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WATER
BUDGETING
in Aspirational Blocks
www.niti.gov.in copyright@ NITI Aayog, 2025
Every care has been taken to provide correct and up to date information with references.
However, NITI Aayog shall not be liable for any loss or damage whatsoever, including inci-
dental or consequential loss or damage, arising out of, or in connection with any use of or
reliance on the information in this document. Readers of this document should be aware that
the document may be subject to revisions.
About the Photographs
The photos are taken by the researchers or from publicly available domains.
Suggested Citation
NITI Aayog, (2025). Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks. November, 2025 WATER BUDGETING
in Aspirational Blocks
Disclaimer
The document has been prepared based on the data available from the respective Ministry/ De-
partment/ Organisation and data shared by the States through the Varuni web-based application. Foreword Message
Water is intrinsic not only to life but also to economic growth and development.  The honourable Prime
Minister of India has highlighted the need for comprehensive and integrated Water Vision@2047, including
adaption and mitigation strategies with timelines. He has emphasised on the need for water budgeting and
management (both supply and demand sides) at gram panchayat and village as well as town/city level to be
taken up universally with people’s participation and under leadership of rural and urban local bodies. In rural
areas agriculture uses 80-90% of water, therefore appropriate cropping patterns, crop varieties, efficient water
utilization need to be promoted with a ‘whole of Government’ approach.
The Green and Sustainable Development Partnership (GSDP), signed at the highest levels in May 2022
between India and Germany, aims at aligning bilateral, triangular, and multilateral cooperation on climate
policy and SDG implementation, particularly focusing on the 2030 Agenda and the Paris Agreement.  In the
spirit of GSDP, the Indo-German Bilateral Project “Water Security and Climate Adaptation in Rural India
(WASCA)” implemented by GIZ in partnership with Ministry of Rural Development and Ministry of Jal
Shakti, Government of India, has been instrumental in piloting innovative approaches, strengthening capacity
development measures and facilitating knowledge exchange.
Water budgeting is crucial for India’s sustainable development, especially in water stressed areas, where
resource scarcity and uneven distribution threatens economic stability, food security and climate resilience.
Proactive water management needs to shift towards a data-driven approach that systematically accounts for
inflows, outflows, and water availability and access. The Jalagam web-based water budgeting application,
developed in partnership with NITI Aayog, is instrumental in identifying contextual measures for bridging the
gap between water demand and supply, identifying hotspots of consumption, and enabling efficient resource
allocation. It’s piloting across 18 blocks has demonstrated that a structured water management approach
enhances water security, resilience, and sustainability. Its national level uptake will strengthen informed
decision-making, ensuring equitable access and robust planning in the face of climate change and growing and
competing water demands, ultimately safeguarding India’s water future.
I congratulate NITI Aayog and Indo-German Bilateral Project “Water Security and Climate Adaptation in Rural
India (WASCA)” project team for successful piloting and documenting the joint efforts in this report. I wish to
thank all the primary stakeholders for providing relevant inputs and contributions to this pilot assessment and
helping finalise this report for wider dissemination for contributing to India’s Water Vison @2047.

Rajeev Ahal
Director
Natural Resources Management
and Agroecology
Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale
Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH
A 2/18, Safdarjung Enclave,
New Delhi 110029
[Rajeev Ahal] Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks i
Contents
Executive Summaryxix
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION AND THE METHODOLOGY
1. Introduction1
1.1 Developing accurate water budgets is a complex task due to
several key challenges1
1.2 Picking up Aspirational Blocks for Water Budgeting2
1.3 Water Budgeting Efforts in India3
2. Understanding Water Demand Side4
2.1 Water Requirements for Human Consumption4
2.2 Water Requirements for Livestock Consumption5
2.3 Water Requirements for Agricultural Use6
2.4 Water Requirements for Industry8
3. Understanding Water Supply Side8
3.1 Run-off and Hydrologic Modelling9
3.2 Estimation of Surface Runoff by Strange’s Table Method9
3.3 Surface Water Bodies 10
3.4 Surface Water Supply Sources 11
3.5 Groundwater Supply Sources 12
3.5.1 INDIA-Groundwater Resource Estimation System (IN-GRES)12
3.6 Water Transfer (Net Transfer = Inwards-Outwards) 14
4. Water Budgeting 15
4.1 Water budgeting at Block Level 15
5. Web-based Water Budgeting Application – Varuni16
5.1 Architecture of Varuni16
6. Piloting in Aspirational Blocks19
6.1 Selected Aspirational blocks 19
7. Way Forward20
CHAPTER II: BLOCK-WISE ANALYSIS
1. Gangavaram Block, Alluri Sitaramaraju District, Andhra Pradesh23
1.1 Introduction 23
1.2 Demand Side Management23 Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks ii
1.2.1 Water Requirements for Human Consumption23
1.2.2 Water Requirements for Livestock Consumption 24
1.2.3 Irrigation Water Requirement 24
1.2.4 Industrial Water Requirement 24
1.3 Supply Side Management 24
1.3.1 Information on Land Use24
1.3.2 Surface Water Bodies25
1.3.3 Surface Water Supply25
1.3.4 Groundwater Supply 25
1.3.5 Water Transfer 25
1.3.6 Amount of Run-off25
1.4 Water Budgeting at Block Level26
1.4.1 Annotations27
1.4.2 Recommendations28
1.4.3 Takeaways for Rural Drinking Water Supply28
2. Fatehpur Block, Gaya District, Bihar29
2.1 Introduction 29
2.2 Demand Side Management29
2.2.1 Water Requirements for Human Consumption29
2.2.2 Water Requirements for Livestock Consumption29
2.2.3 Irrigation Water Requirement 30
2.2.4 Industrial Water Requirement 30
2.3 Supply Side Management 30
2.3.1 Information on Land Use 30
2.3.2 Surface Water Bodies 31
2.3.3 Surface Water Supply 31
2.3.4 Groundwater Supply 32
2.3.5 Water Transfer 32
2.3.6 Amount of Run-off 32
2.4 Water Budgeting at Block Level 33
2.4.1 Annotations 34
2.4.2 Recommendations 34
2.4.3 Takeaways for Rural Drinking Water Supply 34 Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks iii
3. Kukarmunda Block, Tapi District, Gujarat35
3.1 Introduction35
3.2 Demand Side Management35
3.2.1 Water Requirements for Human Consumption35
3.2.2 Water Requirement for Livestock Consumption35
3.2.3 Irrigation Water Requirement 36
3.2.4 Industrial Water Requirement 36
3.3 Supply Side Management 36
3.3.1 Information on Land Use36
3.3.2 Surface Water Bodies37
3.3.3 Surface Water Supply37
3.3.4 Groundwater Supply 37
3.3.5 Water Transfer 37
3.3.6 Amount of Run-off37
3.4 Water Budgeting at Block Level 38
3.4.1 Annotations39
3.4.2 Recommendations39
3.4.3 Takeaways for Rural Drinking Water Supply40
4. Nirmand Block, Kullu District, Himachal Pradesh41
4.1 Introduction41
4.2 Demand Side Management41
4.2.1 Water Requirements for Human Consumption41
4.2.2 Livestock Water Requirement 41
4.2.3 Water Requirements for Livestock Consumption 42
4.2.4 Industrial Water Requirement 42
4.3 Supply Side Management 42
4.3.1 Information on Land Use42
4.3.2 Surface Water Bodies43
4.3.3 Surface Water Supply43
4.3.4 Groundwater Supply 43
4.3.5 Water Transfer 43
4.3.6 Amount of Run-off 43
4.4 Water Budgeting at Block Level44
4.4.1 Annotations45 Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks iv
4.4.2 Recommendations46
4.4.3 Takeaways for Rural Drinking Water Supply46
5. Rupsho Block, Leh District, Ladakh47
5.1 Introduction47
5.2 Demand Side Management47
5.2.1 Water Requirements for Human Consumption47
5.2.2 Water Requirement for Livestock Consumption47
5.2.3 Irrigation Water Requirement 48
5.2.4 Industrial Water Requirement 48
5.3 Supply Side Management48
5.3.1 Information on Land Use48
5.3.2 Surface Water Bodies49
5.3.3 Surface Water Supply 49
5.3.4 Groundwater Supply 49
5.3.5 Water Transfer 49
5.3.6 Amount of Run-off49
5.4 Water Budgeting at Block Level50
5.4.1 Annotations51
5.4.2 Recommendations52
5.4.3 Takeaways for Rural Drinking Water Supply 52
6. Baldeogarh Block, Tikamgarh District, Madhya Pradesh53
6.1 Introduction53
6.2 Demand Side Management53
6.2.1 Water Requirements for Human Consumption53
6.2.2 Water Requirement for Livestock Consumption54
6.2.3 Irrigation Water Requirement 54
6.2.4 Industrial Water Requirement 54
6.3 Supply Side Management54
6.3.1 Information on Land Use54
6.3.2 Surface Water Bodies55
6.3.3 Surface Water Supply 55
6.3.4 Groundwater Supply 56
6.3.5 Water Transfer 56
6.3.6 Amount of Run-off56 Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks v
6.4 Water Budgeting at Block Level57
6.4.1 Annotations58
6.4.2 Recommendations58
6.4.3 Takeaways for Rural Drinking Water Supply58
7. Buxwaha Block, Chhatarpur District, Madhya Pradesh60
7.1 Introduction60
7.2 Demand Side Management60
7.2.1 Water Requirements for Human Consumption60
7.2.2 Water Requirements for Livestock Consumption60
7.2.3 Irrigation Water Requirement61
7.2.4 Industrial Water Requirement 61
7.3 Supply Side Management61
7.3.1 Information on Land Use61
7.3.2 Surface Water Bodies62
7.3.3 Surface Water Supply62
7.3.4 Groundwater Supply 62
7.3.5 Water Transfer 62
7.3.6 Amount of Run-off62
7.4 Water Budgeting at Block Level 63
7.4.1 Annotation64
7.4.2 Recommendations64
7.4.3 Takeaways for Rural Drinking Water supply65
8. Vijaypur Block, Sheopur District, Madhya Pradesh66
8.1 Introduction66
8.2 Demand Side Management66
8.2.1 Water Requirements for Human Consumption66
8.2.2 Water Requirements for Livestock Consumption66
8.2.3 Irrigation Water Requirement 67
8.2.4 Industrial Water Requirement 67
8.3 Supply Side Management 67
8.3.1 Information on Land Use67
8.3.2 Surface Water Bodies68
8.3.3 Surface Water Supply68 Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks vi
8.3.4 Groundwater Supply 68
8.3.5 Water Transfer 68
8.3.6 Amount of Run-off68
8.4 Water Budgeting at Block Level69
8.4.1 Annotations70
8.4.2 Recommendations70
8.4.3 Takeaways for Rural Drinking Water Supply71
9. Chhaigaon Makhan Block, Khandwa (East Nimar) District, Madhya Pradesh72
9.1 Introduction72
9.2 Demand Side Management72
9.2.1 Water Requirements for Human Consumption72
9.2.2 Water Requirements for Livestock Consumption 72
9.2.3 Irrigation Water Requirement 73
9.2.4 Industrial Water Requirement 73
9.3 Supply Side Management 73
9.3.1 Information on Land Use73
9.3.2 Surface Water Bodies74
9.3.3 Surface Water Supply 74
9.3.4 Groundwater Supply 74
9.3.5 Water Transfer 74
9.3.6 Amount of Run-off74
9.4 Water Budgeting at Block Level 75
9.4.1 Annotations76
9.4.2 Recommendations 77
9.4.3 Takeaways for Rural Drinking Water supply77
10. Kotri Block, Bhilwara District, Rajasthan78
10.1 Introduction78
10.2 Demand Side Management78
10.2.1 Water Requirements for Human Consumption78
10.2.2 Water Requirement for Livestock Consumption 78
10.2.3 Irrigation Water Requirement 79
10.2.4 Industrial Water Requirement 79
10.3 Supply Side Management79
10.3.1 Information on Land Use79 Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks vii
10.3.2 Surface Water Bodies79
10.3.3 Surface Water Supply80
10.3.4 Groundwater Supply 80
10.3.5 Water Transfer 80
10.3.6 Amount of Run-off80
10.4 Water Budgeting at Block Level81
10.4.1 Annotations82
10.4.2 Recommendations82
11. Abu Road Block, Sirohi District, Rajasthan84
11.1 Introduction 84
11.2 Demand Side Management84
11.2.1 Water Requirements for Human Consumption84
11.2.2 Water Requirement for Livestock Consumption84
11.2.3 Irrigation Water Requirement 85
11.2.4 Industrial Water Requirement 85
11.3 Supply Side Management85
11.3.1 Information on Land Use85
11.3.2 Surface Water Bodies86
11.3.3 Surface Water Supply86
11.3.4 Groundwater Supply 86
11.3.5 Water Transfer 86
11.3.6 Amount of Run-off86
11.4 Water Budgeting at Block Level87
11.4.1 Annotations88
11.4.2 Recommendations88
11.4.3 Takeaways for Rural Drinking Water Supply89
12. Bhim Block, Rajsamand district, Rajasthan91
12.1 Introduction 91
12.2 Demand Side Management91
12.2.1 Water Requirements for Human Consumption91
12.2.2 Water Requirements for Livestock Consumption91
12.2.3 Irrigation Water Requirement 92
12.2.4 Industrial Water Requirement 92 Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks viii
12.3 Supply Side Management92
12.3.1 Information on Land Use92
12.3.2 Surface Water Bodies93
12.3.3 Surface Water Supply93
12.3.4 Groundwater Supply 93
12.3.5 Water Transfer 93
12.3.6 Amount of Run-off93
12.4 Water Budgeting at Block Level94
12.4.1 Annotations95
12.4.2 Recommendations95
12.4.3 Takeaways for Rural Drinking Water supply96
13. Namchi Block, Namchi District, Sikkim97
13.1 Introduction97
13.2 Demand Side Management97
13.2.1 Water Requirements for Human Consumption97
13.2.2 Water Requirements for Livestock97
13.2.3 Irrigation Water Requirement 98
13.2.4 Industrial Water Requirement 98
13.3 Supply Side Management 98
13.3.1 Information on Land Use98
13.3.2 Surface Water Bodies99
13.3.3 Surface Water Supply 99
13.3.4 Groundwater Supply 99
13.3.5 Water Transfer 99
13.3.6 Amount of Run-off99
13.4 Water Budgeting at Block Level 100
13.4.1 Annotations101
13.4.2 Recommendations102
13.4.3 Takeaways for Rural Drinking Water Supply102
14. Andimadam Block, Ariyalur District, Tamil Nadu103
14.1 Introduction103
14.2 Demand Side Management103
14.2.1 Water Requirements for Human Consumption103
14.2.2 Water Requirements for Livestock Consumption 103 Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks ix
14.2.3 Irrigation Water Requirement 104
14.2.4 Industrial Water Requirement 104
14.3 Supply Side Management 104
14.3.1 Information on Land Use104
14.3.2 Surface Water Bodies105
14.3.3 Surface Water Supply 105
14.3.4 Groundwater Supply 105
14.3.5 Water Transfer 105
14.3.6 Amount of Run-off105
14.4 Water Budgeting at Block Level106
14.4.1 Annotations107
14.4.2 Recommendations107
14.4.3 Takeaways for Rural Drinking Water Supply108
15. Narva Block, Narayanpet, Telangana109
15.1 Introduction109
15.2 Demand Side Management109
15.2.1 Water Requirements for Human Consumption109
15.2.2 Water Requirements for Livestock Consumption 109
15.2.3 Irrigation Water Requirement 110
15.2.4 Industrial Water Requirement 110
15.3 Supply Side Management 110
15.3.1 Information on Land Use110
15.3.2 Surface Water Bodies111
15.3.3 Surface Water Supply111
15.3.4 Groundwater Supply 111
15.3.5 Water Transfer 111
15.3.6 Amount of Run-off111
15.4 Water Budgeting at Block Level 112
15.4.1 Annotations113
15.4.2 Recommendations113
15.4.3 Takeaways for Rural Drinking Water supply 114
16. Gangiri Block, Aligarh District, Uttar Pradesh 116
16.1 Basic Details116 Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks x
16.2 Understanding Water Demand Side116
16.2.1 Water Requirements for Human Consumption116
16.2.2 Water Requirement for Livestock Consumption116
16.2.3 Irrigation Water Requirement 117
16.2.4 Industrial Water Requirement 117
16.3 Understanding Water Supply side117
16.3.1 Information on Land Use117
16.3.2 Surface Water Bodies117
16.3.3 Surface Water Supply 117
16.3.4 Groundwater Supply118
16.3.5 Water Transfer 118
16.3.6 Rainwater Run-off118
16.4 Water Budgeting for Gangiri Block119
16.4.1 Annotations120
16.4.2 Recommendations120
16.4.3 Takeaway for Rural Drinking Water supply 120
17. Nindaura Block, Barabanki District, Uttar Pradesh121
17.1 Basic Details121
17.2 Demand Side Management121
17.2.1 Water Requirements for Human Consumption121
17.2.2 Water Requirement for Livestock Consumption121
17.2.3 Irrigation Water Requirement122
17.2.4 Industrial Water Requirement122
17.3 Supply Side Management122
17.3.1 Information on Land Use122
17.3.2 Surface Water Bodies123
17.3.3 Surface Water Supply 123
17.3.4 Groundwater Supply 123
17.3.5 Water Transfer 123
17.3.6 Amount of Run-off123
17.4 Water Budgeting at Block Level124
17.4.1 Annotations125
17.4.2 Recommendations125
17.4.3 Takeaways for Rural Drinking Water supply 126 Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks xi
18 Kotwali Block, Bijnaur District, Uttar Pradesh 127
18.1 Basic Details127
18.2 Demand Side Management127
18.2.1 Human Water Requirements 127
18.2.2 Livestock Water Requirement127
18.2.3 Irrigation Water Requirement 128
18.2.4 Industrial Water Requirement 128
18.3 Supply Side Management 128
18.3.1 Information on Land Use128
18.3.2 Surface Water Bodies129
18.3.3 Surface Water Supply129
18.3.4 Groundwater Supply 129
18.3.5 Water Transfer129
18.3.6 Amount of Run-off129
18.4 Water Budgeting at Block Level130
18.4.1 Annotations131
18.4.2 Recommendations132
18.4.3 Takeaways for Rural Drinking Water supply132
19. Comparative Analysis134
Annexure 1: Strange Table – Run-off Estimation139
Annexure 2: Methodology for Crop Water Requirements 141 Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks xii
List of Equations
Equation 2.1.1.. Calculation of Annual Human Water Requirements.��5
Equation 2.2.1. Calculation of Water Requirements for Livestock��5
Equation 2.3.1. Calculation of Irrigation Water Requirements�� 7
Equation 3.2.1. Calculation of Run-off from Strange’s Table�� 9 Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks xiii
List of Tables
Table 2.1.1 Water Requirements for Human Consumption�� 5
Table 2.2.1 Livestock Drinking Requirements��6
Table 2.3.1 Irrigation Intensity and Cropping Intensity Calculation��7
Table 2.3.2 Irrigation Water Requirement��8
Table 2.4.1 Industrial Water Requirement (to be collected at block level)��8
Table 3.2.1 Information on Land Use��10
Table 3.2.2 Volume of Run-off Generated��10
Table 3.3.1 Water storage in Water Bodies��11
Table 3.4.1 Surface Water Supplies for Irrigation (Source: Land Use Census 2011)��12
Table 3.5.1 Groundwater Supply��13
Table 3.6.1 Water Transfer��14
Table 4.1.1 Water Budget at Block Level��15
Table 5.1.1 Required Data inputs, Sources and Formats�� 17
Table 5.1.2 Algorithms Applied for Automation of Water Budgeting Methodology��18
Table 6.1.1 List of Aspirational Blocks chosen for Piloting�� 19 Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks xiv
List of Figures
Figure 2.4.1 Schematic Representation of Demand Side Estimation��8
Figure 3.3.1 MI Census Data from INDIWRIS��11
Figure 3.5.1 Groundwater profile of India as shown in IN-GRES application��13
Figure 3.5.2 Groundwater profile of a block as shown in IN-GRES application��13
Figure 3.6.1 Schematic Representation of Water Supply Side Estimation��14
Figure 4.1.1 Schematic Representation of Water Budgeting��16
Figure 5.1.1 System Architecture - Varuni Web-Application��17 Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks xv
List of Abbreviations
ABP Aspirational Block Programme
AU Assessment Units
BCM Billion Cubic Metre
CGWB Central Groundwater Board
CWR Crop Water Requirement
DAHD Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairying
DIP District Irrigation Plan
GP Gram Panchayat
GSDP Green and Sustainable Development Partnership
GIZ India Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH
ha.m Hectare.metre
ICAR Indian Council of Agricultural Research
IIT-H Indian Institute of Technology-Hyderabad
IN-GRES INDIA-Groundwater Resource Estimation System
IWMP Integrated Watershed Management Programme
JJM Jal Jeevan Mission
lpcd Litres per Capita per Day
MI Census Minor Irrigation Census
MoJS Ministry of Jal Shakti
MVS Multi Village Scheme
NCIWRD National Commission on Integrated Water Resources Development
PIB Press Information Bureau
PMKSYWDC Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana - Watershed Development Component
PWS Piped Water Supply
SDG Sustainable Development Goals
SoE Stage of Groundwater Extraction
SVS Single Village Scheme
TGA Total Geographical Area
T.ha Thousand Hectares
WASCA Water Security and Climate Adaptation in Rural India
WCS Water Conservation Schemes/Structures Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks xvi
Glossary
1. Aspirational Block Programme (ABP): A government initiative that focuses on improving governance
to enhance the quality of life and service delivery in India’s remotest and less developed blocks.
2. Crop Water Requirement (CWR): The amount of water needed by a crop to meet its
needs for optimal growth and yield. It is a key pillar in understanding the water require-
ments of the agriculture sector.
3. INDIA-Groundwater Resource Estimation System (IN-GRES): A web-based application
developed by CGWB and IIT-Hyderabad for the assessment of Groundwater resources.
It provides critical information for water budgeting at the block level, including annual
Groundwater extraction and Groundwater development status.
4. Multi Village Scheme (MVS): A scheme where water is sourced from a common, often
distant, water body (such as a river, reservoir, or large surface water source) and supplied
in bulk to multiple villages through a network of pipelines or channels. The scheme is con-
nected to a water-grid or regional supply system.
5. Sustainable Development Goals (SDG): A collection of 17 interlinked global goals de-
signed to be a “blueprint to achieve a better and more sustainable future for all.” Collabo-
rative action is seen as key to achieving these goals.
6. Single Village Scheme (SVS): A water supply scheme planned and managed for a single
village, using local water sources such as Groundwater, springs, or surface water. The Gram
Panchayat or its sub-committees (like Village Water and Sanitation Committee, Paani
Samiti, or User Group) are responsible for the planning, implementation, management,
operation, and maintenance of the in-village water supply system.
7. Stage of Groundwater Development: The stage of Groundwater development is a ratio
of Annual Groundwater Draft to the Net Annual Groundwater Availability in percentage.
8. Stage of Groundwater Extraction (SoE): An indicator that reflects the Groundwater situation in
a particular block. It is calculated as the ratio of total Groundwater extraction for all uses to the
annual extractable Groundwater. Blocks are categorised based on their SoE as ‘Safe’ (< 70%),
‘Semi-critical’ (> 70% and <= 90%), ‘Critical’ (> 90% and <= 100%), or ‘Over-exploited’ (> 100%).
9. Strange’s Table Method: An empirical hydrological modelling technique widely used to
provide percentages for converting rainfall into runoff based on the classification of catch-
ments as Good, Average, or Poor.
10. Surface Runoff: The portion of rainfall that flows over the ground surface, generated from
precipitation, and is a primary component of the water supply side. Its quantity at the
block level is calculated based on land use classification and average rainfall data using
methods like Strange’s Table.
11. Varuni: A web-based water budgeting application developed for undertaking water bud-
get exercise. It automates the process of quantifying water demand and supply, identi-
fying deficits or surpluses, and providing insights for planning water conservation and
management interventions at the block level.
12. Water Budget: A crucial tool for water management planning. It provides a comprehen-
sive view of how much water is available from different sources, how it is utilised, and
where shortages or surpluses might arise. It systematically accounts for all water inflows,
outflows, and storage changes within a specific geographic area. Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks xvii Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks xviii Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks xix
Executive Summary
1. PROLOGUE
The Hon’ble Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi has reiterated India’s commitment to water
conservation and sustainable development, emphasizing water’s vital role throughout human
history. He called for collaborative efforts with community participation to protect this pre-
cious resource for generations to come, and highlighted the importance of a comprehensive
Water Vision@2047 as a key element of India’s Amrit Kaal journey over the next 25 years.
The India’s Water Vision 2047 will be a major step towards improving the people’s ease of
living and meeting their aspirations of a New India. The Second All-India State Water Min-
isters’ Conference, organized by the Ministry of Jal Shakti, Government of India in Udaipur,
Rajasthan from 18-19
th
February 2025 emphasized on water budgeting to optimize demand
and availability and the importance of leveraging data, technology, and innovation to improve
efficiency and sustainability.
2. WATER BUDGET
For ensuring water security in a specific geographic region, it is essential to have an estima-
tion for water inflow and outflow and demand-supply gap based on water availability and wa-
ter requirements of that region. The Water budget is an important element for water manage-
ment planning and adopts a data-driven estimation technique for water availability and water
requirements of the region and assesses the gap between them. It can be a vital facilitator for
integrated water resources management.
Internationally, water budgeting has been attempted in many countries and it is done either
for a region/ watershed/ river basin using precipitation, evapotranspiration, runoff, surface
storage, groundwater recharge, soil moisture etc. and using information gathered from re-
mote sensing/ other available data. Countries namely Australia, Brazil Canada, Italy, UAE,
United States have prepared the water budgets for specific regions/ river basins/ area.
There are various water budgeting methods available, and practitioners have difficulty in iden-
tifying suitable methods for preparing water budget at ground level. Most of these methods
are research oriented and require multiple primary information/ inputs, satellite data/ remote
sensing data, and hence, difficult to use these complex methods based on manual input feed-
ing, calculations and synchronization for deriving results. Considering these aspects, it was
important to develop a simple method automated in the form of a web application for water
budgeting for applied purposes. Similar to the assessment of groundwater availability, Block
has been adopted as a suitable administrative unit to get ready to use data inputs for water
budgeting. It must be noted that the objective of the exercise is to keep the water budgeting
estimate simple and use the publically available sources of data for water. The exercise can
further be upgraded using advanced methods.
