accessed on 18th March, 2024) India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
88
Key components of cold chain infrastructure should include:
Significant expansion of cold storage capacity, both at the harbours and inland
locations, is required to handle the expected surge in deep-sea and offshore
catch volumes. A network of integrated pack-houses equipped with sizable
cold storage facilities could be established across coastal areas.
Recognizing the importance of an efficient cold chain, the PMMSY has
focused on developing an integrated cold chain infrastructure. As of 2024,
this includes
37
:
(i) Establishment of 1,091 new fish feed mills and plants to support the
industry’s growth.
(ii) Provision of 27,189 units of fish transportation facilities, including 373
refrigerated trucks, 1,377 insulated trucks, 1,243 live fish vending centres, 3,860
auto-rickshaws, 10,924 motorcycles, and 9,412 bicycles with ice boxes.
(iii) Development of 6,733 units of fish retail markets (188 units) and fish kiosks, including
6,896 ornamental kiosks, to facilitate last-mile distribution and marketing.
6.2.3 Other Support Infrastructure
Several ancillary infrastructure components are also essential for supporting
deep-sea fishing operations and post-harvest activities like:
37 https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2083813 (accessed on Jan 21, 2025) India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
89
6.2.4 Potential Investment Areas
Post-harvest and cold chain infrastructure upgradation presents significant
opportunities for private investment across various segments, including
integrated pack-house facilities, controlled atmosphere cold storages,
irradiation facilities, refrigerated transport fleets, processing and value-
addition plants, and third-party cold chain logistics services.
Conducive policies, incentives, and financing mechanisms will be crucial
for attracting investments in this capital-intensive domain. Public-private
partnership models, viability gap funding, and infrastructure funds can be
explored to operationalise post-harvest cold chain projects on a large scale.
Overall, strategic interventions in developing robust post-harvest and cold
chain infrastructure will play a pivotal role in reducing wastage, improving
value realisation, enabling product diversification, and catalysing the growth
of India’s deep-sea and offshore fishing sector.
38
6.3 Fleet Modernisation and Skill Development
The existing deep sea fishing fleet lack the necessary capabilities required for venturing
into deeper waters and conducting multi-day fishing voyages in the EEZ and beyond.
38 https://www.fao.org/3/y5718e/y5718e09.htm (accessed on 18th March, 2024) India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
90
This transition from coastal to deep-sea fishing would require targeted modernisation
efforts focused on supporting existing fleet and enhancing their capabilities. Industrial
deep-sea fishing can be promoted for ABNJ and distant water fishing. The Department
of Fisheries can play a key role to support these vessels by providing proper licenses,
communication facilities and on-board processing capabilities.
6.3.1 Deep-Sea Fishing Research Development
Given the underexploited nature of many oceanic and deep-sea resources,
focused research efforts are required to improve knowledge of these stocks.
Developing species-specific potential fishing zone advisories through habitat
distribution modeling can be explored. Such modeling utilises available catch
data as well as oceanographic and biological parameters that influence habitats.
The outputs can guide fishing vessels towards optimal areas for different target
species, improving catch rates and economic returns. The policy will promote
collaboration between fisheries and oceanographic research institutions to
undertake studies on underutilised resources like certain squid species. Habitat
models developed from such work will aid fleet modernisation by facilitating
conversion of vessels to gears suitable for deep and offshore target fisheries.
Further, expanding research efforts on deep-sea fishing and value chain
development is essential. More studies and evaluation programs, including deep-
sea fishing cruises, should be conducted to explore the harvesting potential of
oceanic resources such as myctophids, squids and other identified species. These
programs should emphasise on assessing the economic viability of such fisheries
to support sustainable expansion and technological adaptation in the sector.
6.3.2 Modification of Fishing Vessels for Deep-Sea Fishing and Offshore Fishing:
Vessels above 20 m in length may need modifications/upgradation to
make them suitable for deep-sea fishing and offshore fishing. This includes
equipping them with state-of-the-art technology for locating, catching, and
processing target species. The technical specifications for vessel construction
may be finalised by a technical committee comprising experts from relevant
institutions such as the Department of Fisheries, ICAR-CIFT, FSI, CIFNET and
others. New fishing vessels should be equipped with modern equipment for
navigation, safety, and onboard fish handling. Collaboration with the Ministry
of Ports, Shipping and Waterways may be explored for assistance in boat
building and procurement of navigation equipment.
6.3.3 Introduction of New Fishing Vessels for Offshore, Distant Water Fishing:
New deep-sea fishing vessels with modern material and technology should be
introduced as replacements for existing crafts, designed specifically for offshore
fishing targeting tuna and similar species. These vessels should have adequate
onboard storage, navigation equipment, and facilities for handling tuna catches.
Combination vessels made of steel, capable of tuna longlining and gillnetting,
may be introduced in restricted numbers to enhance fishing capabilities.
Modified vessels with advanced technology should be designed for high-sea
and distant water fishing. India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
91
Key types of vessels to be added to the fleet for commercial purposes
The current deep-sea and offshore fishing fleet strength is highly inadequate
to extract the estimated deep-sea catch potential sustainably. A multi-
pronged strategy may require direct purchase of vessels from overseas
shipyards, establishing domestic shipbuilding capacities, and upgrading
existing boatyards. In parallel, enabling policies and financial incentives could
be instituted to promote the domestic shipbuilding industry, the leasing of
deep-sea fishing vessels, and the formation of fishing corporations/companies
to acquire and operate these capital-intensive assets.
6.3.4 Financing Mechanisms and Subsidies
Considering the high capital costs of procuring deep-sea fishing vessels,
dedicated financial schemes and subsidies will play a crucial role. This could
include low-interest boat loans, subsidy-linked credit facilities, lease-to-own
models, and promoting private investments through infrastructure funds.
6.3.5 Capacity Development and Stakeholder Engagement
To ensure the successful modernisation of the fishing fleet and promote
sustainable deep-sea and offshore fishing, capacity development must
be prioritised through comprehensive skill development and stakeholder
engagement initiatives. India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
92
Skill development programs: Complementing the fleet modernisation efforts,
comprehensive skill development programs must be launched to train deep-
sea and offshore fishermen in various technical aspects
Technical aspects include:
These training programs could be conducted through dedicated deep-sea and
offshore fishing academies and vocational institutes, fisheries departments
both in the public and private sectors. Attracting and retaining youth in deep-
sea and offshore fishing careers may require additional incentives such as
scholarships, subsidising insurance, and social security schemes. Upgrading
the existing workforce’s skills and developing a pipeline of skilled deep-sea and
offshore fishers is crucial for safe and efficient deep-sea and offshore fishing
operations. This capacity building must be prioritising alongside investments
in modernising the fishing fleet.
Stakeholder engagement: In parallel with skill development, active participation
of stakeholders is critical to ensure inclusive and sustainable growth in the India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
93
sector. Stakeholder engagement to ensure inclusivity and fairness can be
achieved through
• Engaging stakeholders, including fishers, communities, and industry
stakeholders in planning and decision-making, fostering ownership,
inclusivity, and collaboration in implementing strategies.
• Support fishermen cooperatives, SHGs, and FFPOs with targeted funding,
training, and access to modern technology and sustainable fishing
techniques tailored to the local context to enable them to participate
effectively in modernised deep-sea fishing programs.
• Establishing a strong fisher-trader-exporter partnership based on
cooperation and trust. Fisher and trade associations, along with NGOs, can
play a critical role in fostering and sustaining these partnerships.
By addressing these key areas - physical infrastructure, technological upgrades,
and human resource development - India can position itself to fully harness
the potential of its deep-sea and offshore fishing resources, boost marine
fish production, generate employment, and contribute to food security while
ensuring sustainable practices in the sector. India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
94 India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
95 India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
96
Sustainable management and long-term conservation of deep-sea and offshore fisheries
resources are contingent upon implementing robust monitoring, control, surveillance
and Enforcement (MCS&E) measures. These measures are integral to the development
of rules and regulations for fisheries management, particularly in the EEZ and ABNJ,
where such rules currently do not exist. As India expands its deep-sea and offshore
fishing operations, a comprehensive regulatory framework supported by modern MCS&E
tools becomes imperative to combat illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing
practices.
This chapter outlines the key components of an effective MCS&E regime tailored for
the deep-sea and offshore fishing sector. It covers vessel tracking and communication
systems, onboard observer programs, dockside monitoring protocols, and reporting and
compliance mechanisms. The proposed MCS&E measures aim to ensure fishing activities
remain within permissible areas, catch volumes conform to sustainable limits, and all
operations adhere to national and international regulations.
Using satellite-based Vessel Monitoring Systems (VMS), electronic reporting, and
integrated MCS&E data platforms can enable real-time monitoring and response
capabilities. However, this has to be complemented by adequate law and enforcement
mechanisms, stringent penalties for deterrence, and co-management approaches
39

involving stakeholders.
A judicious balance between harmonising with global best practices and contextualising
solutions to India’s unique requirements is explored in this chapter. Effective
implementation of the recommended MCS&E framework is paramount for promoting
responsible and sustainable deep-sea fishing while safeguarding the nation’s marine
ecosystems and biodiversity for future generations.
40
7.1 Vessel Tracking System
A robust VMS is critical to an effective MCS&E framework for deep-sea and offshore
fishing operations. A VMS enables remote monitoring of vessel positions, movements,
and activities, allowing regulatory authorities to track compliance. The Indian Space
39 Guidance for fisheries co-management in the Indian context has been given in the following documents
https://eprints.cmfri.org.in/11873/
https://eprints.cmfri.org.in/13929/
This is practised in the state of Kerala (law amended) and partially in Tamil Nadu.
40 https://media.mcsuk.org/documents/GFG_Wild_ratings_methodology_Version_2_June_2018.pdf (accessed
on 18th September, 2024)
https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/5ebb9e01-34ab-4e64-9651-1f96e5f59636/
content#:~:text=Fisheries%20and%20aquaculture%20legislation%20guarantees,duties%20in%20a%20judi-
cial%20or (accessed on 18th March, 2024)
CHAPTER-VII
Monitoring, Control,
Surveillance and
Enforcement (MCS&E) India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
97
Research Organisation (ISRO) has developed a satellite-based VMS called NavIC for
monitoring the coastal fishing fleet.
41
However, this system needs to be scaled up and
enhanced to cater to the specific requirements of deep-sea and offshore fishing vessels
(Fig. 7.1). Further, as VMS is increasingly used by Indian fishermen for their safety, it is
essential to establish the necessary control and monitoring units to fully operationalise
the system for deep-sea and offshore fishing.
Fig 7.1: Vessel Monitoring System
Source: https://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/issue-briefs/2017/04/tracking-
fishing-vessels-around-the-globe (accessed on 18th March, 2024)
41 https://www.aiet.org.in/isro-navic-fishermen-project/ (accessed on 18th March, 2024) India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
98
Features of an ideal deep-sea and offshore VMS
Satellite-based tracking
Integration with global
navigation satellite systems
(GNSS) (GPS, GLONASS,
IMARSAT, and NavIC) for
accurate position tracking.
National Maritime Domain
Awareness (NMDA) project,
National Command,
Control, Communication,
and Intelligence (NC3I)
network, ensures pictures
of maritime activities are
accessible to security
stakeholders.
