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aEnergy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Supporting AgencyKnowledge Partner Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032 iiiEnergy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032 vEnergy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Preface
At COP 21 in Paris in 2015, India made a
commitment of meeting 33-35% of its energy from
non-fossil fuels by 2030. This bold commitment
requires a host of new policy initiatives to scale up
the share of clean energy drastically. The 175 GW
of renewable energy target by 2022 needs to be
enhanced to 500 GW or more through new policies
and programs in the following 8 years running to
2030. The integration of distributed generation
resources on the low voltage grid require the
support of active demand response and energy
storage systems to maintain grid stability. In a
fast-changing technological environment, it is
important to have a clear vision of priorities and
needed actions to realize the full benefits of energy
storage to help in accelerating the deployment of
renewable energy technologies. In February 2018,
an Expert Committee under the chairpersonship
of Secretary, Ministry of New and Renewable
Energy, with representatives from relevant
Ministries, industry associations, research
institutions and experts were constituted by the
Ministry of New & Renewable Energy to plan the
launch of a National Energy Storage Mission for
India. This initiative was subsequently moved to
NITI Aayog and Government of India launched
the “Transformative Mobility and Energy Storage
Mission” in March 2019.
In order to support the energy storage mission of the
Government of India, ISGF initiated preparation of
an Energy Storage Roadmap for India 2019 – 2032
in association with India Energy Storage Alliance
(IESA). The initial objective of the roadmap was to
study in detail the grid integration issues related
to 40 GW of solar rooftop that will be connected to
medium and low voltage grid (MV and LV grid). We
have undertaken detailed modelling studies of MV
and LV grids in six states in India using CYMDIST
software. The evaluation of the effectiveness
of energy storage technologies in addressing
the grid stability issues with high levels of VRE
penetration detailed in the report will help the
policy makers, regulators and utilities in planning
for rooftop PV rollouts. The key outcomes of this
study are: 1. Energy Storage Roadmap for India
2019-2032; 2. Energy Storage India Tool (ESIT)
and; 3. Guidelines for determining the Variable
Renewable Energy (VRE) hosting capacity on LV
and MV grids. The ESIT tool developed as part of
the project for techno-commercial evaluation of
ESS projects will help the stakeholders choose the
optimum levels of ESS for different applications.
The guidelines for assessing the hosting capacity
of VRE on the distribution grid will help utilities
to plan their grid upgrade requirements to match
with the expected penetration of VRE.
Reji Kumar Pillai
President, India Smart Grid Forum
Chairman, Global Smart Grid Federation viEnergy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
We started the project to estimate the energy
storage systems (ESS) requirements for 40
GW rooftop PV integration, but the scope was
enlarged to include total ESS requirements in
the country till 2032. This was done keeping in
view of the fact that the ESS requirements for
electric mobility is much larger than that for grid
applications. Although we closely examined the
viability of different ESS technologies, we have
finally chosen to estimate the ESS requirements
in terms of Lithium Ion Batteries owing to its
versatile applications and fast declining cost. This
is a first of its kind work and the estimates given
in this report may be debatable due to policy
uncertainties. However, we hope this energy
storage roadmap will instil confidence in the
industry and investors for building manufacturing
capacities in the country on fast track.
India Smart Grid Forum (ISGF) would like to take
this opportunity to thank MacArthur Foundation
for supporting this study and we wish to dedicate
our strong commitment to work towards making
a greener and cleaner future. I would also like
to thank all the stakeholders for their valuable
contribution in preparation of this roadmap for
India, particularly, Shri R.P. Gupta, Additional
Secretary, NITI Aayog and his team, Dr. P.C.
Maithani, Scientist-G, MNRE and Mr. Vivek
Goel,
Chief Engineer - Distribution Planning &
Technology,
CEA, who have provided valuable
inputs for this study. viiEnergy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Authors & Acknowledgement
India Smart Grid Forum (ISGF) would like to
express our sincere gratitude to MacArthur
Foundation who has extended a grant to ISGF for
undertaking first of its kind project in the country
to prepare an Energy Storage Roadmap for India
2019 – 2032. MacArthur Foundation works to
primarily support mitigation interventions that
seek sustainable solutions to challenges India
faces from climate change.
We would like to thank Mr R P Gupta, Additional
Secretary, NITI Aayog and his team for providing all
the necessary guidance and support to undertake
the study for the preparation of this report.
We wish to thank Mr Mrityunjay Kumar Narayan,
Joint Secretary, and Mr Vishal Kapoor, Director,
Ministry of Power, for their support for this
important project.
We would like to thank Dr P C Maithani,
Scientist-G, Ministry of New and Renewable
Energy (MNRE) and his team for extending their
support and guidance throughout this study.
We would like to thank Mr Vivek Goel,
Chief Engineer – Distribution Planning and
Technology, Central Electricity Authority (CEA)
and his team for providing all the necessary
guidance related to the electrical infrastructure
of the country.
We would like to thank all the six distribution
companies, Adani Energy Mumbai Ltd
(AEML), Andhra Pradesh Southern Power
Distribution Company Ltd (APSPDCL),
Bangalore Electricity Supply Company Ltd
(BESCOM), CESC Ltd (Kolkata), Tata Power
Delhi Distribution Ltd (TPDDL) and Uttar
Haryana Bijli Vitran Nigam (UHBVN), who
helped us in conducting the load flow studies
of their distribution network.
We also wish to extend our sincere gratitude to
all the stakeholders whom we consulted during
the course of this study for their cooperation
and relevant inputs which were very valuable
for this study. viiiEnergy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Authors and Contributors
India Smart Grid Forum India Energy Storage Alliance
Akshay Srivastava Avanthika Satheesh
Balasubramanyam Karnam Epica Mandal Sarkar
Bindeshwary Rai Harsh Thacker
Harpreet Singh Pranao Walekar
Ravi Seethapathy Rahul Walawalkar
Reena Suri Pradeep Saini
Reji Kumar Pillai Satyajit Phadke
Suddhasatta Kundu Urvi Mehta
Shuvam Sarkar Roy Vinayak Walimbe ixEnergy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Testimonial from NITI Aayog iii
Testimonial from Ministry of Power iv
Preface v
Authors & Acknowledgement vii
Abbreviations xv
Executive Summary xix
1 Introduction and Background 1
1.1 Purpose of the Study 1
1.2 Indian Imperative 4
1.2.1 India’s National Commitment to Reduce Green House Gas Emission 4
1.2.2 Initiatives by Various Government Agencies 5
1.2.3 Details of 175 GW Renewable Energy Target by 2022 5
1.2.4 Breakdown of 40 GW Rooftop Solar PV (RTPV) 6
1.2.5 Regulatory Landscape by States/Governments in Promoting Rooftop
Solar PV (RTPV) 7
1.3 Scope of Study 9
1.3.1 Study of Different ESS Technologies and its Effectiveness in Indian
Context: Detailed Techno-Commercial Evaluation and Guiding Document
for Choosing ESS Solutions 9
1.3.2 Hosting Capacity of Variable Renewable Energy (VRE) on MV/LV Feeders 10
1.3.3 Technical Issues and Challenges 10
1.3.4 Solutions Portfolio for VRE Integration 11
2 ESS Technologies 13
2.1 Introduction 13
2.2 Description of Energy Storage Technologies 14
2.3 Key Players and Technologies 19
2.4 Need for Energy Storage in India 23
2.5 Energy Storage System (ESS) Applications 24
2.5.1 EV Adoption 25
2.5.2 Peak Shaving 26
2.5.3 Ancillary Services 26
2.5.4 Transmission and Distribution Grid Upgrade Deferral 27
3 Assessment of MV/LV Stabilization and Optimization for 40 GW RTPV:
Technical Issues and Challenges 29
3.1 Issues at MV Level and LT Level (3-Phase and 1-Phase) 29
3.2 VRE on MV and LV Coupled by Same Transformer 31
3.3 RTPV on MV and LV on Different Transformers 33
Contents xEnergy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
3.4 Power Quality (PQ) and Harmonics 33
3.5 Comparison of Regular and Smart Inverters (Autonomous and SCADA Controlled) 35
4 Load Flow Studies on MV/LV Lines with RTPV 37
4.1 Methodology 37
4.2 Selection of Samples per DISCOMs 37
4.3 Analysis of Varying VRE Levels on Sample Feeders (Without Energy Storage) 38
4.3.1 Methodology of Work 38
4.3.2 Load Flow Studies 41
4.4 CYMDIST Library of Modelling Tools for Photovoltaic System Study 44
5 Energy Storage India Tool (ESIT) 51
5.1 Description and Overview 51
5.2 Techno-Commercial Evaluation of ESS Projects 53
5.3 Consideration of Multiple Use-Cases 56
5.4 Evaluation of Monetizable and Non-Monetizable Benefits 56
5.5 Testing of Different Policy Incentives 58
6 Cost Benefit Analysis of Energy Storage using ESIT 59
6.1 Cost Benefit Analysis for Energy Storage System at Different Locations 59
6.2 Feeder Level Analysis 60
6.3 Distribution Transformer (DT) Level Analysis 63
6.4 Consumer Level Analysis 64
7 Energy Storage Roadmap for India – 2019, 2022, 2027 and 2032 67
7.1 Energy Storage for VRE Integration on MV/LV Grid 68
7.1.1 ESS Requirement for 40 GW RTPV Integration by 2022 68
7.2 Energy Storage for EHV Grid 83
7.3 Energy Storage for Electric Mobility 83
7.4 Energy Storage for Telecom Towers 84
7.5 Energy Storage for Data Centers UPS and Inverters 84
7.6 Energy Storage for DG Set Replacement 85
7.7 Energy Storage for Other > 1MW Applications 86
7.8 Consolidated Energy Storage Roadmap for India 86
8 Policy and Tariff Design Recommendations 87
8.1 Power Factor Correction 89
8.2 Energy Storage Roadmap for 40 GW RTPV Integration 92
8.3 Regulatory Changes and Suggestions to Maximize RTPV 92
8.4 Business Models for ESS Operations: Regulated and Non-Regulated Behind the
Meter Applications 98
Annexure 1- 175 GW RE: Status and Estimates 101
Annexure 1.1: RE Penetration in States as Percentage of Demand 101
Annexure 1.2: State and UT Wise Targets and Installed Capacities of Renewable Energy 102
Annexure 1.3: 175 GW Targets Year-Wise and Technology-Wise xiEnergy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Capacity Addition till 2022 103
Annexure 1.4: 175 GW Break-up of Targets 104
Annexure 1.5: 40 GW RTPV Break up of Targets 106
Annexure 1.6: List of Solar Parks Sanctioned under the Solar Park Scheme 108
Annexure 2- Load Flow Studies and Analysis of RTPV Integration 113
Annexure 2.1: Load Flow Analysis of Tata Power Delhi Distribution Limited (TPDDL)
Feeder 113
Annexure 2.2: Load Flow Analysis of UHBVN Feeder 124
Annexure 2.3: Load Flow Analysis of BESCOM Feeder 130
Annexure 2.4: Load Flow Analysis of APSPDCL Feeder 135
Annexure 2.5: Load Flow Analysis of CESC Feeder 145
Annexure 2.6: Load Flow Analysis of AEML Feeder 151
Annexure 3- State Wise ESS Estimations 2019-2032 155
Annexure 4- CYMDIST Library Files 177 xiiEnergy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
List of Figures
Figure 1: Installed Capacity 6
Figure 2: Year wise Rooftop Solar Targeted Capacity 7
Figure 3: Technical Issues Limiting VRE Hosting Capacity of Feeders 11
Figure 4: Classification of Energy Storage Technologies 15
Figure 5: Volumetric (Wh/L) and Gravimetric (Wh/kg) energy density for commercially
available battery technologies 18
Figure 6: Global and Indian Energy Storage Landscape 20
Figure 7: Global and Indian Energy Storage Landscape 20
Figure 8: Comparison of leading Energy Storage Technologies based on key performance parameters 21
Figure 9: Forecast of Estimated Levelized Capital Costs by Storage Technology and Type 23
Figure 10: 2019-2025 Energy Storage requirement, India 24
Figure 11: Storage as a Peaker Resource 26
Figure 12: Frequency Profile and Fluctuations of the Grid in India
(CERC-Technical Committee Report) 27
Figure 13: Single line diagram of TPDDL feeder 31
Figure 14: Impact of harmonics on the power system 34
Figure 15: Off Grid Inverter 35
Figure 16: Grid Connected Inverter 36
Figure 17: TPDDL Feeder - Load Flow Analysis 41
Figure 18: UHBVN Feeder Load Flow Analysis 42
Figure 19: BESCOM Feeder Load Flow Analysis 42
Figure 20: APSPDCL Feeder Load Flow Analysis 43
Figure 21: CESC Feeder Load Flow Analysis 43
Figure 22: AEML Feeder Load Flow Analysis 44
Figure 23: Load and Irradiance data dashboard 52
Figure 24: Feeder and Supply side Parameter 52
Figure 25: Storage Parameter Dashboard 53
Figure 26: Summary Tab of ESIT Model 54
Figure 27: Statistics Tab of ESIT 55
Figure 28: Financial Tab of ESIT 55
Figure 29: Cycles at Different Depth of Discharge 61
Figure 30: Different Benefits Captured Over Different Years 61
Figure 31: Increment of PF by Using Storage 62
Figure 32: Peak Shaving Operation 62
Figure 33: Economic Viability of the Project During Different Years 63
Figure 34: Break-up of Monetizable Benefits (INR) 64
Figure 35: Economic Feasibility of the Project 64
Figure 36: ESS requirement (as percentage of DT capacity) in Metro Saturated Scenario
with different solar PV penetration (IESA Analysis) 71
Figure 37: ESS required for different RTPV scenario at Metro Saturated Segment 71
Figure 38: ESS requirement (as percentage of DT capacity) in Metro Growing Scenario with
different solar PV penetration (IESA Analysis) 72
Figure 39: ESS required for different RTPV Scenario at Metro Growing Segment 72
Figure 40: Requirement of ESS in Peri- Urban Scenario with low solar PV penetration
(IESA Analysis) 73
Figure 41: ESS required for different RTPV Scenario at Peri-Urban Segment 74
Figure 42: Requirement in Rural with Low Solar PV Penetration (IESA Analysis) 75
Figure 43: ESS required for different RTPV Scenario in the Rural Segment 75 xiiiEnergy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Figure 44: Energy storage roadmap for India: Rooftop solar penetration and requirement
of energy storage 2019-22 76
Figure 45: Energy storage roadmap for India: Rooftop solar penetration and requirement
of energy storage 2022-27 78