Indo-German Bilateral project implemented by GIZ India in partnership with Ministry of Jal
Shakti, and Ministry of Rural Development, Government of India, “Water Security and Climate
Adaptation in Rural India (WASCA) has developed a user-friendly scientific methodology to
prepare water budget at Block level. This further led to the development of Varuni - web ap-
plication for water budgeting. Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks xx
This report prepared using the web app, emphasizes the importance of water budgeting - on
quantifying water demand & supply. It outlines the methodology for estimating water demand
across various sectors viz. human consumption, livestock consumption, agricultural use and in-
dustrial use. The report also assesses the water supply by evaluating various sources like run-off
and hydrologic modelling, surface supply sources, groundwater supplies and water transfers.
3. ABOUT VARUNI APP
The Varuni Web Application has the potential to assist planning at the intermediate level by in-
forming functionaries about the current water scenario at the Block level. It can alert them about
water deficiency or surplus along with potential intervention areas. These insights will help prac-
titioners employ scientific methods to understand Block characteristics through appropriate use
of spatial and non-spatial datasets for preparing location-specific development plans. The appli-
cation enhances accessibility to required datasets and has potential for raising awareness among
stakeholders about water management, serving as a valuable tool for addressing India’s water se-
curity challenges through informed, data-driven planning. It can be concluded that there is large
scope for improvement of this exercise in future, which at present serves more as a prime-facie
diagnostic tool that can help for immediate water management interventions.
4. COMPONENTS OF WATER DEMAND
4.1 Domestic Water Demand: Domestic water requirements vary between rural and urban
areas. In rural areas, the per capita daily requirement, as per the Jal Jeevan Mission guide-
lines is taken as 55 litres per capita per day (lpcd), while urban areas it is taken as 150
lpcd as per the CPHEEO norms. Water conveyance losses are estimated at 20 percent,
though CPHEEO manual mentions the optimal losses to be considered at design stage
at 15%. The population data are taken from the Census of India 2011, and estimate for
current population is arrived at after applying appropriate decadal growth factor. Annual
domestic water requirements are calculated by multiplying the total population by the
daily per capita requirement, considering the rural-urban differentiation.
4.2 Livestock Water Demand: The water requirements for livestock are calculated based on
the latest livestock census data and daily water requirement coefficients established by
ICAR for different animal types. The livestock population is taken from 2019 census re-
port published by the Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairying. Annual domestic
water requirements are calculated by multiplying the livestock population by the daily
per capita requirement, considering the type of livestock.
4.3 Agricultural Water Demand: Agriculture is the prime water consumer hence it is important
to understand the water requirement of the sector. The key parameter is cropping water re-
quirement (CWR). Water requirement of the country for irrigation in high demand scenario
for 2025 and 2050 was assessed by National Commission on Integrated Water Resources
Development-1999 as 611 BCM (Billion Cubic Metre) and 807 BCM respectively. As per the
Land Use statistics, the Gross Irrigated Area is 122.3 million hectares (refer table 3). Ac-
cordingly, the crop water requirement is estimated to be 0.50 meters (Total irrigation water
demands/Gross Irrigated Area). The crop water requirement is calculated by considering
the gross irrigated area of the Block with appropriate growth factor and irrigated water re-
quirement co-efficient of 0.5 m per hectare. Comments were received from multiple sources
about the use of 0.5 m for estimation. However, considering the available data, it has decided
to use this average value. Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks xxi
4.4 Industrial Water Demand: For the purpose of Block level budgeting, Block and District
officials provided inputs about industrial water requirements.
5. COMPONENTS OF WATER SUPPLY
5.1 Surface Runoff: Strange’s Table method is a hydrological modelling technique, widely
used by CGWB and IWMP (PMKSY-WDC), provides an empirical approach for calculating
runoff based on catchment classification. The runoff quantity at Block level is calculated
based on land use classification (forest area, non-agricultural uses, barren land, pastures,
tree crops, culturable waste land, fallows, and irrigated land) and average rainfall data,
applying the Strange’s table percentage factors to determine runoff volumes.
5.2 Surface Water Supply: The storage capacity of the surface water structures is an essen-
tial component in water supply estimation. The First Census of Water Bodies, conducted
alongside the 6th MI Census provides the necessary details of surface water structures in
the Block.
5.3 Groundwater Supply: The INDIA-Groundwater Resource Estimation System (IN-GRES)
is a web-based application developed by CGWB in collaboration with IIT-Hyderabad for
ground water resource assessment, providing essential information for water budgeting
at the Block level. The ground water profiling of the Block is sourced from IN-GRES.
5.4 Water Sourced from Outside Geography: Post-independence irrigation projects and
water transfers have become major contributors to improving water supplies. Recent
drinking water projects, including Jal Jeevan Mission, and industrial projects also rely on
long distance water transfers. This aspect must be considered in water supply estimation
and budgeting. The required inputs include information about the extent of command
areas of irrigation projects located inside/ outside the Block, drinking water schemes,
and industries depending on external water sources. Since this information is not readily
available in the public domain, Block and District officials provided these inputs for water
budgeting.
The above methodology and consideration led to the development of algorithms for
Varuni- Web Based Water Budgeting Application which pulls data automatically from
relevant authentic portals and feeds in for processing to determine water demand and
supply side. This application allows evaluation of water availability, ensuring accurate
assessments of water budget (deficits or surpluses) at the Block level, and providing key
insights for planning water conservation and management interventions.
6. MAJOR OUTCOMES OF THE EXERCISE
The Application for Water Budgeting has been piloted in 18 aspirational Blocks across varied
state/ agro-climatic zones in India. Using Varuni App, this report provides Block-level water
budget briefs for each of these Blocks, offering insights into their specific water demand-sup-
ply scenarios, challenges, and recommendations related to water resource management and
facilitates, identifying suitable measures for enhancing water security in the Block. A compar-
ative analysis of the water budgets across the 18 Blocks is also presented.
The Block-level analysis across various regions reveals significant diversity in water resource
availability, usage patterns, and associated challenges. Broadly, Blocks can be categorized
based on their geographical and climatic contexts such as coastal, Gangetic plains, Hima-
layan, arid/semi-arid, and plateau regions—each with unique water management concerns. Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks xxii
6.1 Coastal Regions: Blocks like Gangavaram (Andhra Pradesh) and Andimadam (Tamil
Nadu) are marked by low irrigation coverage and a high dependency on surface water
due to salinity issues. These areas face risks of sea water intrusion and require improved
water use efficiency and protection of groundwater quality.
6.2 Gangetic Plains: Blocks such as Fatehpur, Gangiri, Nindaura, and Kotwali show extensive
agricultural land use and moderate to high water harvesting capacities. However, Blocks
like Gangiri and Kotwali face substantial water deficits and heavy reliance on ground-
water, placing them in semi-critical categories. Surface water from canal systems sup-
plements local water needs, especially in Nindaura and Kotwali, but increasing external
dependence raises sustainability concerns.
6.3 Himalayan and Cold Desert Regions: Blocks including Nirmand, Rupsho, and Namchi ex-
hibit unique characteristics, with spring and glacier-fed irrigation systems. Nirmand and
Rupsho are water surplus due to low local demand and high-altitude water availability,
while Namchi, despite its spring-shed management (Dhara Vikas), is water deficit, em-
phasizing the need for better spring conservation.
6.4 Arid and Semi-Arid Regions (Rajasthan and Bundelkhand): Water scarcity is acute in
the following Blocks: Kotri, Abu Road, Bhim, Baldeogargh, and Buxwaha. Blocks like Kotri
and Abu Road are overexploited with groundwater development stages exceeding 100%.
Despite irrigation infrastructure, utilization remains low, indicating inefficiencies in sur-
face water usage. Baldeogarh shows the highest deficit (-11,237.5 ha.m), needing catch-
ment area treatments, surface storages and groundwater recharge strategies.
6.5 Plateau and Central India: Chhaigon Makan and Narva Blocks demonstrate contrasting
scenarios. While Chhaigon Makan Block has high groundwater reliance and is semi-crit-
ical, Narva is water surplus, supported by small and medium irrigation projects. The Vi-
jaypur Block in Madhya Pradesh stands out as surplus despite high irrigation demands,
observed largely due to conjunctive use of surface and groundwater.
6.6 Reservoir-Dominated Blocks: Kukarmunda Block in Gujarat, despite having the Ukai dam
with substantial surface water storage, heavily relies on groundwater (96%). This over-de-
pendence poses future sustainability risks, despite the current “safe” groundwater status.
7. KEY ACTION POINTS
This assessment clearly highlights the needs for integrated water resource planning, incor-
porating region-specific strategies to enhance water security and resilience across diverse
agro-ecological zones:
7.1 Water Deficits: Water deficits are a significant concern in several Blocks. Namchi Block
(94%), Gangiri Block (60%), Baldeogargh Block (53%) Andimadam Block (42%), Abu
Road Block (41%), Kukarmunda Block (37%), Kotri Block (21%), Chhaigon Makan Block
(14%), and Kotwali Block (11%). These deficits highlight the urgent need for improved wa-
ter management strategies tailored to each region’s specific context.
7.2 Overexploitation: A few Blocks (e.g., Kotri, Abu Road) exceed 100% groundwater development.
7.3 Underutilization: Surface water resources are underutilized in Blocks like Fatehpur, Bux-
waha, and Abu Road, highlighting potential for better infrastructure and management.
7.4 Regional Priorities: Tailored interventions needed, coastal Blocks should focus on salin-
ity management, Bundelkhand on groundwater recharge and surface storage creation
and Himalayan areas on spring protection. Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks xxiii Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks xxiv
CHAPTER I Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks 1
Introduction and the Methodology
1. Introduction
Water budgeting is an essential tool in modern hydrology and water resources management,
providing a systematic framework for understanding, quantifying, and managing the flow and
storage of water within a defined area or system. Analogous to a financial budget, a water
budget tracks all inflows and outflows of water, as well as changes in storage, to ensure a
comprehensive understanding of water availability and use. This process is fundamental for
sustainable water management, environmental protection, and the effective planning of wa-
ter resources for various sectors including agriculture, industry, and domestic use.
At its core, water budgeting involves the calculation of all water inputs, such as precipitation,
surface water inflow, and Groundwater recharge—against all outputs, including evapotranspi-
ration, runoff, and Groundwater discharge.
Water budgeting is not limited to simple accounting; it also provides insights into the dynam-
ics of water movement within the natural environment, including the interactions between
surface water and Groundwater, and the impact of human activities on these systems. By
considering both spatial and temporal variations, water budgets can be applied at various
scales—from individual farms to entire watersheds or river basins. This flexibility allows for
tailored water management strategies that address local needs and challenges, such as water
scarcity, flooding, or the effects of climate change.
The importance of water budgeting extends beyond technical calculations. It serves as a
foundation for evaluating water use in relation to ecological, social, and economic factors.
For example, water budgets help communities determine how much water is available for
drinking, agriculture, and livestock, and whether current usage is sustainable. When deficits
are identified, action plans can be developed to address shortages through conservation, im-
proved irrigation practices, or the development of alternative water sources.
Historically, water budgeting was primarily used in agriculture for irrigation scheduling and
crop water requirements. However, as global populations have grown and water scarcity has
become more pronounced, the scope of water budgeting has expanded to include urban wa-
ter supply, flood control, and environmental protection. Today, water budgeting is a critical
component of water resource planning, drought and flood risk mitigation, and the implemen-
tation of water conservation strategies.
1.1 Developing accurate water budgets is a complex task due to several key challenges:
1.1.1 Data Availability and Quality: Reliable water budgeting requires comprehen-
sive and high-quality data on inflows, outflows, and storage changes. Often,
data are incomplete, inconsistent, or unavailable, especially in regions with lim-
ited monitoring infrastructure.
1.1.2 Complexity of Hydrologic Systems: Natural water systems are dynamic and
interconnected, making it difficult to accurately account for all components
such as surface water, Groundwater, and inter-basin transfers. The complexity
increases with scale and varying land use. Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks 2
1.1.3 Measurement and Estimation Uncertainties: There are inherent uncertainties
in measuring precipitation, evaporation, runoff, and Groundwater fluxes. These
uncertainties can accumulate and significantly affect the accuracy of water
budget calculations.
1.1.4 Inconsistent Definitions and Methods: Different agencies or regions may use
varying definitions for water budget components and employ non-standard ac-
counting techniques, leading to inconsistencies and difficulties in comparison
and integration.
1.1.5 Stakeholder Engagement and Institutional Frameworks: Effective water bud-
geting requires coordination among diverse stakeholders and robust institu-
tional support. Lack of engagement or weak policy frameworks can hinder im-
plementation and accuracy.
1.1.6 Climate Change and Variability: Changing climate patterns introduce additional
uncertainty, affecting precipitation, evaporation, and the overall hydrologic cy-
cle, which complicates long-term water budget projections.
1.1.7 Inter-basin Fluxes and Omitted Components: Water budgets often fail to ac-
count for all fluxes, such as inter-basin Groundwater flow or irrigation transfers,
leading to residuals and errors in closure.
Addressing these challenges requires improved data collection and sharing, standardised
methods, enhanced stakeholder collaboration, and the integration of climate change consid-
erations into water budget frameworks.
The idea of water budgeting is quite frequently referred in to terms of understanding water
scenarios specifically for watershed management and at times for domestic water supply.
However, the preparation of water budget is seldom done. In practice, this exercise is seldom
considered in assessment and planning. Another challenge is that there are various water
budgeting methods, and practitioners struggle to identify water budgeting methods suitable
for their planning and implementation level.
The situation exacerbates because most of these methods are complex and
research-oriented; and require multiple inputs, including primary information. Therefore, prac-
titioners find them difficult to use. Further, most of the water budgeting methods are based on
manual input feeding, calculations and synchronisation for deriving results.
Looking at these crucial aspects, it is important to identify a simple yet efficient method for
applied purpose and to automate publicly available data and input what is not available, man-
ually in the form of a web application for water budgeting.
1.2 Picking up Aspirational Blocks for Water Budgeting:
Internationally, water budgeting has been attempted in many countries and it is done
either for a region/ watershed/ river basin using precipitation, evapotranspiration,
runoff, surface storage, Groundwater recharge, soil moisture etc. and using informa-
tion gathered from remote sensing/ other available data. Countries, namely Australia,
Brazil Canada, Italy, UAE, United States have prepared the water budgets for specific
regions/ river basins/ area. Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks 3
The Central Groundwater Board does Groundwater assessment at block level. Further
the Centre for Water Resources Development and Management, Kozhikode, under the
Government of Kerala carried out the water budgeting exercise at the Gram/ Village
Panchayat (GP) level. At the national level, as per the Local Government directory web-
site, there are 2,55,337 Village Panchayats and 7,309 developmental blocks. Hence
considering the large number of village panchayats, it was decided to take up the water
budgeting at the block level. Also, this exercise can be scaled up to the State/ national
level after incorporating improvements.
NITI Aayog is spearheading the development of Aspirational Districts and Blocks.
Therefore, it was thought desirable to begin this exercise in select aspirational blocks.
Secondly, a localised approach offers several key benefits in preparing an accurate wa-
ter budget, such as:
1.2.1 Precision in Data and Management: Block water budgets use site-specific data
on rainfall, soil type, Groundwater levels, and land use, resulting in more accu-
rate assessments of available water and actual demand. This precision helps
communities and block/ district to make informed decisions about water allo-
cation and conservation.
1.2.2 Enhanced Community Engagement: By involving local stakeholders—farmers,
residents, and water user associations—the approach fosters a sense of owner-
ship and responsibility. This leads to better compliance with water-saving prac-
tices and more equitable distribution, reducing conflicts and overuse.
1.2.3 Adaptability to Local Conditions: Block-based strategies can be tailored to ad-
dress unique climatic, geographic, and socio-economic challenges. For exam-
ple, communities can prioritise water-efficient crops or implement rainwater
harvesting systems suited to their specific environment.
1.2.4 Efficient Demand Management: With a clear understanding of local water use
patterns, interventions such as metering, progressive tariffs, and education
campaigns become more effective. This can reduce wasteful consumption and
ensure that water is allocated to its highest-value uses.
1.2.5 Improved Resilience: Localised approaches allow for rapid response to chang-
ing conditions, such as droughts or floods, by adjusting water use and infra-
structure investments at the community level. This agility is crucial for adapting
to climate variability and ensuring long-term water security.
1.3 Water Budgeting Efforts in India
1.3.1 Atal Bhujal Yojana: Under Atal Bhujal Yojana, the programme of Department
of Water Resources River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation, preparation
of Water Budget and its regular updation is one of the key activities by involv-
ing local community through participatory approach to ensure sustainability of
Groundwater. Participation of women in this planning process is a pre-requisite.
To sensitise and aware community at Gram Panchayat level, intensive IEC and
capacity building activities have been carried out in all the Gram Panchayats
under Atal Jal. The Water Budget prepared by the community thus indicates
whether the Gram Panchayat is “Water Surplus” or “Water Deficit”. The water
budget thus helps the community with regard to utilisation of water judiciously
and futuristic planning. Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks 4
1.3.2 Centre for Water Resources Development and Management: In Kerala, water
budgeting is carried out by the Centre for Water Resources Development and
Management (CWRDM), in collaboration with the Haritha Keralam Mission, the
State Irrigation Department, the Groundwater Department, the Soil Conserva-
tion and Survey Departments, Local Self Government Institutions (LSGIs), and
MGNREGS. Water availability is calculated based on rainfall, land use, and runoff
coefficients, while accounting for inter-LSGI water transfers. Demand is esti-
mated for domestic, agricultural, livestock, industrial, and tourism needs, based
on population and land use data. Given Kerala’s climatic pattern, water budgets
are prepared using 10-day units across a water year (June–May), rather than on
an annual basis. The process is participatory, led by local bodies with support
from technical departments ensuring data integrity.
2. Understanding Water Demand Side
The availability of water is limited but the demand for water is increasing rapidly due to grow-
ing population, rapid urbanisation, industrialisation and economic development. Availability
of water for utilisation needs to be augmented to meet increasing demands of water.
Water is required for domestic, agricultural, hydropower, thermal power, navigation, recre-
ation, etc. Utilisation in all these sectors should be optimised through creating awareness of
water as a scarce resource. Agriculture consumes maximum water followed by sectors like
industry, drinking, energy and others. The Centre, the States and the local bodies are ensuring
access to a minimum quantity and quality of potable water for essential health and hygiene
to all its citizens, through a tap water connection to each household. Community based water
management is being institutionalised and strengthened. Systematic efforts to be taken to
benchmark water use efficiency of existing water supply systems and to incentivise efficient
use of water. The ‘project’ and the ‘basin’ water use efficiencies need to be improved through
continuous water budgeting and water accounting studies.
1
2.1 Water Requirements for Human Consumption
The water requirements for human population are differentially determined for rural
and urban areas in India. For the rural areas, the rural population needs are fixed at a
minimum provision of 55 litres per capita daily (lpcd).
2
whereas for urban areas it is
150 lpcd.
3
The estimation of water demand side is generally derived based on these
provisions. So far, the human water demands are calculated manually hence, it remains
challenging for practitioners to source correct datasets from various sources and do
manual calculations. To make this process user-friendly it is important to automate the
process of human water demand calculation and make it available for water budgeting.
To estimate the human water requirement, the key input is human population. Currently,
the most authentic information about human population is available in the form of Cen-
sus of India 2011. The decadal population growth rate is 17.70% between 2001 and 2021.
4
Additionally, 7.3% is taken for 2021- 2025, totalling to 25% population growth. In addi-
tion, 20% of water conveyance losses are also considered. The formula used for auto-
mating annual human water requirement estimating is as below.
1 National Water Policy (2012)
2 JJM norms
3 Daily water requirements as recommended by CPHEEO
4 https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1602755 Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks 5
Equation 2.1.1 Calculation of Annual Human Water Requirements.
Annual human water requirement (ha. m) = (Population + decadal growth) * (LPCD +
loses@20%) *(annual days) / (1,00,00,000)
Table 2.1.1 Water Requirements for Human Consumption
Total Population
(Census 2011)
Current Population
of a block (with
growth)
Daily Water
requirement
(in litre)

Annual Water
Requirements
(in ha.m)
Rural55
Urban 150
2.2 Water Requirements for Livestock Consumption
India has a large and rising animal livestock population comprising of cow/cattle, buffa-
loes, goats, sheep, camels, etc. Draught power for agriculture, animal products (meat,
leather, wool, etc.) and dairy are the main purposes for rearing large ruminants while
small ruminants are reared in a low-input intensity manner taking advantage of the for-
est and common lands. Livestock contributes significantly to the household economy
of the poor. Therefore, the water requirement of livestock has an important dimension
of social equity.
The Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairying (DAHD) released a census report
on livestock population for 2019. The data revealed that the livestock population in In-
dia has grown by 4.6% from 51.2 crore in 2012 to about 53.6 crore in 2019. The popula-
tion of cows showed an increase of 18% over the previous census. The number of other
cattle have marginally increased, but cows account for one-fourth of the total livestock
population of India.
Livestock needs water for three purposes - for mere survival, water for growing feed
& fodder for the livestock, and water for cleaning, etc. The presence of open-water
bodies for buffaloes to bathe in the summer is helpful for a proper reproductive cycle.
Some of these needs (e.g. in the case of open-grazing livestock that grazes or browses
on wastelands and forests) are met with green water while stored (blue) water must be
deliberately diverted to meet the other needs. Water is used in the cleaning or bathing
of livestock non-consumptively.
The estimation of water requirements of livestock is derived based on the latest live-
stock census 2019 datasets of the block and the co-efficient arrived at by Indian Coun-
cil of Agricultural Research (ICAR) about per day water requirements of the different
types of livestock. The formula used for the estimating annual water requirements for
livestock is given below.
Equation 2.2.1 Calculation of Water Requirements for Livestock
Annual livestock water requirement (ha. m) = Population * Water requirement per
livestock unit in LPCD * annual days/1,00,00,000 Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks 6
As per Land Use statistics, the Gross Irrigated Area is 122.3 million hectares (refer table
2.3.1). Accordingly, the crop water requirement is estimated to be 0.50 metres (Total
irrigation water demands/Gross Irrigated Area). As per Land Use statistics for 2011-12,
cropping intensity was 138.9%
10
and as per Land Use statistics 2022-23, the cropping
intensity was 155.9%, which is showing a growth of 17%
11
(for 2011-12 to 2022-23) (re-
fer table 2.3.1 for details). The detailed note on methodology followed for crop water
calculation is at Annexure-2.
Table 2.3.1 Irrigation Intensity and Cropping Intensity Calculation
12
Year Net
Irrigated
Area
(T.ha)
Gross
Irrigated
Area
(T.ha)
Net
Un- Irrigat-
ed Area
(T.ha)
Net area
Sown
(T.ha)
Total
Cropped
Area
(T. ha)
Cropping
Intensity
(% of col.6
over col.5)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
2011-12 66,009 91,931 74,783 1,40,792 1,95,546 138.9
2012-13 66,589 92,780 73,157 1,39,746 1,94,455 139.1
2013-14 68,419 96,270 72,819 1,41,238 2,01,300 142.5
2014-15 68,582 97,846 70,863 1,39,445 1,98,285 142.2
2015-16 67,772 97,754 71,202 1,38,974 1,98,122 142.6
2016-17 69,270 99,620 69,730 1,39,000 2,01,158 144.7
2017-18 70,164 1,01,467 68,606 1,38,770 2,00,876 144.8
2018-19 72,244 1,04,711 66,195 1,38,439 2,01,179 145.3
2019-20 75,469 1,12,443 64,433 1,39,901 2,11,359 151.1
2020-21 77,729 1,18,934 63,815 1,41,544 2,16,107 152.7
2021-22 77,916 1,20,380 63,091 1,41,007 2,19,158 155.4
2022-23 79,312 1,22,294 61,393 1,40,705 2,19,357 155.9
As per land use statistics for 2022-23, the geographical area of our country is 328.7
million hectares, of which around 55.8% is agricultural land, 140.705 million hectares is
the reported net sown area, and 219.357
million hectares is the gross cropped area with
a cropping intensity of 155.9
13
.
The water requirement for agriculture is calculated based on the formula below.
Equation 2.3.1 Calculation of Irrigation Water Requirements
Irrigation Water Requirement = Gross Irrigated Area (Ha)* Growth Factor (17% for the
period of 2011-12 to 2022-23) * Irrigation Requirements (0.50 metres)
10 Land Use Statistics at A Glance: 2021-22, Government of India Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Wel-
fare Department Of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare Economics, Statistics and Evaluation Division New
Delhi, 2023
11 Land Use Statistics at A Glance: 2022-23, Government of India Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers
Welfare Department Of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare Economics, Statistics and Evaluation Division
New Delhi, 2024
12 Ibid 6&7
13 Ibid 7
Irrigation Water Requirement = Gross Irrigated Area (Ha)* Growth Factor (17% for the period
of 2011-12 to 2022-23) * Irrigation Requirements (0.50 meter)
Table 2.2.1 Livestock Drinking Requirements
Type of
Animal
Numbers in a
block
Daily Water requirement
5

(in litre)
Annual Water Requirement
(in ha.m)
Cow/Cattle 67
Buffaloes 67
Sheep 7
Goat 7
Horses 44
Camels21
Pigs 22
Total
2.3 Water Requirements for Agricultural Use
Water requirement of the country for irrigation in high-demand scenario for 2025 and
2050 has been assessed by the National Commission on Integrated Water Resources
Development-1999 as 611 BCM (Billion Cubic Metre) and 807 BCM respectively
6
. As
mentioned in the report of the National Commission for Integrated Water Resources
Development (NCIWRD), the percentage of water used for irrigation out of the total
water use for 1997-98 was 83.30%. Further, as per NCIWRD report, the percentage of
water used for irrigation out of the total water use for 2025 under the high demand
scenario was estimated as 72.48%
7
. Therefore, improving water use efficiency is the key
priority of Indian agriculture.
On the other hand, inefficient and dilapidated canal irrigation systems have led to a
spurt in Groundwater development. As per the latest Dynamic Groundwater Resources
assessment (2024) by Central Groundwater Board (CGWB)
8
, the Annual Extractable
Groundwater Resource is 406.19 BCM. The Annual Groundwater Extraction for all uses
is 245.64 BCM. The average stage of Groundwater extraction for the country as a whole
works out to be about 60.47 %. The water need of a crop is expressed in mm/day, mm/
month or mm/season. Suppose the water need of a certain crop in a very hot dry cli-
mate is 10 mm/day. This means that each day, the crop needs a water layer of 10 mm
over the whole area on which the crop is grown.
Agriculture is the prime water consumer hence it is important to understand the water
requirement of the agriculture sector. The key pillar is crop water requirement (CWR).
ICAR has conducted research studies and determined CWR for different rainfed and
irrigated crops. The Agriculture Department releases crop census periodically which is
a critical input for getting crop acreage to estimate the agriculture water requirement
of the area of interest (Block)
9
.