Tamper-proof and robust
design
Ruggedized and tamper-
evident designs to prevent
tampering or disabling of
VMS units.
Automatic Identification
System (AIS)
AIS transceivers for
collision avoidance and
vessel identification.
Continuous and frequent
reporting
Capability for position
reporting at frequent
intervals (e.g., every 30
minutes or less) and
continuous tracking.
Backup power and data logging
Backup power sources and data
logging capabilities in case of power/
communication failures.
Two-way communication
strengthening the ability
to send and receive
real time data, position
reports, distress signals
and instructions to/from
vessels.
In 2023, Nabhmitra App for
two-way communication
from/to sea and crew
list updation/regulation
introduced for the safety of
fishermen.
Data security and
encryption
Secure data transmission
and encryption to prevent
spoofing or interference.
Alert and notification system
Ability to generate alerts for violations,
unauthorized entry into restricted areas,
and other predefined events.
Potential VMS technologies
Various technological solutions can be explored for implementing a deep-sea and
offshore VMS (Table 7.1), including: India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
99
7.1.1 Satellite-based VMS: Utilise satellite networks like INMARSAT, Iridium, or NavIC
for position tracking and data communication.
7.1.2 Cellular-based VMS: Leverages cellular networks (GSM/CDMA) for position
reporting when vessels are within coverage range.
7.1.3 Hybrid VMS: Combines satellite and cellular technologies for seamless tracking
and communication.
However, VMS is effective only when integrated with area-based (spatial)
management. To achieve this, the Department of Fisheries (DoF) must define deep-
sea fishing zones, issue specific licenses, and restrict vessels with the appropriate
permits to access these zones.
Table 7.1: Comparison of the key features of different VMS technologies
Feature Satellite VMS Cellular VMS Hybrid VMS
Coverage Global
Coastal / Near-
shore
Global and Coastal
Reliability High
Medium
(dependent on
network coverage)
High
Position
Accuracy
High Medium to HighHigh
Data
Transfer
Low
bandwidth
High bandwidth High bandwidth
Tamper
Resistance
HighMediumHigh
Costs
Higher initial
and operating
costs
Lower costs but
limited range
Moderate costs
with combined
advantages
Implementation Considerations
Implementing an effective deep-sea and offshore VMS requires addressing the following
key considerations: Regulatory
framework: Mandating
VMS installations on
vessels and ensuring
proper maintenance.
Establishing legal
requirements and
penalties for non-
VMS compliance and
tampering.
International
coordination: Aligning
with international VMS
standards; enabling
data sharing with
relevant regional
fisheries bodies.
Integration with
other MCS&E tools:
Integrating VMS data
with other MCS&E
components (observer
programs and
dockside monitoring).
Data management:
Setting up secure data
centres and platforms,
with optimal cyber
security measures for
VMS data integration,
analysis, and reporting.
Monitoring
capabilities:
Developing expertise
and infrastructure for
real-time monitoring
and response to
VMS alerts. Develop
land-based vessel
monitoring stations in
each maritime state.
Effective
deep-sea
and offshore
VMS India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
100
Overall, a well-designed and rigorously implemented VMS is a crucial tool for monitoring
deep-sea and offshore fishing activities, deterring IUU fishing, and enabling sustainable
management of marine resources. India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
101
7.2 On-board Observers
On-board observer programs are an essential element of a comprehensive MCS framework
for deep-sea and offshore fishing operations. These programs involve deploying trained
observers on fishing vessels to directly monitor and document various aspects of fishing
activities, catch composition, and compliance with regulations. RFMOs, especially
CCAMLR, mandates the deployment of neutral observers with strict protocols to avoid
any bias with the vessel operators/owners. On-board observers play a crucial role in
collecting reliable and accurate data, which is vital for effective fisheries management,
stock assessments, and ensuring the sustainability of deep-sea and offshore fisheries
resources.
42

On-board observers can also be integrated with technology for efficient, effective and
improved compliance and monitoring through the use of
43
:
42 https://mrag.co.uk/services/observer-programmes (accessed on 18th March, 2024)
43 Mothership Vessel Programme: involves using a larger, well-equipped vessel (mothership) as a centralised
monitoring, processing and support hub for smaller deep-sea vessels. Instead of assigning an observer to each
vessel, a single observer or monitoring team stationed on the mothership can oversee multiple smaller vessels
remotely. Small vessels can transfer catch data, surveillance footage and operational logs to the mothership in
real time. Mothership can have advanced monitoring systems (such as AI-driven surveillance, e-logbooks and
automated catch monitoring) to validate compliance. India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
102
Functions of On-board Observers
On-board Observer Coverage
The level of observer coverage (i.e., the percentage of fishing trips or vessels with
observers) is a critical factor in the effectiveness of the program. Higher coverage levels
generally provide more comprehensive and representative data, but also come with
increased costs and logistical challenges.
44
International best practices and guidelines
from RFMOs often recommend observer coverage levels ranging from 20% to 100% for
different fisheries, depending on the level of risk and management needs (Table 7.2).
Table 7.2: Observer coverage levels for various fisheries managed by RFMOs
FisheryObserver Coverage Level (%)
Tuna Longline20 -100
Tuna Purse Seine100
Demersal Trawl20-50
Gillnet20-50
Squid Jiggers20-50
Implementation Considerations
Successful implementation of an on-board observer program requires for addressing
the following key considerations:
44 www.mrag.co.uk (accessed on 18th March, 2024) India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
103
By deploying well-trained observers on deep-sea and offshore fishing vessels, India can
significantly enhance its ability to monitor fishing activities, collect valuable scientific
data, and ensure compliance with regulations, ultimately contributing to the sustainable
management of its deep-sea fisheries resources.
7.3 Dockside Monitoring
Dockside monitoring is an essential component of an effective MCS&E framework for
deep-sea and offshore fishing operations. It involves monitoring fishermen and inspecting
fishing vessels, their catch, and related documentation upon arrival at designated landing
sites or ports (James et al. 2018)
45
45 https://www.msc.org/what-we-are-doing/our-approach/at-sea-monitoring-and-surveillance (accessed on
19th March, 2024) India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
104
Dockside monitoring serves several critical purposes, including:
7.3.1 Dockside Monitoring Protocols
Effective dockside monitoring protocols should include the following key
elements:
• Designated landing sites: Identifying and designating specific landing
sites or ports where deep-sea and offshore fishing vessels are required to
offload their catch for monitoring purposes.
• Inspection procedures: Establishing standardised procedures for
inspecting vessels, catch, gear, and documentation upon arrival.
• Sampling protocols: Defining protocols for representative catch sampling,
biological sampling, and data collection.
• Documentation requirements: Specifying the required catch documentation
and logbook reporting requirements for deep-sea fishing vessels.
• Trained inspectors: Deploying trained inspectors with the necessary
expertise and authority to conduct dockside monitoring activities.
• Risk-based approach: Adopting a risk-based approach to prioritise and
target inspections based on factors such as vessel history, fishing areas,
and catch composition using data analytics.
7.3.2 Dockside Monitoring Coverage
The level of dockside monitoring coverage (i.e., the percentage of landings
inspected) can vary depending on the available resources, risk levels, and
management priorities. Higher coverage levels generally provide more
comprehensive monitoring and deterrence against non-compliance, but also
require greater resources and capacity. India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
105
7.3.3 Implementation Considerations
Successful implementation of dockside monitoring requires addressing the
following key considerations:
By implementing robust dockside monitoring protocols, India can strengthen
its ability to verify catch data, detect non-compliance, and prevent IUU fishing
products from entering the supply chain, ultimately contributing to the
sustainable management of its deep-sea fisheries resources.
7.4 Reporting and Compliance
Effective reporting and compliance mechanisms are crucial components of a
comprehensive MCS&E framework for deep-sea and offshore fishing operations. These
mechanisms ensure that fishing activities are conducted in accordance with relevant
regulations, catch data is accurately reported, and appropriate enforcement actions are
taken in case of non-compliance.
46

46 https://assets.wwf.org.uk/downloads/fisheriesmanagement__2_.pdf (Accessed on 19th March, 2024) India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
106
Given that many offshore fishing operations operate beyond the range of coastal
communication networks, enabling effective communication at sea is vital for monitoring
such activities. Potential fishing zone advisories and other oceanographic information
disseminated to offshore fleets need to reach fishermen in real-time for improved
planning and resource utilisation. It has been recommended that offshore communication
systems be established through coordination among relevant stakeholders. This will
allow vessels fishing distant grounds to receive timely updates and alerts. It could
also facilitate reporting of catch and operational data back to authorities. Establishing
reliable offshore communication in phases will be an integral part of the regulatory
framework for deep-sea MCS. This will aid compliance monitoring as well as search and
rescue operations for fishing vessels operating beyond coastal waters. Key reporting
and monitoring bodies in India for offshore fishing activities include the Department
of Fisheries for policy formulation, INCOIS for disseminating Potential Fishing Zone
advisories and oceanographic data, and the Directorate General of Shipping for safety
and compliance monitoring. The NMDA Project and NC3I Network enhance maritime
situational awareness, while the Indian Coast Guard ensures search and rescue operations
and legal enforcement. ISRO and the Space Applications Centre support satellite-based
communication and tracking, with State Fisheries Departments and specialised groups
like the Coastal Security Group aiding local implementation. Coordinated efforts among
these entities are crucial for effective offshore communication, compliance, and resource
management.
Catch Reporting Requirements and Vessel Monitoring and Reporting
The logbooks should be submitted to the relevant fisheries authorities at regular intervals
(e.g., daily, weekly, or per trip) through electronic reporting systems or upon arrival at
designated landing sites. India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
107
In addition to catch reporting, deep-sea and offshore fishing vessels should be required
to report their positions, movements, and activities through the Vessel Monitoring
System (VMS). This allows regulatory authorities to track vessel locations and ensure
compliance with area restrictions, closed seasons, and other regulations.
Table 7.3: Potential compliance monitoring and enforcement mechanisms for deep-sea and
offshore fishing operations
Mechanism Description
At-sea
inspections
Inspections conducted by authorised officers aboard deep-sea
and offshore fishing vessels during fishing operations.
Dockside
inspections
Inspections conducted at designated landing sites or ports
upon arrival of deep-sea and offshore fishing vessels.
Observer
coverage
Deployment of trained observers on deep-sea and offshore
fishing vessels to monitor and report on fishing activities and
compliance.
Safety Protocol
Uniform safety protocol and equipment onboard the fishing
vessels for effective Search and Rescue (SAR) Operations.
Vessel
monitoring
system (VMS)
Satellite-based tracking and monitoring of vessel positions and
movements.
Electronic
monitoring (EM)
Use of sensors, and other electronic monitoring tools for
remote monitoring.
Trade monitoring
Monitoring and verification of catch documentation and trade
flows to detect IUU products.
Port State
measures
Implementation of port State measures, such as port entry
restrictions and inspections, to combat IUU fishing.
Effective implementation of these reporting and compliance mechanisms requires a
robust legal and regulatory framework, adequate resources and capacity for monitoring
and enforcement, as well as cooperation and collaboration among relevant agencies,
stakeholders, and regional organisations.