Figure 46: Energy storage roadmap for India: Rooftop solar penetration and requirement
of energy storage 2027-32 80
Figure 47: Solar Injection at Unity Power Factor (Source: CES analysis) 89
Figure 48: Solar Injection at 0.95 Power Factor (Source: CES analysis) 90
Figure 49: India roadmap for solar and storage for concentrated penetration of solar PV 91
Figure 50: Global Horizontal Irradiance of India 93
Figure 51: India roadmap for solar and storage for distributed penetration of solar PV 97
Figure 52: RE penetration as percentage of generation and load 101
List of Tables
Table 1: RE Capacity region wise and total Target for 2022 (MW) 6
Table 2: Regulations for RTPV connection in India 7
Table 3: Energy Storage Projects in India (2017 - 2019) 14
Table 4: Performance Characteristics of Energy Storage Technologies 22
Table 5: Summary of PQ results found during load flow studies 32
Table 6: List of DISCOMs that participated in the study 37
Table 7: Different Monetizable and Non-Monetizable Benefits 57
Table 8: Assumptions Table for Analysing Feeder and DT Level Data 59
Table 9: Summary of Different Level Analysis 60
Table 10: Consumer Level Results 65
Table 11: Split of Distribution Network and Solar PV Penetration into Different Categories 69
Table 12: 40 GW Rooftop Target Split for Different Types of States 69
Table 13: Energy Storage Estimations for MV/LV Grid 82
Table 14: Energy Storage e-Mobility Applications (IESA Estimates) 83
Table 15: Energy Storage e-Mobility Applications (IESA Estimates) 83
Table 16: Energy Storage Telecom Applications (IESA Estimates) 84
Table 17: Energy Storage for Data Centres, UPS and Inverters Applications (IESA Estimates) 85
Table 18: Energy Storage DG Applications (IESA Estimates) 85
Table 19: Energy Storage Miscellaneous Applications (Railways, Rural Electrification,
and HVAC application) 86
Table 20: Consolidated Energy Storage Roadmap 86
Table 21: Components of Benefits of Energy Storage 88
Table 22: Savings on PF penalty 90 xivEnergy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032 xvEnergy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Abbreviations
AEML : Adani Energy Mumbai Limited
AGC : Automatic Generation Control
AGF : Advanced Grid Functions
APSPDCL : Andhra Pradesh Southern Power Distribution Company Limited
AT&C : Aggregate Technical & Commercial
BESCOM : Bangalore Electricity Supply Company Limited
BESS : Battery Energy Storage System
BMS : Battery Management System
BU : Billion Unit
CAES : Compressed Air Energy Storage
CBA : Cost-Benefit Analysis
CEA : Central Electricity Authority
CERC : Central Electricity Regulatory Commission
CESC : Calcutta Electricity Supply Company
C&I : Commercial & Industrial
DISCOM : Distribution Company
DoD : Depth of Discharge
DG : Diesel Generator
DR : Demand Response
DSM : Demand Side Management
DT : Distribution Transformer
EHV : Extra High-Voltage
ESCO : Energy Service Company
ESIT : Energy Storage India Tool
ESS : Energy Storage System xviEnergy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
EV : Electric Vehicle
E2W : Electric 2-Wheelers
E3W : Electric 3-Wheelers
FRAS : Fast Response Ancillary Service
GCF : Green Climate Fund
GDP : Gross Domestic Product
GW : Gigawatt
HVAC : Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning
HT : High Tension
ICE : Internal Combustion Engine
IESA : India Energy Storage Alliance
IEGC : Indian Electricity Grid Code
IRR : Internal Rate of Return
ISGF : India Smart Grid Forum
INDC : Intended Nationally Determined Contribution
JNNSM : Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission
kVA : Kilovolt Ampere
kW : Kilowatt
kWh : Kilowatt–Hour
kWp : Kilowatt peak
LA : Lead Acid
LCOS : Levelized Cost of Energy Storage
LFC : Load Frequency Control
LFP : Lithium Iron Phosphate
LiB : Lithium-ion Battery
LT : Low Tension
LV : Low Voltage
MNRE : Ministry of New and Renewable Energy
MoP : Ministry of Power
MSP : Meter Service Provider xviiEnergy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
MV : Medium Voltage
MW : Megawatt
MWh : Megawatt-Hour
NBFI : Non Banking Financial Institution
NEP : National Electricity Plan
NESM : National Energy Storage Mission
NLC : Neyveli Lignite Corporation
NMC : Nickel Manganese Cobalt
NPV : Net Present Value
NREL : National Renewable Energy Laboratory
NTPC : National Thermal Power Corporation Limited
PCC : Point of Common Coupling
PCS : Power Conversion System
PF : Power Factor
PHS : Pumped Hydro Storage
PGCIL : Power Grid Corporation of India Limited
POSOCO : Power System Operation Corporation
PQ : Power Quality
RE : Renewable Energy
RMI : Rocky Mountain Institute
RTPV : Rooftop Photo Voltaic
SAPF : Shunt Active Power Filter
SCS : Supervisory Control System
SECI : Solar Energy Corporation of India
SHP : Small Hydro Plant
SMI : Smart Micro Inverters
SoC : State of Charge
SoH : State of Health
T&D : Transmission and Distribution
ToD : Time of Day xviiiEnergy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
TPDDL : Tata Power Delhi Distribution Limited
THD : Total Harmonic Distortion
UHBVN : Uttar Haryana Bijli Vitran Nigam Limited
UT : Union Territory
VRE : Variable Renewable Energy
VRLA : Valve Regulated Lead Acid
V2G : Vehicle to Grid
VGI : Vehicle Grid Integration
VSI : Voltage Source Inverter xixEnergy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Executive Summary
Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India 2019-32
Energy Storage System (ESS) is fast emerging as
an essential part of the evolving clean energy
systems of the 21st century. Energy storage
represents a huge economic opportunity for
India. Ambitious goals, concerted strategies,
and a collaborative approach could help India
meet its emission reduction targets while
avoiding import dependency for battery packs
and cells. This could help establish India as a hub
for cutting-edge research and innovation, boost
its manufacturing capabilities, create new jobs,
and foster economic growth. India’s strengths in
IT and manufacturing, its entrepreneurial and
dynamic private sector, and its visionary public
and private sector leadership will be key factors
in realizing these ambitions. Creation of a
conducive battery manufacturing ecosystem on
fast track could cement India’s opportunity for
radical economic and industrial transformation
in a critical and fast-growing global market.
India is committed to reducing emission
intensity up to 33-35% from the 2005 level by
2030 and set the target of 40% non-fossil fuel
based electricity generation in the energy mix.
This requires radical measures to scale up the
share of renewable energy (RE) besides the
ongoing program of 175 GW RE by 2022. The
new targets for RE by 2030 could be in the order
of 350 to 500 GW. Integration of such massive
amounts of RE which are intermittent and
distributed in the power system pose serious
challenges to grid operations. Studies and
analysis show that extra flexibility investments
in the Indian grid are needed on fast track for
managing the RE resources efficiently. Energy
storage is going to play critical role in grid
integration and management of RE as the share
of RE in the grid increases. India Smart Grid
Forum (ISGF) pioneered the effort to prepare an
Energy Storage System Roadmap for India for
the period 2019 to 2032 (till 15th Five Year Plan
period) with the primary objective of estimating
the ESS requirements for grid support for
integration of RE into the grid – both at extra
high voltage transmission grid where large solar
and wind farms are connected; as well as at
medium voltage and low voltage distribution
grid where rooftop solar panels and other
small size RE resources are connected. In this
important task, ISGF partnered with India
Energy Storage Alliance (IESA) and the project
was supported through a grant by MacArthur
Foundation, USA. This exercise of preparation
of the ESS Roadmap included modelling studies
of the electric grid with different levels of
penetration of RE. The key project outputs are:
i. Energy Storage Roadmap for India for
2019-2022, 2022-2027 and 2027-2032
ii. Energy Storage India Tool (ESIT), a tool for
conducting cost benefit analysis of different
ESS technologies for different applications
iii. Guidelines for assessing the hosting
capacity of rooftop solar PV (RTPV) on low
voltage distribution lines
We have examined different ESS technologies
such as batteries, super capacitors,
compressed air energy storage system
(CAES), fly wheels, pumped hydro storage
(PHS) plants, etc with regard to technology
maturity and price trajectory. However, the
fast pace of developments taking place in the
battery technologies and the consequent price
competitiveness have put batteries as the first xxEnergy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
choice for most applications. Few PHS plants in
India (cumulative capacity: 5.7GW) have been
identified long time back, but these projects
have not made any progress in the past two
decades owing to variety of issues. Hence, the
PHS plants are not considered in this report.
New form of gravity storage involving large
blocks of concrete/stones is still in its infancy
and not sure of achieving commercial viability
before 2032; and hence, not considered in
these estimates. Super capacitors, fly wheels
and compressed air energy storage are far more
expensive than the latest range of lithium-
ion batteries (LiB) and those technologies
have their own limitations with regard to size,
location, energy density and maximum hours
of operation etc. making them less attractive
compared to LiBs.
Table below presents the ESS requirement for
medium voltage (MV)/low voltage (LV) grid
support based on estimated penetration of
solar PV (both ground mounted and rooftop)
likely to be connected to the MV and LV grid.
Energy Storage Estimations for MV/LV Grid (MWh)
Estimates2019 2022 2027 2032
Generation (GW)
Thermal209 NA NA NA
Hydro43 NA NA NA
Nuclear6 NA NA NA
Solar26 107 244 349
Ground Mounted Solar24 68 148 206
RTPV1.5 40 98 144
Connected to EHV14 34 66 94
Connected to MV11 35 84 112
Connected to LV2 40 98 144
Wind35 NA NA NA
Small Hydro4.5 NA NA NA
Biomass & Biopower10 NA NA NA
Peak Load (GW)192 333 479 658
Energy (BUs)
Annual Energy Requirements 1192 1905 2710 3710
Storage Recommended (MWh)
Battery for LV Grid241 5908 14617 21484
Battery for MV Grid1054 3482 8393 11191
Total Storage (MWh) 1295 9390 23010 32675
Approximate (GWh)1 GWh 10 GWh 24 GWh 33 GWh
Note: Peak Load and Annual Energy
Requirements are taken from CEA Estimates
(18th Electric Power Survey). In congruence
with the RE target of 175 GW by 2022, the
calculations were done on the basis of 100 GW
Solar, out of which 40 GW is RTPV, 20 GW is
medium size installations and 40 GW is from
large solar parks. Similarly, for 2027 and 2032,
the ratio of RTPV were taken in accordance
with the 2022 targets constituting of 40%
RTPV of the total solar installed capacity.
All the values for 2027 and 2032 have been
forecasted using the best available data in
public domain. xxiEnergy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
During the course of this project, electric
vehicles (EVs) have assumed high priority
in the country. In the recent years, several
large cities in India have emerged as the most
polluted cities in the world and a significant
share of the air pollution is coming from the
automobiles. In order to address this serious
problem in a holistic manner, Government of
India (GoI) has launched a national mission in
March 2019, the “Transformative Mobility and
Energy Storage Mission”. Constantly declining
cost of LiBs coupled with their performance
improvements and rapid innovations in the EV
domain is expected to make EVs competitive
in the near term in all categories: 2 Wheelers,
3 Wheelers, Cars, Buses and Goods
Carriers. GoI is committed to develop the
complete ecosystem around EVs including
manufacturing of batteries and all other
components domestically. The expected
requirements of batteries for EVs is much
higher than that for grid support and hence a
national roadmap for ESS without incorporating
the demand for the largest sector would look
incomplete. From that perspective, we enlarged
the scope of the report by including ESS demand
from different sectors based on best estimates
and data available in the public domain.
Regarding ESS requirements for extra high
voltage (EHV) transmission grid for integration
of large solar and wind farms, no detailed
studies have been undertaken to estimate the
demand beyond 2022. The study made by Power
Grid Corporation of India (POWERGRID) in
2013 for the Green Corridor Report suggested
500 MWh of ESS for integration of 31 GW of
RE. The RE targets have multiplied more than
5 times to 160 GW (solar and wind) by 2022 and
will further increase drastically by 2032. The
estimates in this report for EHV Grid support
is best estimates by IESA. The consolidated
estimates of ESS from different sectors for the
period 2019-2022, 2022 to 2027 and 2027 to 2032
are presented in the table below:
Consolidated Energy Storage Roadmap
Consolidated Energy Storage Roadmap
ApplicationsEnergy Storage (GWh)
2019-
2022
2022-
2027
2027-
2032
Total by
2032
Stationary Storage
Grid
Support
MV/LV10 24 33 67
EHV7 38 97 142
Telecom Towers25 51 78 154
Data Centres, UPS and Inverters 80 160 234 474
Miscellaneous Applications (Railways,
Rural Electrification, HVAC application)
16 45 90 151
DG Usage Minimization- 4 11 14
Total Stationary (GWh)138 322 543 1,002
Electric
Vehicles
E2W4 51 441 496
E3W26 43 67 136
E4W8 102 615 725
Electric Bus2 11 44 57
Total Electric Vehicles (GWh)40 207 1,167 1,414
Total Energy Storage Demand (GWh)178 529 1710 2416 xxiiEnergy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
While the total requirements of ESS for grid
support is 17 GWh by 2022, that for e-Mobility is
40 GWh and total from all sectors is 178.5 GWh
by 2022. Depending upon the overall economic
growth and development of the infrastructure
sectors, this could be certainly above 100 GWh.
Most of these are likely to be imported. The
cumulative demand of ESS by 2032 estimated is
in excess of 2700 GWh which is a strong case for
setting up of giga-scale battery manufacturing
plants in India on fast track.
This report's intended audiences are investors,
developers, utility planners, policy makers in
the power industry and others who want to
know the significant role that energy storage is
likely to play in the future's smart grid.