5 https://doi.org/10.56093/ijans.v84i10.44302
6 https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1914353
7 https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1604871#:~:text=by%20PIB%20Delhi-,Water%20
availability%20per%20person%20is%20dependent%20on%20population%20of%20the,reply%20
in%20Rajya%20Sabha%20today
8 https://cgwb.gov.in/cgwbpnm/public/uploads/documents/17357182991031590738file.pdf
9 District Irrigation Plan (2015-23) Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks 7
As per Land Use statistics, the Gross Irrigated Area is 122.3 million hectares (refer table
2.3.1). Accordingly, the crop water requirement is estimated to be 0.50 metres (Total
irrigation water demands/Gross Irrigated Area). As per Land Use statistics for 2011-12,
cropping intensity was 138.9%
10
and as per Land Use statistics 2022-23, the cropping
intensity was 155.9%, which is showing a growth of 17%
11
(for 2011-12 to 2022-23) (re-
fer table 2.3.1 for details). The detailed note on methodology followed for crop water
calculation is at Annexure-2.
Table 2.3.1 Irrigation Intensity and Cropping Intensity Calculation
12
Year Net
Irrigated
Area
(T.ha)
Gross
Irrigated
Area
(T.ha)
Net
Un- Irrigat-
ed Area
(T.ha)
Net area
Sown
(T.ha)
Total
Cropped
Area
(T. ha)
Cropping
Intensity
(% of col.6
over col.5)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
2011-12 66,009 91,931 74,783 1,40,792 1,95,546 138.9
2012-13 66,589 92,780 73,157 1,39,746 1,94,455 139.1
2013-14 68,419 96,270 72,819 1,41,238 2,01,300 142.5
2014-15 68,582 97,846 70,863 1,39,445 1,98,285 142.2
2015-16 67,772 97,754 71,202 1,38,974 1,98,122 142.6
2016-17 69,270 99,620 69,730 1,39,000 2,01,158 144.7
2017-18 70,164 1,01,467 68,606 1,38,770 2,00,876 144.8
2018-19 72,244 1,04,711 66,195 1,38,439 2,01,179 145.3
2019-20 75,469 1,12,443 64,433 1,39,901 2,11,359 151.1
2020-21 77,729 1,18,934 63,815 1,41,544 2,16,107 152.7
2021-22 77,916 1,20,380 63,091 1,41,007 2,19,158 155.4
2022-23 79,312 1,22,294 61,393 1,40,705 2,19,357 155.9
As per land use statistics for 2022-23, the geographical area of our country is 328.7
million hectares, of which around 55.8% is agricultural land, 140.705 million hectares is
the reported net sown area, and 219.357
million hectares is the gross cropped area with
a cropping intensity of 155.9
13
.
The water requirement for agriculture is calculated based on the formula below.
Equation 2.3.1 Calculation of Irrigation Water Requirements
Irrigation Water Requirement = Gross Irrigated Area (Ha)* Growth Factor (17% for the
period of 2011-12 to 2022-23) * Irrigation Requirements (0.50 metres)
10 Land Use Statistics at A Glance: 2021-22, Government of India Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Wel-
fare Department Of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare Economics, Statistics and Evaluation Division New
Delhi, 2023
11 Land Use Statistics at A Glance: 2022-23, Government of India Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers
Welfare Department Of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare Economics, Statistics and Evaluation Division
New Delhi, 2024
12 Ibid 6&7
13 Ibid 7
Irrigation Water Requirement = Gross Irrigated Area (Ha)* Growth Factor (17% for the period
of 2011-12 to 2022-23) * Irrigation Requirements (0.50 meter) Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks 8
Table 2.3.2 Irrigation Water Requirement
Irrigated Area
14
(in ha) Area with Growth
Factor
Water required (ha.m) Irrigation Water
Requirement
(ha.m)
12 3 4 = (2*3)
2.4 Water Requirements for Industry
Water demand of industries has been growing exponentially in the recent decade
hence; it is important to consider water requirements for various types of industries
operational in the block to have the correct estimation of industrial water demand and
prepare a reliable water budget. Information about the type of industries, scale, and
water requirements is not available in the public domain, so it is difficult to develop any
algorithm to automate the water demand estimation in the web application for water
budgeting at block the level. Here inputs need to be provided by the block/district of-
ficials to factor in industrial water requirements for the water budgeting.
Table 2.4.1 Industrial Water Requirement (to be collected at block level)
Type of Industry Number of Industrial Units Annual Water Demand for the
industry (ha.m)
123
Figure 2.4.1 Schematic Representation of Demand Side Estimation
3. Understanding Water Supply Side
The water supply side primarily depends on precipitation and subsequently generates runoff.
In terms of the key supply sources, three types of sources are important i.e.
(i) Surface water sources i.e., tanks, ponds, reservoirs, streams, etc.
(ii) Groundwater sources i.e., open well, tube well, springs, etc.
(iii) Water transfer (Net transfer = inwards-outwards) i.e., irrigation projects (canals),
drinking water schemes, etc.
Surface water refers to the collection of water on the ground or in a stream, river, lake, wet-
land, or ocean. It is naturally replenished by precipitation and lost through evaporation and
sub-surface seepage into Groundwater. The availability of surface water in a geography de-
14 Census, 2011 Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks 9
pends upon the precipitation within the geography, storage capacity (lakes, wetlands and
artificial reservoirs), permeability of the soil, runoff characteristics of the land, precipitation
intensity and the local evaporation rates, etc.
3.1 Run-off and Hydrologic Modelling
The rainfall–run-off models are commonly used for calculating the runoff. Basic compo-
nents of rainfall-runoff modelling are:
3.1.1 Precipitation
3.1.2 Interception, evapotranspiration, accumulation in depression, infiltration, perco-
lation
3.1.3 Channel flow run-off
3.1.4 Watershed geometry, drainage network, and other map-type information
3.1.5 Soil moisture
3.1.6 Delineated land use classes
3.2 Estimation of Surface Runoff by Strange’s Table Method
The Strange table (refer Annexure-1) is an empirical method for calculating runoff
based on observations. The Strange table is widely used by CGWB
15
and IWMP (PMKSY-
WDC) for its simplicity and ease of use to calculate the runoff. This standardised table
gives percentages for converting rainfall into runoff. For use of these tables, catch-
ments have been classified as Good, Average and Poor as follows:
Good catchment: These areas are represented by hills or uplands with little cultivation
and moderately absorbent soil. The slope of this catchment is more than 20% and it is
known as a high run-off potential catchment or run-off zone in the region. Hence, the
interventions to regulate the run-off and to check soil erosion can be planned on the
basis of watershed approaches such as CCTs, gully plugs, etc.
Average catchment: These areas have moderate slopes partly cultivated, stiff, gravely/
sandy absorbent soil and belong to the uniform topography of the plateau region. The
slope of this catchment is between 5% and 20% respectively. It is known as a moderate
potential catchment area or recharge zone of the region. Hence, water recharge mea-
sures, such as check dams and gabions can be planned in this zone.
Poor catchment: These areas comprise plains and cultivated sandy soil and mostly lie
in downstream areas near river courses. The slope of the catchment is below 5%. It is
classified as the low potential catchment or storage zone of the region. Hence, water
storage structures such as farm ponds, earthen bunds, etc., can be planned in this zone.
Equation 3.2.1 Calculation of Run-off from Strange’s Table
Calculation of Run-off from Strange’s Table
Annual Rainfall in mm (x) / 1000 = Annual Rainfall in metre (y)
Actual runoff (z) = y * area (hectare) * %age of run-off as per Strange’s table /100
To calculate the run-off quantity in a particular region, it is essential to identify the land
use of that region along with the area as per table 3.2.1.
15 Master plan for artificial recharge to Groundwater in India – 2020 Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks 10
Table 3.2.1 Information on Land Use
16
S. No ClassificationArea (in ha)
1 Forest Area
2 Area under Non-Agricultural Uses
3 Barren & Un-cultivable Land Area
4 Permanent Pastures and Other Grazing Land Area
5 Land Under Miscellaneous Tree Crops etc. Area
6 Culturable Waste Land Area
7 Fallows Land other than Current Fallows Area
8 Current Fallows Area
9 Total Unirrigated Land Area
10 Area Irrigated by Source
Table 3.2.2 Volume of Run-off Generated
Average Rainfall data
17
: ___ mm
Types of Run-offs Area (in ha)
18
Run-off
(cu.m per ha)
Run-off (in (ha.m)
123
4=(2*3*Rain-
fall)/10,00,000
Good Catchment
Area
Forest + Area under Non-Agricul-
tural Uses + Barren & Un-cultiva-
ble Land
Average Catchment
Area
Permanent Pastures and Other
Grazing Land Area + Land Under
Miscellaneous Tree Crops etc. Area
+ Culturable Waste Land Area
Poor Catchment
Area
Fallows Land other than Current
Fallows Area + Current Fallows
Area + Total Unirrigated Land
Area + Area Irrigated by Source
Total
3.3 Surface Water Bodies
The First Census of Water Bodies
19
conducted in convergence with the 6
th
Minor Irriga-
tion Census resulted in substantial savings in planning, training of field staff, security,
data entry, validation, etc., because the coverage area of the Census in rural area and
covered urban areas considering all types of uses of water bodies like irrigation, indus-
try, pisciculture, human, recreation, religious purpose, Groundwater recharge and other
purposes. 24,24,540 water bodies have been enumerated in the country, out of which
97.1% (23,55,055) are in rural areas and only 2.9% (69,485) are in urban areas. 59.5%
16 Census 2011
17 Average rainfall data GecDashboard (iith.ac.in)
18 Census 2011
19 Waterbody census, 2023, India-WRIS (indiawris.gov.in) Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks 11
(14,42,993) of water bodies are ponds, followed by tanks (15.7%, i.e., 3,81,805), reser-
voirs (12.1%, i.e., 2,92,280), Water conservation schemes/percolation tanks/check dams
(9.3%, i.e 2,26,217), lakes (0.9%, i.e., 22,361) and others (2.5%, i.e. 58,884).
Table 3.3.1 Water storage in Water Bodies
20
S. No Names of Structures
Existing Structures
No.
Storage Capacity
(in ha.m)
1 Ponds
2 Tanks
3 Lakes
4 Reservoir
5 Water Conservation Structure
6 Other
Total
Figure 3.3.1 MI Census Data from INDIWRIS
3.4 Surface Water Supply Sources
The surface water supply sources include canal networks, minor irrigation projects,
tank-based irrigation, diversion-based irrigation, lift irrigation projects, multi village
scheme (MVS) for drinking water, other sources i.e., springs, streams, etc. The land use
census provides information about irrigation by different sources including surface wa-
ter sources, hence, information about water supplies from surface sources is referred
from land use census as described in the table below:
20 Ibid Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks 12
Table 3.4.1 Surface Water Supplies for Irrigation (Source: Land Use Census 2011)
TypeArea Irrigated (ha) Water Supply (ha.m)
Canals Area
Tanks/Lakes Area
Waterfall Area
Other Source Area (Water from outside)
Total
3.5 Groundwater Supply Sources
As per the latest Dynamic Groundwater Resource Assessment done by CGWB, 2023
21
,
the Stage of Groundwater Extraction (SOE), i.e. the ratio of total Groundwater ex-
traction for all uses to the annual extractable Groundwater, for the country stands at
59.26%. Out of the total 6553 Assessment Units (AUs) in the country, which are gener-
ally blocks/taluks/tehsils, 736 units (11.23%) have been categorised as ‘Over-exploited
where the SOE is more than 100%. Further, 199 units (3.04%) have been categorised
under ‘Critical’ and 698 units (10.65%) as ‘Semi-critical’. Overall, 4793 units (73.14%)
were under ‘Safe’ category, and 127 units (1.94%) were ‘Saline’. The SOE acts as an in-
dicator for understanding the Groundwater situation in a particular block that will have
further use in regulation and management of Groundwater. The overexploited and crit-
ical units need attention and strategies for sustainable supply of drinking water.
3.5.1 INDIA-Groundwater Resource Estimation System (IN-GRES)
Assessment of ‘Dynamic Groundwater Resources of India’ is carried out at pe-
riodical intervals jointly by the CGWB and State/UT Groundwater Departments
under the guidance of State Level Committee at State levels and under the
overall supervision of Central Level Expert Group. Last assessment was carried
out in 2017 and re-assessment of Dynamic Groundwater Resources of India,
2020 has been carried out based on the norms and guidelines of Groundwater
Resource Estimation Committee (GEC-2015) methodology.
The assessment involves computation of Annual Groundwater Recharge and
Annual Extractable Groundwater Resources, Total Annual Groundwater Ex -
traction (utilisation) and the percentage of utilisation with respect to Annu-
al Extractable Groundwater Resources (Stage of Extraction). The assessment
units (blocks/taluks/mandals/tehsil/firkas, etc.) are categorised based on the
Stage of Extraction (SoE) i.e ‘Safe’ if SoE < 70 %; ‘Semi-critical if SoE> 70 and
<= 90 %; ‘Critical’ if SoE>90 and <=100 % and ‘Over-exploited’ if SoE> 100 %.
INDIA-Groundwater Resource Estimation System (IN-GRES)
22
is a software/web-
based application developed by CGWB in collaboration with Indian Institute of
Technology-Hyderabad (IIT-H) for assessment of Groundwater resources.
This portal offers Groundwater related information required for Groundwater
supply estimation at block level. The critical information required for water bud-
geting is the annual Groundwater extraction in the block supplemented by in-
formation about Groundwater development status. Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks 13
Table 3.5.1 Groundwater Supply
S.No Annual Groundwater
Extractable (ha.m)
Annual Groundwater
extraction (ha.m)
Stage of Ground-
water extraction
(in %)
Groundwater
extraction category
Figure 3.5.1 Groundwater profile of India as shown in IN-GRES application
Figure 3.5.2 Groundwater profile of a block as shown in IN-GRES application Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks 14
3.6 Water Transfer (Net Transfer = Inwards-Outwards)
Post-independence, the emergence of irrigation projects and introduction of water
transfers became a major player in improving water supplies for different purposes and
in recent years, drinking water projects including JJM and industrial projects relied on
water transfers. Looking at the importance and contribution of water transfers among
geographies, it is pertinent to consider this aspect in water supply side estimation and
budgeting.
The required inputs for estimation of water transfer (Net transfer = inwards - outwards)
are the extent of command area of irrigation projects, water transfer for drinking water
scheme and industries.
These critical inputs are not available in the public domain, so it is difficult to develop
any algorithm to automate the estimation of water sourced from outside of the geog-
raphy through the web application for water budgeting at the block level. Here inputs
need to be provided by block/district officials to factor in these inputs for the water
budgeting. The Census 2011 provides authentic information about areas under irriga-
tion by different sources as depicted in table 3.6.1. The areas under irrigation through
other sources as shown in the Census 2011 represent water transfer (in sourced) for
irrigation purposes.
Table 3.6.1 Water Transfer
Water Use Water Received from Outside
Geography-Inwards (ha.m)
Water Transfer to
other Geography-
Outwards (ha.m)
Net Transfer
(Inwards-Out-
wards) (in ha.m)
Domestic
Agriculture
Industry
Figure 3.6.1 Schematic Representation of Water Supply Side Estimation Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks 15
4. Water Budgeting
4.1 Water budgeting at Block Level
The overall water budgeting is shown in table 4.1.1, where the demand and supply side
provide information about water deficit/surplus to plan location specific interventions
for addressing the water challenges in the village.
Table 4.1.1 Water Budget at Block Level
S. NoDescriptionsVolume (ha.m)
A. Water Demand
1 Water for human consumption (Result of Table-2.1.1)
2 Water for Animal consumption (Result of Table-2.2.1)
3 Water for Irrigation (Result of Table-2.3.2)
4 Water for Industry (Result of Table-2.4.1)
5
Block wise water required (1+2+3+4)
B. Water Supply
6
Requirement Met-Out by Local Surface Water Sources (Result of Table 3.4.1)
7
Requirement Met out by Groundwater Sources (Result of Table 3.5.1)
8
Net Water Transfer (Result of Table-3.6.1)
9
Total Supply (6+7+8)
C. Water Budgeting
10 Water Deficit/Surplus (9-5)
D. Potential for rainwater harvesting/ GW augmentation (in ha.m)
11 Available run-off from rainwater (Result of Table-3.2.2)
12 Harvested run-off (Result of Table-3.3.1)
13 Potential run-off available for harvesting/GW augmentation (75% of 11 - 12)
E. Potential for Groundwater development
14
Stage of Groundwater Development (from IN-GRES portal)
15
Groundwater Development Category (from IN-GRES portal)
It is important to note that the water budgeting exercise provides insights into water
deficit or surplus levels for an average year but does not have predictive value for any
specific year. However, it serves as a useful indicator of the degree of water stress
in a particular block and offers valuable inputs for identifying and planning appro-
priate measures. These may include enhancing surface water harvesting capacities,
implementing demand-side management strategies, and introducing interventions
to improve Groundwater recharge. Based on the assessment of water demand side
and supply side, one can get information about water deficit or surplus in the unit of
planning and gain insights into appropriate strategies to address these imbalances ef-
fectively. Accordingly, planners can do scoping and identify suitable location-specific Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks 16
interventions to be implemented under central/state flagship schemes and other devel-
opmental programmes. The options may include enhancing surface water harvesting
capacities, improving soil moisture, Groundwater augmentation and interventions for
the demand side management including measures for improving water use efficiency
and to curtail water losses.
Figure 4.1.1 Schematic Representation of Water Budgeting
5. Web-based Water Budgeting Application – Varuni
Indo-German Bilateral project implemented by GIZ India in cooperation with Ministry
of Jal Shakti, and Ministry of Rural Development, Government of India, “Water Security
and Climate Adaptation in Rural India (WASCA) has developed a user-friendly scientif-
ic methodology jointly with NITI Aayog to prepare the water budget at the block level.
5.1 Architecture of Varuni
The Varuni web application pulls data automatically from relevant authentic portals
and feeds in for processing to determine water demand and supply side followed by in-
built algorithm to provide outputs in the form of water budget along with the required
other critical information for the assessment of geography and scoping for identifying
suitable location-specific interventions to address the key concerns related to water
resource management in the block. A front-end application retrieves this data and per-
forms the calculations, thus automating the water budgeting exercise. This integrated
approach allows evaluation of water availability, ensuring accurate assessments of wa-
ter deficits or surpluses at the local level, and providing key insights for planning water
conservation and management interventions. Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks 17
Figure 5.1.1 System Architecture - Varuni Web-Application
The Varuni application is available as a web application for improved accessibility to re-
quired datasets. The application has the potential for raising awareness and sensitizing
stakeholders about water management, and there is scope for further enhancement.
The link for the web application is https://wasca.in/ijalagam/
The web application is designed in a manner where most of the required inputs are
automatically pulled from official sources and made available in the background for de-
riving the water budget. The data inputs pulled by the web application from available
sources and primary collection are depicted in the following table.
Table 5.1.1 Required Data inputs, Sources and Formats
Features Data Description Portals
Concerned
Ministry/ Depts
Data Type/
Format
Demand Side
Population Census 2011
https://censusindia.gov.in/
nada/index.php
API (JSON)
Livestock data
Livestock Cen-
sus 2019
https://dahd.gov.in/
schemes/programmes/ani-
mal-husbandry-statistics
API (JSON)
Crop Information PMKSY
https://pmksy.gov.in/mis/
rptDIPDocConsolidate.aspx
API (JSON)
Industrial Information-DICPrimary
Supply Side
Surface Water SourcesIndiaWRIS
https://indiawris.gov.in/
wris/#/jaldharohar
API (JSON)
Groundwater Avail-
ability
CGWB
https://ingres.iith.ac.in/
home
API (JSON)
Water Transfer (In-
wards & Outwards)
-
District & Block adminis-
tration
Primary
Water Budgeting
Available Surface Run-
off
Land Use Cen-
sus 2011
https://censusindia.gov.in/
nada/index.php
API (JSON)
Rainfall data IndiaWRIS
https://indiawris.gov.in/
wris/#/jaldharohar
API (JSON) Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks 18
Table 5.1.2 Algorithms Applied for Automation of Water Budgeting Methodology
Features CalculationsAlgorithms
Demand Side
Human Water Requirement
H
d
= Human Water Demand
x = Human Population as per Census 2011
D
w
= Daily Water Requirement
D
f
= Decadal Factor
Livestock Water Requirement

H
d
= Livestock Water Demand
x = Livestock Population as per Census 2019
D
t
= Daily Water Requirement of each type of live-
stock
Irrigation Water Requirement
I
d
= Irrigation Water Requirement
I
g
= Gross Irrigated Area
G
f
= Growth Factor (17% for the period of 2011-2023)
I
r
= Irrigation Water Requirement (0.50 metres)
Industrial Water Requirement Direct calculation from Input
Supply Side
Surface Water Sources Direct Inputs from Web services
Groundwater Availability Direct Inputs from Web services
Source from outside geography Direct inputs from Primary Sources
Surface runoff from
rainfall
Available Surface Run-off in
Good/ Average and Poor Catch-
ment
R
g
= Good/Ave/Poor Catchment Runoff in Hectare
Metres
A
g
= Good/Ave/Poor Catchment Area in Hectares
S
g
= Strange Table Good Runoff Percentage
r = rainfall in mm
Rainfall dataDirect inputs from Web service Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks 19
6. Piloting in Aspirational Blocks
The Aspirational Block Programme (ABP) focuses on improving governance to en-
hance the quality of life of citizens and service delivery in the remotest and less de-
veloped blocks of India. This is done through converging existing schemes, defining
outcomes, and monitoring them to bridge gaps. Agriculture and Allied Services are one
of the themes in ABP where water resources management plays a major role
23
.
6.1 Selected Aspirational blocks
The Varuni web application is piloted in select 18 Aspirational Blocks across 11 states
and 1 UT covering all agroclimatic zones of India. The selection of blocks was done by
NITI Aayog. The criteria for selection are i.) safe and water-stressed blocks based on
the 2023 CGWB Report of the National Compilation on Dynamic Groundwater Re-
sources of India (water stressed blocks - that are classified as over-exploited, critical
and semi-critical as defined in the CGWB report ii.) actual tap water coverage under
Jal Jeevan Mission & blocks with dependency on Groundwater for Jal Jeevan Mission
household connections iii.) where GIZ can deploy its resources with ease.
Table 6.1.1 List of Aspirational Blocks chosen for Piloting
S. NoStateDistrictBlock
1 Andhra PradeshAlluri Sitharama Raju Gangavaram
2 BiharGayaFatehpur
3 GujaratTapiKukarmunda
4 Himachal Pradesh KulluNirmand
5 LadakhLeh LadakhRupsho
6 Madhya PradeshChhatarpurBuxwaha
7 Madhya PradeshKhandwa (East Nimar) Chhaigaon Makhan
8 Madhya PradeshSheopurVijaypur
9 Madhya PradeshTikamgarhBaldeogarh
10 RajasthanBhilwaraKotri
11 RajasthanRajsamandBhim
12 RajasthanSirohiAbu Road
13 SikkimNamchiNamchi
14 Tamil NaduAriyalurAndimadam
15 TelanganaNarayanpetNarva
16 Uttar PradeshAligarhGangiri
17 Uttar PradeshBara BankiNindaura
18 Uttar PradeshBijnorKotwali
Based on learning from pilots, the web application is fine-tuned and ready for block level
functionaries to prepare water budgets. The Varuni Web Application for Water Budgeting
has the potential to reform planning modalities at the intermediate level by informing plan-
ning and implementation functionaries about the current water scenario at block level and
alert them about water deficit/surplus in the block. The block level water budgeting briefs
for 18 blocks are prepared based on inputs gathered through “Varuni Web Application for
Water Budgeting” is available in the following section of the report.
23 Aspirational Blocks Programme (ABP) Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks 20
7. Way Forward
The current Varuni Web Application for water budgeting has been developed for
block-level assessment; however, results can be aggregated to district and state level,
and it has the potential to be scaled down to GP and village level. Data availability and
quality remain significant challenges. While remote sensing technologies and improved
monitoring networks provide more data, many regions still suffer from data scarcity or
poor data quality. Scaling up and mainstreaming of water budgeting requires a concen-
trated effort to improve data management practices across all sectors and governance
levels. This includes investing in automated data collection systems that include in-situ
and remotely sensed data, developing quality control protocols, and creating accessi-
ble data repositories in a bottom-up manner. The transition from primarily relying on
observed data to incorporate predictive models – incorporating climate change sce-
narios, for example – will also be crucial.
Beyond technical aspects, fostering stakeholder engagement and building trust is
critical for the long-term success of scaled-up water budgeting. Water is inherent-
ly a social issue, and any attempt to manage it effectively must involve all relevant
stakeholders – farmers, local body functionaries, industry representatives, indigenous
communities, and the general public. This requires transparent communication, partic-
ipatory decision-making processes, and a commitment to addressing the concerns of
all parties. Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks 21 Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks 22
CHAPTER II Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks 23
Block-wise Analysis
1. Gangavaram Block, Alluri Sitaramaraju District,
Andhra Pradesh
1.1 Introduction StateDistrictBlock Number of
villages
Number of
urban centres
Andhra Pradesh Alluri Sitaramaraju Gangavaram 600
1.2 Demand Side Management
1.2.1 Water Requirements for Human Consumption
#
Total Population
Population
Water
demand (lpcd)
Annual Water
Requirements (ha.m)
Female Male Total
Rural13,519 12,393 25,912 32,390 5578.0
Urban0 0 0 0 1500.0
Total13,519 12,393 25,912 32,39078.0 Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks 24
1.2.2 Water Requirements for Livestock Consumption
S. No Type of AnimalNumber of Animals Water Req. (ha.m)
1 Cow/Cattles8,32920.4
2 Buffaloes1,6274
3 Goat6,2741.6
4 Sheep1,9770.5
5 Poultry18,9950.2
6 Pigs280.02
7 Camels00
8 Horses280
Total28,92926.5
1.2.3 Irrigation Water Requirement
Irrigated Area (in ha)
Water required per hectare
(ha.m)
Irrigation Water
Requirement (ha.m)
123 = (1*2)
710.90.5355.5
1.2.4 Industrial Water Requirement
There are no industries in this block
1.3 Supply Side Management
1.3.1 Information on Land Use
As per census 2011, the Gangavaram block has 18,965.7 hectares areas for various uses.
S. NoClassificationArea in ha Area in %
1 Total Unirrigated Land Area8,972.2 47
2 Area under Non-Agricultural Uses (Rural +Urban) 4,659.3 25
3 Culturable Waste Land Area2,783.9 15
4 Forest Area 1,930.7 10
5 Area Irrigated by Source 607.6 2.9
6 Barren & Un-cultivable Land Area 120.1
7 Permanent Pastures and Other Grazing Land Area 00
8 Land Under Miscellaneous Tree Crops etc. Area 00
9 Fallows Land other than Current Fallows Area 00
10 Current Fallows Area 00
Total18,965.7 100 Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks 25
1.3.2 Surface Water Bodies
The Gangavaram block is part of the Southern Plateau and Hills region of India.