47
7.5 Security Concerns in Deep Sea and Offshore Fishing
In the aftermath of the 2008 Mumbai terror attack, strengthening coastal security
became a top priority for India. The demarcation of coastal security is modelled on a
three-tiered architecture, with responsibilities assigned as follows:
47 https://www.msc.org/what-we-are-doing/our-approach/at-sea-monitoring-and-surveillance (accessed on
19th March, 2024)
https://assets.wwf.org.uk/downloads/fisheriesmanagement__2_.pdf (Accessed on 19th March, 2024) India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
108
Fig 7.2: Demarcation Diagram for Maritime and International Waters
Source: https://iilss.net/legal-status-of-the-territorial-sea-international-law-of-the-sea-losc-cases/
(accessed on 2nd December, 2024)
While the Indian Navy holds the overall operational responsibility for coastal security,
various initiatives have been undertaken post-2008, such as the establishment of the
Coastal Security Network (CSN), National Automatic Identification System (NAIS) chain,
National Command Control Communication and Intelligence (NC3I) Network, and the
appointment of a National Maritime Security Coordinator (NMSC). India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
109
However, the large number of fishing vessels operating in deep-sea and offshore areas
and the absence of a comprehensive tracking system pose significant challenges in
identifying and monitoring these vessels, raising security concerns. Addressing these
challenges is crucial for ensuring maritime security and preventing potential threats.
7.5.1 Challenges
i. Support to State Marine Police (SMP) for Patrolling Inner Swathes: The
baseline does not run parallel to the coastline, resulting in vast patches that
the marine police cannot effectively patrol with their current capabilities.
Areas such as the Gulf of Kutch, Gulf of Khambhat, Lakshadweep Islands,
and the mouths of the Krishna and Godavari rivers cover extensive nautical
miles, which cannot be adequately monitored and patrolled by small boats
alone (Fig. 7.3).
Fig 7.3: Diagram showcasing Baseline
Source: https://iilss.net/india-claim-about-points-defining-the-baselines-of-india-straight-baseline/
(accessed on 2nd December, 2024)
ii. Immediate Neighbourhood: The southern part of the Sir Creek Line, Palk Strait,
and the northern part of the Andaman Islands often witness the movement
of fishermen from neighbouring nations. These areas are prone to incidents
of fishermen being arrested for violating international waters, necessitating
360-degree monitoring and patrolling due to security concerns.
iii. Coordination Among Various Stakeholders: Fishing is a state subject, while
coastal security falls under the purview of the Union government. Effective
coordination and intelligence sharing among various stakeholders, including the
Indian Navy, Coast Guard, and State Marine Police, are essential when dealing
with deep-sea and offshore fishing operations from a security perspective. Robust legal framework
? Enacting national
legislation or policy
framework addressing
?fishing operations,
?security
considerations,
?monitoring
mechanisms, and
?penalties for
non-compliance
Coordination Among
Regional Nations
? As a member of Indian
Ocean Tuna Commission
(IOTC),
?India should advocate
for a data-sharing
mechanism among
member nations, including
a security advisory
board, to enhance
regional cooperation and
intelligence sharing.
Amending State Fishing
laws
? Unified fishing laws and
policies across India
?states can have
certain empowerment
to adapt it in alignment
with sustainable
conservation principles
specific to their local
needs.
Infrastructural
upgradation of State
Marine Police
? Continued support
through the Coastal
Security Scheme (CSS)
for
?infrastructural
upgradation of marine
police forces
Harmonizing Best
practices
? Coastal security
measures implemented
by states can be adopted
?Tamil Nadu model
of operationalizing
the ISRO-developed
tracking system
?West Bengal?s digital
database mapping and
coastal geospatial data
analysis
?zonal operational
coordination established
by southern states
?Kerala?s Marine
Enforcement Wing (part
of State Marine Police)
Enhanced Maritime
Domain Awareness (MDA)
? Investing in advanced
technologies
?maritime surveillance
systems,
?satellite imagery, and
?data analytics India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
110
7.5.2 Recommendations for Mitigating Challenges
By implementing these MCS&E measures, India can combat illegal, unreported, and
unregulated fishing, ensure compliance with regulations, and ultimately safeguard its
marine resources for future generations while promoting responsible and sustainable
deep-sea fishing practices. India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
111 India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
112
The development of India’s deep-sea and offshore fishing sector must be pursued in an
environmentally sustainable, economically viable, and socially inclusive manner. Aligning
this sector’s growth with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is
crucial for ensuring long-term success and impact.
48
The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, adopted by all UN member states in
2015, provides a comprehensive blueprint spanning 17 interconnected global goals.
Harnessing India’s underutilized deep-sea and offshore fisheries potential has profound
relevance for achieving multiple SDGs, particularly SDG 14 (Life Below Water), which
focuses on conserving and sustainably using the oceans, seas, and marine resources.
SDG 14 emphasizes the need to effectively regulate harvesting and end overfishing and
destructive fishing practices. Developing India’s deep-sea and offshore fishing capacity
through responsible policies and sustainable management practices is critical for
protecting marine biodiversity.
However, the deep-sea and offshore fishing sector’s role extends beyond SDG 14. It is
inextricably linked to other goals such as SDG 1 (No Poverty), SDG 2 (Zero Hunger),
SDG 8 (Decent Work and Economic Growth), SDG 12 (Responsible Consumption and
Production), and SDG 13 (Climate Action). A thriving yet sustainable deep-sea and
offshore fisheries sector can enhance food security, create employment opportunities,
enable inclusive economic growth, and contribute to climate change mitigation and
adaptation strategies.
Consequently, it is imperative that India adopts an integrated approach guided by the
core principles of the SDGs - environmental protection, economic development, and
social inclusion. Establishing an overarching policy framework that harmonises efforts
across multiple goals and targets will be vital. International guidelines, best practices, and
cross-sectoral partnerships must be leveraged for effective monitoring, implementation
and achieving long-term sustainability in this sector.
49
This chapter examines the deep-sea and offshore fishing sectors contributions to
achieving SDG 14 and other interconnected goals. It proposes a comprehensive SDG
roadmap with specific targets, indicators, and implementation strategies to guide India’s
progress on this front until 2030 and beyond.
8.1 Contribution to SDG 14 - Life Below Water
SDG 14 aims to “conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources
for sustainable development.” As a maritime nation with a vast EEZ of over 2 million sq.
km, India has a vital stake in realising the targets under this goal. Proper management
of deep-sea and offshore fisheries is pivotal for progressing on multiple SDG 14 targets:
48 https://eprints.cmfri.org.in/17088/ (accessed on 19th March, 2024)
https://www.iisd.org/publications/supporting-marine-fisheries-india (accessed on 27th March, 2024)
49 https://www.iisd.org/publications/supporting-marine-fisheries-india (accessed on 27th March, 2024)
CHAPTER-VIII
Sustainable Development
Goals (SDGs) India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
113
8.1.1 Target 14.2: Sustainably manage and protect marine and coastal ecosystems
• Deep-sea ecosystems like seamounts, cold-water corals, hydrothermal
vents, etc., are highly vulnerable to disturbances from fishing activities.
• Adopting precautionary and ecosystem-based approaches to deep-sea
fishing will be essential for conserving these habitats and biodiversity
hotspots.
8.1.2 Target 14.4: Effectively regulate harvesting and end overfishing
• Many deep-sea fish stocks like orange roughy, toothfish, grenadiers, etc.,
have faced depletion globally due to overfishing.
• Implementing science-based catch limits, reducing bycatch through better
technologies, and enforcing regulations will aid stock recovery.
8.1.3 Target 14.5: Conserve 30% of coastal/marine areas
50
• Designating deep-sea marine protected areas (MPAs) to safeguard
vulnerable ecosystems and fish spawning/breeding grounds.
• India has recently notified 130 Marine Protected Areas
51
across the Coastal
States and Islands.
52
8.1.4 Target 14.6: Prohibit certain forms of fisheries subsidies
• Harmful subsidies that contribute to overcapacity, overfishing, and illegal
fishing need to be eliminated.
• Economic incentives should instead be aligned to promote sustainable
fishing practices.
8.1.5 Target 14.7: Increase economic benefits to small island developing states (SIDS)
• Sustainable utilisation of deep-sea and offshore resources can provide
economic opportunities for coastal communities.
• Requires technology transfer, training, equitable access rights, value
addition etc.
8.1.6 Target 14.A: Increase scientific knowledge, research and marine technology
• Deep-sea ecosystems are still poorly researched and understood compared
to coastal areas.
• Investments in research vessels, deep-sea surveys, mapping of fishery
resources and ocean observations are vital.
• Induction of new deep-sea research vessels and replacement of outdated
research vessels.
8.1.7 Target 14.C: Implement and enforce international sea law
• Key international instruments like UNCLOS, UN Fish Stocks Agreement
need to be implemented nationally.
• Cooperation with regional fishery bodies and reporting on deep-sea and
offshore stocks is imperative.
50 As per the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (KM-GBF) which was adopted by Convention on
Biological Diversity (CBD) in 2022, 30% of every country’s EEZ has to be conserved as MPA by 2030. Though
achieving this target by 2030 may not be feasible, it is important to adopt the 30% target as a commitment to
compliance with the framework.
51 Most of these (around 104) are in Andaman & Nicobar Islands. https://wii.gov.in/images/images/documents/
GIZ/Reference.pdf
52 https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1987749 (accessed on 29th April, 2024) India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
114
Several international guidelines specifically focus on ensuring sustainable
deep-sea fisheries:
• FAO International Guidelines for Management of Deep-Sea Fisheries in the High Seas.
53
• UNGA Resolutions on Sustainable Fisheries
54
• Regional Fisheries Management Organisations’ regulations
55
Alignment with these guidelines through domestic legislation, impact assessments,
precautionary management, biodiversity protection strategies and compliance monitoring
will aid the conservation of India’s deep-sea and offshore living marine resources.
8.2 Interlinkages with other SDGs
While SDG 14 is the most directly relevant, developing a sustainable deep-sea and offshore
fishing sector has multi-dimensional impacts that contribute to achieving several other SDGs.
The 2030 Agenda highlights the integrated and indivisible nature of the SDGs, requiring a
coherent approach to implement the economic, social and environmental dimensions.
Interconnected SDGs
SDG 14 Focus
Goals: Conserve and sustainably use marine resources.
Actions: Regulate harvesting, end overfishing, and destructive practices.
Impact: Protect marine biodiversity through responsible policies and
sustainable management.
SDG 1 (No Poverty): Reduce poverty through job creation in the fishing
sector.
SDG 2 (Zero Hunger): Enhance food security via sustainable fishery
practices.
SDG 8 (Decent Work and Economic Growth): Promote inclusive economic
growth and decent work.
SDG 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production): Foster sustainable
consumption and production.
SDG 13 (Climate Action): Contribute to climate change mitigation and
adaptation.
53 https://openknowledge.fao.org/handle/20.500.14283/i0816t (accessed on 21st September, 2024)
54 https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/gen/n06/500/73/pdf/n0650073.pdf (accessed on 21st September, 2024)
55 https://www.cbd.int/doc/meetings/mar/soiom-2016-01/other/soiom-2016-01-fao-19-en.pdf (accessed on 21st
September, 2024) India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
115
8.2.1 SDG 1 - No Poverty
• Deep-sea and offshore fisheries can provide alternative livelihoods and
income sources for coastal communities.
• However, this requires ensuring equitable access, benefitting small-scale
fishers and preventing elite capture.