Chapter 1 provides the background of energy
storage purpose, scope and approach of study.
Chapter 2 introduces the various types of
energy storage technologies such as mechanical,
electrochemical, thermal and electrical etc. In
addition, some case studies – the ongoing large-
scale energy storage projects in India are covered.
Chapter 3 presents the study of integration
of 40 GW of RTPV which will be connected
to the distribution grid (MV/LV) and its
stabilization and optimization requirements.
The characteristics of renewable energy that
require energy storage as the penetration of
renewable energy rises are described. Other
than the obvious concerns related to mismatch
of renewable energy production compared
to load, there are issues related to lower grid
inertia and lower spinning reserves during
times of high renewable energy production.
Energy storage is a solution for addressing these
concerns.
Chapter 4 is discussing about the observations
and results of the load flow studies done on
MV/LV distribution networks in six states in
India. The issues and impact of RTPV faced
by utilities pan-India varies according to their
geographical locations and MV/LV network
topologies. In order to analyze the details of the
MV/LV network, six distribution utilities were
selected to conduct a detailed load flow analysis
of distribution feeders. A CYMDIST Library has
been created for estimating the RTPV hosting
capacity of low voltage feeders. This library of
files are listed in Appendix 4 which opens only
with CYMDIST modelling software. Majority of
the distribution utilities in India use CYMDIST
for their power system modelling and hence
can take advantage of this library.
Chapter 5 presents the Energy Storage India
Tool (ESIT) developed as a part of this project.
The basic function of this tool is to take network
load data and optimize the energy storage
capacity. This tool is capable of conducting cost
benefit analysis for different ESS technologies
for different grid applications. The value streams
captured by ESIT include both monetizable
benefits and non-monetizable benefits.
Chapter 6 deals with energy storage projects
cost-benefit analysis. The tool outlined in
chapter 5 has the ability to comprehend the
techno-commercial advantages of using a
storage at a specific place through various cost
advantages, it can make use of the network at a
specific stage. The instrument does not analyze
voltage drop, voltage fluctuations and many
such parameters of load flow.
Chapter 7 presents the estimated ESS
requirements in India for the periods 2019-22,
2022-27 and 2027-32 for different applications.
The roadmap has been prepared using separate
projections for different ESS applications: RTPV
Integration on MV/LV Grid, EHV Grid, e-Mobility,
Telecom Towers, Data Centres, UPS and Inverters,
DG Replacement and other > 1 MW applications.
Chapter 8 covers the policy support required for
energy storage projects. Best practices for policy
including setting tariff for each of the services
provided by energy storage, incorporating energy
storage in an energy master plan, incentivizing
development of energy storage and distributed
renewable energy, and support for pilot projects. 1Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
1.1 Purpose of the Study
At COP 21 in Paris in 2015, India made a
commitment of meeting 40% of its electricity
generation from non-fossil fuels by 2030.
This bold commitment requires a host of new
technologies. The 175 GW of renewable energy
target by 2022 needs to be augmented with
much larger capacity as well as new policies and
programs towards low carbon development
in the power and transport sectors. The
integration of distributed generation resources
on the low voltage grid require the support of
active demand response and energy storage
systems to maintain grid stability. In a fast-
changing technological environment, it is
important to have a clear vision of priorities
and needed actions to realize the full benefits
of energy storage to help in accelerating the
deployment of renewable energy technologies.
The scope of this study for ESS Roadmap is
presented below:
As an outcome of this detailed study we have
prepared an Energy Storage System (ESS)
Roadmap for India for the period 2019-2032
that will help policy makers and utilities in
decision making related to investments in
energy storage for integration of renewable
energy leading to a reliable and low carbon
grid in India. India is poised to increase its
wind and solar power generation to 160 GW
by 2022 and plan to expand this further so
that the non-fossil-based energy consumption
Introduction and Background
1
MV-LV grid
stabilization and
optimization
to allow 40 GW
RTPV deployment
by 2022 and much
larger quantities
in the following
years
Detailed study to
cover storage, DR and
EV integration as a
potential solutions for
addressing intermittency
of RTPV. Develop techno
commercial viability
framework, identify
potential tariff structures
Estimation of
grid connected
energy storage
and its location,
in each state
considering RE
adoption
Cost Benefit
Analysis (CBA),
of different
storage
technologies
for different
applications
ESS roadmap,
for different
applications
for deployment
of storage
Assess economic
impact of
proposed energy
storage solutions
Prepare a solution for
renewable integration for grid
stability covering issues faced
by electricity distribution
companies (DISCOMs).
Evaluate existing policy
framework under deviation
settlement mechanism and
need for additional solutions
01030507
020406 2Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
will account for 40% by 2030. The increased
capacity addition of Variable Renewable
Energy (VRE) resources in the recent years has
already emphasized the need for grid flexibility
to accommodate its inherent intermittency.
RTPV will contribute to a significant share of
the VRE plan with a target of 40 GW by 2022.
RTPV capacities have already been doubling
year on year driven by robust policies coupled
with declining cost of PV panels and increasing
utility tariffs. The increased penetration of
distributed energy sources, particularly solar
PV and small wind turbines is affecting grid
stability on the medium and low voltage
distribution network. The uncertainty of
generation from VRE resources because of its
intermittency affect the energy planning of
utilities. The anticipated penetration of Electric
Vehicles (EV) with a national vision of “100%
electrification of transportation by 2030” will
further affect the grid stability. ESS is one of
the key solutions to address the grid stability
as well as to smoothen the output from RTPV.
The grid stability is a growing concern for
DISCOMs in recent times and the DISCOMs
are seeking technical and policy measures
to sustain the uptake of VRE resources. ESS
coupled with Demand Response (DR) and
Vehicle Grid Integration (VGI) will add flexibility
to the grid. Pilot projects with ESS are being
studied by Power Grid Corporation of India
Ltd (POWERGRID). However, there is a clear
lack of guiding principles in helping DISCOMs
in deciding the right technology and solutions
to adopt ESS as they continue to evolve. The
increasing share of solar power generation that
is non-synchronous is reducing the inertia of
the grid which is vital for the grid stability. There
is an increasing tendency to adopt batteries as
ESS owing to its declining cost but batteries are
failing to support the grid with inertia. Other
ESS such as Compressed Air Energy Storage
(CAES) and flywheels could add inertia to the
grid.
This study assessed different ESS technologies
and prepared this roadmap. This report will
help utilities choose the right ESS technology
for solving VRE integration issues both at the
transmission and distribution levels considering
various scenarios of penetration of VRE in the
grid. Cost of several ESS technologies have been
constantly on the decline in the past few years,
but it is only Lithium-ion batteries have reached
the inflexion point of becoming commercially
viable for grid applications. A large market like
India embarking on adoption of ESS in a big
way with a clear roadmap would send the right
signals to the industry to invest in local capacity
which will help reduce the cost of ESS.
Energy storage requirement needs to be
assessed by evaluating the various scenarios of
VRE penetration as outlined in various studies
in India including NREL’s “Greening the Grid
1
”
report which concluded that integration of
160 GW of solar/wind capacity is possible.
NREL study evaluated the system feasibility
at transmission grid level and considered
various scenarios for VRE penetration. A study
undertaken by Indo-German Energy Forum
and GIZ evaluated the need for dedicated
transmission corridors to evacuate VRE. A
comprehensive study on evaluating the impact
of large scale VRE penetration along with EVs
has not been undertaken so far in India. This
study undertook comprehensive analysis of the
distribution grid level issues and formulated
this roadmap to address them by enhancing
grid flexibility through ESS.
This study involved following steps:
l Assessment of ESS solutions for Medium
Voltage (MV) and Low Voltage (LV) grid
stabilization and optimization to facilitate
40 GW RTPV deployment by 2022 and much
larger quantities in the following years and
prepare an effective solutions portfolio for
VRE integration for grid stability
l Study of different ESS technologies and its
effectiveness when deployed in tandem
with other applications such as demand
response (DR) and vehicle grid integration
1
https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy17osti/68530.pdf 3Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
(VGI) for enhancing the flexibility of the grid
to accommodate VRE resources
l Detailed techno-commercial evaluation of
different ESS technologies and its viability
in the Indian context and prepared a
guiding document that Indian utilities and
decision makers can leverage for choosing
ESS solutions
l Estimation of grid connected ESS and its
locations for different ESS technologies in
each state considering VRE penetration
trends
l Prepared guidelines for determining the
VRE hosting capacity on LV and MV feeders
l Prepared the Energy Storage Systems
Roadmap for India and an Energy Storage
India Tool which governments, regulators
and utilities can adopt and use
Key activities undertaken are:
l Review of existing studies as well as ground
research to assess preparedness of Indian
grid for adoption of 40 GW RTPV and other
VRE resources
l Identification of potential technical issues
and grid interconnection challenges that
needs to be addressed for enabling VRE
integration in distribution grid
l Mapping of ESS technologies and
other solutions to meet the functional
requirements of the grid including active
and reactive power compensations
l Studied the impact of EVs on the grid which
can serve both as load as well as energy
source through VGI applications
l Built network models of the distribution grid
in 6 states using CYMDIST modelling tool
and conducted load-flow studies to assess
the hosting capacity for different scenarios
of VRE penetration with ESS support and
other flexibility solutions
l Developed an Energy Storage India Tool
(ESIT), a techno-commercial evaluation
framework to assess the viability of various
ESS technologies to address intermittency
of VRE resources
l Based on the expected VRE deployment
targets in various states and utilities,
developed capacity requirements for ESS
under different scenarios in VRE rich states
and other regions in India
l Developed a detailed Energy Storage
Roadmap for India for deployment of
different ESS technologies with timelines
under various scenarios of VRE and EV
penetrations
l Identified suitable locations for deployment
of ESS projects owned by utility/service
provider/community
l Evaluation of existing and emerging ESS
technologies and its deployment under
current tariff framework and evaluate
potential tariff structures that can provide
incentives for utilities, service providers and
customers to deploy ESS
l Identified barriers that are preventing
deployment of ESS and additional value
streams that need to be developed
l Tested various combinations of ESS and
other flexibility solutions and prepared
guidelines for determining the VRE hosting
capacity of distribution grids
This approach for preparation of the roadmap
encompassed the evaluation of technical,
commercial and regulatory challenges in India
for adoption of large scale VRE resources. The
activities followed a bottom - up approach that
started with identification of grid integration
challenges at distribution level. A scenario
analysis has been performed to evaluate the
anticipated penetration of distributed energy
generation in the grid based on the current
installation capacities and projected targets.
Government policies and study forecasts
from relevant agencies like MNRE, CEA,
POSOCO (National Power System Operator),
POWERGRID and state utilities have been taken
into consideration for this study. The analysis
have led to identification of the various grid
interconnection challenges and identification
of utilities/locations where the problems are
likely to be severe.
The technical side of evaluation covered
review of various energy storage technologies 4Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
available. The analysis will help identify the
right ESS technology for different durations
of storage applications in VRE firming, peak
time shifting, frequency regulation etc. The
ESIT is developed on the proprietary platform
CoMETS (Competitive Market Evaluation Tool
for Storage) developed by India Energy Storage
Alliance (IESA) and their associates. The utilities
and other stakeholders will be given access
to the ESIT which can be used to appraise the
operational feasibility and economic viability
of ESS projects. Following features are included
in ESIT:
l Techno-commercial evaluation of ESS
projects
l Consideration of multiple use cases
l Evaluation of monetizable and non-
monetizable benefits
l Testing of different policy incentives
ESIT can evaluate multiple storage technologies
for the given application/use case. The tool will
not only provide financials of the energy storage
but will also provide key statistics in terms of
charge-discharge cycles and energy throughput
which can be utilized to assess the degradation
of storage capacity.
The potential outcomes of this ESS Roadmap are
aimed to benefit central and state governments,
and all the electricity transmission and
distribution companies. This ESS Roadmap
will provide utilities on assessment of their
preparedness for expanding VRE resources
and EV penetration and possible integration
challenges. The Roadmap will also benefit all
producers of VRE as the integration and power
evacuation challenges of VRE will be effectively
addressed through the ESS solutions. At a higher
level, the Roadmap will provide a long-term ESS
procurement strategy for utilities, regulators and
policy makers.
1.2 Indian Imperative
1.2.1 India’s National Commitment to
Reduce Green House Gas Emission
India is facing challenges to sustain its speedy
economic growth and on the same front,
dealing with global threat of climate change.
Keeping in mind its development agenda and
commitment to low carbon growth, India
has communicated its Intended Nationally
Determined Contribution (INDC) in response
to COP (Conference of Parties) decisions
1/CP.19 and 1/CP.20 for the period 2021 to 2030,
which will directly or indirectly lead to reduced
GHG emissions
2
. The key points are:
l During COP 2009 at Copenhagen, Denmark,
voluntary commitment is made to reduce
emission by 20 to 25% by 2020 from 2005 levels
l Launched Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar
Mission (JNNSM) with a target of 20 GW of
grid connected solar power by 2020 which
has been enhanced in 2015 to 100 GW by
2022
l At COP21 at Paris, India INDC commitments
are:
n To adopt a climate friendly and a cleaner
path than the one followed hitherto
by others at corresponding level of
economic development
n To reduce the emissions intensity
33 to 35% by 2030 from 2005 level
n To achieve about 40% cumulative
electric power installed capacity from
non-fossil fuel-based energy resources
by 2030 with the help of transfer of
technology and low-cost finance from
international institutions including
Green Climate Fund (GCF)
n To create an additional carbon sink of
2.5 to 3 billion tonnes of CO
2
equivalent
through additional forest and tree cover
by 2030
2
https://www.ise.fraunhofer.de/content/dam/ise/en/
documents/publications/studies/recent-facts-about-
photovoltaics-in-germany.pdf 5Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
1.2.2 Initiatives by Various
Government Agencies
In February 2018, an expert committee under
the chairmanship of Secretary, Ministry of
New and Renewable Energy (MNRE), with
representatives from relevant ministries,
industry associations, research institutions
and subject matter experts was constituted
by the MNRE to prepare draft proposal for
setting up National Energy Storage Mission
(NESM) for India. This expert committee has
prepared the draft NESM with objective to
strive for leadership in energy storage domain
by creating an enabling policy and regulatory
framework that encourages manufacturing,
deployment, innovation and further cost
reduction. NITI Aayog and Rocky Mountain
Institute’s (RMI) joint report on India’s energy
storage mission has proposed three stage
solution approach i.e. creating an environment
for battery manufacturing, growth and scaling
up supply chain strategies and scaling of
battery cell manufacturing. Energy Storage is
one of the most crucial and critical components
of India’s energy infrastructure strategy and
also for supporting India’s sustained thrust to
renewables.