S. NoNames of Structures Number of structures
Storage Capacity
In ha.m In %
1 Other41,79,432.0 99.79
2 Lakes8190.1 0.11
3 Reservoir180.5 0.04
4 Ponds6477.3 0.04
5 Tanks/WCS4832.8 0.02
6 Water harvesting Structure 101.2 0.002
Total1351,79,814.3 100
1.3.3 Surface Water Supply
S. NoTypeArea Irrigated (ha)
Water Supply
In ha.m In %
1 Canals Area363.7212.8 87
2 Tanks/Lakes Area 43.025.2 10
3 Waterfall Area 11.56.7 3
4 Other Source (Water from outside) 0.00.0 0
Total418.2244.6 100
1.3.4 Groundwater Supply
Annual Groundwater
Extractable (ha.m)
Annual Groundwater
extraction (ha.m)
Stage of Ground-
water extraction
Groundwater extraction
category
5,993480.80 %Safe
1.3.5 Water Transfer
Water Use Inward Transfer
(ha.m)
Outward Transfer
(ha.m)
Net Transfer
(Inwards-Outwards)
ha.m
Domestic 52.0052.0
Agriculture 000
Industry 000
Total 52.0052.0
1.3.6 Amount of Run-off
The Gangavaram block belongs to the Southern Plateau and Hills Region of India and
vthe land use pattern data reveals that major parts of the block geography are undu-
lating and under non-cultivation uses. The block has an average of 1,103 mm rainfall and
has the potential for harvesting 5,049.4 ha.m run-off annually.
Types of Run-offsArea (ha)
Run-off
(cu.m per ha)
Run-off
In ha.m In %
Good Catchment Area6,602.0 3,7502,475.8 50
Average Catchment Area 2,783.9 2,810782.3 15
Poor Catchment Area9,579.8 1,8701,791.4 35
Total18,965.75,049.4 100 Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks 26
1.4 Water Budgeting at Block Level
S. NoDescriptions
Volume
In ha.m In %
A. Water Demand
1 Water for Irrigation (ref section 1.2.3)355.5 77
2 Water for Livestock (ref section 1.2.2)26.5 6
3 Water for Human consumption (ref section 1.2.1)78 17
4 Water for Industry (ref section 1.2.4)0 0
5 Block wise water required (1+2+3+4)460.0 100
B. Water Supply
6 Surface Water Sources (ref section 1.3.3)244.6 71
7 Groundwater Sources (ref section 1.3.4)48.0 14
8 Net Water Transfer (ref section 1.3.5) 52.0 15
9 Total Supply (6+7+8) 344.7 100
C. Water Budgeting
10 Water deficit/Surplus (9-5) -115.3 25
D. Potential for Rainwater Harvesting/ GW Augmentation (in ha.m)
11 Available run-off from rainwater (ref section 1.3.6) 5,049.4
12 Harvested run off (ref section 1.3.2) 1,79,814.30
13
Potential Runoff available for harvesting/ GW augmentation
(75% of 11-12)
Nil
E. Potential for Groundwater Development
14 Stage of Groundwater Development (from IN-GRES portal) 0.80%
15 Groundwater Development Category (from IN-GRES portal) Safe Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks 27
1.4.1 Annotations
(i) The Gangavaram block of Alluri Sitaramaraju District is dominated by
rainfed farming and the area under irrigation is only 2.9% of the total
geographical area (TGA).
(ii) As the block belongs to the coastal region, salinity is a major concern,
this has led to more dependence on surface water sources (86%).
(iii) The Stage of Groundwater development is in the safe category (0.80 %).
(iv) The block has 460.0 ha.m water requirements for all purposes, out of
this 77% is for irrigation only.
(v) The block has 344.7 ha.m (71% surface water + 14% Groundwater + 15%
outside the block) of supply from all sources.
(vi) The block is water deficit by 25% (115.3 ha.m)
(vii) The block is in a low-lying area and has generated less runoff within its
geography. Whereas it has received water from the surrounding catch-
ment, leading to enhanced water storage (1,79,432 ha.m) within the
block. This storage is not only catering to the local demand but also
serving the water needs of other areas.
(viii) The block has 5,049.4 ha.m run-off from rainwater available for harvest-
ing, but the large surface water storage available in the block limits cre-
ating additional storage structures. Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks 28
1.4.2 Recommendations
(i) There is a need to examine the planning process for the scope of utilising
potential runoff generated within the block for harvesting/GW augmen-
tation.
(ii) Being a part of the coastal region, the block needs to focus more on im-
proving water footprints and dealing with salinity concerns to optimised
efficient use of Groundwater.
1.4.3 Takeaways for Rural Drinking Water Supply
(i) The total JJM coverage is 83.72% as on March 2025.
(ii) Of the 307 PWS schemes in the block, 289 (94%) are based on SVS and
18 (6%) are based on MVS. Hence, the block is heavily dependent on
Groundwater for the rural drinking water supply.
(iii) Sufficient Groundwater is available for future drinking needs.
(iv) Measures to be taken to protect the Groundwater quality. Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks 29
2. Fatehpur Block, Gaya District, Bihar
2.1 Introduction
State District Block Number of villages Number of Urban centres
Bihar Gaya Fatehpur 1750
2.2 Demand Side Management
2.2.1 Water Requirements for Human Consumption
# Total PopulationPopulation
Growth
Water
demand
(lpcd)
Annual Water
Requirements (ha.m)
Female Male Total
Rural
1,14,7281,20,8842,35,6122,94,515 55709.5
Urban
0 0 0 0 150 0.0
Total1,14,7281,20,8842,35,6122,94,515709.5
2.2.2 Water Requirements for Livestock Consumption
S. No Type of Animal Number of Animals Water Req. (ha.m)
1 Cow/Cattle59,250144.9
2 Buffaloes14,33835.1
3 Pigs3,7613.0
4 Goat3,6090.9
5 Sheep00
6 Horses00
7 Camels00
8 Poultry 00
Total80,958183.9 Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks 30
2.2.3 Irrigation Water Requirement
Irrigated Area (in ha)Water required per
hectare (ha.m)
Irrigation Water
Requirement (ha.m)
123 = (1*2)
13,422.80.56,711.4
2.2.4 Industrial Water Requirement
Type of Industry Number of Industrial Units Annual Water Demand for
the industry (ha.m)
Construction60.6
Food Industry400.5
Agriculture30.3
Textile120.1
IT-ITeS70.02
Total681.52
2.3 Supply Side Management
2.3.1 Information on Land Use
As per census 2011, the Fatehpur block has 33,432.9 hectares areas for various uses.
S. NoClassification
Area
In haIn %
1
Area Irrigated by Source 11,472.5
34
2
Total Unirrigated Land Area7,419.7
22
3
Forest Area 6,205.0
19
4
Area under Non-Agricultural Uses (Rural +Urban) 4,198.7
13
5
Culturable Waste Land Area1,021.6
3 Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks 31
S. NoClassification
Area
In haIn %
6
Permanent Pastures and Other Grazing Land Area 826.6
2
7
Current Fallows Area 820.9
2
8
Barren & Un-cultivable Land Area 605.6
2
9
Fallows Land other than Current Fallows Area 470.5
1
10
Land Under Miscellaneous Tree Crops etc. Area 391.8
1
Total33,432.9 100
2.3.2 Surface Water Bodies
The Fatehpur block is part of the middle Gangetic plains regions of India. The surface
water bodies in Gangetic plains mostly has lesser water spread areas in comparison to
plateaus and arid & semi-arid regions. Secondly, most of the land parcels are farmlands
hence, scope for larger structures is comparatively lesser. Although the surface run-off
generated during monsoon period is enough to store in surface waterbodies but due
to peculiar landscape and land use pattern potential for enhancing surface water avail-
ability remains limited.
S. No.Names of Structures Number of Structures
Storage Capacity
In ha.m
In %
1 Other11,101.3
52
2 Lakes30611.1
29
3 Ponds108211.8
10
4 Reservoir1142.7
7
5 Tanks/WCS6342.2
1.6
6 Water Harvesting Structure 1217.5
0.4

Total
3242,116.6 100
2.3.3 Surface Water Supply
S. NoTypeArea Irrigated (ha)
Water Supply
In ha.m In %
1 Other Source 5,755.33,366.9 97
2 Canals Area 136.079.6 2.5
3 Tanks/Lakes Area 23.013.5 0.5
4 Waterfall Area 0.00.0 0
Total5,914.33,459.9 100 Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks 32
2.3.4 Groundwater Supply
Annual Groundwater
Extractable (ha.m)
Annual Groundwater
extraction (ha.m)
Stage of Ground-
water extraction
Groundwater
extraction category
7,2412,94440.65 %Safe
2.3.5 Water Transfer
Water Use
Inward Transfer
(ha.m)
Outward Transfer
(ha.m)
Net Transfer
(Inwards-Outwards) (ha.m)
Domestic 0
0
0
Agriculture 3,366.9
0
3,366.9
Industry 0
0
0
Total 3,366.9
0
3,366.9
2.3.6 Amount of Run-off
The Fatehpur block belongs to the Gangetic plains and the land use pattern data re-
veals that major parts of the block geography are plain areas under cultivation. The
block has an average of 1003 mm rainfall, so there is potential for harvesting 8,532.3
HaM run-off annually.
Types of Run-OffsArea (in ha)
Run-off
(cu.m per ha)
Run-off
In ha.m In %
Good Catchment Area 11,009.3 3,7504,128.5 48
Average Catchment Area 22402,810629.4 8
Poor Catchment Area 20,183.6 1,8703,774.3 44
Total33,432.98,532.3 100 Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks 33
2.4 Water Budgeting at Block Level
S. NoDescriptions
Volume
In ha.m In %
A. Water Demand
1 Water for Irrigation6,711.4 88
2 Water for Livestock183.9 2
3 Water for Human consumption 709.5 9
4 Water for Industry 1.52
0.02
5 Block wise water required 7,606.3
100
B. Water Supply
6 Supply from Local Surface Water Sources 93.0
1
7 Supply from Groundwater Sources 2,943.8 46
8 Net Water Transfer3,366.9 53
9 Total Supply 6,403.7 100
C. Water Budgeting
10 Water deficit/Surplus -1,202.7
16
D. Potential for rainwater harvesting/ GW augmentation (in ha.m)
11 Available Run-off from rainwater 8,532.3
12 Harvested Run-off 2,116.60
13 Potential Runoff Available for Harvesting/GW Augmentation 4,282.6
E. Potential for Groundwater development
14 Stage of Groundwater Development (from IN-GRES portal) 40.65
15 Groundwater Development Category (from IN-GRES portal) Safe Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks 34
2.4.1 Annotations
(i) The Fatehpur block area belongs to the Gangetic plain region and most
parts of the block are under crops lands.
(ii) Large parts of the blocks are under agricultural uses, but since it is part
of Gangetic region the soil moisture regime is good hence, the irrigation
water demands are reasonably well-aligned with the national average.
(iii) The Gangetic region is known for canal command area and in the block,
it is evident that 54% of the irrigation demands are met by surface water
sources from outside the geography.
(iv) The block has water harvesting capacities of 2,116.6 ha.m, however, less
than 5% of the harvested water is being productively used for local water
demands.
(v) The Stage of Groundwater development is in the safe category (40.65 %).
(vi) The block is water deficit by 16% (1202.7 ha.m).
(vii) The Fatehpur block has 7,606.3 ha.m water requirements for all purpos-
es, out of this 88% is for irrigation only.
(viii) The block has 6,403.7 ha.m (1% surface water + 46% Groundwater + 53%
outside the block) of supply from all sources.
2.4.2 Recommendations
(i) 54% of irrigation water demands are met by surface water sources. Ac-
cordingly, it is important to focus more on introducing micro irrigation
practices to improve water productivity.
(ii) The block has untapped surface water sources, which need to be used ef-
ficiently to minimise reliance on scarce Groundwater sources. The block
has available potential for run-off harvesting and Groundwater augmen-
tation of 4,282.6 ha.m.
2.4.3 Takeaways for Rural Drinking Water Supply
(i) The total JJM coverage is 88.52% as of March 2025.
(ii) Of the 123 PWS schemes in the block, 79 (64%) are SVS and 44 (36%)
are MVS. Consequently, the block mostly depends on Groundwater for
drinking water in rural areas. Sufficient Groundwater is available for fu-
ture drinking needs.
(iii) Measures to be taken to protect the Groundwater and surface water
quality and do GW augmentation. Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks 35
3. Kukarmunda Block, Tapi District, Gujarat
3.1 Introduction
State District Block Number of
villages
Number of Urban
centres
Gujarat TapiKukarmunda 490
3.2 Demand Side Management
3.2.1 Water Requirements for Human Consumption
#
Total Population
Population
Growth
Water
demand
(lpcd)
Annual Water
Requirements (ha.m)Female Male Total
Rural30,636 29,962 60,598 75,747 55182.5
Urban0 0 0 0 150 0.0
Total30,636 29,962 60,598 75,747182.5
3.2.2 Water Requirement for Livestock Consumption
S.No Type of AnimalNumber of Animals Water Req. (ha.m)
1 Buffaloes9,20422.5
2 Cow/Cattle8,13019.9
3 Goat8,1222.1
4 Sheep00
5 Horses00
6 Camels00
7 Pigs00
8 Poultry00
Total25,45644.5 Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks 36
3.2.3 Irrigation Water Requirement
Irrigated Area (in ha)Water required per hectare
(ha.m)
Irrigation Water
Requirement (ha.m)
123 = (1*2)
5,656.40.52,828.2
3.2.4 Industrial Water Requirement
Type of Industry Number of Industrial Units Annual Water Demand (ha.m)
Food Processing Industry 278.44
3.3 Supply Side Management
3.3.1 Information on Land Use
As per census 2011, the Kukarmunda block has 16,172.34 hectares area for different uses.
S. NoClassification
Area
In ha In %
1 Barren & Un-cultivable Land Area 5,457.5 33.7
2 Area Irrigated by Source 4,834.5 29.9
3 Total Unirrigated Land Area441927.3
4 Culturable Waste Land Area652.9 4.0
5 Area under Non-Agricultural Uses (Rural +Urban) 367.2 2.3
6 Permanent Pastures and Other Grazing Land Area 340.8 2.1
7 Fallows Land other than Current Fallows Area 95.30.6
8 Current Fallows Area 5.140.0
9 Forest Area 00.0
10 Land Under Miscellaneous Tree Crops etc. Area 00.0
Total16,172.34 100 Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks 37
3.3.2 Surface Water Bodies
The Kukarmunda block is part of the Gujarat Plain and Hills Region of India. The block
has the biggest dam of Gujarat state named “Ukai Dam which has a large surface ca-
pacity and supplies water to various districts of the state. The Ukai dam itself has a
storage capacity of 3,90,514.7 ham. The dam also receives run-off from adjoining ge-
ographies as well.
S. NoNames of StructuresNumber of structuresStorage Capacity (in ha.m)
1 Other (Ukai Dam)13,90,515.0
2 Water harvesting Structure 777.7
3 Tanks/WCS590.3
4 Ponds10.2
5 Lakes00
6 Reservoir00
Total138.003,90,522.9
3.3.3 Surface Water Supply
The 2.5% irrigation areas of the block are dependent on surface water sources.
TypeArea Irrigated (ha)
Water Supply
In ha.mIn %
Other Source (Water from outside)95.85680
Canals Area 15.59.113
Tanks/Lakes Area 8.04.77
Waterfall Area 0.00.00
Total119.369.8100
3.3.4 Groundwater Supply
Annual Groundwater
Extractable (ha.m)
Annual Groundwater
extraction (ha.m)
Stage of Ground-
water extraction
Groundwater
extraction category
2,7951,92168.74 %Safe
3.3.5 Water Transfer
Water Use Inward Transfer (ha.m)Outward Transfer (ha.m) Net Transfer (ha.m)
Domestic 000
Agriculture 56056
Industry 000
Total 56056
3.3.6 Amount of Run-off
The Kukarmunda block belongs to the Gujarat Plain and Hills Region of India. The block
has an average of 939 mm rainfall and has potential for harvesting 3,542.1 ha.m run-off
annually.
Types of Run-offsArea (in ha)
run-off
(cu.m per ha)
Run-off
In ha.m In %
Good Catchment Area5,824.7 3,154.251,837.3 52
Average Catchment Area 993.7 2,358.75234.4 6
Poor Catchment Area9,353.9 15721,470.4 42
Total16,172.33,542.1 100 Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks 38
3.4 Water Budgeting at Block Level
S. NoDescriptions
Volume
In ha.m In %
A. Water Demand
1 Water for Irrigation2,828.2
90
2 Water for Livestock44.5
1
3 Water for Human Consumption 182.5
6
4 Water for Industry 78.44
3
5 Block wise water required 3,133.6
100
B. Water Supply
6 Supply from Local Surface Water Sources 13.7
1
7 Supply from Groundwater Sources 1,920.8
96
8 Net Water Transfer56.0
3
9 Total Supply 1,990.6
100
C. Water Budgeting
10Water Deficit/Surplus -1,143.0
37%
D. Potential for rainwater harvesting/ GW augmentation (in ha.m)
11Available Run-off from Rainwater3,542.1
12Harvested Run-off 3,90,522.90
13Potential Runoff Available for Harvesting/GW Augmentation Nil
E. Potential for Groundwater Development
14Stage of Groundwater Development (from IN-GRES portal)68.74
15Groundwater Development Category (from IN-GRES portal)Safe Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks 39
3.4.1 Annotations
(i) The Kukarmunda block is agriculture dominated, and irrigation intensity
is comparatively high.
(ii) The Ukai dam, one of the block’s largest reservoirs, has a storage ca-
pacity of 3,90,514.67 ha.m. The block is in a low-lying location, resulting
in less run-off (3,542.1 ha.m) within the geography. Whereas it received
water from the neighboring catchment, resulting in increased water stor-
age (3,90,514.67 ha.m) inside the block. This storage facility not only
meets local demand but also serves the water demand of neighbouring
locations.
(iii) Although the block has huge surface water availability, the reliance on
Groundwater sources is significantly high (96%) in the block.
(iv) The Kukarmunda block has 3,113.6 ha.m water requirements for all pur-
poses, out of this 90% is for irrigation only.
(v) The block has 1,990.6 ha.m (1% surface water + 96% Groundwater + 3%
outside the block) supply from all sources.
3.4.2 Recommendations
(i) The significant dependence on Groundwater may affect the develop-
ment of Groundwater sources now classified as safe. Additionally, the
block has a 37% water deficit (1,143 ha.m).
(ii) Therefore, it is crucial to reduce Groundwater use and improve the utili-
sation of surface water sources for varied purposes. Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks 40
3.4.3 Takeaways for Rural Drinking Water Supply
(i) The JJM coverage is 100% as on March 2025.
(ii) Of the 85 PWS schemes in the block, 80 (94%) are SVS and 5 (6%) are
MVS. As a result, the block relies heavily on Groundwater for its rural
drinking water supply.
(iii) The block has adequate quantity of Groundwater for future drinking wa-
ter needs.
(iv) Measures to be taken to protect the Groundwater quality and GW aug-
mentation. Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks 41
4. Nirmand Block, Kullu District, Himachal Pradesh
4.1 Introduction
StateDistrict Block Number of villages Number of Urban centres
Himachal PradeshKullu Nirmad 260
4.2 Demand Side Management
4.2.1 Water Requirements for Human Consumption
# Total PopulationPopulation
Growth
Water
demand (lpcd)
Annual Water
Requirements (ha.m)
Female Male Total
Rural26,087 27,002 53,089 66,361 55159.9
Urban0 0 0 0 1500.0
Total26,087 27,002 53,089 66,361159.9
4.2.2 Livestock Water Requirement
S. NoType of AnimalNumber of animals Water Req. (ha.m)
1 Cow/Cattle18,68645.7
2 Goat6,2201.6
3 Sheep5,8571.5
4 Buffaloes2780.7
5 Horses00
6 Camels00
7 Pigs00
8 Poultry00
Total31,04149.5 Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks 42
4.2.3 Water Requirements for Livestock Consumption
Irrigated Area (in ha)
Water required per hectare
(ha.m)
Irrigation Water Requirement
(ha.m)
123 = (1*2)
429.20.5214.6
4.2.4 Industrial Water Requirement
No industries in this block.
4.3 Supply Side Management
4.3.1 Information on Land Use
As per census 2011, the Nirmand block has 7,765.9 hectares area for various uses.
S. NoClassification
Area
In haIn %
1Total Unirrigated Land Area5,482.971
2 Area under Non-Agricultural Uses (Rural +Urban) 825.711
3 Culturable Waste Land Area487.36
4 Area Irrigated by Source 366.85
5 Barren & Un-cultivable Land Area 2593
6 Forest Area 1312
7 Current Fallows Area 861
8 Fallows Land other than Current Fallows Area 541
9 Permanent Pastures and Other Grazing Land Area 41.40.6
10Land Under Miscellaneous Tree Crops etc. Area 31.80.4
Total7,765.9100 Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks 43
4.3.2 Surface Water Bodies
The Nirmand block is part in the Western Himalayan region of India. The Himalayan re-
gion has larger areas supported by good catchment & average areas and helpful for the
surface run-off generated during the monsoon period to store in surface waterbodies.
S. No.Names of StructuresNumber of structures
Storage Capacity
In ha.m In %
1 Lakes6105.8 63
2 Ponds3945.227
3 Tanks/WCS1710.97
4 Water harvesting Structure 684.93
5 Reservoir000
Total130166.8 100
4.3.3 Surface Water Supply
S. NoType
Area Irrigated
(in ha)
Water Supply
In ha.m In %
1 Canals Area 202118.2 58
2 Other Source (Water from outside) 137.880.6 40
3 Waterfall Area 74.1 2
4 Tanks/Lakes Area 000
Total346.8 202.9 100
4.3.4 Groundwater Supply
The Kullu district information on Groundwater monitoring is not available in IN-GRES,
so Groundwater extraction information is taken from the nearest monitoring station
which is Balh Valley in Mandi district
24
.
Annual Groundwater
Extractable (ha.m)
Annual Groundwater
extraction (ha.m)
Stage of Ground-
water extraction
Groundwater
extraction category
2,4401,03442.39 %Safe
4.3.5 Water Transfer
Water Use Inward Transfer
(ha.m)
Outward Transfer
(ha.m)
Net Transfer (Inwards-Outwards)
ha.m
Domestic 0309.2+309.2
Agriculture 80.60-80.6
Industry 000
Total80.6309.2228.5
4.3.6 Amount of Run-off
The Nirmad block belongs to the Western Himalayan region of India and the land use
pattern data reveals that major parts of the block geography are undulating and under
non-cultivation uses. The block has an average of 800 mm rainfall and has the potential
for harvesting 1,045.6 ha.m run-off annually.
24 GecDashboard (iith.ac.in) Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks 44
Types of Run-offsArea (in ha)
Run-off
(cu.m per ha)
Run-off
In ha.m In %
Good Catchment Area 1,215.7 2,218.5269.7 26
Average Catchment Area 560.51,70495.5 9
Poor Catchment Area 5,989.7 1,136680.4 65
Total7,765.9 1,045.6 100
4.4 Water Budgeting at Block Level
S. NoDescriptions
Volume
In ha.m In %
A. Water Demand
1 Water for Irrigation214.6 51
2 Water for Livestock 49.5 12
3 Water for Human Consumption 159.9 37
4 Water for Industry 00
5 Block Wise Water Required 423.9 100
B. Water Supply
6 Surface Water Sources 122.3 9
7 Groundwater Sources 1,034.3 75
8 Net Water Transfer228.5 16
9 Total Supply 1,385.1 100
C. Water Budgeting
10Water Deficit/Surplus 961.2 227
D. Potential for Rainwater Harvesting/GW Augmentation (in ha.m)
11Available Run-off from Rainwater 1,045.6
12Harvested run-off 166.80
13Potential Runoff Available for Harvesting/GW Augmentation 617.4
E. Potential for Groundwater Development
14Stage of Groundwater Development (from IN-GRES portal) 42.39
15Groundwater Development Category (from IN-GRES portal) Safe Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks 45
4.4.1 Annotations
(i) Since the Nirmand block is part of the Himalayan region, the land use
pattern is totally different as evident from the table above.
(ii) As the block belongs to the Himalayan region, it is dominated by rain-
fed farming, hence surface water source is minimally used for irrigation
purposes.
(iii) In the case of the Himalayan region, water from springs plays an import-
ant role in catering to local water needs, however it is difficult to reflect in
the water budgeting process, due to the limitation of required datasets.
(iv) The Himalayan region is also known for reliance on glacier water, howev-
er due to inadequate availability of datasets patenting to glacier water, it
is difficult to incorporate in the water budgeting process.
(v) The block has harvested 37,971.40 ha.m of water in surface water bodies
but has utilised only 3.6% of the harvested water for irrigation purposes
(vi) The Nirmand block has 423.9 ha.m water requirements for all purposes,
out of this 51% is for irrigation only.
(vii) The Stage of Groundwater development is in the safe category.
(viii) The block has 1,385.1 ha.m (9% surface water + 75% Groundwater + 16%
outside the block) of supply from all sources.
(ix) The block is water surplus by 227% (961.2 ha.m).
(x) The block has potential to harvest 617.4 ha.m of run-off. Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks 46
4.4.2 Recommendations
(i) Although the Himalayan region receives good precipitation, there is a
limitation in enhancing surface water storage capacities whereas the
sub-surface water plays an important role.
(ii) In case of the Himalayan region, more focus is on spring-shed management
and the glacier water management is crucial to ensure water security.
4.4.3 Takeaways for Rural Drinking Water Supply
(i) The JJM coverage is 100% as of March 2025.
(ii) Of the 178 PWS schemes in the block, 116 (65%) are SVS and 62 (35%)
are MVS. Hence, the block is mainly dependent on Groundwater for rural
drinking water supply.
(iii) The block has an adequate quantity of Groundwater for future drinking
water needs.