8.2.2 SDG 2 - Zero Hunger
• Marine fish are a rich source of protein, micronutrients and healthy fatty
acids like omega-3s.
• Sustainably managing these resources enhances food security, nutrition
and food availability.
8.2.3 SDG 8 - Decent Work and Economic Growth
• The deep-sea and offshore fishing sector can generate substantial
employment opportunities both at-sea and on-shore.
• Decent working conditions, occupational safety, social security and
regulated labor practices need to be ensured.
8.2.4 SDG 12 - Responsible Consumption and Production
• Sustainable fishing methods, minimising bycatch and discards, and efficient
utilisation align with SDG 12 targets.
• Moving towards a circular economy through waste reduction and value-
addition is key.
8.2.5 SDG 13 - Climate Action
• The fishing sector’s energy use and emissions contribute to climate change
impacts on oceans.
• Transitioning to low-carbon operations and renewable energy sources on
vessels can reduce the carbon footprint.
Other Goals:
• SDG 5 (Gender Equality) by involving women across value chains.
• SDG 9 (Industry, Innovation) through R&D in fishing gear and technologies
• SDG 10 (Reduced Inequalities) by supporting small-scale fishermen
• SDG 17 (Partnerships) for mobilising finance, capacity building and policy
coherence India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
116
Table 8.1: Alignment of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) with Relevant Targets
SDG Relevant Targets
SDG 1- No Poverty
Eradicate extreme poverty
Equal rights to economic resources
SDG 2 - Zero Hunger
2.1 End hunger and ensure access to food
2.3 Increase productivity of small food producers - Supporting
small-scale deep-sea and offshore fishing enterprises
2.4 Sustainable food production systems
SDG 5 - Gender
Equality
5.a Give equal rights to economic resources
5.c Adopt policies for the promotion of gender equality
SDG 8 - Decent
Work and Economic
Growth
8.2 Diversify, innovate, and upgrade for economic productivity
8.3 Promote policies to support job creation
8.4 Improve resource efficiency in production - Optimising
utilisation and reducing waste/discards
8.7 Eradicate forced labour, end modern slavery - Regulated
labour practices in this sector
SDG 9 - Industry,
Innovation and
Infrastructure
9.4 Upgrade infrastructure for sustainability - Modernising
fishing fleets, port infrastructure etc
9.5 Enhance scientific research - R&D on deep-sea and offshore
species, mapping, innovative fishing gear
9.b Support domestic technology development - Indigenous
capabilities in deep-sea and offshore technologies
SDG 10 - Reduced
Inequalities
10.2 Promote universal social, economic, and environmental
inclusion - Supporting small-scale fishermens
10.b Encourage development assistance and investment -
Access to finance, technology for deep-sea and offshore
fishing
SDG 12 - Responsible
Consumption and
Production
12.2 Sustainable management and use of natural resources
12.3 Halve global food waste and reduce losses - Reducing
bycatch, discards, and post-harvest losses
12.4 Achieving environmentally sound management of wastes
- Waste management in fishing operations
12.c Rationalise fossil fuel subsidies - Aligning incentives for
sustainable deep-sea and offshore fishing
SDG 13 - Climate
Action
13.2 Integrate climate change plans/policies - Factoring Ocean
impacts
13. Implement the UNFCCC commitments - Transitioning to
low-carbon fishing operations
SDG 17 - Partnerships
for the Goals
17.6 Knowledge sharing and coordination for SDGs
17.7 Promote sustainable technologies
17.9 Enhance capacity support for developing countries -
Capacity building support from international agencies India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
117
Integrated policies, coordinated actions, multi-stakeholder partnerships, and robust
monitoring frameworks are essential to leverage these synergies. The sustainable
development of deep-sea and offshore fisheries transcends SDG 14 and has wide-
ranging impacts if managed holistically.
8.3 SDG Framework for the Deep-Sea Fishing Sector
Establishing a comprehensive policy and governance framework anchored in the
Sustainable Development Goals is critical for realising the full potential of India’s deep-
sea and offshore fisheries in an economically, socially, and environmentally sustainable
manner.
Table 8.2: Means of Implementation for Sustainable Deep Sea Management and Fisheries
Development
SDG TargetIndicatorMeans of Implementation
14.2 Sustainable
management of marine
ecosystems
- Coverage of marine protected
areas (%)
[Proportion of fish stocks within
biologically sustainable levels
(%)]
56
- Spatial management
plans
[Environmental impact
assessments]
[Ecosystem approach to
fisheries management]
14.4 Ending overfishing
and restoring fish stocks
- Fish stock biomass (tons)
[Catch within Maximum
Sustainable Yield (MSY) limits]
- Science-based catch
limits
[Bycatch mitigation
technologies]
[Monitoring, control, and
surveillance]
14.6 Prohibiting Harmful
Fisheries Subsidies
- Subsidy types and amounts
(Rs.)
[Fishing effort capacity]
- Sustainable subsidy
policies
[Fuel, vessel buyback
programs]
[Rights-based
management]
14.7 Economic benefits
for SIDS and LDCs
- Value of deep-sea and
offshore fish trade (Rs in Crores)
[Access agreements in place]
- Fair access policies
[Value addition facilities]
[Technology transfer and
training]56 This is already a continuing process by CMFRI. https://eprints.cmfri.org.in/15423/ ; https://eprints.cmfri.org.
in/18242/ India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
118
SDG TargetIndicatorMeans of Implementation
14.A Research and
marine technology
- Research vessel capacity
[Deep-sea surveys and mapping
coverage]
- National research
programs
[Regional/global
collaborations]
[Open data and
knowledge sharing]
[inducting new fishery
deep-sea research
vessels]
14.C Implementing
international sea law
- Membership in regional fishery
bodies
[Legislation consistent with
UNCLOS]
- Harmonising national
laws
[Implementing reporting
obligations]
[Cross-border
cooperation]
1.1, 2.1 Poverty and
hunger reduction
- Incomes and livelihoods
generated
[Fish protein supply and
availability]
- Inclusive policies and
access
[Social security and
worker welfare]
5.a, 5. c Gender equality
and empowerment
- Women’s participation across
the value chain
- Gender-responsive
policies
[Targeted support
programs]
8.2, 8.3 Economic
growth and
employment
- Jobs created
[GDP contribution]
- Skill development
programs
[Financing and insurance
schemes]
9.4, 9.5 Infrastructure
and innovation
- Fleet modernization
[Technologies adopted]
- Public and private
investments
[Technology incubation]
12.2, 12.3 Sustainable
production and waste
- Fish losses and waste reduced
[Bycatch rates]
- Cold chains and value
addition
[Circular economy
practices]
13.2 Climate Action
Integration
- Emissions from fishing
operations
- Energy efficiency
[Renewable energy
transition]
17.6, 17.7 Partnerships
and tech cooperation
- Collaborative projects/
initiatives
[Technology access and
transfer]
- Public-private
partnerships
[Development assistance
programs] India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
119
This framework aims to provide an end-to-end roadmap covering the ecological
sustainability of deep-sea stocks, inclusive economic opportunities, research and
innovation, climate change mitigation, partnerships and means of implementation.
While linkages between research bodies have been emphasised the strategies will
also promote formal agreements and standardised protocols to facilitate ongoing
collaboration and exchange of catch, effort, oceanographic, and other fishery-dependent
data to continually refine sustainable management approaches for deep sea and offshore
fisheries over time.
Thus, the chapter emphasises the need for an integrated approach that balances
environmental protection, economic development, and social inclusion. Key focus areas
include ecosystem-based management, science-based catch limits, marine protected
areas, research and innovation, fair access policies, and international cooperation. By
adopting this SDG-aligned approach, India can harness the full potential of its deep-
sea and offshore fisheries while ensuring their long-term viability and contributing to
broader sustainable development objectives. Regular monitoring, reporting, and review
mechanisms will be essential to track progress and adapt strategies as needed. India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
120 India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
121 India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
122
Harnessing the full potential of India’s deep-sea and offshore fisheries requires a well-
planned, multi-layered and adaptive implementation approach spanning multiple years.
This chapter presents a comprehensive roadmap outlining key initiatives, milestones
and timelines for developing the country’s thriving deep-sea and offshore fishing sector.
The roadmap is structured around three strategic phases: (1) laying the foundation and
fostering early growth; (2) scaling up and achieving global competitiveness; and (3)
establishing global leadership in sustainable deep-sea fisheries. Each phase highlights
specific objectives and targets aligned with the overarching goals of sustainably
harnessing deep-sea and offshore resources, enhancing production and economic
contributions. The approach recognises deep-sea fisheries development as a dynamic
and evolving process. This would ensure that critical enablers – such as cold chain
infrastructure, market access, modern vessels, and fishers’ skill development– develop
concurrently across all phases, supporting sustainable growth at every stage.
Successful implementation would require a strong commitment to sustainable development
principles, effective governance mechanisms, and strategic deployment of financial and
human resources. A coordinated effort by multiple stakeholders, including central and state
governments, fisher communities, industry players, research institutions, and international
organisations is crucial. The Department of Fisheries, Government of India, along with the
State Governments, should play a nodal role from the planning stage itself.
By adhering to this roadmap, India can unlock the immense economic potential of its
deep-sea and offshore fisheries while ensuring the long-term sustainability of these
valuable marine resources for future generations.
CHAPTER-IX
Roadmap for Harnessing
Deep-Sea and Offshore
Fisheries India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
123
9.1: Phase 1: Laying the foundation and fostering early growth
Phase 1 focuses on laying a solid foundation for the growth and development of India’s
deep-sea fishing sector through short-term interventions (3 years | 2025-28) by
establishing regulatory frameworks, addressing critical infrastructure gaps, initiating
capacity-building efforts, promoting Research and Development, and exports. It aims to
create an enabling environment for the deep-sea and offshore fishing sector to take off.
The primary objectives and targets in phase 1 include:
9.1.1 Regulatory Framework and Policy Interventions:
i. Enact a comprehensive legislation to ensure responsible and sustainable
fishing practices in deep-sea waters
• Develop rules and regulations of fisheries governance for 12-200 nmi
region and for enabling fishing in ABNJ.
• Update the Maritime Zones Act, 1976 and the state Marine Fishing
Regulation Act (MFRAs).
• Enact a separate Vessels Act to cater to the needs of modern fishing
vessels.
ii. Formulation of state-level deep-sea and offshore fishing policies along
with incentive schemes tailored to regional needs.
iii. Implementation of licensing and permit systems for deep-sea and offshore
fishing vessels, providing a comprehensive legal framework for fishing
operations.
• Utilise ReALCRaft as a centralised digital platform for national-
level registration and licensing of deep-sea and offshore vessels, in
coordination with state and UTs.
iv. Establishment of monitoring, control, surveillance and enforcement
(MCS&E) mechanisms. India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
124
• Scaling up of NAVIC to cater to the requirements of deep-sea and
offshore fishing.
• Develop land-based vessel monitoring stations in each maritime state
equipped with state-of-the-art technology.
• Implement an on-board observer program by integrating it with
technology such as electronic monitoring, FLIR cameras.
• The Department of Fisheries (DoF) can define deep-sea fishing zones
and implement a zone-specific licensing system to ensure access to
these zones for vessels with appropriate licenses.
• Strengthen enforcement through interagency collaboration between
DoF, the marine police, the coast guards, navy.