3
1.2.3 Details of 175 GW Renewable
Energy Target by 2022
3
http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=181698
Key areas for Energy Storage
applications
l Integrating renewable energy with
transmission grids and distribution
grids
l Setting up rural micro grids with
diversified loads or stand-alone
systems
l Developing storage component for
electric mobility plans
Introducing new,
more efficient
and cleaner
technologies in
thermal power
generation
Promoting
renewable energy
generation and
increasing the share
of alternative fuels
in overall fuel mix
Full
implementation
of Green India
Mission and other
programmes of
afforestation
Planning and
implementation of
actions to enhance
climate resilience and
reduce vulnerability
to climate change
01020304
In order to achieve the above targets, India has launched new initiatives in the following
priority areas:
175 GW RE Program
l Solar : 100 GW- (60 GW from ground-
mount and 40 GW from rooftop)
l Wind : 60 GW
l Small Hydro : 5 GW
l Bioenergy : 10 GW
The Government of India has ambitious plans
to scale up renewable energy in a cost-effective
ways to integrate ever increasing quantum
of renewables with the power system. India’s
estimated potential for electricity generation
from renewables is 900 GW. The present target
is 175 GW by 2022. 6Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Out of 100 GW solar target, 40 GW is estimated
from RTPV while remaining 60 GW is from
4
Billion Units – 1 Unit being 1 KWh, 1 BU is Terra Watt – hour
(TWh)
5
https://solarrooftop.gov.in/notification/Notification-24012017.pdf
ground-mounted, grid-connected medium and
large solar projects.
Table 1:
RE Capacity region wise and total Target for 2022 (MW)
State Solar Wind Small
Hydro
Plants
(SHP)
Biomass
and
Biopower
Total RE
Target
2022
(MW)
Installed
Capacity
(MW)
(April
2019)
Northern Region 31119 8600 2450 4149 46318 14842
Western Region 28410 22600 125 2875 54010 23305
Southern Region 26531 28200 1675 2612 59018 39080
Eastern Region 12237 0 135 244 12616 1444
North Eastern Region 1206 0 615 0 1821 1444
All India Total 99,534 60,000 5,000 10,0001,74,534 80,115
Source: MNRE
If the target of 175 GW by 2022 is achieved, it
would contribute to achieving 19.44% of the
total RE potential of 900 GW and about 20.3% of
electricity in the total demand. This would mean
generation of around 327 BU
4
of electricity (162
BU from solar, 112 BU from wind, 38 BU from
biomass, 15 BU from SHP).
With the accomplishment of this ambitious
target, India will become one of the largest
green energy producers in the world, even
surpassing several developed countries. The
share of renewable energy in overall installed
capacity in the country is given Figure 1.
1.2.4 Breakdown of 40 GW Rooftop
Solar PV (RTPV)
Solar is one of the fast growing and talked
about energy generation technologies globally.
Increasing awareness of climate change, energy
security needs, incentives from government,
decline in list of solar panels and emergence
of new and innovative business models
are some of the prime drivers for the large-
scale development and deployment of solar
energy systems.
Rooftop Solar (RTPV) Program by
Government of India
Government of India has taken ambitious
targets of 100,000 MW of solar power by 2022 out
of which 40,000 MW is to be achieved through
Rooftop Solar (RTPV) power plants as per the
clean climate commitments. The year wise
rooftop solar targeted capacity (MW) addition
during 2016-2022 is shown in Figure 2.
5
Figure 1:
Installed Capacity
Thermal
Nuclear
Hydro
Renewable
Source: MNRE 7Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
1.2.5 Regulatory Landscape by States/
Governments in Promoting Rooftop
Solar PV (RTPV)
In comparison to other countries, India’s
renewable energy targets in total are ambitious,
but not overly so. However, what is different
from the other countries is the projected
speed of development. India is looking at a
huge capacity increase within a very short
time frame without much experience in the
sector. That does not mean that the targets are
unrealistic, as installation cost has dropped,
there is considerable investor interest. It
simply indicates that development (including
revisions of regulations and incentives) and
the studies that go with it has to be kick-started
very quickly to reach the official targets. Net
metering policies are in effect in all states and
Union Territories (UTs) in India.
Figure 2:
Year wise Rooftop Solar Targeted Capacity
Year Wise RTPV Targets (MW)
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22
Table 2:
Regulations for RTPV connection in India
State or Union
Territory
RTPV Limit for Individual
Customers
Installed Capacity Limit as % of DT capacity
Andaman and
Nicobar Islands (UT)
<500 kWp50% of DT capacity
Andhra Pradesh Not Specified60% of DT capacity
Arunachal Pradesh<1000 kWp15% of DT capacity
Assam40% of contracted load, 2016, 80%
of contracted load of Individual,
2017 draft
Specified by commission from time to time, 2015, 20% of
DT capacity
Bihar<Sanctioned load15% of DT capacity
Chandigarh (UT) <500 kWp: 80% of the sanctioned
load
50% of DT capacity
Chhattisgarh Not Specified
Dadra and Nagar
Haveli (UT)
<500 kWp50% of DT capacity
Daman and Diu (UT)<500 kWp50% of DT capacity
Source: MNRE 8Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
State or Union
Territory
RTPV Limit for Individual
Customers
Installed Capacity Limit as % of DT capacity
DelhiNo limit specified (depends on
feasibility)
Not less than 20% of DT capacity
Goa<500 kWp50% of DT capacity
Gujarat <50% of the sanctioned load 65% of DT capacity
Haryana <Connected load30% of DT capacity in case of interconnection is at
LT and 15% of the peak capacity of the PT in case of
interconnection is at HT
Himachal Pradesh <80% of the sanctioned contract
demand for consumers under two-
part tariff <30% of the sanctioned
connected load for consumers
under single part tariff
30% of DT capacity
Jammu and Kashmir<50% of the sanctioned load of the
consumer
20% of DT capacity
Jharkhand <100% contracted load 15% of DT capacity
Karnataka <100% contracted load 80% of DT capacity
Kerala<100% contracted load For generation at LT: 15% of DT capacity. For generation
at HT: Cumulative capacity connected to the
distribution feeder under a particular power transformer
is less than 80% of the average load as in the previous
one year
Lakshadweep (UT) <500 kWp30% of DT capacity
Madhya Pradesh <1MWp at HT30% of DT capacity
Maharashtra <100% contracted load 40% of DT capacity, allowed to exceed upon detailed
load study
Manipur <100% contracted load 40% of DT capacity
Meghalaya <100% contracted load 15% of DT capacity
Mizoram <100% contracted load 40% of DT capacity
Nagaland <80% of the sanctioned load 15% of DT capacity
OdishaNot Specified75% of DT capacity
Puducherry (UT) <500 kWp50% of DT capacity
Punjab80% of the sanctioned load 30% of DT capacity
Rajasthan 80% of the sanctioned load 30% of DT capacity
Sikkim<100% contracted load For generation at LT: 15% of DT capacity. For generation
at HT: Cumulative capacity connected to the
distribution feeder under a particular power transformer
is less than 80% of the average load as in the previous
one year
Tamil Nadu <100% contracted load 30% of DT capacity
Telangana For Residential and Government
consumers: up to a maximum of
100% of the consumer’s sanctioned
load; For Industrial, Commercial
and Other Consumers: up to a
maximum of 80% of the sanctioned
load/contracted demand of the
consumer
For LT consumers, 50% of DT capacity. For HT
consumers, 50% of the maximum load permitted on the
feeder, allowed to exceed upon detailed load study 9Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
1.3 Scope of Study
1.3.1 Study of Different ESS
Technologies and its Effectiveness
in Indian Context: Detailed Techno-
Commercial Evaluation and Guiding
Document for Choosing ESS Solutions
This study has undertaken detailed analysis of
ESS to integrate 40 GW of RTPV. Achieving RTPV
targets with inflexible low voltage and medium
voltage grid will have its own challenges.
However, with a little planning and defining
right feeders which can take higher penetration
of RTPV, a lot of challenges can be tackled.
Germany on its way to 45.9 GW solar PV by end
of 2018, had 98% of the capacity connected to
distribution grid.
6
As the grid was seeing effects
of high solar PV penetration in distribution
grid in Germany, many interventions had to be
made like derating of generation below 10 kW
to 70% of the rated capacity, firmware upgrade
of over 10 GW of inverters to respond to new
grid codes, which had budget implications of
over
300 million on the country and lastly
introduction of smart inverters. It is understood
that one out of two houses which have installed
RTPV in Germany in Q1 of 2019, have also
installed energy storage. A similar story can be
witnessed in India on its way to 40 GW RTPV
installations and beyond.
For different utilities, feeder and DT capacity
are fixed. Excess solar generation may feed
back to the DT and causes failure of Feeder.
Thus, it is recommended to know the optimal
size of energy storage before any installation. In
some cases, rooftop solar may not be feasible
from economic standpoint, but installation
of storage can make the RTPV installation
feasible. Keeping these ideas in mind, Energy
Storage India Tool (ESIT) has been developed
particularly for India. The basic function of this
tool is to take network load data and optimize
the requirement for flexible assets like smart
inverters and BESS. This tool is well versed
with distribution feeder and customer level
analysis. For a given input related to site and
parameter of a particular project, this tool has
the capability to give value benefits discussed
in Chapter 5.
Using ESIT tool, the requirement for ESS
was determined for rooftop PV integration,
which can capture many of the network issues
like power quality, peak load management,
distribution asset deferral apart from capturing
behind-the-meter benefits like electricity
savings through ToD tariff and diesel usage
optimization for back-up power.
After splitting the RTPV targets across states,
customer feeders, the study has segregated
RTPV installations into 12 categories, and for
each category energy storage requirement has
been evaluated based on low and high feeder
penetration of RTPV. As found out through the
analysis in this study, the storage requirement
for base case scenario will be around 9.4 GWh.
In majority of these categories of RTPV, across
period of 2020-2025, adding energy storage
State or Union
Territory
RTPV Limit for Individual
Customers
Installed Capacity Limit as % of DT capacity
Tripura <100% contracted load 15% of DT capacity, allowed to exceed upon detailed
load study
Uttar Pradesh <100% contracted load 75% of DT capacity
Uttarakhand <50015% of DT capacity, issue raised to increase this value
West Bengal >5 kW, injection shall not be more
than 90% of the consumption from
the licensee’s supply in a year
Not Specified
6
https://www.ise.fraunhofer.de/content/dam/ise/en/
documents/publications/studies/recent-facts-about-
photovoltaics-in-germany.pdf 10Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
is making sense commercially, as it is able to
capture multiple value benefits namely:
l Distribution grid upgrade deferral
l Power factor correction
l Electricity savings
l Diesel optimization/Penalty savings (as there
is a likelihood of distribution companies
getting penalized for reliability issues)
However, only LiB technologies
7
like Lithium
Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (NMC) and
Lithium-ion Iron Phosphate (LFP) are making
commercial sense as they are available at
competitive prices in the Indian market along
with promising warranties and performance
parameters.
1.3.2 Hosting Capacity of Variable
Renewable Energy (VRE) on MV/LV
Feeders
RTPV hosting capacity is the total PV power
that can be accommodated on a given feeder
without any adverse impacts. Distributed solar
PV generation has begun to impact distribution
systems. The impact is unique to individual
distribution feeders and is based on certain
or all issues ranging from voltage, loading,
power quality, protection, and control. The
impact of distributed PV will have on a specific
distribution feeder can only be determined with
knowledge of the characteristics of feeder. These
characteristics include but are not limited to
load, voltage, regulation, and impedance. The
hosting capacity of a feeder depends on certain
key factors such as:
The key requirements to determine the hosting
capacity are the distribution characteristics
such as voltage response, short-circuit
response, locational information, accurate
feeder models and the PV characteristics such
as location and size.
1.3.3 Technical Issues and Challenges
Over the years, significant steps have been
made towards promoting the use of renewable
energy sources and the integration of such
resources with the electricity grids. Nevertheless,
interconnection of VRE to the network, especially
at high penetration levels, raises important
technical issues. In order to mitigate implications
from the high penetration of VRE, utilities have
established evaluation methodologies based on
technical criteria including the thermal ratings of
network components, short circuit contribution
and resulting fault level, voltage regulation,
power quality (flicker, harmonics) etc. These
criteria ensure the integrity, security of operation
and safety of the networks but still constitute limits
for the VRE hosting capacity of the networks.