(iv) Measures to be taken to protect the Groundwater quality. Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks 47
5. Rupsho Block, Leh District, Ladakh
5.1 Introduction
State District Block Number of Villages Number of Urban Centres
Ladakh Leh Rupsho 30
5.2 Demand Side Management
5.2.1 Water Requirements for Human Consumption
Total Population
Population
Growth
Water
demand
(lpcd)
Annual Water Require-
ments (ha.m)Female Male Total
Rural1,135 1,190 2,325 2,906.25 55 7.0
Urban0 0 0 0 150 0
Total1,135 1,190 2,325 2,906.257.0
5.2.2 Water Requirement for Livestock Consumption
S. No Type of AnimalNumber of Animals Water Req. (ha.m)
1 Goat78,77620.1
2 Sheep48,01912.3
3 Cow/Cattle1170.3
4 Buffaloes00.0
5 Horses00.0
6 Camels00.0
7 Pigs00.0
8 Poultry 00.0
Total1,26,91232.7 Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks 48
5.2.3 Irrigation Water Requirement
Irrigated Area (in ha)Water required per hectare (ha.m) Irrigation Water Requirement (ha.m)
123 = (1*2)
91.70.545.9
5.2.4 Industrial Water Requirement
There are no industries in the block.
5.3 Supply Side Management
5.3.1 Information on Land Use
As per census 2011, the Rupsho block has 4,44,865 hectares areas for various uses.
S. NoClassification
Area
In haIn %
1 Barren & Un-cultivable Land Area2,92,889 65.84
2 Area under Non-Agricultural Uses85,510 19.22
3 Fallows Land other than Current Fallows Area 35,428 7.96
4 Culturable Waste Land Area22,504 5.06
5 Total Unirrigated Land Area4,9261.11
6 Permanent Pastures and Other Grazing Land Area 3,3180.75
7 Current Fallows Area 2120.05
8 Area Irrigated by Source 780.02
9 Land Under Miscellaneous Tree Crops etc. Area 00.00
10 Forest Area 00.00
Total4,44,865 100 Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks 49
5.3.2 Surface Water Bodies
The other water structures in the table above depicts the surface water storage struc-
tures having a spread area of more than 100 hectares as classified in Minor Irrigation
Census.
S. NoNames of Structures Number of structures
Storage Capacity
In ha.mIn %
1 Other486,81,881.8 95.84
2 Reservoir13627,592.8 3.88
3 Lakes661,927.60.27
4 Ponds2973.40.01
5 Tanks/WCS220.002
6 Water Harvesting Structure 121.50.001
Total2937,11,479.1 100
5.3.3 Surface Water Supply
S. NoTypeArea Irrigated (ha)
Water Supply
In ha.m In %
1 Canals78.445.9 100
2 Tanks/Lakes Area 00 0
3 Other Source (Water from outside) 00 0
4 Waterfall Area 00 0
Total78.445.9 100
5.3.4 Groundwater Supply
Annual Groundwater
Extractable (ha.m)
Annual Groundwater
extraction (ha.m)
Stage of Ground-
water extraction
Groundwater
extraction category
18311261.38%Safe
5.3.5 Water Transfer
Water Use Inward Transfer
(ha.m)
Outward Transfer
(ha.m)
Net Transfer
(Inwards-Outwards) ha.m
Domestic14014
Agriculture 000
Industry 000
Total14014
5.3.6 Amount of Run-off
The Rupsho block belongs to the Hills Region of India and the land use pattern data
reveals that major parts of the block geography are undulating and for non-cultivation
uses. The block has an average of 62 mm of rainfall and has the potential for harvesting
41.8 ha.m run-off annually.
Types of Run-offs Area (ha)
Run-off
(cu.m per ha)
Run-off
In ha.m In %
Good Catchment Area 3,78,399.0 137.8 90
Average Catchment Area 25,822.4 0.751.9 5
Poor Catchment Area 40,643.7 0.52.0 5
Total 4,44,865.141.8 100 Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks 50
5.4 Water Budgeting at Block Level
S. NoDescriptions
Volume
In ha.m In %
A. Water Demand
1 Water for Irrigation45.9 54
2 Water for Livestock32.7 38
3 Water for Human Consumption7.0 8
4 Water for Industry 0 0
5 Block Wise Water Required85.5 100
B. Water Supply
6 Supply from Local Surface Water Sources 45.9 27
7 Supply from Groundwater Sources 112.4 65
8 Net Water Transfer14.0 8
9 Total Supply 172.2 100
C. Water Budgeting
10 Water Deficit/Surplus 86.7 101
D. Potential for Run-off Harvesting/GW Augmentation (in ha.m)
11 Available Run-off from Rainwater 41.8
12 Harvested Run-off 7,11,479.1
13 Potential Run-off Available for Harvesting/GW Augmentation Nil
E. Potential for Groundwater Development
14 Stage of Groundwater Development (from IN-GRES portal) 61.38
15 Groundwater Development Category (from IN-GRES portal) Safe Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks 51
5.4.1 Annotations
(i) Since the Rupsho block is a part of the Upper Himalayan region and cold
desert, the land use pattern is unique as evident from the table above.
(ii) As the block belongs to the Upper Himalayan region, it is dominated by
the glacier water-based farming during summers (April-August), hence
the glacier water source is being used for irrigation purposes.
(iii) In the case of the Upper Himalayan region, water from the spring and
glacier plays an important role in catering to local water needs, however,
it is difficult to reflect in the water budgeting process, due to the limita-
tion of required datasets.
(iv) The Himalayan region is also known for its reliance on glacier water how-
ever due to inadequate availability of datasets patenting to glacier water
it is difficult to incorporate in the water budgeting process.
(v) The Upper Himalayan region receives very little precipitation, there is
limitation of enhancing surface water storage capacities, whereas the
sub-surface water plays an important role.
(vi) In the Upper Himalayan region, glacier water plays a major role, which
is evident in the case of Rupsho block where surface water harvesting is
more than 0.7 million ha.m, whereas surface run-off induced by precipi-
tation is hardly 41.8 ha.m. Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks 52
(vii) The Stage of Groundwater development is in the safe category.
(viii) The Rupsho block has 85.5 ha.m water requirements for all purposes, out
of this 54% is for irrigation only.
(ix) The block has 172.2 ha.m (27% surface water + 65% Groundwater + 8%
outside the block) of supply from all sources.
(x) The block is water surplus by 101% (86.7 ha.m)
5.4.2 Recommendations
(i) The geomorphology of the block shows that it is dependent on uncon-
fined aquafer, so it becomes very important to protect these subsurface
water sources from contamination.
5.4.3 Takeaways for Rural Drinking Water Supply
(i) JJM coverage is 100% as of March 2025.
(ii) Both ground and sub-surface water are available to meet the current and
future drinking water demands.
(iii) Measures to be taken to protect the sub-surface water quality. Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks 53
6. Baldeogarh Block, Tikamgarh District,
Madhya Pradesh
6.1 Introduction
StateDistrict Block Number of villagesNumber of Urban centres
Madhya Pradesh Tikamgargh Baldeogargh 1621
6.2 Demand Side Management
6.2.1 Water Requirements for Human Consumption
#
Total Population
Population
Growth
Water
demand
(lpcd)
Annual Water
Requirements (ha.m)
Female Male Total
Rural
1,01,2841,12,8082,14,0922,67,615
55
644.7
Urban
4,238 4,841 9079 11,349
150
74.6
Total1,05,5221,17,6492,23,1712,78,964719.2 Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks 54
6.2.2 Water Requirement for Livestock Consumption
S. No
Type of AnimalNumber of Animals Water Req. (ha.m)
1
Buffaloes26,84365.6
2
Cow/Cattle25,18861.6
3
Goat23,2445.9
4
Pigs7090.6
5
Sheep1,3620.3
6
Horses00
7
Camels00
8
Poultry00
Total77,346134.1
6.2.3 Irrigation Water Requirement
Irrigated Area (in ha)
Water required per hectare
(ha.m)
Irrigation Water Requirement
(ha.m)
123 = (1*2)
40,947.40.520,473.7
6.2.4 Industrial Water Requirement
There are no industries in the block.
6.3 Supply Side Management
6.3.1 Information on Land Use
As per census 2011, the Baldeogarh block has 85,227.41 hectares areas for various uses. Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks 55
S. NoClassification
Area
In haIn %
1 Area Irrigated by Source 34,997.8 41
2 Area under Non-Agricultural Uses (Rural +Urban) 8,545.5 10
3 Total Unirrigated Land Area8,301.7 10
4 Fallows Land other than Current Fallows Area 8,084.9 9
5 Barren & Un-cultivable Land Area 6,523.4 8
6 Culturable Waste Land Area5,098.5 6
7 Permanent Pastures and Other Grazing Land Area 4,834.2 6
8 Current Fallows Area 4,725.5 6
9 Forest Area 4,069.2 5
10 Land Under Miscellaneous Tree Crops etc. Area 46.710.05
Total85,227.41 100
6.3.2 Surface Water Bodies
The number of surface water bodies is mostly less and is part of the Plateau regions,
but water spread areas are on the higher side, in comparison to the Gangetic plains.
The Plateau regions have larger areas supported by good catchment & average areas;
those are helpful for the surface run-off generated during the monsoon period to store
in surface waterbodies.
S. NoNames of Structures Number of Structures
Storage Capacity
In ha.mIn %
1 Others 311,903.1 75
2 Reservoir183,242.420
3 Lakes26690.54
4 Ponds2657.70.7
5 Tanks/WCS850.003
6 Water harvesting Structure 20.20
Total8315,898.9 100
The other water structures in the table above depict the surface water storage struc-
tures having a spread area of more than 100 hectares as classified in Minor Irrigation
Census.
6.3.3 Surface Water Supply
The Baldeogarh block is predominantly dependent on Groundwater sources (82.6%).
The block has availability of run-off and harvested water in surface water bodies, which
has not been utilised appropriately.
S. NoType
Area Irrigated
(ha)
Water Supply
In ha.m In %
1 Other Source (Water from outside) 2,699.8 1,579.4 44
2 Tanks/Lakes Area 1,571.9 919.6 26
3 Canals Area 1,553.9 909.0 26
4 Waterfall Area 266.2 155.7 4
Total6,091.80 3,563.7 100 Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks 56
6.3.4 Groundwater Supply
Annual Groundwater
Extractable (ha.m)
Annual Groundwater
extraction (ha.m)
Stage of Ground-
water extraction
Groundwater
extraction category
8,5526,35874.35 %Semi-Critical
6.3.5 Water Transfer
Water Use Inward Transfer
(ha.m)
Outward Transfer
(ha.m)
Net Transfer
(Inwards-Outwards)
ha.m
Domestic 167.53
0
167.53
Agriculture 1579.4
0
1579.4
Industry 0
0
0
Total 1,746.9
0
1,746.9
6.3.6 Amount of Run-off
The Baldeogarh block belongs to the Central Plateau and Hills Region of India and the
land use pattern data reveals that major parts of the block geography are undulating
and for non-cultivation uses. The block has an average of 944 mm rainfall and has the
potential for harvesting 1,7211.0 ha.m run-off annually.
Types of Run-offs Area (ha) Run-off (cu.m per ha)
Run-off
In ha.m In %
Good Catchment Area 19,138.1 3,154.256,036.6
35
Average Catchment Area 99,79.41 2,358.752,353.9
14
Poor Catchment Area 56,109.9 15728,820.5
51
Total 75,248.0017,211.00
100 Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks 57
6.4 Water Budgeting at Block Level
S. NoDescriptions
Volume
In ha.m In %
A. Water Demand
1 Water for Irrigation20,473.7 96
2 Water for Livestock134.1 1
3 Water for Human Consumption719.2 3
4 Water for Industry 0 0
5 Block Wise Water Required21,327.1 100
B. Water Supply
6 Supply from Local Surface Water Sources 1,984.3 20
7 Supply from by Groundwater Sources 6,358.3 63
8 Net Water Transfer1,746.9 17
9 Total Supply 10,089.5 100
C. Water Budgeting
10 Water Deficit/Surplus -11,237.553
D.    Potential for Run-off Harvesting/GW Augmentation (in ha.m)
11Available Run-off from Rainwater 17,211.0
12 Harvested Run-off 15,898.90
13 Potential Run-off Available for Harvesting/GW Augmentation Nil
E. Potential for Groundwater Development
14 Stage of Groundwater Development (from IN-GRES portal) 74.35
15 Groundwater Development Category (from IN-GRES portal) Semi-Critical Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks 58
6.4.1 Annotations
(i) The Baldeogargh block area belongs to the Bundelkhand region of cen-
tral India is well known for water scarcity.
(ii) The average precipitation in Baldeogargh block is almost at par with the
national average, however due to unique geology (being part of the pla-
teau region) surface and Groundwater potential have certain limitations.
(iii) On the other hand, the region has comparatively higher arable areas
(65%) dominated by irrigated areas.
(iv) The net implication is that a major part of this region is over exploiting
Groundwater sources and exhausting surface water sources.
(v) The block is heavily dependent on Groundwater (63%) for all purposes,
and it is water deficit by 53% (-11,237.5 ha.m)
(vi) The Stage of Groundwater development is in semi-critical category
(74.35 %).
(vii) The Baldeogargh block has 21,327.1 ha.m water requirements for all pur-
poses, out of this 96% is for irrigation only.
(viii) The block has 10,089.5 ha.m (20% surface water + 63% Groundwater +
17% outside the block) of supply from all sources.
6.4.2 Recommendations
(i) The block has huge surface water storage capacities (15,898.90 ha.m),
however it uses only 12.5% of the surface water storage. The block needs
to optimally use the surface water storage capacities.
(ii) Although the area is known for traditional water bodies meant for cater-
ing to local water needs for different purposes, but due to poor mainte-
nance of this infrastructure, it remains water stressed for decades. The
immediate focus should be in renovating and reviving these traditional
water bodies.
6.4.3 Takeaways for Rural Drinking Water Supply
(i) The block has 55% JJM coverage as on March 2025.
(ii) Of the 419 PWS schemes in the block, 416 (99%) are SVS and 3 (1%) are
MVS. Hence, the block is mainly dependent on Groundwater for rural
drinking water supply.
(iii) Surface water is required to meet the current and future drinking water
demands.
(iv) Measures to be taken to protect the Groundwater quality and GW aug-
mentation. Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks 59 Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks 60
7. Buxwaha Block, Chhatarpur District, Madhya Pradesh
7.1 Introduction
State District Block Number of villages Number of Urban centres
Madhya Pradesh Chhatarpur Buxwaha 1361
7.2 Demand Side Management
7.2.1 Water Requirements for Human Consumption
#
Total Population
Population
Growth
Water
demand (lpcd)
Annual Water Require-
ments (ha.m)
Female Male Total
Rural
37,163 42,898 80,061 1,00,076 55241.1
Urban
4,829 5,387 10,216 12,770 15083.9
Total41,992 48,285 90,277 1,12,846325.0
7.2.2 Water Requirements for Livestock Consumption
S. NoType of Animal Number of AnimalsWater Req. (ha.m)
1 Cow/Cattle37,08090.7
2 Buffaloes22,29854.5
3 Goat9,5762.4
4 Pigs4990.4
5 Sheep190.005
6 Horses50.01
7 Camels00
8 Poultry00
Total69,477148.1 Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks 61
7.2.3 Irrigation Water Requirement
Irrigated Area (in ha)Water required per hectare (ha.m)Irrigation Water Requirement (ha.m)
123 = (1*2)
3,540.20.51,770.1
7.2.4 Industrial Water Requirement
There are no industries in the block.
7.3 Supply Side Management
7.3.1 Information on Land Use
As per census 2011, the Buxwaha block has 91,149.1 hectares areas for various purposes.
S. NoClassification
Area
In ha In %
1 Forest Area 27,422.5 30
2 Total Unirrigated Land Area20,186.6 22
3 Permanent Pastures and Other Grazing Land Area 12,455.0 14
4 Barren & Un-cultivable Land Area 11,126.8 12
5 Culturable Waste Land Area5,051.16
6 Area under Non-Agricultural Uses (Rural +Urban) 4,947.25
7 Fallows Land other than Current Fallows Area 3,699.14
8 Area Irrigated by Source 3,025.83
9 Current Fallows Area 2,787.7 2.5
10 Land Under Miscellaneous Tree Crops etc. Area447.30.5
Total91,149.1 100 Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks 62
7.3.2 Surface Water Bodies
The Buxwaha block is part of the Central Plateau and Hills Region of India.The Buxwaha
block major land parcels are forest cover, un-cultivable land, fallows & non-agriculture
area, hence, the scope for larger structures for surface water is comparatively higher.
S. No.Names of Structures Number of Structures
Storage Capacity
In ha.m In %
1 Reservoir4735.664
2 Lakes14273.924
3 Ponds71118.410
4 Tanks/WCS33221.8
5 Water harvesting Structure 403.30.2
6 Other000
Total162.001,153.2 100
7.3.3 Surface Water Supply
S. NoTypeArea Irrigated (ha)
Water Supply
In ha.m In %
1 Other Source (Water from outside) 233.4136.5 35
2 Canals Area 206120.5 31
3 Tanks/Lakes Area 15087.823
4 Waterfall Area 7141.511
Total
660.4386.3
100
7.3.4 Groundwater Supply
Annual Groundwater
Extractable (ha.m)
Annual Groundwater
Extraction (ha.m)
Stage of Ground-
water Extraction
Groundwater
Extraction Category
6,4295,20380.92 %Semi-Critical
7.3.5 Water Transfer
Water Use Inward Transfer
(ha.m)
Outward Transfer
(ha.m)
Net Transfer
(Inwards-Outwards) ha.m
Agriculture 136.50136.5
Domestic 49049
Industry 000
Total 185.50185.5
7.3.6 Amount of Run-off
The Buxwaha block belongs to the Central Plateau and Hills Region of India and the
land use pattern data reveals that major parts of the block geography are undulating
and under non-cultivation uses. The block has an average of 1,093 mm rainfall, and it
has the potential for harvesting 26,909.8 ha.m run-off annually.
Types of Run-offs
Area (ha) Run-off (cum per ha) Run-off
In ha..mIn %
Good Catchment Area 43,496.5 375016,311.261
Average Catchment Area 17,953.4 28105,044.9 19
Poor Catchment Area 29,699.2 18705,553.8 21
Total91,149.126,909.8100 Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks 63
7.4 Water Budgeting at Block Level
S. NoDescriptions
Volume
In ha.m In %
A. Water Demand
1 Water for Irrigation1,770.1 79
2 Water for Livestock148.1 7
3 Water for Human Consumption325.0 14
4 Water for Industry 00
5 Block wise water required 2,243.1 100
B. Water Supply
6 Surface Water Supply249.8 4
7 Groundwater Supply5,202.6 92
8 Net Water Transfer185.5 3
9 Total Supply 5,637.9 100
C. Water Budgeting
10 Water Deficit/Surplus 3,394.8 151
D. Potential for Run-off Harvesting/ GW Augmentation
11Available Run-off from Rainwater 26,909.8
12 Harvested Run-off1,153.20
E. Potential for Groundwater Development
13
Potential Run-off Available for Harvesting/GW Augmentation 19,029.2
14 Stage of Groundwater Development (from IN-GRES portal) 80.92
15 Groundwater Development Category (from IN-GRES portal) Semi-Critical Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks 64
7.4.1 Annotation
(i) The Buxwaha block area belongs to the Bundelkhand region of central
India is well known for water scarcity.
(ii) The average precipitation in the Buxwaha block is almost at par with the
national average, however due to unique geology (being part of plateau
region) surface and Groundwater potential, have certain limitations.
(iii) The Buxwaha block is dominated by the forest landscape covering more
than 30% of the total geographical areas.
(iv) The block has harvested 1,153.20 ha.m water in surface water bodies,
whereas only 26.7% is utilised for irrigation purposes.
(v) The Buxwaha block has 2,243.1 ha.m water requirements for all purposes,
out of this 79% is for irrigation only.
(vi) The block has 5,637.9 ha.m (4% surface water + 92% Groundwater + 3%
outside the block) of supply from all sources.
7.4.2 Recommendations
(i) With 30% forest cover areas, it is important to focus more on catchment
areas treatment to harness water potential of region through the opti-
mising surface water harvesting as well as Groundwater augmentation
for local needs. Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks 65
(ii) The block can hardly harvest 4% (1,153.20 ha.m) of the available run-off
(26,909.8 ha.m) hence, it is important to focus more on identifying op-
portunities to enhance surface water storage and minimise reliance on
Groundwater extraction (92%), as the Stage of Groundwater develop-
ment is in semi-critical category (80.92 %).
(iii) Although, the block has good precipitation and productive landscape,
the area under irrigation is very low (3%), hence, it is important to im-
prove irrigation intensity in the block. On the other hand, the region has
comparatively higher arable areas dominated by rainfed farming.
7.4.3 Takeaways for Rural Drinking Water supply
(i) The JJM coverage is 65.5% as of March 2025.
(ii) Of the 143 PWS schemes in the block, 142 (99%) are SVS and 1 (1%) are
MVS. Hence, the block is mainly dependent on Groundwater for the rural
drinking water supply.
(iii) Surface water is required to meet the current and future drinking water
demands.
(iv) Measures to be taken to protect the Groundwater quality and GW aug-
mentation. Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks 66
8. Vijaypur Block, Sheopur District, Madhya Pradesh
8.1 Introduction
State District Block Number of villages Number of Urban centres
Madhya Pradesh Sheopur Vijaypur 2131
8.2 Demand Side Management
8.2.1 Water Requirements for Human Consumption
#
Total Population
Population
Growth
Water
Demand
Annual Water
Requirements (ha.m)
Female Male Total
Rural
99,688 1,15,3532,15,0412,68,801 55
647.5
Urban
7,809 9,155 16,964 21,205 150
139.3
Total1,07,4971,24,5082,32,005290,006786.9
8.2.2 Water Requirements for Livestock Consumption
S. NoType of AnimalNumber of Animals Water Req. (ha.m)
1 Buffaloes66,344162.2
2 Cow/Cattle55,968136.9
3 Goat65,58916.8
4 Sheep2,0460.5
5 Pigs4090.3
6 Horses00
7 Camels00
8 Poultry00
Total1,90,356316.7 Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks 67
8.2.3 Irrigation Water Requirement
Irrigated Area (in ha)Water required per hectare (ha.m)Irrigation Water Requirement (ha.m)
123 = (1*2)
21,728.070.510,864
8.2.4 Industrial Water Requirement
Type of Industry Number of Industrial Units Annual Water Demand (ha.m)
Rubber, Chemical &
Petrochemical
1750
8.3 Supply Side Management
8.3.1 Information on Land Use
As per census 2011, the Vijaypur block has 2,45,988 hectares area for various uses.
S. NoClassification
Area
In ha In %
1
Forest Area 1,24,934
51
2
Barren & Un-cultivable Land Area 33,726
14
3
Total Unirrigated Land Area21,687
9
4
Area under Non-Agricultural Uses (Rural +Urban) 18,678
8
5
Area Irrigated by Source 18,571
8
6
Culturable Waste Land Area12,851
5
7
Permanent Pastures and Other Grazing Land Area 8,753
4
8
Fallows Land other than Current Fallows Area 4,242
2
9
Current Fallows Area 2,481
1
10
Land Under Miscellaneous Tree Crops etc. Area 65
0.002
Total2,45,988 100 Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks 68
8.3.2 Surface Water Bodies
S. No.Names of Structures
No of
Structures
Storage Capacity
In ha.mIn %
1 Other635,291.093
2 Lakes62 1,337.53
3 Reservoir10 996.92
4 Ponds151 294.51
5 Tanks/WCS75 48.40.5
6 Water harvesting Structure 31 3.10.003
Total335.00 37,971.4100
8.3.3 Surface Water Supply
The 59.5% irrigation areas of the block are dependent on surface water sources.
S. NoType
Area
Irrigated
(ha)
Water Supply
In ha.mIn %
1 Canals Area9,021 5,277.382
2 Other Source1,535 898.014
3 Tanks/Lakes Area 438 256.23.5
4 Waterfall Area54 31.60.5
Total11,048 6,463.1100
8.3.4 Groundwater Supply
Annual Groundwater
Extractable (ha.m)
Annual Groundwater
Extraction (ha.m)
Stage of Ground-
water Extraction
Groundwater
Extraction Category
9,4456,84972.51 %Semi-Critical
8.3.5 Water Transfer
Water Use Inward Transfer
(ha.m)
Outward Transfer
(ha.m)
Net Transfer
(Inwards-Outwards)
ha.m
Domestic 000
Agriculture 8980898
Industry 000
Total 8980898
8.3.6 Amount of Run-off
The Vijaypur block belongs to the Western Plateau and Hills Region of India and the
land use pattern data reveals that major parts of the block geography are undulating
and under non-cultivation uses. The block has an average of 799 mm rainfall, and it has
a potential of harvesting 46,069.6 ha.m run-off annually.
Types of Run-offsArea (ha.)
Run-off
(cu.m per ha)
Run-off
In ha.m In %
Good Catchment Area 1,77338 2,123.537,657.7 82
Average Catchment Area 21,669 1,580.03,423.7 7
Poor Catchment Area 46,981 1,061.754,988.2 11
Total 2,45,98846,069.6 100 Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks 69
8.4 Water Budgeting at Block Level
S. No Descriptions
Volume
In ha.m In %
A. Water Demand
1 Water for Irrigation10,864.085
2 Water for Livestock316.7 3
3 Water for Human Consumption 786.9 6
4 Water for Industry 750 6
5 Block Wise Water Required 12,717.6100
B. Water Supply
6 Surface Water Sources 5,565.1 42
7 Groundwater Sources 6,849.0 51
8 Net Water Transfer898.0 7
9 Total Supply 13,312.1100
C. Water Budgeting
10 Water Deficit/Surplus (9-5)594.5 4.7
D. Potential for Rainwater Harvesting/GW Augmentation (in ha.m)
11 Available Run-off from Rainwater 46,069.6
12 Harvested Run-off37,971.40
13 Potential Run-off Available for Harvesting/GW Augmentation Nil
E. Potential for Groundwater Development
14 Stage of Groundwater Development (from IN-GRES portal) 72.51
15 Groundwater Development Category (from IN-GRES portal) Semi-Critical Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks 70
8.4.1 Annotations
(i) The Vijaypur block Sheopur District belongs to the south-west parts of
Madhya Pradesh states and is dominated by forest landscapes more than
fifty percent (51%).
(ii) Although, Vijaypur block area is forest-dominated, but it receives far less
national average rainfall (799 mm).
(iii) The Vijaypur block has 12,717.6 ha.m of water requirements for all pur-
poses, out of this 85% is for irrigation only.
(iv) The block has 13,312.1 ha.m (42% surface water + 51% Groundwater + 7%
outside the block) of supply from all sources.
(v) The block is water surplus by 4.7% (594.5 ha.m).
8.4.2 Recommendations
(i) Given the region’s predominance of forest cover, greater attention should
be paid to treat watershed regions to maximise surface water collection
and Groundwater augmentation for local requirements.
(ii) The block can harvest 82% (37,971.40 ha.m) of the available run-off
(46,069.6 ha.m), however, the block is hardly using 14.7% of the available
surface water, hence it is important to optimise efficient use of surface
water sources to fulfil local water demands.