The lead implementation agencies/departments for ‘regulatory and policy
interventions’ could include the Department of Fisheries (DoF), State Fisheries
Departments, CMFRI, ISRO, the marine police, the coast guards, and the navy etc.
9.1.2 Infrastructure Development:
i. Upgradation/Construction of major deep-sea fishing harbours in the
coastal states/UTs.
ii. Establishment of 10-15 minor deep-sea landing centres in the coastal
states/UTs.
• Setting up integrated fish handling, processing and storage facilities
near harbours and landing centres.
• Identify the Fisherwomen’s group and provide them with training to
operate and maintain these facilities.
iii. Development of cold chain infrastructure, including pack-houses and
strategically located cold storage facilities.
iv. Establish vessel repair and maintenance facilities such as dry docking,
slipways and workshops in the coastal states.
The lead implementation agencies/departments for ‘infrastructure development’
could include DoF, Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways (MoPSW), National
Fisheries Development Board (NFDB), National Cooperative Development
Corporation (NCDC), National Federation of Fishers Cooperatives Ltd.
(FISHCOPFED), Ministry of Food Processing Industries (MoFPI), State Maritime
Boards etc.
9.1.3 Fleet Upgradation and Capacity Building:
i. Induction of deep-sea and offshore fishing vessels (longliners, trawlers,
gillnetters, etc.)
57
ii. Development of standardised fishing vessel designs and specifications at
the national level with a particular focus on ensuring uniformity, safety,
operational efficiency and energy efficiency.
57 The number of vessels to be inducted can be planned based on the availability of quantum of resources, effi-
ciency of vessels catch per unit effort (CPUE) and how much can be fished economically without leading to
resource depletion. The number of fleet induction must follow the standard conservation principles and scien-
tific basis to avoid over fishing. India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
125
iii. This could be incorporated into the new Fishing Vessels Act.
iv. Upgradation of onboard preservation facilities, including installation of
equipment such as compressors, ice-making machines and refrigerated
seawater (RSW) and modernisation of fish holds in existing vessels.
v. Establishment of domestic shipbuilding capacities for deep-sea and
offshore vessels in existing shipbuilding destinations.
vi. Launch of skill development programs for deep-sea and offshore fishers
and crew in collaboration with national and international agencies.
vii. Creation of dedicated deep-sea and offshore fishing training academies.
The lead implementation agencies/departments for ‘fleet upgradation and
capacity building’ could include DoF, MoPSW, Indian Register of Shipping,
Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship (MSDE), and NFDB etc.
9.1.4 Research and Development:
i. Mapping and scientific assessment of deep-sea and offshore fisheries
resources to evaluate potential and sustainability.
• Leverage National Marine Fisheries Data Centre (NMFDC) to serve as a
centralised database and reporting system for vessel logbooks, catch
data and compliance records, focusing on segregation of deep-sea
fishery catches.
• Enhance data collection on fishing area, effort, season, species
aggregation and environmental conditions.
ii. Replace outdated fishery research vessels with MoES, ICAR, DoF etc; induct
new deep-sea research vessels and formulate targeted scientific programs
to support deep-sea fisheries research and sustainability.
iii. Launch of pilot projects and feasibility studies for deep-sea and offshore
fishing operations.
iv. Collaboration with research institutions and international organisations to
adopt best practices and advanced technologies in sustainable fishing.
v. Undertake R&D on myctophids as fish meal.
The lead implementation agencies/departments for ‘research and development’
could include Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS),
MoES; ICAR-CMFRI (Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute), FSI, ICAR-
CIFT (Central Institute of Fisheries Technology), National Institute of Ocean
Technology (NIOT), Private feed manufacturers etc.
9.1.5 Export Promotion
i. Strengthening engagement with fisher cooperatives to leverage
collective resources and bargaining power for promoting exports through
collaboration.
ii. Promotion through export promotion councils and trade facilitation
measures to access global markets, with a focus on quality and sustainability. India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
126
iii. Implement traceability systems and eco-labelling for compliance with
global standards.
The lead implementation agencies/departments for ‘export promotion’ could
include DoF, FISHCOPFED, State Fisheries Departments, Marine Products
Export Development Authority (MPEDA), NCDC, Export Inspection Agency
(EIA), Directorate General of Foreign Trade (DGFT) etc.
Key initiatives and milestones under Phase 1
»Enact fisheries governance
rules for 12-200 nmi &
ABNJ.
»Update Maritime Zones
Act & MFRAs.
»Enact separate Vessels
Act.
»Implement licensing
& permit systems via
ReALCRaft.
»Strengthen enforcement
through interagency
collaboration.
»Upgrade/construct major
harbours.
»Establish 10-15 minor
landing centers.
»Set up 5-7 major fish
processing facilities.
»Develop 50-60 pack-
houses & cold storage
units.
»Establish vessel repair &
maintenance facilities.
»Induct deep-sea vessels
(longliners, trawlers,
gillnetters).
»Upgrade onboard
preservation
(compressors, RSW).
»Develop 2-3 domestic
shipyards
»Train 10,000-15,000 deep-
sea fishers.
»Establish dedicated deep-
sea training academies.
»Legal and policy reforms.
»Coordination with State/
UT governments.
»Digital registration
systems.
»Investment in
infrastructure.
»Clusterbased approach
for developing ancilliary
industries (ice plant,
vessel repair facilities, cold
storage near the harbours)
»Fisherwomen’s training for
processing facilities.
»Financing mechanisms for
vessel procurement.
»Collaboration with
shipbuilding industry.
»New regulations enacted,
implemented.
»Percentage of deep-sea
vessels registered under
ReALCRaft.
»No. of enforcement
actions taken against IUU
fishing.
» No. of harbors, landing
centers, vessel repair and
maintenance facilities
operational.
»Processing capacity (tons/
day).
»Cold storage capacity
(MT).
»No. of fisherwomen
trained.
»No. of deep-sea vessels
inducted.
»No. of fishers trained &
certified.
»No. of shipyards
operational.
Milestones
Regulatory
framework
Infrastructure
development
Fleet
upgradation
& capacity
building
Requirements Indicators of progress India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
127
»Conduct resource
mapping & scientific
stock assessments.
»Replace outdated fishery
research vessels and
launch targeted scientific
programs
»initiate pilot projects for
deep-sea fisheries.
»Collaborate with
research institutions for
technology adoption.
»Undertake R&D on
myctophids as fish meal.
»Strengthen fisher
cooperatives for export
promotion.
»Expand global market
access via export
councils.
»Implement traceability,
eco-labeling and
certifications.
»Strengthening National
Marine Fisheries Data
Centre (NMFDC).
»Integration with
oceanographic data for
improved PFZ advisories.
»Compliance with
international market
standards and
certifications.
»No. of stock assessments
conducted.
»No. of research vessels
replaced and inducted.
»No. of pilot projects
initiated.
»Adoption of PFZ
advisories by commercial
fleets.
»Increase in deep-sea
fishery exports.
»No. of export-certified
processing units.
»No. of traceability-
certified products.
Milestones
Research
and Develo-
pment
Export
Promotion
Requirements Indicators of progress
Key initiatives and milestones under Phase 1 (contd..)
Phase 1 focuses on addressing critical infrastructure bottlenecks and creating an
enabling policy and regulatory environment. As part of capacity-building efforts, efforts
should be made to improve the resolution and reliability of potential fishing zone
(PFZ) advisories through the incorporation of additional oceanographic parameters
like primary productivity forecasts, as suggested by experts. Potential Fishing Zone
advisories are a proven mechanism for forecasting epipelagic fishery resources. However,
for mesopelagic and demersal resources, further research is required, involving modern
tools and techniques. Further, parallel efforts should also be directed towards building
the necessary human capital and institutional capacities to support the growth of deep-
sea fishing operations.
A dedicated committee within the Department of Fisheries could oversee progress
against the milestones, conducting annual reviews and adjusting timelines as necessary.
Periodic assessments from third-party research and advisory organisations may be
incorporated to measure effectiveness and compliance. Successful implementation of
initiatives under phase 1 will lay the groundwork for the subsequent phases, enabling
India to unlock its deep-sea fisheries potential while ensuring long-term sustainability. India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
128
9.2: Phase 2: Scaling up and achieving global competitiveness
Building upon the foundation laid in phase 1, phase 2 of the implementation roadmap
aims to accelerate the growth and development of India’s deep-sea fishing sector through
medium-term interventions (4 years | 2029-2032). It focuses on scaling up operations,
rapid expansion and modernisation of the fishing fleet, strengthening monitoring and
surveillance mechanisms, expanding market access, and capacity building and research.
The primary objectives and targets for phase 2 include:
9.2.1 Fleet Modernisation and Expansion:
i. Large-scale induction of advanced deep-sea and offshore fishing
vessels facilitated through cooperative ownership models, where fisher
cooperatives jointly own and operate modern vessels.
ii. Upgradation of existing vessels with modern gear and handling equipment
to enhance efficiency and sustainability.
iii. Strengthen shipbuilding capacities to support the production and
maintenance of advanced vessels with updated technologies.
iv. Promotion of fishing corporations and joint ventures, and support for fisher
cooperatives in establishing deep-sea ventures.
The lead implementation agencies/departments for ‘fleet modernisation and
expansion’ could include DoF, FISHCOPFED, NCDC, NABARD, ICAR-CIFT,
MoPSW, Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME), NFDB,
Private partners/investors etc.
9.2.2 Infrastructure Development and Upgradation:
i. Construction of additional deep-sea fishing harbours and landing centres
to accommodate growing fleet capacity.
ii. Expansion of fish handling, processing, and cold chain infrastructure to
reduce post-harvest losses and improve quality control.
iii. Expansion of dedicated deep-sea and offshore vessel repair and
maintenance facilities. India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
129
iv. Promotion of sustainable and low-impact fishing practices through the
integration of advanced technologies, such as modern fish-finding equipment
(e.g., sonar, echo sounders, satellite-based systems) along with best practices.
The lead implementation agencies/departments for ‘infrastructure
development and upgradation’ could include DoF, MoPSW, Sagarmala
Development Company Ltd. (SDCL), MPEDA, Ministry of Food Processing
Industries (MoFPI), State Maritime Boards, ICAR-CIFT etc.
9.2.3 Strengthening of Monitoring, Control, Surveillance and Enforcement
(MCS&E):
i. Expand comprehensive Vessel Monitoring Systems (VMS) to cover 100% of
deep-sea fleet.
ii. Expansion of on-board observer programs to improve compliance with
sustainability regulations.
iii. Strengthening of dockside monitoring and inspection protocols.
The lead implementation agencies/departments for ‘Strengthening of Monitoring,
Control, Surveillance and Enforcement (MCS&E)’ could include DoF, the
Directorate General of Shipping, FSI, and the State Fisheries Department etc.
9.2.4 Market Expansion and Value-Added Processing:
i. Facilitation of access to premium domestic and international markets
through trade agreements and export facilitation.
ii. Promotion of value-added and diversified deep-sea fishery products.
iii. Integration of technology and automation throughout the value chain to
enhance efficiency and transparency.
iv. Promotion of offshore mariculture as an alternate revenue stream and to
diversify fish production.
The lead implementation agencies/departments for ‘Market expansion and
value-added processing’ could include MPEDA, DGFT, ICAR-CIFT, MoFPI,
NFDB, DoF, ICAR-CMFRI etc.