Technical factors limiting DER interconnection
to the distribution networks are:
l Thermal rating of network equipment, such
as transformers and feeders, are always an
important consideration
l Voltage regulation, mainly voltage rise, is
one of the most important problems faced
at high VRE penetration
l Increased fault levels, due to the contribution
of VRE, is also an important limitation,
particularly for MV networks
l Reverse power flows that may affect
adversely the operation of voltage regulators
and tap changers, impact on network losses
and reliability, power quality related issues,
islanding considerations and impact on
the operation of network protection are
additional technical constraints limiting the
hosting capacity of feeders and distribution
networks
Size of PV
PV
Control
Solar
Irradiance
Electrical proximity
to another PV
Location
of PV
Load on
the feeder
Feeder
charecteristics
7
The choice of using LiB was done to showcase the best life cycle
cost, effective use as well as better mix of power-energy needs
given today’s use. The other technologies such as advanced
lead acid batteries may indeed suit niche applications. 11Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
dependent and may or may not be applicable
to different situations. The main attribute of
VRE that must be addressed is the variability
of the resource and how to account for this
variability over several time scales. Since VRE
is not dispatchable, there are a number of
technical opportunities to upgrade grids that
are more flexible and can accommodate higher
levels of VRE. The solutions to enable a suitable
portfolio for VRE integration are:
Geographic
Diversity of
VRE
Energy
Storage
Renewable
Generation
Forecasting
Curtailment
Generator
Flexibility
Demand
Shift through
Load
Control
Figure 3:
Technical Issues Limiting VRE
Hosting Capacity of Feeders
Thermal
Ratings
Voltage
Regulation
Fault
Level
Reverse
Power
Flows
Rapid
Voltage
Change
IslandingProtection
Power
Quality
1.3.4 Solutions Portfolio for VRE
Integration
There are a variety of challenges to integrate
high levels of VRE into electric grids. The
solutions are always system and location 13Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
2.1 Introduction
Energy storage deployments on electricity
grids are being deployed at a rapid scale. As per
Department of Energy (DOE), USA, till mid-
2018, almost 177 GW of energy storage systems
are installed at grid level and over 95% of it is
pumped hydro storage plants. Over 14 GW of
new pumped storage projects are announced
across the world in 2018. However, due to their
long gestation period most of these projects
will be realized by 2030. In 2018, over 4 GWh
8
of
BESS are either under-construction, contracted
or announced. Hence, annually more BESS are
getting installed and contracted than any other
storage technologies. Additionally, out of over
4 GWh BESS in pipeline, over 80% are LiB-based
projects. Most of these LiB projects are grid
connected and rest of them are for behind the
meter applications. Battery capacity for behind
the meter applications like bill management and
demand response is less than 10% of upcoming
LiB based BESS. These numbers do not include
battery installed for backup power applications
like UPS, inverter backup and telecom tower
backup power applications. Apart from BESS,
there are other mechanical storage technologies
like flywheels, gravitational ESS and modular
Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) which
accounts for about 200 MW of contracted, under
construction or announced projects globally.
Grid scale energy storage installations in India
are also mostly in the form of pumped hydro
storage plants, at capacity of 4.8 GW. Deployment
of large-scale battery energy storage projects
in India started in 2017 with POWERGRID
installing their first pilot projects for frequency
regulation. The projects have been designed
for multiple grid service applications but in the
initial operation period they have been used for
frequency regulation services. The existing and
upcoming large-scale energy storage projects
are summarized in the Table 3, most of which are
likely to be commissioned by 2019 and 2020.
Most of the proposed energy storage projects
in India 2018-19 are expected to come up in
the Andaman & Nicobar Islands to reduce
the dependency on diesel use. Solar Energy
Corporation of India (SECI) is also evaluating
energy storage projects along with the bids of
large scale solar and wind projects in the future
beginning with a proposed 160 MW hybrid
project in Andhra Pradesh.
As the installed capacity of RE increases, the role
of the conventional generation will be reduced
to provide base load. Renewable energy being
intermittent adds its own challenge to the
grid. Energy storage is being increasingly seen
as the flexible resource that can address this
concern. It has a number of applications in
ancillary services, generation smoothening,
load following, peak power shaving, energy
time shifting and emergency back-up etc.
As highlighted by the Central Electricity
Regulatory Commission (CERC) Staff Paper
on Energy Storage
9
, transmission companies
can deploy energy storage systems at grid level
substations and use the assets to participate
in energy markets for grid support like the
ancillary services. Transmission companies
ESS Technologies
2
8
DOE database and Customized Energy Solutions (CES) analysis
9
Staff Paper on Introduction of Electricity Storage Systems,
CERC, 2017 14Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
can be the owners of energy storage systems
without being involved in trading of the
stored energy. The National Electricity Plan
(NEP)
10
highlights the role of energy storage
in maintaining grid security with increasing
penetration of renewable energy in addition to
addressing the intermittency of RE to a large
extent. For behind the meter applications,
Indian battery energy storage market has been
traditionally driven by lead acid batteries for
back-up power applications. Batteries for power
back-up applications is a major market among
stationary applications. The recent air pollution
issues have only amplified the need to switch off
diesel generators. With energy storage solutions
offering a comparable cost per unit, a sizeable
capacity will be deployed in this space. Large
scale batteries can be installed along with the
solar and wind farms to provide a stable output
to the grid. Market mechanisms are expected
to incentivize the performance of these flexible
assets but it will be a slow growing market, in
the business as usual scenario.
2.2 Description of Energy
Storage Technologies
Energy storage could apply to different
technologies ranging from pumped hydro
storage, flywheels, super capacitors, compressed
air, thermal energy storage and batteries.
Advanced energy storage technologies are
capable of dispatching electricity within seconds
and can provide power back-up ranging from
minutes to many hours.
10
National Electricity Plan (Vol 2, Transmission, draft), CEA, 2017
Table 3:
Energy Storage Projects in India (2017 - 2019)
ProjectCapacityLocationStatus of the
Project
Power Grid Corporation
Limited
3 x 500 kW, 250 kWh BESS PuducherryCompleted
NLC 2 x 10MW Solar PV +
8MWh/16MW BESS
Port Blair, Andaman & Nicobar
Islands
Planned for
completion in
2020
NTPC2MWh BESSPort Blair, Andaman & Nicobar
Islands
Planned for
completion in
2019
NTPC17MW Solar PV +
6.8MWh/6.8MW BESS
South Andaman, Andaman &
Nicobar Islands
Planned for
completion in
2019
NTPC8MW Solar PV
3.2MWh/3.2MW BESS
South Andaman, Andaman &
Nicobar Islands
Planned for
completion in
2019
Tata Power Delhi Distribution
Limited (TPDDL)
10MWh BESSSub-station, Delhi Completed
Solar Energy Corporation of
India (SECI)
10 MW/20 MWh BESS for 160
MW Wind + Solar Hybrid
Andhra PradeshPlanned for
completion in
2019
SECI2 MW Solar PV Project + 1
MWh BESS
Kaza, Himachal Pradesh Planned for
completion in
2019
SECI2 x 1.5 MW Solar PV +2 x 2.5
MWh BESS
Leh District, J&K Planned for
completion in
2019
Andhra Pradesh State Electric
Utility
5 MW Solar PV Project +
4MWh BESS
Makkuva, Andhra Pradesh Planned for
completion in
2019 15Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
l Mechanical Storage includes Pumped
Hydro Storage (PHS), Compressed Air
Energy Storage (CAES) and Flywheels:
n Pumped Hydro Storage (PHS) stores
electrical energy as the potential
energy of water. Generally, this involves
pumping water into a large reservoir at
a high elevation—usually located on the
top of a mountain or hill. When energy
is required, the water in the reservoir is
guided through a hydroelectric turbine,
which converts the energy of flowing
water to electricity. PHS is often used to
store energy for long durations for use in
a future period.
Global PHS capacity is over 180 GW.
Potential available in India for PHS,
assessed by Central Electricity Authority
(CEA) is more than 96.5 GW.
11
However,
at present, total installed capacity of
11
https://www.hydropower.org/publications/the-
world%E2%80%99s-water-battery-pumped-hydropower-
storage-and-the-clean-energy-transition
MechanicalElectrochemical ThermalElectricalChemical
(Hydrogen)
electrochemical
Pumped Hydro
Energy Storage
(PHES)
Lead Acid
Batteries,
Advanced Lead
Acid(Lead
Carbon, Bipolar
Lead Acid)
Sensible-Molten
Salt, Chilled
Water
Super Capacitors
Superconducting
Magnetic Energy
Storage(SMES)
Power-to -Power
(Fuel Cells, etc)
Power-to-GasLithium Batteries
(LCO, LMO, LFP,
NMC, LTO,NCA)
Latent- ice
Storage, Phase
Change materials
Flow Batteries
(ZnBr, Vn Redox)
Thermochemical
Storage
Sodium Batteries
(NaS, NaNiCl
2
)
Zinc Batteries-
Zn Air, ZnMnO
2
Compressed Air
Energy Storage
Flywheel Energy
Storage
Figure 4:
Classification of Energy Storage Technologies 16Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
pumped hydro is about 4.8 GW that
consists of nine plants. Additionally,
two projects of 1080 MW capacity are
now under construction (Tehri - 1000
MW and Koyna - 80 MW). Also, four
projects with cumulative capacity of
2600 MW (Kundah– 500 MW, Malshej
Ghat- 700 MW, Humbali- 400 MW, and
Turga- 1000 MW) are under planning
stage.
12
However, at a given point of time,
many of these assets are either under
maintenance or are on water ‘release
only’ mode as they are linked to irrigation
department and pumping is a secondary
function. Hence the full capacity of PHS
is seldom realized in India.
n Compressed Air Energy Storage
(CAES) converts electrical energy into
compressed air, which is stored either in
an underground cave or above ground
in high-pressure containers. When
excess or low-cost electricity is available
from the grid, it is used to run an electric
compressor, which compresses air
and stores it. When electrical energy is
required, the compressed air is directed
towards a modified gas turbine, which
converts the stored energy to electricity.
A recent advancement that is maturing
through research and development by
several startups is storage of the heat
produced during the compression. This
type of CAES does not use natural gas
to reheat the air upon decompression
and is therefore emissions-free, as well
as more efficient overall. Similar to
pumped hydro, CAES systems are used
for storing energy over longer periods.
Secondly, similar to pumped hydro
storage, a natural CAES plant would
require a cavern. Hence, CAES systems
are limited in nature with restricted
availability of natural caverns.
n Flywheel Energy Storage (FES) store
electrical energy as the rotational energy
in a heavy mass. Flywheel energy storage
systems typically consist of a large
rotating cylinder supported on a stator.
Stored electric energy increases with
the square of the speed of the rotating
mass, so materials that can withstand
high velocities and centrifugal forces are
essential. Flywheel technology is a low
maintenance and low environmental
impact type of energy storage. In
general, flywheels are very suitable for
high power applications due to their
capacity to absorb and release energy in
a very short duration of time. Globally,
total installed capacity of grid scale FES
systems is 975 MW, mainly for frequency
regulation applications. Other popular
applications are in transportation and
rotary UPS
13
key application in India.
Typical Flywheels run 15 – 30 min
but recent developments in power
electronics have increased the duration
of flywheel up to 4 hours.
l Electrochemical Storage includes various
battery technologies that use different
chemical compounds to store electricity.
Each of the numerous battery technologies
have slightly different characteristics and
are used to store and then release electricity
for different durations ranging from a few
minutes to several hours. There are two main
categories of batteries: (1) Traditional solid
rechargeable batteries where the chemical
energy is stored in solid metal electrodes,
and, (2) Flow batteries where chemical
energy is stored in varying types of flowing
liquid electrolytes kept in tanks separate
from the actual electrochemical cells.
n Rechargeable Batteries
l Lead Acid batteries have been
in commercial use in different
applications for over a century.
Lead acid is the most widely used
battery technology worldwide. High
12
National Electricity Plan (Vol 2, Transmission, draft), CEA, 2017
13
A flywheel driven rotary UPS is used for applications requiring ride-
through of short duration power system outages, voltage dips. 17Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
performance variations of lead acid
batteries are classified as advanced
lead acid and are known to have a
longer life
l Advanced Lead Acid batteries are of
two types, namely Lead Carbon type
and Bipolar Lead Acid type. Lead
Carbon type uses carbon additives
to improve the energy density, cycle
life and better charging-discharging
properties than the lead acid type. Its
key applications includes frequency
regulation in solar farms and has
an installed capacity of 27.398 MW
globally.
l Bipolar Lead Acid Battery has
bipolar plates and eliminates the
high current density seen around
the terminals in the conventional
design. In the bipolar design, each
point on an electrode is in contact
with the current collector. This
type has higher specific energy and
energy density, ~ 40% lesser footprint
(compared to monopolar type) and
recyclable materials.
l Lithium Ion Batteries (LiB) are
lightweight and have high energy
density. They are particularly suited
for portable applications (electric
vehicles and electronic devices).
There are many possible variations
depending on the internal chemistry:
Lithium Cobalt Oxide (LCO), Lithium
Titanate Oxide (LTO), Lithium
Manganese Oxide (LMO), Lithium
Iron Phosphate (LFP), Lithium Nickel
Manganese Cobalt Oxide (NMC), and
Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminum
Oxide (NCA). In recent years, it
witnessed rapid progress in the
research and development leading
to a steep price reduction as the
manufacturing and installations have
scaled up. A key inflexion point that
tilted the benefits towards LiB is the
increasing energy densities compared
to lead acid batteries. As on 2017, the
cumulative global manufacturing
capacity of LiB has crossed 100GWh
a year and is expected to surpass lead
acid battery market soon. Sustained
interest in the electric vehicle space
has created an increased demand
for lithium batteries and the global
capacity is expected to be 4 times the
current state by end of this decade.
l High Temperature Sodium: This type
of battery is made from inexpensive,
non-toxic materials. The battery
operates at a high temperature
(above 300
o
C) and has been shown to
have a long cycle life. Two types are
Sodium Sulphur (NaS) and Sodium
Nickel Chloride (NaNiCl
2
) are under
these categories.
l Sodium Sulphur (NaS) is
manufactured with molten sodium
and liquid Sulphur enclosed in a
cell container usually cylindrical in
shape and enclosed in a steel casing.
One Japanese company is the only
manufacturer for this battery. By
2018, 195 MW of NaS batteries were
installed globally. Key application
includes spinning reserve, frequency
regulation, energy time shift and
transmission congestion relief. In
India, NaS battery was trial tested
by NTPC, for its feasibility in Indian
grid conditions in a solar system.
l Sodium Nickel Chloride (Na-NiCl
2
)
operates at a lower temperature with
molten sodium as cathode, NaAlCl
4
as electrolyte and nickel chloride as
anode. Major applications include
black start, renewable energy time
shift, and frequency regulation.
l Zinc-based Batteries combine zinc
with various chemicals and are earlier
in their development stage than some
of the other battery technologies.
Historically, zinc batteries were not
rechargeable but developers are
overcoming challenges to produce
fully rechargeable zinc-based 18Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
chemistries. This technology is
known for being lightweight, low-
cost, and non-toxic.
l Zinc Air Battery also known as
Zinc Air fuel cells functions by
oxidizing Zinc with oxygen, and
the reaction rate is controlled by
controlling air flow. It comes in both
rechargeable and non-rechargeable
forms. Applications include vehicle
propulsion and grid storage. This
battery is in test trial stage, with a
few projects announced in the US.
l Zinc Manganese Battery: One
manufacturer has recently developed
a rechargeable ZnMnO
2
battery
with 2-8 hours discharge duration.
These batteries are safe and non-
toxic without lead, heavy metals
or flammable electrolytes which is
expected to be cheaper replacement
for LiBs.