(iii) Secondly, it is important to focus more on identifying opportunities to
improve water use efficiency in terms of surface water application for
various purposes. Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks 71
(iv) The block areas are highly dependent on Groundwater extraction (51%),
hence it is important to leverage surface water sources efficiently to
cater to local water needs, coupled with minimising dependence on
Groundwater sources, as the Stage of Groundwater development is in
semi-critical category (72.51 %).
8.4.3 Takeaways for Rural Drinking Water Supply
(i) The JJM coverage is 58.58% as of March 2025.
(ii) Of the 322 PWS schemes in the block, 306 (95%) are SVS and 16 (5%)
are MVS. Hence, the block is mainly dependent on Groundwater for rural
drinking water supply.
(iii) Surface water is required to meet the current and future drinking water
demands.
(iv) Measures to be taken to protect the Groundwater quality and GW aug-
mentation. Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks 72
9. Chhaigaon Makhan Block, Khandwa (East Nimar)
District, Madhya Pradesh
9.1 Introduction
State DistrictBlock
Number of
villages
Number of
Urban centres
Madhya Pradesh Khandwa (East Nimar) Chhaigaon Makhan 87 0
9.2 Demand Side Management
9.2.1 Water Requirements for Human Consumption
#
Total PopulationPopulation
Growth
Water De-
mand (lpcd)
Annual Water
Requirements (ha.m)Female Male Total
Rural67.917 72,299 1,40,2161,75,270 55422
Urban
0 0 0 0 135 0.0
Total67,917 72,299 1,40,2161,75,270422
9.2.2 Water Requirements for Livestock Consumption
S. NoType of Animal Number of Animals Water Req. (ha.m)
1 Cow/Cattle60,974149.1
2 Buffaloes18,77145.9
3 Goat28,8457.4
4 Pigs450.04
5 Horses190.03
6 Sheep90.002
7 Camels00
8 Poultry00
Total1,08,663202.5 Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks 73
9.2.3 Irrigation Water Requirement
Irrigated Area (in ha)Water required per hectare (ha.m)Irrigation Water Requirement (ha.m)
123 = (1*2)
26,467.60.513,233.8
9.2.4 Industrial Water Requirement
There are no industries in the block.
9.3 Supply Side Management
9.3.1 Information on Land Use
As per census 2011, the Chhaigaon Makhan block has 62,616.1 hectares areas for differ-
ent uses.
S. NoClassification
Area
In ha In %
1 Area Irrigated by Source 22,621.9 36
2 Total Unirrigated Land Area21,807.0 35
3 Area under Non-Agricultural Uses (Rural +Urban) 4,581.0 7
4 Permanent Pastures and Other Grazing Land Area 3,111.0 5
5 Culturable Waste Land Area2,921.0 5
6 Fallows Land other than Current Fallows Area 2,838.5 5
7 Current Fallows Area 2,340.3 4
8 Barren & Un-cultivable Land Area 1,128.3 2
9 Forest Area 1,126.7 1.8
10 Land Under Miscellaneous Tree Crops etc. Area 140.4 0.2
Total62,616.1 100 Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks 74
9.3.2 Surface Water Bodies
The Chhaigaon Makhan block is part of the Western Plateau and Hills Region of India.
S. No.Names of Structures
Number of
Structures
Storage Capacity
In ha.m In %
1 Other22,728.2 84
2 Reservoir2259.58
3 Lakes8193.36
4 Ponds2647.71
5 Tanks/WCS117.60.9
6 Water harvesting Structure 20.20.01
Total51.003,236.5 100
9.3.3 Surface Water Supply
S. NoTypeArea Irrigated (ha)
Water Supply
In ha.m In %
1 Canals Area 1,215.5711.1 50
2 Other Source 962.7563.2 40
3 Tanks/Lakes Area 217.8127.4 9
4 Waterfall Area 28.316.6 1
Total
2,424.31,418.2
100
9.3.4 Groundwater Supply
Annual Groundwater
Extractable (ha.m)
Annual Groundwater
Extraction (ha.m)
Stage of Ground-
water Extraction
Groundwater
Extraction Category
12,44510,44183.90 %Semi-Critical
9.3.5 Water Transfer
Water Use Inward Transfer
(ha.m)
Outward Transfer
(ha.m)
Net Transfer
(Inwards-Outwards) ha.m
Agriculture 563.20563.2
Domestic 42.13042.13
Industry 000
Total 605.330605.33
9.3.6 Amount of Run-off
The Chhaigaon Makhan block belongs to the Western Plateau and Hills Region of India
and the block geography is undulating and under non-cultivation uses. The block has
an average of 950 mm rainfall, and it has the potential for harvesting 11,410.5 ha.m run-
off annually.
Types of Run-offs Area (ha)
Run-off
(cu.m per ha)
Run-off
In ha.m In %
Good Catchment Area 6,836.0 3,154.252,156.2 19
Average Catchment Area 6,172.4 2,358.751,455.9 13
Poor Catchment Area 49,607.7 1,5727,798.3 68
Total62,616.111,410.5 100 Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks 75
9.4 Water Budgeting at Block Level
S. NoDescriptions
Volume
In ha.m In %
A. Water Demand
1 Water for Irrigation 13,233.8 96
2 Water for Livestock202.5 1
3 Water for Human Consumption422.2 3
4 Water for Industry 00
5 Block Wise Water Required 13,858.5 100
B. Water Supply
6 Surface Water Sources 855.0 7
7 Groundwater Sources 10,441.0 88
8 Net Water Transfer605.3 5
9 Total Supply 11,901.3 100
C. Water Budgeting
10 Water Deficit/Surplus -1,957.1 14
D. Potential for Rainwater Harvesting/GW Augmentation (in ha.m)
11Available Run-off from Rainwater 11,410.5
12Harvested Run-off 3,236.5
13Potential Runoff Available for Harvesting/GW Augmentation 5,321.4
E. Potential for Groundwater Development
14 Stage of Groundwater Development (from IN-GRES portal) 83.90 %
15Groundwater Development Category (from IN-GRES portal) Semi-Critical Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks 76
9.4.1 Annotations
(i) The Chhaigon Makan, located in the Khandwa (East Nimar) District, is
situated in the southwestern region of Madhya Pradesh and is mostly
characterised by arable land, covering over seventy percent of the area.
(ii) 96% of local water demands are allocated for irrigation. Secondly, 88%
of the block’s total water requirements are met by Groundwater sources,
since the stage of Groundwater development is classified as semi-critical
(83.90%).
(iii) Although the block is primarily dependent on Groundwater sources, but
a significant contribution is on water supply from water sources outside
(5%) of the block areas.
(iv) The block is water deficit by 14% (1,957 ha.m)
(v) The Chhaigon Makan block has 13,858.5 ha.m water requirements for all
purposes, out of this 96% is for irrigation only.
(vi) The block has 11,901.3 ha.m (7% surface water + 88% Groundwater + 5%
outside the block) of supply from all sources. Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks 77
9.4.2 Recommendations
(i) As the available run-off (11,410.5 ha.m) of the block is significantly high
in comparison of available harvesting (3,236.5 ha.m) capacities of the
block, hence, it is important to intensify and enhance surface water stor-
age capacities in the block.
(ii) The block has enhanced the surface water harvested capacities over
years, yet not able to optimally use the available surface water sourc-
es (only 26.4% is being utilised), therefore, it is critical to enhance the
surface water storage capacities coupled with optimal use of available
surface water volume.
9.4.3 Takeaways for Rural Drinking Water supply
(i) The JJM coverage is 87.51% as on March 2025.
(ii) Of the 136 PWS schemes in the block, 130 (96%) are SVS and 6 (4%) are
MVS. Hence, the block is majorly dependent on Groundwater for rural
drinking water supply.
(iii) Surface water is required to meet the current and future drinking water
demands.
(iv) Measures to be taken to protect the Groundwater quality and GW aug-
mentation. Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks 78
10. Kotri Block, Bhilwara District, Rajasthan
10.1 Introduction
State District Block Number of villages Number of Urban centres
Rajasthan Bhilwara Kotri 1790
10.2 Demand Side Management
10.2.1 Water Requirements for Human Consumption
#
Total Population Population
Growth
Water
demand (lpcd)
Annual Water
Requirements (ha.m)Female Male Total
Rural85,800 88,901 1,74,0112,17,514 55524
Urban0 0 0 0 1500.0
Total85,800 88,901 1,74,0112,17,514524
10.2.2 Water Requirement for Livestock Consumption
S. NoType of AnimalNumber of Animals Water Req. (ha.m)
1 Cow/Cattles67,009163.9
2 Buffaloes45,589111.5
3 Goat82,37621
4 Sheep39,52210.1
5 Pigs1,3721.1
6 Horses00
7 Camels00
8 Poultry00
Total2,35,868307.6 Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks 79
10.2.3 Irrigation Water Requirement
Irrigated Area (in ha)Water Required per Hectare (ha.m) Irrigation Water Requirement (ha.m)
123 = (1*2)
15,251.60.57,625.9
10.2.4 Industrial Water Requirement
There are no industries in the block.
10.3 Supply Side Management
10.3.1 Information on Land Use
As per census 2011, the Kotri block has 92,644.8 hectares for various purposes.
S. NoClassification
Area
In ha In %
1 Total Unirrigated Land Area22,500.7 24
2 Area Irrigated by Source 13,035.6 14
3 Barren & Un-cultivable Land Area 12,359.5 13
4 Culturable Waste Land Area11,778.5 13
5 Permanent Pastures and Other Grazing Land Area 11,763.0 13
6 Area under Non-Agricultural Uses (Rural +Urban) 7,732.5 8
7 Fallows Land other than Current Fallows Area 6,315.5 7
8 Current Fallows Area 4,425.8 5
9 Forest Area 2,640.5 2.5
10 Land Under Miscellaneous Tree Crops etc. Area 93.20.5
Total92,644.8 100
10.3.2 Surface Water Bodies
The number of surface water bodies is mostly less in the plateau and arid & semi-arid
regions, but the water spread areas are high, in comparison to the Gangetic plains. The
plateau and arid & semi-arid regions have larger areas under good & average catch- Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks 80
ment which is helpful for the surface run-off generated during the monsoon period to
store in surface waterbodies. The block is part of the Central Plateau and Hills Region
of India.
S. No.Names of Structures Number of Structures
Storage Capacity
In ha.m In %
1 Reservoir495,702.4 55
2 Lakes1122,440.0 24
3 Other11,723.9 17
4 Ponds160418.8 4
5 Tanks/WCS6141.6 0.4
6 Water harvesting Structure 171.60.02
Total400.0010,328.30 100
10.3.3 Surface Water Supply
S. NoTypeArea Irrigated (ha)
Water Supply
In ha.m In %
1 Canals Area 828484.474
2 Other Source (Water from outside)216.8126.819
3 Tanks/Lakes Area 56.733.25
4 Waterfall Area 169.41
Total1,117.5653.7100
10.3.4 Groundwater Supply
Annual Groundwater
Extractable (ha.m)
Annual Groundwater
Extraction (ha.m)
Stage of Ground-
water Extraction
Groundwater
Extraction Category
4,4985,960132.50 % Over Exploited
10.3.5 Water Transfer
S. NoWater Use Inward Transfer
(ha.m)
Outward Transfer
(ha.m)
Net Transfer
(Inwards-Outwards)
ha.m
1 Agriculture 126.80126.8
2 Domestic 44.16044.16
3 Industry 000
Total170.960170.96
10.3.6 Amount of Run-off
The Kotri block belongs to the Central Plateau and Hills Region of India and the land
use pattern data reveals that major parts of the block geography are undulating and
for non-cultivation purposes. The block has an average of 753 mm rainfall and has a
potential of harvesting 12,522.8 ha.m run-off annually.
Types of Run-offs Area (ha)
Run-off
(cu.m per ha)
Run-off
In ha.mIn %
Good Catchment Area 22,732.5 1,972.5 4,484.036
Average Catchment Area 23,634.7 1,477.5 3,492.028
Poor Catchment Area 46,277.6 982.54,546.836
Total 92,644.812,522.8100 Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks 81
10.4 Water Budgeting at Block Level
S. NoDescription
Volume
In ha.m In %
A. Water Demand
1 Water for Irrigation 7,625.8 90
2 Water for Livestock307.6 4
3 Water for Human Consumption524.0 6
4 Water for Industry00
5 Block Wise Water Required8,457.4 100
B. Water Supply
6 Local Surface Water Sources 526.9 7
7 Groundwater Sources 5,960.0 90
8 Net Water Transfer171.0 3
9 Total Supply6,657.9 100
C. Water Budgeting
10 Water Deficit/Surplus -1,799.5 21
D. Potential for Rainwater Harvesting/GW Augmentation (in ha.m)
11Available Run-off from Rainwater 12,522.8
12 Harvested Run-off 10,328.30
E. Potential for Groundwater Development
13 Potential Runoff Available for Harvesting/GW Augmentation Nil
14 Stage of Groundwater Development (from IN-GRES portal) 132.50
15 Groundwater Development Category (from IN-GRES portal) Over Exploited Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks 82
10.4.1 Annotations
(i) The Kotri block, Bhilwara district belongs to the central parts of Rajas-
than and is dominated by arable areas (more than 60%).
(ii) The Banas River passes through the block area and carries water from
larger catchment areas.
(iii) The Bhilwara district being of the major Groundwater over exploited dis-
trict, the block area is also over exploited (132.50 %).
(iv) The Kotri block has 8,457.4 ha.m water requirements for all purposes
out of this 90% for irrigation needs only. Secondly, 90% of the total water
needs of the block are served by Groundwater sources.
(v) The block also has some small & medium irrigation projects catering to
irrigation water needs up to 7%.
(vi) As the available run-off (12,522.8 ha.m) of the block is significantly high
and block did excellent efforts for creating surface storage capacities to
cater to available run-off up to 82.5 % (10,328.30 ha.m).
(vii) The block is water deficit by 21% (1,779.5 ha.m).
10.4.2 Recommendations
(i) The block area is highly dependent on Groundwater; hence it is import-
ant to enhance surface water availability and focus on improving water
productivity.
(ii) The block has enhanced the surface water harvested capacities over the
years, yet not able to optimally use the available surface water sources
(only 5% is being utilised), therefore, it is critical to optimally utilise sur-
face water storage capacities. Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks 83
10.4.3 Takeaways for Rural Drinking Water Supply
(i) The JJM coverage is 97.65% as on March 2025.
(ii) Of the 30 PWS schemes in the block, 25 (83%) are SVS and 5 (17%) are
MVS. Hence, the block is mainly dependent on Groundwater for rural
drinking water supply.
(iii) Surface water is required to meet the current and future drinking water
demands.
(iv) Measures to be taken to protect the Groundwater quality and GW aug-
mentation. Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks 84
11. Abu Road Block, Sirohi District, Rajasthan
11.1 Introduction
State District Block Number of villages Number of Urban centres
Rajasthan Sirohi Abu Road 872
11.2 Demand Side Management
11.2.1 Water Requirements for Human Consumption
#
Total Population Population
Growth
Water
Demand (lpcd)
Annual Water
Requirements (ha.m)Female Male Total
Rural66,765 69,911 1,36,6761,70,845 55411.6
Urban40,870 46,858 87,728 1,09,660 150720.5
Total1,07,6351,16,7692,24,4042,80,5051,132.0
11.2.2 Water Requirement for Livestock Consumption
S. NoType of AnimalNumber of Animals Water Req. (ha.m)
1 Cow/Cattle61,614150.7
2 Buffaloes25,58462.6
3 Goat1,38,73435.4
4 Sheep29,790.8
5 Pigs610.05
6 Horses00
7 Camels00
8 Poultry 00
Total2,25,993249.55 Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks 85
11.2.3 Irrigation Water Requirement
Irrigated Area (in ha)Water Required per Hectare (ha.m)Irrigation Water Requirement (ha.m)
112 = (1*2)
8,070.90.54,035.4
11.2.4 Industrial Water Requirement
The block has reported that there are no industries.
11.3 Supply Side Management
11.3.1 Information on Land Use
As per census 2011, the Abu Road block has 89,352.9 hectares areas under different
uses.
S. NoClassification
Area
In ha In %
1 Forest Area 56,938.2 64
2 Area under Non-Agricultural Uses (Rural +Urban)8,520.2 10
3 Total Unirrigated Land Area7,585.7 8
4 Area Irrigated by Source 6,898.2 8
5 Barren & Un-cultivable Land Area 5,439.1 6
6 Permanent Pastures and Other Grazing Land Area1,320.0 1
7 Fallows Land other than Current Fallows Area 1,241.7 1
8 Current Fallows Area 906.1 1
9 Culturable Waste Land Area475.7 0.9
10 Land Under Miscellaneous Tree Crops etc. Area280.1
Total89,352.9 100 Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks 86
11.3.2 Surface Water Bodies
The block is part of the Central Plateau and Hills Region of Rajasthan.
S. No.Names of Structures
Number of
Structures
Storage Capacity
In ha.m In %
1 Reservoir91,420.7 79
2 Lakes11264.5 15
3 Ponds43104.7 6
4 Tanks/WCS2615.61
5 Water harvesting Structure 40.50.001
6 Other000
Total93.00 1,806 100
11.3.3 Surface Water Supply
S. NoTypeArea Irrigated (ha)
Local Surface Water Sources
In ha.mIn %
1Canals Area 271.3158.7192
2 Tanks/Lakes Area 23.713.868
3 Waterfall Area 0.000
4 Other Source 0.000
Total 295.0172.58100
11.3.4 Groundwater Supply
Annual Groundwater
Extractable (ha.m)
Annual Groundwater
Extraction (ha.m)
Stage of Ground-
water Extraction
Groundwater
Extraction Category
2,6533,024113.98 % Over Exploited
11.3.5 Water Transfer
S. No Water Use Inward Transfer
(ha.m)
Outward Trans-
fer (ha.m)
Net Transfer
(Inwards-Outwards) (ha.m)
1 Domestic 20.7020.7
2 Agriculture 000
3 Industry 000
Total 20.7020.7
11.3.6 Amount of Run-off
The Abu Road block belongs to the Central Plateau and Hills Region and the land use
pattern data reveals that major parts of the block geography are undulating and used
for non-cultivation purpose. The block has an average of 769 mm rainfall, and it has
the potential of 15,888 ha.m rainwater for harvesting and Groundwater augmentation.
Types of Run-OffArea (ha)
Run-off
(cum per ha)
Run-off
In ha.m In %
Good Catchment Area 70,897.5 1,972.5 13,984.5 88
Average Catchment Area 1,823.7 1,477.5 269.5 2
Poor Catchment Area 16,631.7 982.51634.1 10
Total89,352.915,888.0 100% Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks 87
11.4 Water Budgeting at Block Level
S. NoDescription
Volume
In ha.m In %
A.    Water Demand
1 Water for Irrigation4,035.4 74
2 Water for Animal 249.5 5
3 Water for Human Consumption 1,132.0 21
4 Water for Industry 0 0
5 Block Wise Water Required 5,417.0 100
B.    Water Supply
6 Supply from Local Surface Water Sources 172.6 5
7 Supply from Groundwater Sources 3,024.0 94
8 Net Water Transfer20.7 1
9 Total Supply 3,217.3 100
C.    Water Budgeting
10 Water Deficit/Surplus -2,199.7 41
D. Potential for Rainwater Harvesting/GW Augmentation
11Available Run-off from Rainwater 15,888.0
12 Harvested Run-off 1,806.00
13 Potential Run-off Available for Harvesting/GW Augmentation 11,916.0
E. Potential for Groundwater Development
14 Stage of Groundwater Development (from IN-GRES portal) 113.98
15 Groundwater Development Category (from IN-GRES portal) Over Exploited Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks 88
11.4.1 Annotations
(i) The Abu Road block, Sirohi district belongs to the southern part of Ra-
jasthan and shares a boarder with north Gujarat.
(ii) The major parts of the block area are covered by hills and undulating
terrains, which is also reflected in the land use pattern of the block and
almost two-thirds part (64%) of the block is notified as forest land. And
hardly, 16% areas are arable.
(iii) The West Banas River passes through the block area and carries water
from larger catchment areas.
(iv) The Abu Road block area is over-exploited (113.98 %), as the block has
two major urban settlements, hence, water demands for human con-
sumption is considerably high.
(v) The block has 5,417. ha.m water requirements for all purposes out of this
74 % for irrigation needs only. Secondly, more than ninety percent (94%)
of the total water needs of the block is served by Groundwater sources.
(vi) The block also has some small & medium irrigation projects catering to
irrigation water needs up to 5%.
(vii) The block is water deficit by 41% (2,199.7 ha.m)
11.4.2 Recommendations
(i) The block area is highly dependent on Groundwater; hence, it is import-
ant to enhance surface water availability and focus on improving water
productivity. Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks 89
(ii) As the available run-off (15,888.ha.m) of the block is significantly high
and it has huge potential to increase surface water harvesting capacities,
as currently, the surface water bodies are hardly harvesting 11.4 % of the
available run-off (1,806 ha.m).
(iii) The block must enhance the efficient use of available surface water stor-
age because currently it is using less than 10 percent (9.6%), therefore, it
is critical to optimally utilise surface water storage capacities.
11.4.3 Takeaways for Rural Drinking Water Supply
(i) JJM coverage is 46.03% as of March 2025.
(ii) Of the 137 PWS schemes in the block, 132 (96%) are SVS and 5 (4%) are
MVS. Hence, the block is majorly dependent on Groundwater for the ru-
ral drinking water supply.
(iii) Surface water is required to meet the current and future drinking water
demands.
(iv) Measures to be taken to protect the Groundwater quality and GW aug-
mentation. Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks 90 Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks 91
12. Bhim Block, Rajsamand district, Rajasthan
12.1 Introduction
State District Block Number of villages Number of Urban centres
Rajasthan Rajsamand Bhim 1210
12.2 Demand Side Management
12.2.1 Water Requirements for Human Consumption
#
Total PopulationPopulation
Growth
Water
Demand (lpcd)
Annual Water
Requirements (ha.m)Female Male Total
Rural78,965 80,490 1,59,4551,99,319 55480.2
Urban0 0 0 0 1500.0
Total78,965 80,490 1,59,4551,99,319480.2
12.2.2 Water Requirements for Livestock Consumption
S. NoType of AnimalNumber of Animals Water Req. (ha.m)
1 Cow/Cattle27,72267.8
2 Buffaloes21,31152.1
3 Goat1,41,88636.3
4 Sheep22,6665.8
5 Pigs1850.1
6 Horses00
7 Camels00
8 Poultry 00
Total2,13,770162.1 Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks 92
12.2.3 Irrigation Water Requirement
Irrigated Area (in ha)Water Required Per Hectare (ha.m)Irrigation Water Requirement (ha.m)
123 = (1*2)
5,351.50.52,675.7
12.2.4 Industrial Water Requirement
Type of Industry Number of Industrial Units Annual Water Demand (ha.m)
Furniture & Fittings 111.57
12.3 Supply Side Management
12.3.1 Information on Land Use
As per census 2011, the Bhim block has 67,338.6 hectares areas for various purposes.
S. NoClassification
Area
In ha.m In %
1 Barren & Un-cultivable Land Area 17,508.2 26
2 Forest Area 14,824.3 22
3 Permanent Pastures and Other Grazing Land Area 8,488.2 13
4 Area under Non-Agricultural Uses (Rural +Urban) 6,685.9 10
5 Culturable Waste Land Area5,885.8 9
6 Area Irrigated by Source 4,573.9 7
7 Total Unirrigated Land Area4,565.9 7
8 Fallows Land other than Current Fallows Area 3,946.2 6
9 Current Fallows Area 844.2 1
10 Land Under Miscellaneous Tree Crops etc. Area 160.02
Total67,338.6 100 Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks 93
12.3.2 Surface Water Bodies
The block is part of is part of the Central Plateau and Hills Region of India.
S. No.Names of Structures Number of Structures
Storage Capacity
In ha.mIn %
1 Reservoir181,795.352
2 Lakes591,507.944
3 Ponds56133.84
4 Tanks/WCS1611.10.3
5 Water harvesting Structure 100.90.03
6 Other000
Total1593,449100
12.3.3 Surface Water Supply
S. NoTypeArea Irrigated (ha)
Water Supply
In ha.m In %
1 Canals Area 828484.474
2 Other Source (Water from
outside)
216.8126.8 19
3 Tanks/Lakes Area 56.733.25
4 Waterfall Area 169.41
Total1,117.5653.7 100
12.3.4 Groundwater Supply
Annual Groundwater
Extractable (ha.m)
Annual Groundwater
Extraction (ha.m)
Stage of Ground-
water Extraction
Groundwater
Extraction Category
9691,407145.24 % Over Exploited
12.3.5 Water Transfer
The block has reported that there are no inward or outward water transfers.
12.3.6 Amount of Run-off
The Bhim block belongs to the Central Plateau and Hills Region of India and the land
use pattern data reveals that major parts of the block geography are undulating and
under non-cultivation purposes. The block has an average of 568 mm rainfall and the
potential for harvesting run-off annually is 5,392.5 ha.m.
Types of Run-offsArea (ha)
Run-off
(cu.m per ha)
run-off
In ha.m
In %
Good Catchment Area
39,018.4 951.53,712.6
69
Average Catchment Area
14,390 709.51,021.0
19
Poor Catchment Area
13,930.2 473658.9
12
Total
67,338.65,392.5 100 Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks 94
12.4 Water Budgeting at Block Level
S. NoDescription
Volume
In ha.m In %
A. Water Demand
1 Water for Irrigation 2,675.7
80
2 Water for Livestock 162.1 5
3 Water for Human Consumption 480.2 14.5
4 Water for Industry 11.57 0.5
5 Block Wise Water Required 3,329.6 100
B. Water Supply
6 Supply from Local Surface Water Sources2,019.8 59
7 Supply from Groundwater Sources 1,407.0 41
8 Net Water Transfer0.0 0
9 Total Supply3,426.8 100
C. Water Budgeting
10 Water Deficit/Surplus 97.2 3
D. Potential for Rainwater Harvesting/GW Augmentation
11Available Run-off from Rainwater 5,392.5
12 harvested Run-off 3,449.00
13 Potential Run-off Available for Harvesting/GW Augmentation 595.4
E. Potential for Groundwater Development
14 Stage of Groundwater Development (from IN-GRES portal) 145.24
15 Groundwater Development Category (from IN-GRES portal) Over Exploited Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks 95
12.4.1 Annotations
(i) The Bhim block, Rajsamand district belongs to the central part of Rajas-
than and is dominated by forest (22%) & Barren and Un-cultivable Land
Area landscape (26%).