9.2.5 Capacity Building and Research:
i. Continuing skill development programs for deep-sea and offshore fishers
and crew, integrating global best practices.
ii. Collaboration with research institutions for stock assessments, resource
mapping and sustainable fishing innovations.
iii. Implementation and validation of the offshore/deep sea fisheries advisories
with the commercial fishing fleets.
iv. Promotion of sustainable fishing practices through scaling up of traceability
systems, eco-labelling initiatives, consumer awareness campaigns, and
responsible fisheries management to ensure transparency, incentivise
sustainable choices and foster long-term marine conservation and livelihoods.
The lead implementation agencies/departments for ‘Capacity building and
research’ could include DoF, NFDB, FISHCOPFED, MSDE, Central Institute
of Fisheries Nautical and Engineering Training (CIFNET), ICAR-CMFRI, NIOT,
INCOIS, MPEDA etc. India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
130
Successful implementation of initiatives under phase 2 aims to position India
as a significant player in the global deep-sea and offshore fishing industry,
contributing substantially to domestic fish production, export earnings, and
the overall blue economy.
Key initiatives and milestones under phase 2
»Large-scale induction
of advanced deep-sea
vessels (500).
»Upgrade existing fleet
with modern gear &
handling systems.
»Strengthen shipbuilding
capacity with 5-7
shipyards.
»Support fisher
cooperatives & deep-sea
ventures.
»Expand satellite-based
VMS for 100% of fleet.
»Deploy on-board
observers on 30-50% of
vessels.
»Strengthen dockside
inspection protocols.
»Construct 5-7 additional
deep-sea harbors.
»Establish 20-30 new
minor landing centers.
»Expand fish handling &
processing facilities (10-15
major centres).
»Enhance cold chain
network (100-150 pack-
houses/cold stores)
»Facilitate access to
high-value domestic &
international markets.
»Promote value-added
fishery products.
»Integrate automation in
fish processing.
»Expand collaborations
with research institutions.
»Implement deep-sea
fisheries advisories with
commercial fleets
»Financing & credit access
for vessel ownership
models.
»Expansion of cooperative
& private sector
participation.
»Advanced monitoring
technologies (electronic
monitoring, AI-based
surveillance).
»Public-private
partnerships for
infrastructure investment.
»R&D on product
diversification.
»Adoption of processing
innovations.
»International knowledge-
sharing programs.
»No. of modernized vessels
in operation.
»Share of deep-sea
catch in total marine
production.
»Increase in fisher incomes.
»Percentage of fleet
monitored by VMS.
»Compliance rate with
sustainability regulations.
»No. of IUU fishing
incidents detected &
prevented.
»No. of harbors and
facilities commissioned.
»Processing capacity
utilization rate.
»Reduction in post-harvest
losses.
»No. of new value-
added fishery products
developed.
»Share of value-added
products in exports.
»Growth in domestic
market consumption
»No. of fishers certified
in advanced deep-sea
fishing.
»No. of international R&D
collaborations.
»Adoption of deep-sea
advisories by commercial
fleets.
Milestones
Fleet
Moderni-
zation &
Expansion
Strength-
ening MCS&E
Infrastructure
development
Market
Expansion &
Value-Added
Processing
Capacity
Building &
Research
Requirements Indicators of progress India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
131
9.3: Phase 3: Global leadership in sustainable deep-sea fisheries
Phase 3 is geared towards consolidating the gains made through Phases 1 and 2, ensuring
long-term sustainability, and positioning India as a global leader in sustainable deep-
sea and offshore fishing practices. The long-term interventions (8 years and beyond
| 2033 onwards) within phase 3 would emphasise high-value product development,
aligning with international standards and best practices and leveraging technological
advancements through research and development.
The primary objectives and targets for phase 3 include:
9.3.1 High-value product development:
i. Expansion of dedicated value-addition and processing facilities to
continuously enhance product quality and efficiency.
ii. Development of niche and premium deep-sea and offshore fishery products
targeted at high-end global markets.
iii. Exploring alternative uses and byproduct utilisation to maximise resource
efficiency.
The lead implementation agencies/departments for ‘High-value product
development’ could include MoFPI, MPEDA, ICAR-CIFT etc.
9.3.2 Sustainability and Conservation:
i. Enforcement of ecosystem-based fisheries management frameworks.
ii. Strengthening of monitoring, control, surveillance and enforcement
measures. India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
132
iii. Expansion of marine protected areas and marine spatial planning.
iv. Assess the impact of climate change on deep-sea fisheries and adaptation
strategies.
The lead implementation agencies/departments for ‘Sustainability and
conservation’ could include DoF, ICAR-CMFRI, FSI, State Marine Enforcement
Wings, Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC), MoES
etc.
9.3.3 Market Access and Trade Facilitation:
i. Compliance with international sustainability standards and certifications.
ii. Harmonisation of regulations with regional and global norms.
iii. Facilitation of access to premium global markets through trade agreements
and branding initiatives.
The lead implementation agencies/departments for ‘Market access and trade
facilitation’ could include MPEDA, Food Safety and Standards Authority of
India (FSSAI), DoF, Ministry of Commerce and Industry (MoCI) etc.
9.3.4 Strengthening Research and Development:
i. Collaboration with international research institutions and organisations for
continuous innovation in sustainable fishing technologies and practices.
ii. Continuous improvements in offshore/deep-sea fishery advisories for
commercial fishing fleets.
iii. Regular stock assessments and resource mapping to ensure data-driven
fisheries management.
The lead implementation agencies/departments for ‘Strengthening research
and development’ could include ICAR-CMFRI, MoES, FSI etc. India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
133
Key initiatives and milestones under phase 3
»Establish 10-15 dedicated
value-addition &
processing facilities.
»Launch 20-30 niche
deep-sea fishery products
for global markets.
»Maximize byproduct
utilization.
»Achieve compliance with
international sustainability
certifications.
»Harmonize regulations
with global standards
(EU, USA, Japan).
»Implement ecosystem-
based fisheries
management frameworks.
»Strengthen marine spatial
planning & MPAs (5-10
designated areas).
»Enhance MCS&E
measures.
»Foster continuous
innovation in sustainable
fishing practices.
»Improve deep-sea fishery
advisories for commercial
fleets.
»Conduct regular stock
assessments.
»Advanced R&D on deep-
sea fish processing.
»Global branding & market
positioning.
»Engagement with
international fisheries
bodies
»Legislative & regulatory
alignment with global
norms.
»Data-driven fisheries
management systems.
»Long-term research
collaborations with
international agencies.
»Number of high-value
niche products launched.
»Market share in premium
seafood categories.
»Growth in international
brand recognition.
»Number of deep-sea
products certified under
sustainability labels.
»Growth in export
revenues from deep-sea
products.
»Number of MPAs
established & managed.
»Percentage reduction
in fishing pressure on
sensitive stocks.
»Sustainability certification
adoption rate.
»Improvement in stock
sustainability indicators.
»Adoption of R&D-based
fishing techniques.
Milestones
High-Value
Product
Development
Market
Access
& Trade
Facilitation
Sustainability
&
Conservation
Strength-
ening
Research &
Development
Requirements Indicators of progress India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
134
Indicative costing framework for the three Phases
Costs related to each of the phases have been calculated by considering the convergence
of centrally sponsored schemes and central sector schemes related to fisheries.
58
It is an
indicative estimate based on the unit costs of different activities drawn from the PMMSY
operational guidelines, alongside inputs from other relevant schemes.
Given the complexity and evolving nature of some interventions, certain activities
within the components MCS&E, Sustainability and conservation, Capacity building,
Research and Development etc. do not have standardised unit costs and are expected
to be implemented through Detailed Project Reports (DPR) or Self-contained proposal.
As such, these figures are indicative rather than definitive. Further, inflation and cost
escalation over time have not been factored into the current estimates. These will need
to be adjusted based on the year of implementation and funding cycles.
Table 9.1: Indicative cost estimation for the Strategic Phases
Phases Components
Estimated
Cost (`
crore)
Relevant schemes
Phase 1: Laying
the foundation
and fostering
early growth
Regulatory
framework
and policy
interventions
260
PMMSY, Coastal Security
Scheme (CSS)
Infrastructure
development
470
PMMSY, Fisheries and
Aquaculture Infrastructure
Development Fund (FIDF),
Sagarmala Programme,
Pradhan Mantri Kisan Sampada
Yojana (PMKSY) of the Ministry
of Food Processing Industries
Fleet upgradation
and capacity
building
790
PMMSY, Maritime Development
Fund (MDF)
Research and
Development
59
610 PMMSY, Deep Ocean Mission
Export promotion 300
PMMSY, NIRYAT SAHKAR
(NCDC)
Total2430
58 https://nfdb.gov.in/PDF/PMMSYG/04.pdf
59 The amount has been estimated based on allocation under ‘Deep Ocean Mission’. India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
135
Phases Components
Estimated
Cost (`
crore)
Relevant schemes
Phase 2:
Scaling up and
achieving global
competitiveness
Fleet
modernisation and
expansion
1940
PMMSY, MDF, Shipbuilding
Financial Assistance Policy
(SBFAP) 2. 0, MDF
Infrastructure
development and
upgradation
1760
PMMSY, FIDF, Sagarmala
Programme
Strengthening
of Monitoring,
Control,
Surveillance and
Enforcement
(MCS&E)
10
60
PMMSY, CSS
Market Expansion
and value-added
processing
460 PMMSY, PMKSY
Capacity building
and research
40 PMMSY
Total4210
Phase 3: Global
leadership in
sustainable
deep-sea
fisheries
High-value product
development
600 PMMSY
Sustainability and
conservation
210 PMMSY, Deep Ocean Mission
Market access and
trade facilitation
480
PMMSY, NIRYAT SAHKAR
(NCDC)
Strengthening
Research and
Development
400 PMMSY, Deep Ocean Mission
Total1690
60 The figure corresponds to ‘communication and/or tracking devices like VHF/DAT/NAVIC/transponders etc’
for 1000 deep-sea vessels (Rs 5 crore) and for expanding onboard observer program to 50% of vessels (Rs 5
crore). Common infrastructure for MCS would be Detailed Project Report (DPR) based as per PMMSY opera-
tional guidelines. India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
136
9.4 Recommendations
Based on the detailed phase-wise strategic interventions presented in the earlier sections,
six key consolidated areas of intervention have been identified, and recommendations
under each have been proposed to transform the sector. The areas of intervention
include: 1) Policy and regulatory overhaul; 2) institutional strengthening and capacity
building; 3) Fleet modernisation and infrastructure upgradation; 4) Sustainable Fisheries
Management; 5) Resource mobilisation and financing; 6) Stakeholder inclusion and
partnerships.
By addressing policy, institutional capacity, infrastructure, sustainable management
practices, financing, and stakeholder engagement, India can unlock the full potential of
its deep-sea and offshore resources while ensuring their long-term viability.
9.4.1 Policy and regulatory overhaul
i. Create clear rules for responsible fishing in deep waters and a regulatory
act aligned to international laws (UNCLOS), standards and guidelines.
ii. Streamline licensing, registration, and access policies based on resource
potential, stakeholder inclusion, and sustainability principles.
iii. Revise subsidy and incentive schemes to tap the potential of deep-sea and
offshore fishing.
iv. Establish legal mandates and empower institutions for effective monitoring,
control, surveillance and enforcement.