Energy densities of different batteries
are shown in Figure 5. Higher energy
density batteries are more suitable
for transportation applications due
to their compactness and lower
weight.
n Flow Batteries
l Flow batteries differ from
conventional batteries as the that
energy is stored in the electrolyte
(the fluid) instead of the electrodes.
The electrolyte solutions are stored
in tanks and pumped through a
common chamber separated by a
membrane that allows for transfer
of electrons—flow of electricity—
between the electrolytes.
Figure 5:
Volumetric (Wh/L) and Gravimetric (Wh/kg) energy density for commercially
available battery technologies
* For flow batteries VRB and ZBB (zinc bromine), only electrolyte weight and volume is considered
Volumetric Energy Density (Wh/L)
Gravimetric Energy Density (Wh/L)
Li-ion (NCA)
Li-ion (NMC)
Zn-Alkaline
NAS
Li-ion (LTO)
Li-ion (LFP)
Na-NiCl2
Advanced LA
Ni-Cd
Lead Acid (LA)
ZBB
VRB
Ni-MH
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 19Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
l There are many different types of
flow batteries, of which at least three
varieties are currently commercially
available: vanadium redox flow
batteries, zinc-iron flow batteries, and
zinc-bromine batteries. Variations
such as zinc-iron flow batteries and
hydrogen-bromine flow batteries
are also under development.
l This technology has reached
commercialization globally with 326
MW of grid connected flow batteries
across 108 projects till 2018.
l In India, the technology adoption
is limited to test-trials. A 30kW
Vanadium Redox battery was
installed in 2015 for a microgrid.
Also, at IISc Bangalore, a new type of
flow battery called the soluble lead
acid flow battery is under technology
development.
l Thermal Energy Storage includes ice-based
storage systems, hot and chilled water
storage, molten salt storage and rock storage
technologies. In these systems excess thermal
energy is collected for later use.
n Sensible Heat Storage: Available energy
is stored in the form of an increase or
decrease in temperature of a material,
which can be used to meet a heating
or cooling demand. Few existing
variations of this technology are: Molten
salt storage (generally coupled with
Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) plants),
hot water storage and chilled water
storage (designed to serve households or
a community).
n In Latent Heat Storage, energy is stored
in a material that undergoes a phase
change (transition between solid and
liquid) as it stores and releases energy.
Examples include ice storage tanks
for domestic or industrial cooling
applications
n In Thermochemical Storage, reversible
chemical reactions are used to store
thermal energy in the form of chemical
energy. The available variations are
currently in initial developmental stage.
l Electrical Storage Super capacitors and
Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage
(SMES) systems store electricity in electric
and electromagnetic fields with minimal
loss of energy. A few small SMES systems
have become commercially available,
mainly used for power quality control in
manufacturing plants such as microchip
fabrication facilities. These technologies
are ideal for storing and release high levels
of energy over short bursts.
l Chemical Storage typically utilizes
electrolysis of water to produce hydrogen
as a storage medium that can subsequently
be converted to energy in various modes,
including electricity (via fuel cells or
engines), as well as heat and transportation
fuel (power–to-gas).
n Electrolyzes (Power to Gas): Excess
electrical energy can be utilized by
these systems for electrolysis of water
to produce hydrogen (H
2
) and oxygen
(O
2
). The stored hydrogen may be used
directly as fuel for heating applications
or in fuel cells. Electrolyzes are
unidirectional devices only allowing
storage of energy.
n Fuel Cells: Chemical energy stored in
fuels (ethanol, hydrogen or natural
gas) can be converted to electrical
energy. Several variations exist such
as SOFC (solid oxide fuel cells), PEM
(proton exchange membrane), and
PAFC (phosphoric acid fuel cells). These
systems can be used for stationary
storage or transportation applications.
2.3 Key Players and
Technologies
The energy storage landscape is well split among
organizations with various technologies and
these technology companies are broadly based
out of Japan, China, Korea, US and Germany.
Some of the key companies across the spectrum
are listed in Figure 6. 20Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Figure 6:
Global and Indian Energy Storage Landscape
Source: CES
However, these technologies are at different
stage of commercialization and also at different
stage of manufacturing. LiB chemistries are at
point of overtaking lead acid production.
Figure 7:
Global and Indian Energy Storage Landscape
MWGW
Scale of Manufacturing
Storage Technologies
+300 GW 21Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Energy Storage – Technologies
Performance and Characteristics
Each type of available energy storage system
(ESS) has specific attributes. These factors must
be evaluated in order to choose the suitable
technology for a specific purpose. Table 4 provides
a comparison of different technical parameters,
such as operating costs and technology maturity,
as well as practical considerations, line space
requirements, development and construction
periods for select ESS.
Figure 8:
Comparison of leading Energy Storage Technologies based on key
performance parameters
Source: CES and IESA Research
Expected Technological Performance Improvements during 2018-2025
The C-rate of the system is an important
parameter that varies significantly between
different energy storage types particularly
electrochemical batteries. C-rate is an inverse
measure of the rate (length of time) over which
a system can provide its maximum rated power.
The range of discharge duration is therefore
directly linked to the C-rate. It is normally
expressed in terms that look like 1C, 2C or C/2.
For instance, a system with a C-rate of 2C can
supply all its stored energy in ½ hour while a
system with a C-rate of C/2 can do the same
in 2 hours. Therefore, a system with a higher C
rate can discharge at a higher maximum power
than a similarly-sized system with comparable
energy capacity but a lower C rate. In other
words, systems with a higher C-rate have a
higher power to energy ratio. High power
applications typically require systems with a
high C-rate and a short discharge duration.
These applications are particularly suitable for
LiB and advanced lead acid batteries. Sodium
based batteries and flow batteries, as well as
CAES and PHS, are more suitable for high
energy and longer duration applications. C-rate
is typically not used for CAES and PHS as the
duration of energy storage is not limited by
the technology as in case of electrochemical
batteries, but is typically based on physical
availability of storage capacity. 22Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Table 4:
Performance Characteristics of Energy Storage Technologies
Energy
Storage
System
Attributes
Lead AcidLi –IonNaS Flow
Batteries
Flywheel CAES PHS
Round Trip
Energy
Efficiency
(DC-DC)
70-85% 85-95% 70-80% 60-75% 60-80%50-65%70-80%
Range of
Discharge
Duration 2-6 Hours0.25–4+
Hours
6-8 Hours4-12 Hours0.25-4
Hours
4-10
Hours
6-20
Hours
C Rate C/6 to C/2C/6 to 4CC/8 to C/6C/12 to C/4C/4 to 4CN.A. N.A.
Cost range
per energy
available
in each full
discharge ($/
kWh)
14
100-300 250-800 400-600 400-10001000-4000>150
15
50-150
16
Development
&
Construction
Period
6 months
- 1 year
6 months -
1 year
6 months -
1.5 year
6 months -
1.5 year
1-2 years3-10
years
5-15
years
Operating CostHigh Low ModerateModerate Low High Low
Estimated
Space RequiredLarge Small ModerateModerate SmallModerateLarge
Cycle life: # of
discharges of
stored energy500-2000 2000
-10,000+
3000-5000 5000 -
8000+
100,00010,000+10,000+
Maturity of
Technology MatureCommercialCommercialEarly to
moderate
Early to
moderate
ModerateMature
As shown in the Table 4, the system prices vary
greatly, especially in terms of initial capital costs.
Overall, the cost of energy storage is rapidly
declining with scaling up of manufacturing
and learnings from the early deployments.
The cost of energy storage technologies has
significantly decreased in recent years, driven
by the growth of the battery manufacturing for
consumer electronics, stationary applications
and electric vehicles. As battery costs contribute
approximately 60-75% of an energy storage
project (depending on the duration or energy
capacity required), capital cost reductions can
14
Cost numbers are for the system level costs at DC level (i.e. not
considering PCS and balance of system costs)
15
For CAES, the operating costs are significantly higher as it also
involves cost of natural gas for source of heat during discharge
cycle in addition to electricity cost for compression during
charging cycle.
16
The average capital costs for pumped hydro on per kWh of
storage capacity are significantly lower, but requires huge
upfront cost given the size of the projects. These costs also can
be higher in case of delays in environmental clearances. 23Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
drive energy storage project development.
17
Levelized cost method is often used to compare
costs across different energy sources or
technologies. Other critical factors in selection
of energy storage technologies include space
requirement and maturity of technology.
With improvements in materials as well as
system design, energy density of most storage
technologies is increasing and particularly
LiBs are finding applications where space and
weight is a critical consideration. In terms of
maturity, Lead Acid batteries have been around
for over 100 years and are very mature in terms
17
Energy Storage Update, Lithium-ion costs to fall by up
to 50% within five years, July 30, 2016; http://analysis.
energystorageupdate.com/lithium-ion-costs-fall-50-within-
five-years
of technology performance and manufacturing.
LiBs have also reached commercial maturity
with multiple companies setting up GWh scale
manufacturing plants.
Figure 9 depicts the steadily decreasing capital
costs per cycle ($/kWh-cycle) of certain storage
technologies. The depicted levelized cost shown
takes into account the total predicted cycle life,
or the operational lifetime of the technology, and
thus normalizes the capital cost over the entire
lifetime of the project.
Figure 9:
Forecast of Estimated Levelized Capital Costs by Storage Technology and Type
$1.00
Capital Cost/Cycle ($/kWh)
$0.10
$0.01
20082013201820232028
Li-IonLead AcidVRBNaS
electricity. Energy storage will play a crucial role
in increasing the system’s overall flexibility by
serving multiple grid applications. The recent
developments in the Electric Vehicle (EV) sector
and its ambitious targets will only increase the
demand for energy storage systems.
2.4 Need for Energy Storage in
India
India has committed to increase its share of
non-fossil fuel-based generation sources to
40% by 2030 which necessitates a demand
for flexibility in power systems. The ‘Power
for All’ target of 24x7 electricity for all by 2019
created an increase in power requirement and
a need to balance the supply and demand of 24Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Energy storage market in India witnessed a
demand of 23 GWh in 2018 with 56% of the
battery demand coming from power backup
inverter segment. During 2019-2025, the
cumulative potential for energy storage in
behind the meter and grid side applications
is estimated to be close to 190 GWh by India
Energy Storage Alliance. Interestingly, only
17% of energy storage is likely to be deployed
at grid scale. Majority of the deployment during
this period at grid scale will be driven by RE
integration, Fast Response Ancillary Service
(FRAS) market and T&D deferral. On the other
hand, electric vehicle industry, consumed over
5 GWh of batteries in 2018 in India. This number
is likely to be over 36 GWh by 2025. During 2019-
2025, the EV industry is forecasted to consume
over 110 GWh of batteries. Some of these can be
used through V2G (Vehicle to Grid) technology
to meet flexibility needs of the distribution grid.
Large requirement for storage and batteries
across the applications will help in reduction
of costs in the market. Lastly, new installations
of ESS for distribution grid and rooftop PV
integration can be reduced if the network
planning can be done around utilizing of V2G
and some of existing back-up battery base. 2.5 Energy Storage System (ESS)
Applications
Energy storage is a uniquely flexible type of
asset in terms of the diverse range of benefits
it can provide, locations where it may be sited,
and the large number of potential technologies
which may be suited to provide value to the
grid. Fundamentally, energy storage shifts
energy from one-time period to another time
period. However, the value of energy stored
by a resource varies highly based upon the
controllability, dispatch and use of that energy.
The electricity system has historically operated
on a “just-in-time” basis − with decisions about
electricity production based on real-time
demand and the availability of transmission
system to deliver it. Because of this, generation
and load must always be perfectly balanced to
ensure high power quality and reliability to end
customers. At very high penetrations of variable
wind and solar generation, energy storage can
be effective for storing excess energy at certain
times and moving it to other times, enhancing
reliability and providing both economic and
environmental benefits.
Figure 10:
2019-2025 Energy Storage Requirement, India
Source: CES analysis
Microgrids 0%
Fast Response AS 1%
HVAC/R 2%
Distribution Utility ESS 5%
Inverter 44%
Telecom 19%
BTM Rooftop Solar 3%
Grid-Scale
Solar 7%
UPS 15%
Diesel Replacement 1%
Grid-Scale Wind 3% 25Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Storage’s unique physical characteristics enable
it to perform multiple functions on the grid, at the
customer level and in transportation sector. The
ability to store energy when there is no demand
and deploy energy when load is needed can
be applied to all aspects of the energy systems.
In addition, storage systems can function like
a power plant, dispatching electricity. When
renewable resources such as solar, wind or
hydropower produce excess energy, ESS can
store it for later use, reducing energy waste.
2.5.1 EV Adoption
The automobile market in India is at the cusp
of paradigm shift from Internal Combustion
Engine (ICE) vehicles to zero emission vehicles.
India’s dependency on crude oil imports, rising
pollution levels in several cities, commitment
to reduce the carbon emissions, and the global
shift towards electric vehicles are the key
drivers for this paradigm shift towards zero
emission vehicles.
The current share of battery-operated electric
passenger vehicles is approximately 0.1%
whereas in case of electric 2 wheelers, it is
approximately 0.2% and there are only few
hundred electric buses. The EV Industry in
India is mainly dominated by electric 2 wheelers
and 3 wheelers; and now witnessing growth of
electric buses.
Vehicle to Grid
As electric vehicles have started gaining
momentum at a higher pace globally, the
utilities, system operators, and the policymakers
have started addressing the issues related
with the vehicle charging management to the
smooth integration of load coming from electric
vehicles on the grid.
Regular power cuts and high peak demand
tariffs could become a thing of past with the
use of vehicle to grid (V2G) concept. The V2G
concept acts (and looks) very similar to a
standard charging point. The difference is that
the energy flows both to and from the vehicle,
turning it to a portable battery bank.
18
There
are three basic system components involved
that actually defines the environment for
recharging a vehicle or discharging energy from
the vehicle to the electrical grid. i) The location
where the vehicle connects with the electrical
grid, ii) The electric vehicle supply equipment
(EVSE) to which a vehicle connects, and iii)
The electric vehicle (or more specifically the
battery management system) that manages the
battery’s charge-discharge cycle.