(ii) The Bhim block has 3,329.6 ha.m water requirements for all purposes,
out of this 80 % from irrigation needs. Secondly, 59% of the total water
needs of the block is served by Local Surface Water Sources.
(iii) As the available run-off (5,392.5 ha.m) of the block is significantly high
and block did excellent efforts for creating surface storage capacities to
cater to available run-off up to 64% (3,449 ha.m).
(iv) The block is water surplus by 3% (97.2 ha.m).
(v) The block still has availability of 595 ha.m potential runoff for harvesting/
GW augmentation.
12.4.2 Recommendations
(i) The block has enhanced the surface water harvested capacities over the
years and optimally utilised the available surface water sources up to 59%,
and there is scope to utilise surface water storage capacities of the block.
(ii) It is important to optimise the efficient use of surface water sources to
fulfil local water demands.
(iii) It is important to focus more on identifying opportunities to improve water
use efficiency in terms of surface water application for various purposes,
as the Stage of Groundwater development is in Over Exploited (145.24 %) Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks 96
12.4.3 Takeaways for Rural Drinking Water supply
(i) The JJM coverage is 34.91%.
(ii) Of the 76 PWS schemes in the block, 69 (91%) are SVS and 7 (9%) are
MVS. Hence, the block is mainly dependent on Groundwater for rural
drinking water supply.
(iii) Surface water is required to meet the current and future drinking water
demands.
(iv) Measures to be taken to protect the Groundwater quality and GW aug-
mentation. Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks 97
13. Namchi Block, Namchi District, Sikkim
13.1 Introduction
State District Block Number of villages Number of Urban centres
Sikkim Namchi Namchi 281
13.2 Demand Side Management
13.2.1 Water Requirements for Human Consumption
#
Total PopulationPopulation
Growth
Water
Demand (lpcd)
Annual Water Require-
ments (ha.m)Female Male Total
Rural28,392 28,392 56,784 70,980 55171.0
Urban6,097 6,097 12,194 15,243 150100.1
Total34,489 34,489 68,978 86,223271.1
13.2.2 Water Requirements for Livestock
S. NoType of AnimalNumber of Animals Water Req. (ha.m)
1 Cow/Cattle21,87453.5
2 Pigs4,8633.9
3 Goat13,9243.6
4 Buffaloes870.2
5 Sheep1140.03
6 Horses00
7 Camels00
8 Poultry00
Total40,86261.23 Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks 98
13.2.3 Irrigation Water Requirement
Irrigated Area (in ha)Water Required Per Hectare (ha.m) Irrigation Water Requirement (ha.m)
123 = (1*2)
12,378.30.56,189.1
13.2.4 Industrial Water Requirement
There are no industries in this block
13.3 Supply Side Management
13.3.1 Information on Land Use
As per census 2011, the Namchi block has 24,090.9 hectares area for different uses.
S. NoClassification
Area
In haIn %
1 Forest Area 10,927.8 45
2 Area Irrigated by Source 10,579.7 44
3 Barren & Un-cultivable Land Area 857.34
4 Area under Non-Agricultural Uses (Rural +Urban) 7143
5 Total Unirrigated Land Area650.23
6 Land Under Miscellaneous Tree Crops etc. Area 350.81.5
7 Culturable Waste Land Area11.10.5
8 Permanent Pastures and Other Grazing Land Area 00
9 Fallows Land other than Current Fallows Area 00
10 Current Fallows Area 00
Total24,090.9 100 Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks 99
13.3.2 Surface Water Bodies
S. No.Names of Structures Number of structures
Storage Capacity
In ha.mIn %
1 Lakes18410.770
2 Reservoir2122.521
3 Ponds1747.48
4 Tanks/WCS53.81.95
5 Water harvesting Structure40.30.005
6 Other000
Total46584.7100
13.3.3 Surface Water Supply
The Namchi block has very limited scope for Groundwater extraction. So that, water
requirements could be fulfilled through alternative sources of surface irrigation like
water bodies and springs. The Namchi block is endowed with springs within the block.
The 100% irrigation areas of the block are dependent on surface water sources through
utilisation of springs.
TypeArea Irrigated (ha)Water Supply in ha.m
Canals Area
650.2380.4
Tanks/Lakes Area
0.00.0
Waterfall Area
0.00.0
Other Source (Water from outside)
0.00.0
Total650.2380.4
13.3.4 Groundwater Supply
Annual Groundwater
Extractable (ha.m)
Annual Groundwater
Extraction (ha.m)
Stage of Groundwa-
ter Extraction
Groundwater
Extraction Category
486367.42 %Safe
13.3.5 Water Transfer
There is no water transfer (both inwards and outwards) for this block.
13.3.6 Amount of Run-off
The Namchi block belongs to the Eastern Himalayan region of India and the land use
pattern data reveals that major parts of the block geography are undulating and under
non-cultivation uses. The block has an average of 2,203 mm rainfall and has potential
for harvesting 16,546.9 ha.m run-off annually.
Types of Run-offsArea (ha)
Run-off
(cu.m per ha)
Run-off
In ha.m In %
Good Catchment Area 12,499.1 9,00011,249.2
68
Average Catchment Area 361.96,750244.3
1
Poor Catchment Area 11,229.9 4,5005,053.5
31
Total 24,090.916,546.9 100 Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks 100
13.4 Water Budgeting at Block Level
S. No Description
Volume
In ha.m In %
A. Water Demand
1 Water for Irrigation 6,189.1 95
2 Water for Livestock 61.2 1
3 Water for Human Consumption 271.1 4
4 Water for Industry 0 0
5 Block Wise Water Required 6,521.5 100
B. Water Supply
6 Surface Water Sources 380.4 91
7 Groundwater Sources 36.1 9
8 Net Water Transfer0.0 0
9 Total Supply 416.5 100
C. Water Budgeting
10 Water Deficit/Surplus -6,105.0 94
D. Potential for Rainwater Harvesting/GW Augmentation (in ha.m)
11 Available Run-off from Rainwater 16,546.9
12 Harvested Run-off 584.70
13 Potential Runoff Available for Harvesting/GW Augmentation 11,825.5
E. Potential for Groundwater Development
14 Stage of Groundwater Development (from IN-GRES portal) 7.42
15 Groundwater Development Category (from IN-GRES portal) Safe Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks 101
13.4.1 Annotations
(i) The Namchi block, being part of the Lower Himalayan region, the land
use pattern is unique, dominated by forest landscape (45%) as evident
from the table above.
(ii) As the block belongs to the lower Himalayan region, it is highly depen-
dent on spring water for diverse water needs and the same is reflected
in the land use pattern, which shows a high proportion of irrigated areas
which are mostly catered by spring waters.
(iii) In the case of the lower Himalayan region, water from springs plays an
important role to cater to local water needs, however it is difficult to
reflect in the water budgeting process, due to the limitation of required
datasets.
(iv) The Namchi block is well-known for spring-shed (Dhara Vikas) manage-
ment, which clearly reveals the priorities of the region in terms of ensur-
ing water security.
(v) The lower Himalayan region is also known for the reliance on spring wa-
ter however due to inadequate availability of datasets pertaining to gla-
cier water, it is difficult to incorporate into the water budgeting process.
(vi) The Namchi block has 6,521.5 ha.m water requirements for all purposes,
out of this 95% is for irrigation only. Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks 102
(vii) The block has 416.5 ha.m (92% surface water + 8% Groundwater + 0%
outside the block) of supply from all sources.
(viii) The block is water deficit by 94% (6,105.0 ha.m).
(ix) The Stage of Groundwater development is in the safe category (7.42 %).
(x) The block still has availability of 11,825.5 ha.m potential run-off for har-
vesting/GW augmentation.
13.4.2 Recommendations
(i) The geomorphology of the block shows that it is dependent on uncon-
fined aquafer, so it becomes important to protect these subsurface wa-
ter sources from contamination.
13.4.3 Takeaways for Rural Drinking Water Supply
(i) The JJM coverage is 89.9% as of March 2025.
(ii) Of the 144 PWS schemes in the block, 142 (99%) are SVS and 2 (1%) are
MVS. Hence, the block is majorly dependent on Groundwater for rural
drinking water supply.
(iii) Sub-Surface water (Springs) is required to meet the current and future
drinking water demands.
(iv) Measures to be taken to protect the spring water quality. Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks 103
14. Andimadam Block, Ariyalur District, Tamil Nadu
14.1 Introduction
State District Block Number of Villages Number of Urban Centres
Tamil Nadu Ariyalur Andimadam 372
14.2 Demand Side Management
14.2.1 Water Requirements for Human Consumption
#
Total Population Population
Growth
Water
Demand (lpcd)
Annual Water
Requirements (ha.m)
Female Male Total
Rural87,954 87,238 1,75,1922,18,990 55527.5
Urban21,395 20,809 42,204 52,755 150346.6
Total1,09,3491,08,0472,17,3962,71,745874.1
14.2.2 Water Requirements for Livestock Consumption
S. NoType of AnimalNumber of Animals Water Req. (ha.m)
1 Cow/Cattle20,76350.8
2 Goat27,1356.9
3 Buffaloes6811.7
4 Sheep3,0490.8
5 Pigs2820.2
6 Horses00
7 Camels00
8 Poultry00
Total51,91060.4 Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks 104
14.2.3 Irrigation Water Requirement
Irrigated Area (in ha)Water Required Per Hectare (ha.m)Irrigation Water Requirement (ha.m)
123 = (1*2)
7,171.050.53,585.5
14.2.4 Industrial Water Requirement
There are no industries in the block.
14.3 Supply Side Management
14.3.1 Information on Land Use
As per census 2011, the Andimadam block has 42,853.1 hectares area for various uses.
S. NoClassification
Area
In ha In %
1 Total Unirrigated Land Area22,139.0 52
2 Land Under Miscellaneous Tree Crops etc. Area6,425.6 15
3 Area Irrigated by Source 6,129.1 14
4 Area under Non-Agricultural Uses (Rural +Urban) 4,700.6 11
5 Current Fallows Area 2,068.4 5
6 Barren & Un-cultivable Land Area 601.4 1
7 Culturable Waste Land Area406.1 1
8 Forest Area 260.6 1
9 Fallows Land other than Current Fallows Area 91.2 0.21
10 Permanent Pastures and Other Grazing Land Area 31.1 0.07
Total42,853.1 100 Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks 105
14.3.2 Surface Water Bodies
S. No. Names of Structures
Number of struc-
tures
Storage Capacity
In ha.m In %
1 Reservoir4388.9 51
2 Lakes15229.2 30
3 Ponds80115.2 15
4 Tanks/WCS3222.73.6
5 Water harvesting Structure 332.70.4
6 Other000
Total164758.7 100
14.3.3 Surface Water Supply
TypeArea Irrigated (ha)
Water Supply
In ha.m In %
Tanks/Lakes Area 517.1302.5 74
Canals Area 152.989.422
Other Source (Water from outside) 26.915.74
Waterfall Area 000
Total696.9407.7 100
14.3.4 Groundwater Supply
Annual Groundwater
Extractable (ha.m)
Annual Groundwater
extraction (ha.m)
Stage of Ground-
water extraction
Groundwater
extraction category
3,0132,14771.26 %Semi Critical
14.3.5 Water Transfer
Water Use Inward Transfer
(ha.m)
Outward Transfer
(ha.m)
Net Transfer
(Inwards-Outwards) ha.m
Domestic 51.05051.05
Agriculture 15.7015.7
Industry 000
Total 66.75066.75
14.3.6 Amount of Run-off
The Andimadam block belongs to the East Coast Plains and Hills region of India. The
block has an average of 1,078 mm rainfall and has a potential of harvesting 9704.4 ha.m
run-off annually.
Types of Run-offsArea (ha.)
Run-off
(cu.m per ha)
Run-off
In ha.m In %
Good Catchment Area 5,562.6 3,7502,086.0 21
Average Catchment Area 6,862.8 2,8101,928.4 20
Poor Catchment Area 30,427.7 1,8705,690.0 59
Total42,853.19,704.4 100 Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks 106
14.4 Water Budgeting at Block Level
S. No Description
Volume (Ha M)
In ha.m In %
A. Water Demand
1 Water for Irrigation 3,585.5 86
2 Water for Livestock 60.4 1
3 Water for Human Purpose 874.1 13
4 Water for Industry 0 0
5 Block Wise Water Required 4,520.1 100
B. Water Supply
6 Surface Water Sources 392.0 15
7 Groundwater Sources 2,147.0 82
8 Net Water Transfer66.8 3
9 Total Supply 2,605.7 100
C. Water Budgeting
10 Water Deficiency/Surplus -1,914.3 42
D. Potential for Rainwater Harvesting/GW Augmentation (in ha.m)
11 Available Run-off from Rainwater 9,704.4
12 Harvested Run-off 758.70
13 Potential Run-off Available for Harvesting/GW Augmentation 6,519.6
E. Potential for Groundwater Development
14 Stage of Groundwater Development (from IN-GRES portal)71.26
15 Groundwater Development Category (from IN-GRES portal)Semi Critical Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks 107
14.4.1 Annotations
(i) The Andimadam block of Ariyalur District, Tamil Nadu, belongs to the
East Coast Plains and Hilly region of India.
(ii) The block is dominated by arable landscape and almost two-thirds (66%)
of the total geographical area, is under agricultural use.
(iii) The block has 4,520.1 ha.m water requirements for all purposes, out of
this, 86% from irrigation needs only. Secondly, 82% of the total water
needs of the block are served by Groundwater sources. The block has
already reached the semi-critical category (71.26 %).
(iv) The block has two major urban settlements, hence, water demand for
human consumption is considerably high (13%).
(v) The block also has a tank-based irrigation system that caters to irrigation
water needs up to 15%.
(vi) The block is water deficit by 42% (1,914.3 ha.m)
(vii) The available run-off (9,704.4 ha.m) of the block is significantly high, how-
ever block surface storage capacities are very less, and the block is able to
harvest only 7.8% (758.70 ha.m) of available runoff. The block still has avail-
ability of 6,519.6 ha.m potential run-off for harvesting/GW augmentation.
14.4.2 Recommendations
(i) The block area is highly dependent on Groundwater; hence it is import-
ant to enhance surface water availability and focus on improving water
productivity. Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks 108
(ii) Secondly, the block is able to use 52% of the available surface water,
however with enhanced surface water capacities, it would further reduce
dependence on Groundwater, which is important.
(iii) The block is part of the coastal plain and the risk of sea water ingression
can affect the Groundwater quality. Hence, it is necessary to protect the
Groundwater quality.
14.4.3 Takeaways for Rural Drinking Water Supply
(i) JJM coverage is 100% as of March 2025.
(ii) Of the 578 PWS schemes in the block, 576 (99.5%) are SVS and 2 (0.5%)
are MVS. Hence, the block is mainly dependent on Groundwater for rural
drinking water supply
(iii) Surface water is required to meet the future drinking water demands.
(iv) Measures to be taken to protect the Groundwater quality and GW aug-
mentation. Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks 109
15. Narva Block, Narayanpet, Telangana
15.1 Introduction
State District Block Number of villages Number of Urban centres
Telangana Narayanpet Narva 190
15.2 Demand Side Management
15.2.1 Water Requirements for Human Consumption
#
Total PopulationPopulation
Growth
Water
Demand (lpcd)
Annual Water
Requirements (ha.m)Female Male Total
Rural15,001 15,240 30,241 37,801 5591.1
Urban0 0 0 0 1500.0
Total15,001 15,240 30,241 37,80191.1
15.2.2 Water Requirements for Livestock Consumption
S. NoType of AnimalNumber of Animals Water Req. (ha.m)
1 Sheep1,08,16027.6
2 Cow/Cattle5,92114.5
3 Buffaloes2,3675.8
4 Goat5,1561.3
5 Pigs9050.7
6 Poultry17,6940.2
7 Horses00
8 Camels00
Total1,40,20349.9 Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks 110
15.2.3 Irrigation Water Requirement
Irrigated Area (in ha)Water Required Per Hectare (ha.m)Irrigation Water Requirement (ha.m)
123 = (1*2)
2,972.30.51,486.1
15.2.4 Industrial Water Requirement
There are no industries in this block.
15.3 Supply Side Management
15.3.1 Information on Land Use
As per census 2011, the Narva block has 20,316.3 hectares area under different uses.
S. NoClassification
Area
In haIn %
1 Total Unirrigated Land Area9,919.2 49
2 Area Irrigated by Source 2,540.4 13
3 Culturable Waste Land Area1,873.5 9
4 Forest Area 13407
5 Fallows Land other than Current Fallows Area 12346
6 Barren & Un-cultivable Land Area 1,012.3 5
7 Area under Non-Agricultural Uses (Rural +Urban) 899.64
8 Current Fallows Area 779.34
9 Land Under Miscellaneous Tree Crops etc. Area 4332
10 Permanent Pastures and Other Grazing Land Area 2851
Total20,316.3 100 Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks 111
15.3.2 Surface Water Bodies
S. No.Names of Structures
Number of Struc-
tures
Storage Capacity
In ha.m In %
1 Other319,860.0 85.0
2 Reservoir222949.9 12.6
3 Lakes20472.5 2.0
4 Ponds5558.4 0.2
5 Tanks/WCS3822.7 0.1
6 Water Harvesting Structure9080.0
Total228.00 23,371.5
100
15.3.3 Surface Water Supply
S. NoTypeArea Irrigated (ha)
Water Supply
In ha.m In %
1 Tanks/Lakes Area 686.3401.5
62
2 Canals Area 425.0248.6
38
3 Waterfall Area 0.00.0
0
4 Other Source (Water from outside) 0.00.0
0
Total1,111.3650.1
100
15.3.4 Groundwater Supply
Annual Groundwater
Extractable (ha.m)
Annual Ground
Water Extraction (ha.m)
Stage of Ground-
water Extraction
Groundwater
Extraction Category
3,7101,51340.78 %Safe
15.3.5 Water Transfer
There is no water transfer (inwards or outwards) in this block.
15.3.6 Amount of Run-off
The Narva block belongs to the southern plateau and hills region of India. The block
has an average of 524 mm rainfall and has potential for harvesting 951.6 ha.m run-off
annually.
Types of Run-offs Area (ha)
Run-off
(cum per ha)
Run-off
In ha.mIn %
Good Catchment Area 3,251.9 800260.2
27
Average Catchment Area 2,591.5 562.5145.8
16
Poor Catchment Area 14,472.9 377545.6
57
Total 20,316.3951.6100 Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks 112
15.4 Water Budgeting at Block Level
S. No Description
Volume
In ha.m In %
A. Water Demand
1 Water for Irrigation 1,486.1 91
2 Water for Livestock 49.9 3
3 Water for Human Consumption 91.1 6
4 Water for Industry 0 0
5 Block Wise Water Required 1,627.1 100
B. Water Supply
6 Surface Water Sources 650.1 30
7 Groundwater Sources 1,513.0 70
8 Net Water Transfer0.0 0
9 Total Supply 2,163.1 100
C. Water Budgeting
10 Water Deficiency/Surplus 536.0 33
D. Potential for Rainwater Harvesting/GW augmentation (in ha.m)
11 Available Run-off from Rainwater 951.6
12 Harvested Run-off23,371.50
13 Potential Run-off Available for Harvesting/GW Augmentation Nil
E. Potential for Groundwater Development
14 Stage of Groundwater Development (from IN-GRES portal) 40.78
15 Groundwater Development Category (from IN-GRES portal) Safe Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks 113
15.4.1 Annotations
(i) The Narva block Narayanpet, Telangana belongs to the southern plateau
and the hills region of India and is dominated by arable areas (more than
70%).
(ii) The block also has some small & medium irrigation projects catering to
irrigation water needs up to 30%.
(iii) The block has 1,627.1 ha.m water requirements for all purposes, out of this
91% from irrigation needs only. Secondly, 70% of the total water needs of
the block is served by Groundwater sources.
(iv) The block is water surplus by 33% (536 ha.m).
(v) The block is comparatively smaller in size coupled with agricultural
dominated landscape, the runoff generation within the block is very less
(951.6 ha.m), however, the block is receiving significantly high run-off
from outside the block catchment areas.
(vi) On the other hand, the block is able to harvest 23,371.50 ha.m water in
surface water bodies, it is indicated that it is using the run-off received
from other areas efficiently.
(vii) The Narva block has 1,627.1 ha.m water requirements for all purposes,
out of this 91% is for irrigation only.
15.4.2 Recommendations
(i) Due to availability of surface water sources, the block is still in safe cat-
egory (40.78%), however it is necessary to minimise the Groundwater
extraction at current level by enhancing surface water availability and
focusing on improving water productivity. Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks 114
15.4.3 Takeaways for Rural Drinking Water supply
(i) The JJM coverage is 100% as on March 2025.
(ii) Of the 56 PWS schemes in the block, 55 (98%) are SVS and 1 (2%) are
MVS. Hence, the block is mainly dependent on Groundwater for rural
drinking water supply.
(iii) Adequate surface and Groundwater is available to meet the future drink-
ing water demands.
(iv) Measures to be taken to protect the Groundwater quality and GW aug-
mentation. Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks 115 Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks 116
16. Gangiri Block, Aligarh District, Uttar Pradesh
16.1 Basic Details
State District Block Number of villagesNumber of Urban centres
Uttar PradeshAligargh Gangiri 1010
16.2 Understanding Water Demand Side
16.2.1 Water Requirements for Human Consumption
#Total Population Population
Growth
Water
Demand
(lpcd)
Annual Water
Requirements
(ha.m)
Female Male Total
Rural 1,23,105 1,40,114 2,63,219 3,29,024 55 792.6
Urban 0 0 0 0 150 0.0
Total 1,23,105 1,40,114 2,63,219 3,29,024792.6
16.2.2 Water Requirement for Livestock Consumption
S. No Type of Animal Numbers of AnimalsWater Req. (ha.m)
1 Buffaloes 1,11,287272.15
2 Cow/Cattle 21,89953.55
3 Goat17,3184.42
4 Pigs1800.14
5 Sheep1760.04
6 Poultry 2500.002
7 Horses00
8 Camels00
Total1,51,110330.322 Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks 117
16.2.3 Irrigation Water Requirement
Irrigated Area (in ha)Water Required Per Hectare (ha.m) Irrigation Water Requirement (ha.m)
123 = (1*2)
34,756.70.517,378.4
16.2.4 Industrial Water Requirement
Type of Industry Number of Industrial Units Annual Water Demand (ha.m)
Agriculture Processing 10.2
16.3 Understanding Water Supply side
16.3.1 Information on Land Use
As per census 2011, the Gangiri block has 42,799.24 hectares areas for different purposes.
S. NoClassification
Area
In ha In %
1 Area Irrigated by Source 29,706.6 69.4
2 Area under Non-Agricultural Uses (Rural +Urban)8,046.20 18.8
3 Current Fallows Area 3,090.6 7.2
4 Culturable Waste Land Area661.09 1.5
5 Fallows Land other than Current Fallows Area 466.44 1.1
6 Barren & Un-cultivable Land Area 321.2 0.8
7 Total Unirrigated Land Area295.6 0.7
8 Permanent Pastures and Other Grazing Land Area162.9 0.4
9 Land Under Miscellaneous Tree Crops etc. Area48.61 0.1
10 Forest Area 00
Total42,799.24 100
16.3.2 Surface Water Bodies
S. NoNames of Structures Number of Structures
Storage Capacity
In ha.mIn %
1 Reservoir4410.157
2 Lakes6160.822
3 Ponds101100.514
4 Tanks/WCS6741.46
5 Water Harvesting Structure14010.71
6 Other 000
Total 318.00723.5100
16.3.3 Surface Water Supply
S. NoType
Area Irrigated
(ha)
Supply from Surface Water
Sources
In ha.mIn %
1 Other Source (Water from outside) 740.5 433.277
2 Canals Area (local source)218.6 127.923
3 Tanks/Lakes Area000
4 Waterfall Area000
Total959.1 561.1100 Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks 118
16.3.4 Groundwater Supply
Annual Groundwater
Extractable (ha.m)
Annual Groundwater
Extraction (ha.m)
Stage of Ground-
water Extraction
Groundwater
Extraction Category
7,8736,89487.57%Semi-Critical
16.3.5 Water Transfer
The block receives water from Ganga Canal network to meet irrigation water require-
ments.
Water Use Inward Transfer
(ha.m)
Outward Transfer
(ha.m)
Net Transfer
(Inwards-Outwards) ha.m
Agriculture 433.20433.2
Industry 0.200.2
Domestic 000
Total 433.40433.4
16.3.6 Rainwater Run-off
The Gangiri block belongs to the Gangetic plains and the land use pattern data reveals
that major parts of the block geography are plain areas under cultivation. The block
has an average of 667 mm rainfall, thus, the potential for harvesting the rainwater is
equivalent to 3,655.8 ha.m of run-off annually.
Types of Run-offsArea (ha)
Run-off
(cum per ha)
Run-off
In ha.m In %
Good Catchment Area 8,367.4 1,4171,185.7 32
Average Catchment Area 872.61,059.592.5 3
Poor Catchment Area 33,559.24 708.52,377.7 65
Total42,799.24 3,655.8 100 Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks 119
16.4 Water Budgeting for Gangiri Block
S. NoDescription
Volume
In ha.m In %
A. Water Demand
1 Water for Agriculture 17,378.4 94
2 Water for Animal 330.3 2
3 Water for Human Consumption 792.6 3
4 Water for Industry 0.20.001
5 Block Wise Water Required 18,501.5 100
B. Water Supply
6 Supply from Local Surface Water Sources 127.9 2
7 Supply from Local Groundwater Sources 6,894.0 92
8 Net Water Transfer433.4 6
9 Total Supply 7,455.1 100
C. Water Budgeting
10 Water Deficit/Surplus -11,046.4 60
D. Potential for Rainwater Harvesting/GW Augmentation (in ha.m)
11Available Run-off from Rainwater 3,655.8
12Harvested Run-off 723.50
13Run-off Available for Harvesting/GW Augmentation 2,018.3
E. Potential for Groundwater Development
14Stage of Groundwater Development (from IN-GRES
portal)
87.57
15Groundwater Development Category (from IN-GRES
portal)
Semi-Critical Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks 120
16.4.1 Annotations
(i) The Gangiri block, Aligarh District, Uttar Pradesh area belongs to the
Gangetic plain region and most parts of the block are under crop lands
(78.4%).
(ii) Although, the large parts of the blocks are under agricultural uses but
due to being part of Gangetic region the soil moisture regime is good,
hence, the irrigation water demands are reasonably well-aligned with the
national average.
(iii) Water needs for the Gangiri block are 18,501.5 ha.m, of which 94% are
solely for irrigation, and 92% are satisfied by Groundwater sources. Six
percent of the water supply is obtained from another source, which is
located outside the block.
(iv) The block is water deficit by 60% (11,046 ha.m) and the stage of Ground-
water development is a semi-critical category (87.57 %).