9.4.2 Institutional Strengthening and Capacity Building
i. Creation of a dedicated agency/directorate under the Department of
Fisheries for holistic governance of deep-sea and offshore fisheries.
ii. Augment research, data collection, and stock assessment capabilities
through specialised vessels, skills, and infrastructure. India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
137
iii. Export Promotion through cooperatives to leverage collective resources
and bargaining power.
iv. Develop institutional linkages with regional fisheries bodies, international
agencies, and research institutions.
v. Implement capacity-building programs covering legal, policy, and technical
aspects for regulatory personnel and industry stakeholders.
9.4.3 Fleet Modernisation and Infrastructure Upgradation
i. Incentivise the adoption of larger and modernising existing deep-sea
vessels equipped with modern refrigeration systems and value-addition
facilities.
ii. Recognise the capital-intensive nature of deep-sea fishing and promote
inclusive fleet development by supporting fisher cooperatives and cluster-
based approaches, enabling collective ownership, operation, and access to
technology.
iii. Augment deep-sea fishing harbour infrastructure with berthing facilities,
maintenance support, unloading equipment etc.
iv. Develop an integrated network of deep-sea fishing ports and fish landing
centres along the coastline.
v. Invest in post-harvest processing, cold chain infrastructure, and marketing
channels to minimise wastage.
9.4.4 Sustainable Fisheries Management
i. Operationalise marine spatial planning and designate deep-sea marine
protected areas based on scientific assessments.
ii. Develop and enforce total allowable catch limits, integrating the ecosystem
approach to fisheries.
iii. Mandate the adoption of technologies to reduce bycatch, juvenile catch
and impacts on marine habitats.
iv. Implement real-time digital monitoring systems through vessel tracking,
observers and e-logbooks.
v. Establish traceability systems to ensure transparency in the supply chain
from catch to consumer, ensuring transparency and legality.
vi. Promote eco-labelling initiatives to certify sustainable fisheries, encouraging
market incentives for responsible practices.
9.4.5 Resource Mobilisation and Financing
i. Establish a dedicated Deep-Sea Fishing Development Fund through
budgetary support under PMMSY and industry contributions.
ii. Facilitate public-private partnerships in deep-sea fishing vessels and
infrastructure. India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
138
iii. Ease access to institutional credit and develop insurance and risk mitigation
mechanisms customised to this sector.
iv. Explore viability gap funding and soft loan assistance from multilateral
agencies for green technologies.
9.4.6 Stakeholder Inclusion and Partnerships
i. Develop co-management frameworks incorporating community institutions,
fish worker unions and industry bodies.
ii. Ensure representation and inclusion of small-scale, artisanal and indigenous
fishers in access policies.
iii. Promote responsible corporate stewardship and sustainable value chain
practices by fishing companies
iv. Foster cross-sectoral coordination between maritime agencies, research
bodies, coastal states/UTs and international partners
v. Launch of pilot projects in 2-3 coastal districts of Gujarat, Tamil Nadu and
Maharashtra focusing on the demonstration of technologies, skills and
monitoring practices.
In addition to the aforementioned six key areas of intervention, successful
delivery of the strategy would require a robust and coordinated implementation
mechanism.
9.4.7 Implementation Mechanism
i. Create an overarching Deep-Sea Fishing Program (DSFP) with a dedicated
Programme Management Unit in the Department of Fisheries to design,
coordinate, implement and monitor the program.
The DSFP can have an advisory council consisting of all maritime states and
other relevant agencies to advise the Programme Director. India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
139 India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
140
Annexure-I: A Roadmap to Develop Offshore Tuna Fisheries in India
EEZ, spanning 2.02 million square kilometers, offers vast potential for tuna fishing, with
abundant tuna and tuna-like species in both the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal.
Currently, the tuna resources in the Indian EEZ are underexploited, with only a fraction
of the potential catch harvested annually.
There is an opportunity to significantly increase tuna harvests in the next 3-5 years,
potentially doubling the current levels. Additionally, there is a growing demand for
premium quality sashimi-grade tuna in international markets such as Japan and China,
with the increasing popularity of sashimi in China presenting a lucrative opportunity for
Indian tunas.
Expanding tuna fisheries will create employment opportunities in harvesting and post-
harvest sectors. To unlock the full potential of India’s tuna resources, meet market
demand, and contribute to economic growth in the fisheries sector, a comprehensive
roadmap is proposed:
1. Developing an Indigenous Tuna Fishing Fleet:
a. Fleet Development: Invest in developing a tuna/deep-sea fishing fleet,
including intermediate-range tuna longliners with an endurance of 7-10
days and a crew complement of 8-10, for sustainable tuna fishing in the
Indian EEZ.
b. Market Expansion: Introduce suitable carrier boats to transport catches to
landing ports, supporting multiple fishing vessels and improving economic
viability and market access.
c. Modernisation and Replacement: Modernise existing fishing vessels or
replace them with new offshore crafts equipped with modern technology
for locating, catching, and processing tuna, including state-of-the-art
facilities for storage, transportation, safety, and navigation.
d. Support for Small-Scale Fishers: Provide technology interventions such as
onboard chilled storage (fish holds or ice boxes) for small-scale fishers
engaged in offshore tuna fishing using motorised crafts, improving catch
quality and enhancing returns.
e. Collaboration with Research Institutes: Collaborate with institutes to
develop suitable prototypes of intermediate-range tuna fishing vessels
tailored to industry needs.
Annexure India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
141
2. Post-Harvest Infrastructure Improvements for Sashimi Grade Tuna:
a. Upgrade harbours and landing facilities with dedicated jetties for tuna
landings to maintain hygiene and sanitation standards necessary for
handling sashimi-grade tuna.
b. Upgrade processing units to ensure hygienic handling of tuna before
export, adapting existing facilities for processing tuna steaks and loins
while maintaining freshness and quality.
c. Establish cold chain infrastructure at key points from tuna catch to
processing, including onboard chilling, chill rooms at landing centres, and
air cargo facilities for efficient shipment of chilled tuna to export markets,
maintaining temperature control throughout.
d. Invest in equipment such as chill rooms, flake ice machines, water treatment
plants, sump tanks, and overhead tanks to preserve tuna quality and meet
export standards.
3. Training and Capacity Building in Offshore Sea Fishing:
a. Engage master trainers from leading tuna fishing nations like Japan and
Taiwan to address the shortage of trained manpower in offshore fishing.
b. Plan and execute training programs by central and state governments,
focusing on tuna fishing, onboard handling, and processing for export
markets.
c. Include training components such as hiring training vessels, experts, and
operational expenses, covering harvesting techniques (longlining, vertical
lines, offshore gillnets) and post-harvest techniques (onboard handling for
sashimi-grade tuna).
d. Organise overseas exposure visit-cum-training programs for resource
persons and stakeholders to countries leading in tuna exports, providing
firsthand knowledge on handling sashimi-grade tuna and best practices in
offshore fishing.
4. Forward and Backward Linkages for Value Addition, Post-Harvest, Marketing,
and Exports:
a. Develop post-harvest facilities for tuna processing, including cleaning,
removal of gills and guts, wiping dry, and packing in airtight cartons, with
processing halls maintaining appropriate temperature and equipped with
necessary amenities.
b. Explore value-added products from tuna for promotion in domestic
markets. India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
142
c. Improve domestic consumption of fish through strategies such as
promoting hygienic handling and marketing, constructing hygienic fish
markets and mobile vending units, addressing fish adulteration, diversifying
market forms (gutted fish, steaks, fillets, ready-to-cook products), offering
marinated and value-added products, improving convenience and
accessibility, conducting awareness programs on health benefits, providing
capacity-building programs for stakeholders, offering credit assistance for
small-scale value-added product units, establishing fish kiosks near tourist
attractions, and implementing online fish marketing platforms.
d. Strengthen cold chain management for packaging and transportation,
utilising refrigerated vehicles and rail for transportation, proper packaging
techniques, and improving infrastructure facilities such as cold storage, ice
plants, processing units, roads, and transportation networks.
e. Develop export markets, with Japan being the preferred market for
sashimi-grade tuna (accounting for 75-80% of the global market), and
explore emerging markets like the USA, Korea, China, Taiwan, the EU, South
America, Eastern Europe, Australia, and New Zealand, focusing on bluefin,
southern bluefin, bigeye, and yellowfin tuna varieties.
By implementing this comprehensive roadmap, India can unlock the full
potential of its offshore tuna fisheries, capitalise on the lucrative market for
sashimi-grade tuna, contribute to economic growth in the fisheries sector, and
create employment opportunities in both the harvesting and post-harvest
sectors.
Annexure-II: Case Study on Fishing Craft and Gear Used for Offshore Tuna
Fishing in Andhra Pradesh
Offshore fishing for tuna and tuna-like species is currently being carried out by both
the motorised and mechanised sectors in India. Artisanal fishermen have traditionally
been fishing for tuna by trolling from non-motorised catamarans and plank-built boats.
Over the last two decades, however, structural changes have taken place in the crafts
in terms of material and design. Presently, offshore fishing for tuna is being done using
FRP (Fibre Reinforced Plastic) motorised boats.
Along the Andhra coast, mechanised trawlers have been conducting demersal trawling
between 30-80 m depth. However, due to declining demersal catch in the coastal waters,
fishermen have recently started venturing into offshore waters targeting tuna by line
fishing or gillnetting. The details of these offshore fishing operations are as follows:
1. Line Fishing from Non-mechanised/Motorised Fishing Vessels
Trolling with multiple lines: This method is mostly operated from non-
mechanised and motorised traditional craft catamarans and fibre catamarans
of 7-11 m overall length (OAL) and 1–1.2 m width, powered by outboard engines India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
143
of 8-21 HP. A troll line consists of a main line made of 2 mm diameter polyamide
(PA) monofilament of 150-200 m length with 10-20 hooks. The branch lines,
each made of 1.5mm diameter PA monofilament, are attached to the main line
at intervals of 2-12 m to prevent entangling. Mustard round bend hooks (number
7-9) are tied at the end of the branch lines. The troll lines are operated at depths
of 30-500m, using sardines and Stolephorus spp. as bait, and sometimes plastic
thread from rice bags as artificial baits to attract tuna. The peak fishing season
for troll lining is from August to February, when wind conditions are favourable.
Troll line fishing has been the most efficient method for exploiting predatory
large pelagic fish like tuna, seer, and marlin.
Trolling with mono lines: This line fishing method is mainly used to catch fast-
moving large pelagic fish. Monolines can be towed from traditional motorised/
non-mechanised fiber catamarans by 2-5 fishermen at depths of 25-500
m. Fibre catamarans of 7-11 m OAL and 1-1.2 m width, powered by outboard
engines of 8-21 HP, are used for operating individual lines. A line of 45 m length
has a loop attached with a 5 m length 4mm polypropylene (PP) rope on the
front side, connected by a swivel to a 2 mm diameter PA monofilament of 40
m length with two round bent hooks at the end, used for catching marlin. For
tuna and other large pelagic fish, a PA monofilament of 40 m in length with a
mustard round bend hook number 9 is tied at the end of the line. Artificial baits
made of plastic strips and natural baits like mackerel and sardines are used
to lure the fish. After reaching the fishing ground, individual lines are tied to
poles with loops of the mono line, and the lines are dropped into the water and
dragged continuously. The average fuel consumption is 2 litres/day.