19
With respect to practical demonstration of the
concept, pilot projects have been carried out
so far in Denmark, Netherlands, Spain and
USA. V2G has been already commercialized in
Denmark and the Netherlands.
V2G concept could provide important services
to grid operators such as balancing renewables
peaks, balancing frequencies, providing
spinning reserves, providing excess energy and
bulk storage etc. But on the other hand, there
are lots of constraints associated with it such
as battery degradation, the need for intensive
communication between vehicles and the grid,
infrastructure changes, effects on distribution
grid equipment etc.
The results obtained from the pilot projects
carried out globally are indicating that the V2G
concept can play a key role in grid balancing.
For the implementation of V2G concept, a
thorough study of network at the local level
along with its impact on the local distribution
network and the techno-economic feasibility
from the vehicle’s owner perspective should be
done for framing appropriate policies.
18
www.cenex.co.uk/vehicle-to-grid/
19
Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) Power Flow Regulations and Building
Codes, INL, September 2012 26Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
2.5.2 Peak Shaving
The 19
th
Electric Power Survey (EPS)
20
estimates
that India’s electric energy requirement would
be 1566 BU in 2021-22 with a peak load demand
of 226GW. The reduction in demand forecast
between the 18
th
and 19
th
EPS is attributed to
the Demand Side Management (DSM), Energy
Conservation and Efficiency improvement
programmes, reduction in AT&C losses, and
low GDP growth than the forecast in 2011 when
the 18
th
EPS was published. The energy demand
and peak load demand is likely to grow by 6.18%
and 6.88% respectively as per the 19
th
EPS. The
estimates from the 19
th
Electricity Power Survey
and National Electricity Plan projects India’s
installed capacity to grow from 335GW to
479GW at a rate of 9% while the peak demand
is growing only at 6%. The contribution of
renewable energy in the mix is set to double
during the same period both in terms of added
capacity and as a percentage of peak demand.
In addition to the fundamental benefit of
storage being able to charge during low-cost
times, storage has other qualities that make it
competitive compared other peak generators.
Storage tends to be much more responsive than
generation-based peaking resources because,
for most types of storage:
a) Start-up is very quick (low response time)
b) Output can be varied rapidly
c) Can be operated at part load easily and
efficiently
2.5.3 Ancillary Services
The existing regulatory framework in India
permits floating of grid frequency within the
band of 49.90 – 50.05 Hz. The frequency is
observed to have remained within the specified
band for about 70-75% of the time since the
last revision to frequency band in 2014. The
frequency profile and fluctuations from 2004
onwards is shown in below Figure 12.
The Frequency Response Characteristics (FRC)
for All India Grid has improved from 6000 MW/
Hz to 9000MW/Hz over the last two years which
is still lower than comparable grid sizes in which
has FRC of the order of 20000MW/Hz. With
stricter framework including ancillary services
through FRAS and governance, the frequency
has come under control to a large extent. But
still, it remains over and above the upper limit
of 50.05 Hz for around 25% times.
The Indian Electricity Grid Code (IEGC) 2010
defines ancillary services in power system as
“services necessary to support the power system
(or grid) operation in maintaining power quality,
reliability and security of the grid, e.g. active
power support for load following, reactive power
support, black start etc.” Ancillary services
are integral to the electricity industry and
can be seen as complimentary to the primary
function of the grid – that is to transfer and
deliver electricity reliably and in appropriate
quality to the consumers. Such services are also
mandatory for security and reliability of the
overall grid system in its physical operation.
Primary frequency control refers to automatic
control of generating stations and consumption
of controllable loads (such as inductive loads)
which are able to adjust quickly to any imbalance
in the system. Such controls are inherent in the
20
Nineteenth Electric Power Survey of India, Jan 2017, CEA
Peak
Figure 11:
Storage as a Peaker Resource
Hours
Baseload Generation
Demand (MW)
Intermediate GenerationStorage 27Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
21
The role of energy storage with renewable energy generation,
NREL, 2010
system and are designed to stabilize it in case
of sudden outages. In generators synchronous
with the grid, the control is achieved by speed
governors whereas in loads, it is performed
through self-regulating aspects of frequency
sensitive loads such as induction motors or
through relays that connect or disconnect the
load from the system to maintain the frequency
thresholds. Secondary frequency control refers
to a centralized automatic control that adjusts
the active power production of the generating
units by changing the reference point of
generation or by starting or stopping the power
station to restore the frequency deviation and
interchanges with other systems following an
imbalance. Only the generating units that are
located in the area of imbalance participates
in this control. This type of control mechanism
is termed as load frequency control (LFC) or
automatic generation control (AGC). Tertiary
frequency control are manual changes in
dispatch of generating units and is used to
restore the primary and secondary frequency
control reserves, to manage congestions
in transmission network, and to bring the
frequency and the interchanges back to their
set values. 2.5.4 Transmission and Distribution
Grid Upgrade Deferral
The distribution networks are sized for the peak
demand of the consumers. As the consumer
demand grows, distribution infrastructure
have to be upgraded just to meet the peak
demand occurring for few hours in a year.
Building new distribution infrastructure will be
expensive and might not be feasible in certain
urban locations. Increase in the installation
of distributed solar rooftops will increase the
impact on distribution infrastructure and as
seen in recent developments, consumers are
barred from adding solar rooftop projects as
their local distribution transformer is capped for
a certain loading. ESS systems can be deployed
under such circumstances to avoid or defer new
distribution infrastructure. ESS can also reduce
high line-loss that occur during peak demand
21
and also avoid deviation penalties. India can
also think of innovative ways of using already
existing back-up inverter batteries to help with
peak demand issues in the last mile networks.
Figure 12:
Frequency Profile and Fluctuations of the Grid in India
(CERC-Technical Committee Report)
MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM FREQUENCY PATTERNS
51.0
50.8
50.6
50.4
50.2
50.0
49.8
49.6
49.4
49.2
49.0
48.8
48.6
48.4
Hz-->
Date-->Maximum
Apr-04
Oct-04
Apr-05
Oct-05
Apr-06
Oct-06
Apr-07
Oct-07
Apr-08
Oct-08
Apr-09
Oct-09
Apr-10
Oct-10
Apr-11
Oct-11
Apr-12
Oct-12
Apr-13
Oct-13
Apr-14
Oct-14
Apr-15
Oct-15
Apr-16
Oct-16
Apr-17
Oct-17
Minimum 28Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
The projected RE development is likely to be
concentrated in 8 Indian states accounting for
more than 77% of capacity addition by 2022.
22
The Southern Region (SR) is expected to double
its installed capacity of wind and solar power
plants to 60 GW by 2022. Similarly, the peak solar
power evacuation is projected to increase from
about 12,000 MW
23
in 2018 to about 31,000 MW
in 2022. The transmission network will have to
increase by the same measure to accommodate
the capacity addition. However, only for about
5% of the time in a year, the system is expected
to evacuate power between 26,000 MW to 31,000
MW and the additional 5,000 MW of transmission
infrastructure will be idle for the remaining 95%
of the time. According to the cost estimates from
the first phase of Green Energy Corridors, the
cost for building a 1MW transmission system is
about INR 12 million.
24
The option of building
large scale energy storage systems to offset the
investment in transmission network expansion
can be a better approach in future.
22
India Green Energy Corridors, GIZ, 2015
23
This is only for southern region
24
India Green Energy Corridors, GIZ, 2015 29Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
3.1 Issues at MV Level and LT
Level (3-Phase and 1-Phase)
In most of the states across India, Medium
Voltage (MV) is 33 kV and 11 kV for electrical
power distribution and Low Voltage (LV) is
set at 430 V/415 V. The rooftop solar PV
penetration is at both MV and LV level. At MV
level, generally HT consumer has rooftop PV
connected at 11 kV or 33 kV, depending upon
their load profile. Similarly, on LV distribution
network, generally small scale industrial,
commercial, domestic and rural consumers
have RTPV connected, where reverse power
flow occurs. As per planned target of 40 GW
RTPV, there will be an increase of PV penetration
level into the distribution systems. The more
and more PV injection in the system beyond
a limit will create situations where PV power
generation can exceed the load demand, and
hence can produce power flow from customers
to the grid. This is in opposite to the direction
of power flow in a traditional distribution grid.
Following are the main problems which can
occur at MV and LV levels due to high level of
injection of PV to the grid.
The impacts of the integration of solar PV in
clustered form may propagate to the upstream
networks. Hence, the changes produced by the
solar PV units in the LV networks may impact
the operation of the voltage control devices in
the MV networks. For example, tap operation
of voltage regulators may be influenced by
the change in voltage profile caused by solar
PV units.
Due to the potential impacts of PV integration,
distribution utilities are imposing network PV
penetration limits which refer to the maximum
amount of PV generation that can be connected
to a distribution feeder without violating
power quality and system security limits. The
permissible limit is yet to be analysed. In India,
most of the states are imposing a limit up to
25% of Distribution Transformer (DT) capacity.
Therefore, a comprehensive analysis of PV
impacts is required and, based on the results
from the analysis, new mitigation approaches
need to be developed to increase the PV
penetration level in the distribution networks.
Distribution systems, especially at the low
voltage level in modern distribution grids
are becoming more active due to integration
of distributed generation. Therefore, it has
become necessary to revisit the distribution
network analysis approaches to investigate the
solar PV impacts more accurately. Commercial
tools for distribution network analysis need
to be deployed for necessary analysis for PV
impact assessment.
Assessment of MV/LV Stabilization
and Optimization for 40 GW RTPV:
Technical Issues and Challenges
3 Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
30
Voltage rise
Lower power
factor
Change in tap operations
Effect of clouds
Variation of
feeder power loss
High neutral
current
Voltage
unbalance01 04 07 02 05 03 06
If the generation
from PV resources
are high enough
to offset the loads
on the feeder, the
surplus power will
create voltage rise.
With cluster-based
installation of PV, the
voltage rise impact
may propagate
to upstream MV
network.
Due to PV running near
at Unity Power Factor
(UPF), it is observed
that some LT circuits
produces active power.
This power factor
produces power quality
issues. So, along with
PV generation, reactive
power compensation
or power factor
improvement is
needed.
Voltage regulators may tap up or down their positions
to keep voltage at the load centre within a bandwidth
of voltage limits. Voltage rise caused by PV clusters may
require the regulators to operate during midday to keep
the voltage profile below the upper limit.
Due to the dependency
on the irradiation level,
PV output ramps up and
down at high rates. Weak
systems are vulnerable
to voltage fluctuations
created by such high
ramp-rate PV output.
At certain locations,
voltage at inverter end
may exceed beyond
a certain limit, which
may cause undesirable
tripping of inverters at
PV end.
Decrease in losses in
feeder as less amount of
power is imported from
the substation. However,
with a high penetration
of PV cluster, if the
reverse power flow is
higher than the power
flow without PV, an
increase in feeder power
loss maybe observed.
Power loss may vary due
to the variation of PV
output throughout the
day.
An unbalanced
allocation of PV units
at different phases of a
distribution feeder can
create a high neutral
current, particularly
in the mid-day, when
reverse power flow is
at the peak level. In
presence of neutral
grounding resistance,
this high neutral
current may produce
considerable neutral
potential.
As the allocation of
inverters of a feeder
are varied by the
category of customers,
the distribution of PV
generation may not be
equal at all the phases.
This may deteriorate the
existing voltage unbalance
factor of the network. The
unbalance factor may
vary from time to time
due to the variations of
solar irradiance and PV
output.
25
25
The DISCOMs giving RTPV connections must plan single phase connections in such a manner that the RTPV is equally distributed
on all three phases. 31Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
3.2 VRE on MV and LV
Coupled by Same Transformer
Load flow simulation study has been
conducted on different types of feeders across
selected utilities in India using CYMDIST
software. During load flow studies following
major issues are found when RTPV is increased
across LT side of a DT with different values of
connected loads.
Figure 13:
Single line diagram of TPDDL feeder
LT Lines
Source Feeder
Distribution Transformer
11 kV Feeder
The summary of Power Quality (PQ) issues
found during load flow studies are mentioned
in Table 5. These results are found during load
flow of Tata Power Delhi Distribution Limited
(TPDDL) 11 kV feeder. The major parameters of
feeder are:
l Distribution Transformer (DT): 630 kVA
l Voltage Level: 11 kV/433 V
l Length of Feeder: 5.38 km
26
l Number of consumers connected at
present: 181
l Number of RTPV: 3 customers with total
capacity 70 kWp
With different DT loading conditions following
scenarios are run in CYMDIST software:
l The time slots selected for study i.e. 11:00
AM to 07:00 PM on 03 May 2017 data
l In each scenario, the DT connected load is
increased (i.e. 50%, 75%, 100% and 120%)
l Then the RTPV connections are increased in
steps in every load flow study from existing
11% of DT capacity to 100% (i.e. 11%, 20%,
40%, 60%, 80%, 90% and 100%)
26
The HT feeder length is 5.38 km, while 6.3 km is the distributed length of the LT network. 32Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Scenario 1 Scenario 2 Scenario 3 Scenario 4
11% of DT Capacity
20% of DT Capacity
40% of DT Capacity
60% of DT Capacity
80% of DT Capacity
90% of DT Capacity
100% of DT Capacity
Time
8-11 AM
Time
11-1 PM
Time
1-4 PM
Time
4-7 PM
Already connected
70 kWP
Solar RTPV Capacity
Time Slots
120 kWP
240 kWP
360 kWP
480 kWP
540 kWP
600 kWP
70 kWP
120 kWP
240 kWP
360 kWP
480 kWP
540 kWP
600 kWP
70 kWP
120 kWP
240 kWP
360 kWP
480 kWP
540 kWP
600 kWP
70 kWP
120 kWP
240 kWP
360 kWP
480 kWP
540 kWP
600 kWP
Summary of PQ issues found during load flow studies are presented in Table 5:
Table 5:
Summary of PQ results found during load flow studies
DT loading
scenario
Over voltage
(V > = 1.06 PU)
Under voltage
(V <= 0.94 PU)
Observations
11% DT loading540 kWp
(90% RTPV)
NoneWhen DT is lightly loaded, RTPV insertion beyond 80%
can cause overvoltage at RTPV end. This may cause
undesirable tripping of inverters at RTPV.
20% DT loading540 kWp None
50% DT loadingNone 70 kWp and 120 kWp
(20% RTPV)
Undervoltage is removed by 50% of RTPV connections.