(v) As the block geography belongs to plain landscape, the run-off gener-
ated is comparatively lesser, which is 3,655.8 ha.m. However, the block is
using only 20 percent (19.8%) of available run-off.
16.4.2 Recommendations
(i) The surface water storage capacities need to be enhanced along with fo-
cusing on minimising the water losses to improve the water productivity
since the block is water deficit by 60% (11,046 ha.m).
16.4.3 Takeaway for Rural Drinking Water supply
(i) The JJM coverage is 92.8% as on March 2025.
(ii) Of the 75 PWS schemes in the block, 56 (75%) are SVS and 19 (25%) are
MVS. Hence, the block is majorly dependent on Groundwater for rural
drinking water supply.
(iii) Surface water is required to meet the future drinking water demands.
(iv) Measures to be taken to protect the Groundwater quality and GW augmen-
tation. Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks 121
17. Nindaura Block, Barabanki District, Uttar Pradesh
17.1 Basic Details
State District Block Number of villagesNumber of Urban areas
Uttar Pradesh Bara Banki Nindaura 1320
17.2 Demand Side Management
17.2.1 Water Requirements for Human Consumption
#
Total Population
Population
Growth
Water
Demand
Annual Water
Requirements (ha.m)
Female Male Total
Rural1,07,6241,19,5922,27,2162,84,020 55 684.2
Urban0 0 0 0 150 0.0
Total1,07,6241,19,5922,27,2162,84,020684.2
17.2.2 Water Requirement for Livestock Consumption
S. No Type of AnimalNumber of Animals Water Req. (ha.m)
1 Buffaloes39,08795.6
2 Cow/Cattle24,54060
3 Goat15,3603.9
4 Pigs2030.2
5 Horses860.1
6 Sheep20
7 Camels00
Total79,278159.8 Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks 122
17.2.3 Irrigation Water Requirement
Irrigated Area (in ha)Water Required Per Hectare (ha.m)Irrigation Water Requirement (ha.m)
123 = (1*2)
22,530.20.511,265.1
17.2.4 Industrial Water Requirement
Type of Industry Number of Industrial Units Annual Water Demand (ha.m)
Agriculture Processing 10239
17.3 Supply Side Management
17.3.1 Information on Land Use
As per census 2011, the Nindaura block has 29,582.8 hectares land area for various pur-
poses.
S. NoClassificationArea
In ha.m In %
1 Area Irrigated by Water Source 19,256.6 65
2 Area under Non-Agricultural Uses (Rural +Urban)2,654.7 9
3 Current Fallows Area 1,892.0 6
4 Total Unirrigated Land Area1,623.8 5
5 Fallows Land other than Current Fallows Area 1,408.8 5
6 Culturable Waste Land Area1,288.7 4
7 Barren & Un-cultivable Land Area509.4 2
8 Land Under Miscellaneous Tree Crops, etc., Area438.5 1
9 Forest Area 331.1 1
10 Permanent Pastures and Other Grazing Land Area179.2 1
Total29,582.8 100 Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks 123
17.3.2 Surface Water Bodies
S. NoType of Structures
Number of Struc-
tures
Storage Capacity
In ha.m In %
1 Ponds676802.1 37
2 Lakes29600.2
28
3 Reservoir5378.0
18
4 Tanks/WCS538349.8 16
5 Water harvesting Structure24220.4 1
6 Other000
Total1,490.00 2,150.5 100
17.3.3 Surface Water Supply
S. NoType
Area Irrigated
(ha)
Supply from Surface
Water Sources
In ha.m In %
1 Other Source (Water from Outside) 7,781.5 4,552.2 74
2 Canals Area (Local Source)2,268.6 1,327.1 21
3 Tanks/Lakes Area512.9300.0 5
4 Waterfall Area000
Total10,5636,179.4 100
17.3.4 Groundwater Supply
Annual Groundwater
Extractable (ha.m)
Annual Groundwater
Extraction (ha.m)
Stage of Groundwa-
ter Extraction
Groundwater
Extraction Category
14,2788,39758.81 %Safe
17.3.5 Water Transfer
The block receives water from Ganga Canal network to meet the irrigation water re-
quirements.
S. No Water Use Inward Transfer
(ha.m)
Outward Transfer
(ha.m)
Net Transfer
(Inwards-Outwards) ha.m
1 Agriculture 4,552.2 04,552.2
2 Industry 000
3 Domestic 15.2015.2
Total4,567.4 04,567.4
17.3.6 Amount of Run-off
The Nindaura block belongs to Gangetic plains and the land use pattern data reveals that
major parts of the block geography are plain areas under cultivation. The block has an
average of 978 mm rainfall, so the potential for harvesting is 6037.6 ha.m run-off annually.
S. No Types of Run-offs
Area
(Hect.)
Run-off
(cum per ha)
Run-off (ha.m)
In ha.m In %
1 Bad Catchment Area 24,181.2 1,774 4,289.7 71
2 Good Catchment Area 3,495.2 3,549 1,240.4 21
3 Average Catchment Area 1906.4 2,661.75 507.4 8
Total29,582.8 6,037.6 100 Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks 124
17.4 Water Budgeting at Block Level
S. NoDescription
Volume
In ha.m In %
A. Water Demand
1 Water for Agriculture 11,265.1 91
2 Water for Animal 159.8 1
3 Water for Human Consumption 684.2 6
4 Water for Industry 239 2
5 Block Wise Water Required 12,348.1 100
B. Water Supply
6 Supply from Local Surface Water Sources 1,627.2 11
7 Supply from Groundwater Sources 8,397.0 58
8 Net Water Transfer4,567.4 31
9 Total Supply 14,591.6 100
C. Water Budgeting
10 Water Deficit/Surplus (9-5)2,243.4 18
D. Potential for Rainwater Harvesting/GW Augmentation (in ha.m)
11Available Run-off from Rainwater (Result of Table-6) 6,037.6
12 Harvested Run-off 2,150.50
13 Potential Run-off Available for Harvesting/GW Augmentation 2,377.7
E. Potential for Groundwater Development
14 Stage of Groundwater Development (from IN-GRES portal) 58.81
15 Groundwater Development Category (from IN-GRES portal) Safe Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks 125
17.4.1 Annotations
(i) The Nindaura Block, Barabanki District, Uttar Pradesh area belongs to
the Gangetic plain region and most parts of the block are under crops
lands (81%).
(ii) Although most of the block is used for agriculture, the soil moisture re-
gime is favourable owing to its location in the Gangetic area, and hence
irrigation water needs are fairly matched with the national average.
(iii) The Gangetic region is well-known for its canal command area, and it is
clear that 11% of irrigation needs are met by surface water sources locat-
ed locally, while 31% are met by surface water sources outside the region.
(iv) The Nindaura block has 12,348.1 ha.m water requirements for all purpos-
es, out of this 91% is for irrigation only and 58% of water demands is met
by Groundwater sources.
(v) The block is water surplus by 18% as it received significant water from
the outside geographies.
(vi) The Groundwater development stage in the block is in the safe category
(58.81 %%).
17.4.2 Recommendations
(i) The block performs well in terms of harvesting surface run-off up to
35.6% (2,243 ha.m out of 6,037.6 ha.m) and efficient use of surface water Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks 126
sources up to 75% (1,627.2 ha.m out of 2,150.50 ha.m); nevertheless, it
should be optimised to guarantee that Groundwater extraction remains
at the present level.
17.4.3 Takeaways for Rural Drinking Water supply
(i) JJM coverage is 90.54% as of March 2025.
(ii) Of the 225 PWS schemes in the block, 147 (65%) are SVS and 78 (35%)
are MVS. Therefore, the block mostly depends on Groundwater for the
rural drinking water supply.
(iii) Adequate ground and Surface water is available to meet the future drink-
ing water demands.
(iv) Measures to be taken to protect the Groundwater quality and GW aug-
mentation. Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks 127
18 Kotwali Block, Bijnaur District, Uttar Pradesh
18.1 Basic Details
State District Block Number of villagesNumber of Urban centres
Uttar Pradesh Bijnaur Kotwali 5184
18.2 Demand Side Management
18.2.1 Human Water Requirements
#
Total Population
Population
Growth
Water
demand
(lpcd)
Annual Water
Requirements
(ha.m)
Female Male Total
Rural
1,80,090 1,92,4753,72,5654,65,706 55 1,121.9
Urban
92,754 84,125 1,76,8792,21,099 150 1,452.6
Total 2,72,844 2,76,6005,49,4446,86,8052,574.5
18.2.2 Livestock Water Requirement
S. No Type of Animal Number of Animals Water Req. (ha.m)
1 Buffaloes73,248179.13
2 Cow/Cattle43,748106.99
3 Goat14,7412.77
4 Poultry 1,50,0001.37
5 Pigs1,3311.07
6 Sheep9480.24
7 Horses960.15
8 Camels00
Total2,84,112291.35 Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks 128
18.2.3 Irrigation Water Requirement
Irrigated Area (in ha)Water Required per Hectare (ha.m) Irrigation Water Requirement (ha.m)
123 = (1*2)
85,703.50.542,851.8
18.2.4 Industrial Water Requirement
S. NoType of Industry Number of Industrial UnitsAnnual Water Demand (ha.m)
1 Food Industry3128.80
2 Construction825.07
3 Green Industries 11.64
4 handicrafts and Carpet 11.36
5 Telecom10.66
Total14158.0
18.3 Supply Side Management
18.3.1 Information on Land Use
As per census 2011, the Kotwali block has 1,03,375.5 hectares areas for different purposes.
S. NoClassification
Area
In ha In %
1 Area Irrigated by Source 73,250.9 70.9
2 Forest Area 9,778.8 9.5
3 Area under Non-Agricultural Uses (Rural +Urban) 9,350.5 9.0
4 Total Unirrigated Land Area3,703.4 3.6
5 Barren & Un-cultivable Land Area2,122 2.1
6 Current Fallows Area 1,658.5 1.6
7 Land Under Miscellaneous Tree Crops etc. Area1,612.8 1.6
8 Culturable Waste Land Area1,536.4 1.5
9 Fallows Land other than Current Fallows Area 238.2 0.2
10 Permanent Pastures and Other Grazing Land Area 124 0.1
Total1,03,375.5 100 Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks 129
18.3.2 Surface Water Bodies
Although the surface run-off generated during monsoon period is enough to store in
surface waterbodies but, the potential for enhancing surface water availability remains
limited due to the peculiar landscape and land use pattern.
S. No.Names of Structures
Number of
Structures
Storage Capacity
In ha.m In %
1 Ponds222278.265
2 Tanks/WCS15498.823
3 Lakes342.510
4 Water harvesting Structure 757.52
5 Reservoir000
6 Other000
Total454427100
18.3.3 Surface Water Supply
S. NoType
Area Irrigated
(ha)
Supply from Local Surface
Water Sources
In ha.m In %
1 Other Source (Outside Block Area)40,850.90 23,897.8 90
2 Tanks/Lakes Area 2,108.40 1,233.4 5
3 Canals Area 1,893.60 1,107.8 4
4 Waterfall Area699408.91
Total45,551.90 26,647.9 100
18.3.4 Groundwater Supply
Annual Groundwater
Extractable (ha.m)
Annual Groundwater
Extraction (ha.m)
Stage of Ground-
water Extraction
Groundwater
Extraction Category
20,63514,35969.59 %Safe
18.3.5 Water Transfer
The block receives water from the Ganga Canal network to meet irrigation water
requirements.
S. NoWater Use Inward Transfer
(ha.m)
Outward Transfer
(ha.m)
Net Transfer
(Inwards-Outwards) ha.m
1 Agriculture 23,897.8 023,897.8
2 Industry 000
3 Drinking 2.6902.69
Total 23,900.02 023,900.02
18.3.6 Amount of Run-off
The block has an average of 1,053 mm rainfall, so it has the potential for harvesting
23,634.1 ha.m run-off annually.
S. NoTypes of Run-offs Area (in ha)
Run-off
(cu.m per ha)
Run-off
In ha.m In %
1 Good Catchment Area 21,251.3 3,750 7,969.2 34%
2 Average Catchment Area 32,73.2 2,810 919.8 4%
3 Poor Catchment Area 78,851 1,870 14,745.1 62%
Total1,00,102.30 23,634.1 100% Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks 130
18.4 Water Budgeting at Block Level
S. NoDescription
Volume (ha.m)
In ha.m In %
A. Water Demand
1 Water for Irrigation 42,851.8 93
2 Water for Livestock 291.3 1
3 Water for Human Consumption 2,574.5 5.7
4 Water for Industry 157.53 0.3
5 Block Wise Water Required 45,875.2 100
B. Water Supply
6 Supply from Local Surface Water Sources 2,750.1 7
7 Supply from Groundwater Sources 14,359.0 35
8 Net Water Transfer23,900.5 58
9 Total Supply41,009.55100
C. Water Budgeting
10 Water Deficit/Surplus -4,865.6 11
D. Potential for Rainwater Harvesting/GW Augmentation (in ha.m)
11Available Run-off from Rainwater 23,634.1
12 Harvested Run-off427.00
13 Potential Run-off Available for Harvesting/GW Augmentation 17,298.6
E. Potential for Groundwater Development
14 Stage of Groundwater Development (from IN-GRES portal)69.59 %
15 Groundwater Development Category (from IN-GRES portal)Safe Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks 131
18.4.1 Annotations
(i) The Kotwali Block, Bijnaur District, Uttar Pradesh area belongs to the
Gangetic plain region and most parts of the block are under crops lands
(76%).
(ii) Although the majority of the block is used for agriculture, the soil mois-
ture regime is favourable owing to its location in the Gangetic area, and
irrigation water needs are fairly matched with national averages.
(iii) The Gangetic region is recognised for its canal command area, and with-
in the block, it is clear that 58% of irrigation needs are satisfied by exter-
nal surface water sources, complemented by 7% from local surface water
sources.
(iv) The Kotwali block has 45,875.2 ha.m water requirements for all purpos-
es, out of this 93% is for irrigation only and 35% of water demands is met
by Groundwater sources.
(v) The block is water deficit by 11% (4,865.6 ha.m) and the Groundwater
development is in safe category (69.59%). There is risk that the block
could become semi-critical.
(vi) Although the block, which is in the Tarai region, has a lot of run-offs
(23,634.1 ha.m.), it can only harvest 1.8% (427 ha.m.) of the available run-
off. Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks 132
18.4.2 Recommendations
(i) The block should augment surface water storage capacity and use them
efficiently to reduce dependence on Groundwater sources.
18.4.3 Takeaways for Rural Drinking Water supply
(i) JJM coverage is 83.14% as on March 2025.
(ii) Of the 129 PWS schemes in the block, 33 (26%) are SVS and 96 (74%) are
MVS. Hence, the block is majorly dependent on surface water for rural
drinking water supply.
(iii) Adequate ground and surface water is available to meet the future drink-
ing water demands.
(iv) Measures to be taken to protect the Groundwater quality and GW aug-
mentation. Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks 133 Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks 134
19. Comparative Analysis
(All units in ha.m)
Block NameDemand SideSupply Side
Water
Budget
HumanLivestockCropIndustryTotal
Surface
water
Ground -
water
Net TransferTotal
Gangavaram, AP
78.0
(17%)
26.5
(6%)
355.5
(77%)
0460.00
244.6
(71%)
48
(14%)
52
(15%)
344.7
(-) 115.3
(25%)
Fatehpur, BH
709.5
(9%)
183.9
(2%)
6,711.4
(88%)
1.52
(0.02%)
7,606.30
93.0
(1%)
2,943.8
(46%)
3,366.9
(53%)
6,403.70
(-) 1,202.7
(16%)
Kukarmunda, GJ
182.5
(6%)
44.5
(1%)
2,828.2
(90%)
78.44
(3%)
3,133.6013.7 (1%)
1,921
(96%)
56
(3%)
1,990.60
(-) 1,143
(37%)
Nirmand, HP
159.9
(37%)
49.5
(12%)
214.69
(51%)
0423.90
122.3
(9%)
1,034
(75%)
228.5
(16%)
1,385.10
(+) 961.2
(227%)
Rupsho, LH
7.0
(8%)
32.7
(38%)
45.9
(54%)
085.50
45.9
(27%)
112.4
(65%)
14
(8%)
172.20
(+) 86.7
(101%)
Baldeogargh, MP
719.2
(3%)
134.1
(1%)
20,473.7
(96%)
021,327.10
1,984.3
(20%)
6,358.3
(63%)
1,746.9 (17%)10,089.50
(-) 11,237.5
(53%)
Buxwaha, MP
325.0
(14%)
148.1
(7%)
1,770.1
(79%)
02,243.10
249.8
(4%)
5,202.6
(93%)
185.5
(3%)
5,637.90
(+) 3,394.8
(151%)
Vijaypur, MP
786.9
(6%)
316.7
(3%)
10,864
(85%)
750
(6%)
12,717.60
5,565.1
(42%)
6,849
(51%)
898
(7%)
13,312.10
(+) 594.5
(4.7%)
Chhaigaon Makhan,
MP
422.2
(3%)
202.5
(1%)
13,233.8
(96%)
013,858.50
855
(7%)
10,441
(88%)
605.3
(5%)
11,901.30
(-)1,957.1
(14%)
Kotri, RJ
524
(6%)
307.6
(4%)
7,625.8
(90%)
08,457.40
526.9
(7%)
5,960
(90%)
171.0
(3%)
6,657.90
(-) 1,799.5
(21%) Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks 135
Block NameDemand SideSupply Side
Water
Budget
Abu Road, RJ
1,132.0
(21%)
249.5
(5%)
4,035.4
(74%)
05,417.00
172.6
(5%)
3,024
(94%)
20.7
(1%)
3,217.30
(-) 2,199.7
(41%)
Bhim, RJ
480.2
(14.5%)
162.1
(5%)
2,675.7
(80%)
11.57
(0.5%)
3,329.60
2,019.8
(59%)
1,407
(41%)
03,426.80
(+) 97.2
(3%)
Namchi, SK
271.1
(4%)
61.2
(1%)
6,189.1
(95%)
06,521.50
380.4
(91%)
36.1
(9%)
0416.50
(-) 6,105
(94%)
Andimadam, TN
874.1
(13%)
60.4
(1%)
3,585.5
(86%)
04,520.10
392
(15%)
2,147
(82%)
66.8
(3%)
2,605.70
(-) 1,914.3
(42%)
Narva, TL91.1 (6%)
49.9
(3%)
1,486.1
(91%)
01,627.10
650.1
(30%)
1,513
(70%)
02,163.10
(+) 536.0
(33%)
Gangiri, UP
792.6
(3%)
330.3
(2%)
17,378.4
(94%)
0.2
(0.001)
18,501.50
127.9
(2%)
6,894
(92%)
433.2
(6%)
7,455.10
(-) 11,046.4
(60%)
Nindaura, UP
684.2
(6%)
159.8
(1%)
11,265.1
(91%)
239
(2%)
12,348.10
1,627.2
(11%)
8,397
(58%)
4,567.4
(31%)
14,591.60
(+) 2,243.4
(18%)
Kotwali, UP
2,574.5
(5.7%)
291,3
(1%)
42,851.8
(93%)
157.53
(0.3%)
45,875.20
2,750.1
(7%)
14,359
(35%)
23,900.5
(58%)
41,009.60
(-) 4,865.6
(11%) Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks 136
Graph -1 Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks 137
Graph -2 Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks 138
Graph -3 Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks 139
Annexure 1: Strange Table – Run-off Estimation
Total
Monsoon
Rainfall
(mm)
Good
Catchment
% of Run-
off
Good Catch-
ment Yield per
ha (cum)
Average
Catchment
% of Run-off
to Rainfall
Average
Catchment
Yield per ha
(cum)
Bad Catch-
ment % to
Rainfall
Bad Catch-
ment Yield
per ha (cum)
25 0.1 0.25 0.1 0.25 0.05 0.13
50 0.2 10.15 0.75 0.1 0.5
75 0.4 30.3 2.25 0.2 1.5
100 0.7 70.5 5 0.3 3
125 1 12.5 0.7 8.75 0.5 6.25
150 1.5 22.5 1.1 16.5 0.7 10.5
175 2.1 36.75 1.5 26.25 1 17.5
200 2.8 562.1 42 1.4 28
225 3.5 78.75 2.6 53.5 1.7 38.25
250 4.3 107.75 3.2 80 2.1 52.5
275 5.2 143 3.9 107.25 2.6 71.5
300 6.2 136 4.6 138 3.1 93
325 7.2 234 5.4 175.5 3.6 117
350 8.3 290 6.2 217 4.1 143.5
375 9.4 325.5 7 262.5 4.7 176.25
400 10.5 420 7.8 312 5.2 208
425 11.6 493 8.7 369.75 5.8 232
450 12.8 576 9.6 432 6.4 288
475 13.9 660.25 10.4 494 6.9 327.75
500 16 800 11.25 562.5 7.5 377
525 16.1 845.25 12 630 8 420
550 17.3 951.5 12.9 709.5 8.6 473
575 18.4 1058 13.8 793.5 9.2 529
600 19.5 1170 14.6 878 9.7 582
625 20.6 1287.5 15.4 962.5 10.3 643.75
650 21.8 1417 16.3 1059.5 10.9 708.5
675 22.9 1545.75 17.1 1154.25 11.4 769.5
700 24 1618 18 1260 12 840
725 25.1 1819.75 18.8 1363 12.5 906.25
750 26.3 1972.5 19.7 1477.5 13.1 982.5
775 27.4 2123.5 20.5 1580 13.7 1061.75
800 28.5 2218.5 21.3 1704 14.2 1136
825 29.6 2442 22.2 1831.5 14.8 1221
850 30.8 2618 23.1 1963.5 15.4 1309 Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks 140
Total
Monsoon
Rainfall
(mm)
Good
Catchment
% of Run-
off
Good Catch-
ment Yield per
ha (cum)
Average
Catchment
% of Run-off
to Rainfall
Average
Catchment
Yield per ha
(cum)
Bad Catch-
ment % to
Rainfall
Bad Catch-
ment Yield
per ha (cum)
875 31.9 2791.25 23.9 2090.25 15.9 1391
900 33 2917 24.7 2223 16.7 1485
925 34.1 3154.25 25.5 2358.75 17 1572
950 35.2 3324 26.3 2494 17.6 1667
975 36.4 3549 27.3 2661.75 18.2 1774
1000 37.5 3750 28.1 2810 18.7 1870
1125 43.1 4348 32.3 3633.75 21.5 2418
1250 48 6100 36.6 4575 24.4 3050
1375 54.4 7480 40.8 5610 27.7 3740
1500 60 9000 45 6750 30 4500
Disclaimer: High-altitude areas often have unique factors influencing runoff, such as snowmelt,
frozen ground, and specific land cover, which may require adjustments or additional considerations
when using the Strange’s table method. Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks 141
Annexure 2: Methodology for Crop Water Requirements
Agriculture is the prime water consumer in India hence it is important to understand the
water requirement of the agriculture sector. The key pillar is crop water requirement (CWR).
ICAR has conducted research studies and determined CWR for different rainfed and irrigated
crops. The District Irrigation Plan (DIP) has information area under major crop categories at
district level only. However, crop wise acreage information for block and village level is not
available in public domain to estimate CWR. Looking at the diverse agroecological and agro-
climatic conditions of the country, the CWR for individual crop varies significantly. Therefore,
it is not reasonable to universalise CWR coefficient nationwide.
Some of the outputs offered by various agencies have been explored for arriving CWR at
block level, however, these tools require specialised expertise, proprietary software, custom
configurations and manual input. These limitations lead to restrict offering any sample meth-
odology to mainstream and widespread applicability in diverse scenarios of India.
To offer a simple methodology for applied purposes it is crucial to consider this limitation
and provide a simple coefficient for crop water requirement estimation to determine reason-
able outputs about water supply demand scenarios and water surplus/deficiency conditions.
Based on exploration of various methods and approaches to determine CWR and provide
water budget outputs at block level the following methodology is used:
• Water requirement of the country for irrigation in high demand scenario for 2025 and
2050 has been assessed by the National Commission (Integrated Water Resources
Development-1999) as 611 BCM (Billion Cubic Metre) and 807 BCM respectively.
• As per the latest Land Use statistics 2022-23 released by Ministry of Agriculture &
Farmers Welfare, Department of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare Economics, Statistics
and Evaluation Division New Delhi, the Gross Irrigated Area is 122.3 million hectares.
• Accordingly, the crop water requirement is estimated to be 0.50 metres (Total irriga-
tion water demands/Gross Irrigated Area).
As referred above, the diverse scenarios of the country have variable CWR, and the coeffi-
cient offered by this study have margin of error to the extent of 5% to 10%. There will be some
outlier cases where monocropping is prominent and the high-altitude areas of Himalayas. Water Budgeting in Aspirational Blocks 142
Acknowledgement
We would like to extend my sincere gratitude to the Shri Suman Bery, Vice Chairman NITI
Aayog, Dr. Vinod K. Paul, Member NITI Aayog and Shri B V R Subrahmanyam, CEO of NITI
Aayog for their invaluable leadership in piloting the water budgeting application.
We are also grateful to the GIZ India team: Mr. Rajeev Ahal-Director, Natural Resource
Management & Agro-ecology, Mr. Krishan Tyagi- Project Manager (WASCA), Dr. Jagadish
K. Purohit- Advisor, Mr. Jagadeesh Menon- Advisor, Mr. Amar Saxena-Advisor, Mr. Ambarish
Karunanithi-Advisor, Mr. Stephen Dohm- Advisor, Mr. Avanindra Kumar-Advisor, Ms. Harsha
Doriya-Junior Advisor, Mr. Akilesh Singh Thakur- GIS Consultant, Mr. Neeraj Kumar-GIS
Consultant and Mr. Rishi Shukla- GIS Consultant whose dedicated efforts contributed
significantly to the development of Varuni – Web based Water budgeting Application and
preparation of this report.
We acknowledge the role of various Ministries/ Departments-Ministry of Jal Shakti–
Department of Drinking Water & Sanitation, Central Water Commission, Central Groundwater
Board, National Water Mission, Atal Bhu Jal and National Institute of Hydrology; Ministry of
Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, Ministry of Rural Development, Centre for Water Resources
Development and Management (CWRDM) Kozhikode–Government of Kerala; all State
Governments/ District officials who have contributed in finalizing the report and Dr. K B V N
Panindra, Professor IIT Hyderabad for providing valuable comments on the report / data and
validation for bringing out this document.
Finally, we thank the Officers and Staff of the Water Resources & Land Resources Division NITI
Aayog specially Shri A Muralidharan, Deputy Adviser, Shri Saroj Kumar Nayak, Consultant and
Ms. Tejaswani Singh, Intern in preparing this report.