Drift Long lines operated in fibre boats: Small-scale long lines are operated from
fibre boats of 9-12 m OAL and 2-3 m width, powered by 21 HP Kirloskar engines.
Around 400 hooks are operated on a single main line of 2-3mm diameter PA
monofilament. Branch lines made of 1.8mm diameter PA monofilament of 40-
45 m length are attached to the main line by making loops at intervals of every
50 m, with 2.5 circle hooks fixed at the end of each line. Every 5-7 hooks have
one buoy, and every 8 buoys have one flag attached. After reaching the fishing
ground, the baited lines with buoys and flags are dropped into the sea and
allowed to drift for 5-6 hours. Hauling is done by lifting the flags and then
each line. The gutted fish are stored in fish holds with ice. Around 3 voyages of
7-10 days each are performed in a month at depths of 50-600 m, with a fuel
consumption of around 300 liters per voyage.
2. Line Fishing from Mechanised Boats
Drift Long lines in small trawlers: The good returns from the tuna fishery
have encouraged the mechanised sector to diversify trawlers to long lines for
venturing into offshore tuna fishing. These lines are operated in small trawlers
of 12-15 m OAL powered by 102-180 HP engines. Around 500-600 hooks are
operated on a single main line of 3 mm diameter PA monofilament. Branch lines
made of 1.5-2 mm diameter PA monofilament of 25-50 m length are attached India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
144
to the main line by making loops at intervals of 27-52m, with 4-9 circle hooks
fixed at the end of each line. For every 10 hooks, one thermocol buoy tied with
a 4mm PP rope of 16-20m length is attached, and for every 10 buoys, one flag
is attached. After reaching the fishing ground at depths of 100-500 m, the
baited lines with buoys and flags are dropped at 1500rpm speed into the sea by
manual method and allowed to drift for 5-6 hours. Hauling is done by lifting the
flags and then each line. After gutting, the fish are stored in fish holds with ice.
Small trawlers carry 20 tonnes of ice per voyage and perform around 2 voyages
of 12-15 days each per month. The fuel consumption per voyage of 15 days is
around 1000-1200 liters of diesel.
Bottom set long lines in small trawlers: These lines are operated in small
trawlers (Sona boats) of 12-15 m OAL powered by 102-180 HP engines at depths
of 50-90 m. Around 1000 hooks are operated on a single main line of 1.5 mm
diameter PA monofilament. Branch lines made of 0.8-1.0 mm diameter PA
monofilament of 1.5 m length are attached to the main line by making loops at
intervals of 3-4 m, with 8 circle hooks fixed at the end of each line. For every
150 hooks, one stone is attached, and for every 200 hooks, one thermocol buoy
tied with a 6 mm PP rope of 50-150 m length is attached. Two flags are tied
at both ends of the line. The baited hooks, along with weights and floats, are
dropped on the seabed at night, and the lines are hauled in the early morning.
The fuel consumption is around 35 liters per day.
Long lines in mini trawlers: These lines are operated in mini trawlers of 16 m
OAL powered by 180 HP engines. Around 700-1000 hooks are operated with
the help of a spool. The main line is a 3 mm diameter PA monofilament. Branch
lines made of 1.5-2.0 mm diameter PA monofilament of 25-50 m length are
attached to the main line by a snap at intervals of 27-52 m, with 9 circle hooks
fixed at the end of each line. Every 10 hooks have one thermocol buoy tied with
a 4mm high-density polyethylene (HDPE) rope of 16-20 m length, and every 10
buoys have one flag attached. Carangid, mackerel, and sardine fish are used as
baits. The spool releases the main line, and the baited branch lines with snaps
are attached to the main line at certain intervals. The lines are operated at
depths of 500-1000 m. Hauling is done with the spool by lifting each line from
1 AM to 5 AM before sunrise. The fuel consumption per voyage of 25-30 days is
3000-4000 liters, and the vessel carries 30 tonnes of ice per voyage.
Long lines in large trawlers: Branch lines made of 1.5-2 mm diameter PA
monofilament of 25-50 m length are attached to the main line by snaps through
swivels attached with 6 mm PP rope at intervals of 27-52 m, with 4-9 circle
hooks fixed at the end of each line. The main line is released from a winch spool.
The baited branch lines (snoods) are attached to the main line with snaps at
certain intervals. The shooting (setting of the line) takes around 1-5 hours. Live
milkfish and sardines are used as baits. The lines are operated at depths of
500-2000 m. The fuel consumption is 14,000 liters for a 20-30 day voyage. The
gutted fish are stored in refrigerated fish holds. India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
145
3. Gillnetting from Motorised and Mechanised Fishing Vessels
Gillnetting from Motorised Crafts: Gillnet operations are carried out from FRP
motorised boats of up to 9-13 m OAL, 4m width, and 1-2 m depth, powered by
20-28 HP engines. Large gillnets targeting tuna, called Panduvala, are fabricated
from nylon multifilament twine. They are operated as surface-set drift gillnets with
a mesh size of 120 to 160 mm. Generally, the net length is 80-100 m, with 35-50
units deployed to cover a total length ranging from 3000-5000 m with a depth
of 15 meters. Synthetic or thermocol floats and cement sinkers (1-1.5 kg) are used
for every 9 to 10 meters and 5 to 6 meters of net, respectively. The net is operated
from a single fishing craft with a crew of 6 to 8 fishermen. These boats operate
in areas like Kakinada, Kumbabisekham, Dummulapeta, Uppada, Visakhapatnam,
Machilipatnam, and Nizampatnam. The hauling or retrieval time for a 5000 m net
takes approximately 4 hours. However, these boats lack sufficient space for storing
ice to maintain the catch quality. Long soaking hours ranging from 10-12 hours,
coupled with insufficient ice for preservation, result in landing a huge quantity
of poor-quality fish sold at very low prices. This kind of fishing practice with very
long gillnets, often referred to as a “Wall of Death,” should not be encouraged.
There is a need to regulate the length of gillnets and soaking time to maintain
quality and ensure resource sustainability. Crafts designed with insulated fish holds
and sufficient ice storage capacity, along with regulating the length of the gillnet,
would help maintain catch quality and fetch better prices.
Gillnetting from Mechanised fishing boats: Gillnet operations are carried out
from mechanised fishing vessels of 13-18 m OAL with 102-180 HP engines. The
nets are fabricated from nylon multifilament twine and operated as surface-set
drift gillnets with a mesh size of 120 to 160 mm. Generally, the net length is 80-
100m, with 35-50 units deployed to cover a total length ranging from 3000-
5000 m with a depth of 15-18 meters. The net is operated from a single fishing
craft with a crew of 8 to 10 fishermen. The shooting and hauling operations are
done manually in Kakinada and Visakhapatnam, while gillnet winch haulers are
installed in fishing vessels operating gillnets in Machilipatnam.
4. Other methods of offshore fishing that can be promoted/explored:
Large mesh purse seines: Purse seining is an aimed fishing method for catching
dense, mobile schools of pelagic fish and includes all the elements of searching,
hunting, and capture. A purse seine is made of a long wall of netting framed with
a float line and lead line, with purse rings hanging from the gear’s lower edge,
through which a purse line allows the pursing of the net. The mesh sizes of
conventional purse seine nets (operated at shallower depths) can be replaced with
larger mesh sizes (45mm-120mm) for targeting larger species such as mackerel,
horse mackerel, pomfrets, seerfish, and offshore resources like tuna and other
large pelagics. The length of the net is 1000m, and the depth is 72 m. The main
webbing comprises polyamide multifilament 210d x 4 x 3 of 45 mm mesh size. A
total of 6000 spindle-shaped plastic floats of 15 mm in length and lead sinkers of
200 g each, totalling 1000 kg, are evenly distributed on the head and foot ropes,
respectively. Sixty-five circular brass rings weighing 1.3 kg are used as purse rings. India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
146
Vertical long lines: Longlining has gained importance over the past couple of years.
Among the pelagic resources, Scomberomorus spp., Acanthocybium solandri, Makaira
indica, and Istiophorus platypterus were the major groups contributing to the catch of
large pelagics, which significantly contribute to the marine fish landings as well as the
export market of this state. However, the deep-sea bottom resources are practically
unexploited. These resources are found on or very close to the sea bottom. The way
to exploit these resources is by line fishing with baited hooks. Some styles of bottom
fishing are from boats using handlines, fishing rods, bottom longlines, etc. Deep-
bottom drop line fishing for bottom species using multi-hook rigs is done in waters
over about 100m. This depth zone includes reef slopes and seamount areas, where
the sea floor may descend to a depth of several thousand meters. The fishable zone
is usually down to about 300m, although 400m or more may sometimes be possible.
Deep-bottom drop line fishing is a laborious and difficult fishing method, but modern
types of fishing gear and equipment are available to make deep-bottom fishing easier,
and the technique is spreading more widely in many parts of the world. India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
147
Annexure-III: List of contributors
S. No.Contributors
1. Dr. U. Sreedhar, Principal Scientist and Head, Vizag Research Centre of ICAR
CIFT, Vishakapatnam
2. Dr. Dineshbabu A.P., Principal Scientist and Head, Shellfish Fisheries Division
(SFD), ICAR-CMFRI, Kochi
3. Dr. Muktha M., Senior Scientist, Finfish Fisheries Division (FFD), Vishakapatnam
Research Centre of ICAR-CMFRI, Vishakapatnam
4. Dr. Akhilesh K.V., Senior Scientist, Finfish Fisheries Division (FFD),
Vishakapatnam Research Centre of ICAR-CMFRI, Vishakapatnam
Annexure-IV: List of reviewers
S. No. Reviewers
1.
Dr. Joykrushna Jena, Deputy Director General, Fisheries Science, ICAR, New
Delhi
2.
Major General K.Narayanan, Programme Director, Security and Law Division,
NITI Aayog, New Delhi
3.. Dr. P. Krishnan, Director, BOBP-IGO, Chennai, Tamil Nadu
4.
Mr. Jatesh Chandra, Dy. General Manager, Cochin Shipyard Limited, Cochin,
Kerala
5.
Dr. Sunil Mohamed, Retired Principal Scientist and Head of Division, CMFRI;
Chair, Sustainable Seafood Network India (SSNI), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala
6.
Dr. Balakrishnan Nair, Director, INCOIS, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government
of India, Hyderaba
7.
Dr. G.V.M Gupta, Director, CMLRE, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of
India
8.
Dr. Anil Kumar Vijayan, Scientist, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of
India
9.
Dr. Sobha Joe, Principal Scientist and Head, Finfish Fisheries Division, ICAR-
CMFRI, Kerala India’s Blue Economy:
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Glimpses of Workshops and Stakeholders Consultation

Workshop held at the Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute (CMFRI), Kochi, Kerala. India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
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Workshop held at the Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute (CMFRI), Kochi, Kerala. India’s Blue Economy:
Strategy for Harnessing Deep-Sea and Offshore Fisheries
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Stakeholders’ consultation held at NITI Aayog India’s Blue Economy:
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Visit to quality fish export industry, Goa India’s Blue Economy:
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Visit to quality fish export industry, Goa India’s Blue Economy:
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NOTES NOTES

India's Blue Economy : Strategy for Harnessing Deep Sea and Offshore Fisheries