So, system becomes healthy.
On some sections of LT, lower power factor observed.
On some sections, overvoltage is observed, which may
cause tripping of inverter.
75% DT loadingNone 70 kWp, 120 kWp and
240 kWp (40% RTPV)
100% DT loadingNone 70 kWp, 120 kWp, 240
kWp, 360 kWp, 480
kWp, 540 kWp, 600
kWp and 620 kWp
(special case)
100%, 120% DT loading cases are not practically viable.
Moreover, with 100% and 120% RTPV connections,
undervoltage is still present.
120% DT loadingNone 70 kWp, 120 kWp, 240
kWp, 360 kWp, 480
kWp, 540 kWp, 600
kWp and 755 kWp
(special case) 33Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
3.3 RTPV on MV and LV on
Different Transformers
The main issue is grid stability on MV and
LV distribution network with the increase in
RTPV at LT and HT consumer side. The RTPV
generation will provide active power and
reactive compensation will be required from
grid side which will produce power quality
issues to other distribution transformers and
lines at MV and LV side. Moreover, harmonics
can affect to some extend whenever there is high
PV penetration. High voltage is also observed
in some sections during load flow study at MV
and LV side due to increase in RTPV on different
transformers on the LT side. In order to mitigate
all these issues, power factor improvement and
reactive power compensations are required
for which smart inverter and energy storage
devices can be used.
3.4 Power Quality (PQ) and
Harmonics
The PV panel is an array of PV modules either
in series or parallel. The output will depend
mainly on the solar intensity and cloud cover.
PQ problems will depend on irradiation and
the overall performance of the PV systems
including the module, inverters and
filters controlling mechanisms, etc. Good PQ
translates into a sinusoidal voltage and current
output from a PV system that avoids harmonics,
inter-harmonics and eventually voltage
distortion. Important point is the quality of
the electricity, namely the voltage and current
profiles, generated by the inverter, the element
in a PV system responsible for converting energy.
Voltage swells may occur when heavy loads are
removed from the connection or disturbances
affect the voltage causing the disconnection of
inverters from the grid and therefore resulting
in losses of energy and degradation of efficiency.
If a large number of PV systems are connected
to a branch of a LV distribution system, voltage
increases at the connection point and power
might flow backwards, and thus voltage levels
could increase during periods of small load and
high solar irradiance.
As photovoltaic systems incorporate power
converters, which are harmonic generating
devices, they will have an influence on the
power quality of the supply network. The most
cited PQ problems that may arise due to grid
connected PV generation are voltage dips and
fluctuations, harmonic distortions, transient
phenomena and reverse power flow. These
effects result in potential damaging of sensitive
electronic equipment and capacitor banks,
overheating of transformers, neutral conductors
and additional losses in the power system.
Degraded power quality entails additional
costs for both the electricity distributor and its
customers. The presence of harmonics in the
electrical system may lead to changes in line
impedances, imbalances in line voltages and
alterations in AC voltage values. Moreover, a
LV public grid must have a degree of quality in
electric power that may prevent the abnormal
operation of the PV generator. Consequently,
the abnormal operation of a PV generator can
lead to a shutdown.
Analysis of PQ issues:
l With increase in RTPV when DT is
lightly loaded, Undervoltage is found
in some of sections of DT, LT side
is removed. So, RTPV improves the
health of system
l When DT is more than 75% loaded i.e.
heavily loaded and RTPV is increased
more than 50% of DT capacity
overvoltage is found in some of LT
sections near to inverter end. This may
increase the voltage at inverter end.
This overvoltage is observed randomly
across different sections of LT
depending upon the solar irradiance
level, inverter and load present on
sections of conductor 34Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
The harmonic generation of a PV system
depends on the inverter technology, solar
irradiance, temperature, loads, and the
supply system characteristics. The harmonic
distortion generated in PV plants can occur as a
result of intrinsic and extrinsic effects. Intrinsic
harmonic distortions are related to inverter
deficiencies, e.g. components and control loop
nonlinearities, measurement inaccuracies,
and limited pulse-width modulation (PWM)
resolution. Connection to a weak and distorted
electrical grid can be considered an extrinsic
effect on the output waveform of a PV plant.
A distorted voltage acts like a disturbance in
the inverter control system, causing distortion
of the current waveform generated by the
inverter.
Several factors affect the power quality
characteristics of the PV inverter output current.
Both the current total harmonic distortion
(THD) and the output reactive power are related
to the output active power levels, which in turn
are strongly dependent on solar irradiance
levels. Most of the inverters consume or feed
reactive power into the network depending on
their output active power and their technology.
During operation at low solar irradiance levels
(e.g. sunrise, sunset, cloudy days), current THD
values can increase rapidly, since the THD factor
is inversely proportional to the output active
power of the PV inverters. Nevertheless, THD
is notably reduced as the output active power
of the PV Inverters increases and reaches its
nominal value. The intrinsic characteristics of
the control circuit and nonlinear components of
PV inverters may explain the current distortion
behaviour in the low power generation stages.
Varying power density of renewable energy
resources (i.e. irradiance level and temperature
in PV conversion) potentially cause voltage and
frequency variation or sag/swell patterns in
the grid. Also, application of power converters
as interfaces between energy sources and the
grid and their interaction with other system
components may cause high harmonics
distortion. The most important impacts of
harmonics are:
Overstressing and
resonant condition
on the capacitors
bank
Increased
transformer heating
and saturation
effects in the core
Figure 14:
Impact of harmonics on the power system
High harmonics
can cause
interference to
telecommunication
lines
Increased heating of
neutral conductors
caused by triple
current harmonics
Overloading of
power systems by
high frequencies
of currents and
voltages 35Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
There are two ways to mitigate the PQ problems,
either from the customer side or from the utility
side. One approach is loading conditioning and
another solution is to adopt power conditioning
system to avoid possible disturbance. Presently,
smart inverters are utilized which can improve
the power quality. Another arrangement is
to utilize Shunt Active Power Filter (SAPF) by
which harmonics can be proficiently wiped
out. The SAPF is a Voltage Source Inverter (VSI),
related to the load. SAPF can keep the current
adjusted and sinusoidal after compensation for
various burden conditions.
3.5 Comparison of Regular and
Smart Inverters (Autonomous
and SCADA Controlled)
The term “smart inverter” has become a
buzzword in the industry, but what does it really
mean? For an inverter to be considered smart,
it must have a digital architecture, bidirectional
communications capability and robust
software infrastructure. The system begins with
reliable, rugged and efficient silicon-centric
hardware, which can be controlled by a scalable
software platform incorporating a sophisticated
performance monitoring capability. A smart
inverter must be adaptive and able to send
and receive messages quickly, as well as share
granular data with the owner, utility and other
stakeholders. Such systems allow installers and
service technicians to diagnose operational
and maintenance issues, including predicting
possible inverter or module problems and
remotely upgrade certain parameters in
moments. These intelligent power electronics
devices must also include Applications
Programming Interface (API) functionality that
provides fleet owners and other partners a way
to tie in their own software to create powerful
enterprise level tools.
27
Figure 15:
Off Grid Inverter
27
An API is a set of programming instructions for accessing web software or a web-based tool. When a company releases its API, users
are able to have their own software interact with the company’s.
PV Module(s)
Breaker Sub-
Panel
Battery
Bank
Charge
Controller
Inverter 36Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Advantages of using Smart Micro
Inverters (SMI):
The increasing technical complexity and
enhanced capabilities of inverters show that
many manufacturers are well on their way to
meeting the smart inverter challenge, but not
all inverter topologies and software control
packages are created equal.
Micro inverter technology, in particular,
provides some advantages to residential,
commercial and (eventually) utility-scale solar
PV installations. This includes high redundancy
through a distributed AC architecture that
improves system cost and reduces operations
and maintenance complexity.
An integrated micro inverter package can help
lower the Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE),
facilitating higher energy production over
the life time of the system, unit reliability and
system uptime, all the while lowering systems
cost by reducing installation labour and
materials. Micro inverters are also capable of
providing a suite of Advanced Grid Functions
(AGF) required by some regulatory standards
for grid stability, such as ramp rate control,
power curtailment, fault ride-through and
voltage support through VARs.
The most advanced micro inverters are adaptive
and essentially constitute the core of what
could be called a fully networked, software
defined inverter. The benefits of such a software-
controlled system include the ability to provide
grid support services in an evolutionary manner
over the more than 20-year lifetime of the
inverter platform through software updates that
can be done without any hardware replacement
or truck-rolled, hands-on labour.
Utilities may encounter more noteworthy
voltage fluctuations and expected to make a
more extensive voltage window to make up for
the changeability on account of the developing
number of sun based establishments in its
administration region. So as to retrofit these
issues, the job of smart inverter becomes an
integral factor. In addition, presently, some of
the smart inverters are concentrating on new
reactive and on-demand communications
methodologies that will help deal with the
greater distributed generation load. While
the computerized engineering, bidirectional
correspondences and programming foundation
innovations that support smart inverters are
unquestionably significant, the organizations
that give such propelled frameworks should
likewise be advanced in the manner they team
up on new utility necessities and guidelines.
Figure 16:
Grid Connected Inverter 37Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
4.1 Methodology
In order to identify potential technical issues
and grid interconnection challenges that needs
to be addressed for enabling VRE integration
in distribution grid active and reactive power
compensations, the load flow analysis was to be
done on MV and LV distribution networks. The
distribution network issues and impact of RTPV
faced by the utilities across the country varies
according to their geographical locations and
MV/LV network topologies. In order to analyze
the details of the MV/LV network, six distribution
utilities were selected to conduct a detailed load
flow analysis of distribution feeders. A criterion
had been set each based on which the detailed
study was conducted. Utilities were requested
to select any two feeders each from two circles
i.e. 4 feeders; these feeders should have solar PV
injection at present or planned in the near future.
For each feeder, following data has been collected:
4.2 Selection of Samples per
DISCOMs
Following is the list of state DISCOMs that
provided feeder data for the load flow studies:
Load Flow Studies on MV/LV Lines
with RTPV
4
11 kV Feeder
Meter Load
Survey Data
11 kV
Feeder Single Line
Diagram (SLD)
Feeder
Current Carrying
Capacity and Load
Growth
0103
02
RTPV
connected to
the Feeder
Consumer
Details
Ratings of
Distribution
Transformers (DTs)/
Capacity and
Voltage Ratio
Conductor Data
04
07
06
05
Table 6:
List of DISCOMs that participated in the study
RegionSelected stateFeeder category DISCOM Name
North Delhi Urban lightly loadedTata Power Delhi Distribution Ltd. (TPDDL)
Haryana Agricultural Uttar Haryana Bijli Vitran Nigam Ltd. (UHBVN)
South Karnataka 11 kVBangalore Electricity Supply Company Ltd. (BESCOM)
Andhra Pradesh Semi urban heavily
loaded
Andhra Pradesh Southern Power Distribution
Company Ltd. (APSPDCL)
West Maharashtra Urban lightly loadedAdani Energy Mumbai Ltd. (AEML)
East West Bengal Urban heavily loadedCESC, Kolkata 38Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
4.3 Analysis of Varying
VRE Levels on Sample
Feeders (Without Energy
Storage)
The load flow study was conducted
on the feeders of the six DISCOMs
in order to estimate the impact of
increase in solar penetration at LT side,
DT and feeder without energy storage
devices. During load flow study, solar
penetration is increased in steps at
LT side for consumers (residential,
industrial, commercial and agriculture).
The solar penetration is increased in
percentage steps based on DT rated
capacity as most of DISCOMs allow user
to connect solar generation based on
DT capacity.
Estimated the maximum
permissible limit for RTPV
connected at LT side with
energy storage devices without
PQ and thermal issues
STEP
1
Load flow study of MV/LV
feeder, DT and LT Network
STEP
3
STEP
2 Conduct load flow with
different levels of RTPV
connected at LT side
without any energy
storage device and study
the PQ issues (low PF,
undesirable fluctuations
in voltages), thermal
issues (heating of
conductor, etc.)
Single line diagramMeter
Conductor rating
Load survey data
of Feeder/DT
RTPV connected
on the feeder
Solar irradiance
curve of the location
Conductor length
Voltage rating
of DT
Connected/
Sanctioned Load
Diagram of LT
network
Solar
4.3.1 Methodology of Work
Purpose of study: Maximum solar connection
is allowed at LT side in order to achieve 40 GW
targets of RTPV by 2022.
Before starting load flow, following data was collected: 39Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Let us assume DT capacity of 630 kVA, then
scenarios run during load flow are:
Report generation and analysis of load flow
study:
l Generate load flow report after running load
flow study for each scenario:
n Feeder loading report
n DT loading report
n Section loading report
n PV generation report
l Draw graph of feeder percentage loading
(kVA) V/S increase in RTPV capacities – it will
provide effect on feeder side w.r.t. increase
in RTPV
l Draw a graph for DT percentage loading
(kVA) w.r.t. increase in RTPV during each
scenario
l Analyze PQ issues and thermal issues in
section loading report for each section of
feeder side and LT side during each scenario:
n This report will display Undervoltage/
Preparation of network in CYMDIST for load flow study
28
:
Draw load point
end consumer
mentioning
connected/
sanctioned load
on LT side of
transformer
Draw complete
network diagram
upto LT consumer
end specifying
conductor size,
span length,
rating, transformer
voltage rating
Connect RTPV
generation
capacity
(existing if any)
on LT side of
network
Validate the
network diagram
and (remove
errors, if any)
Upload solar
irradiance curve
data on RTPV
connections
STEP
1
STEP
2
STEP
3
STEP
4
Run the load flow study of feeder load
current during the selected time slot
Select any specific time during each time slot for
which feeder is lightly or heavily loaded (in this
study, ISGF considered both conditions in order to
run load flow during severe conditions)
Perform load flow analysis for increasing
solar RTPV connection at consumer side (LT/
HT/agriculture/commercial etc.) in steps
w.r.t. percentage of transformer rating
Run load flow study:
Identify/select time slots for the load flow
study (Four time slots i.e. 8:00 AM -11:00
AM, 11:00 AM - 1:00 PM, 1:00PM - 4:00 PM,
4:00PM - 7:00PM)
28
TPDDL had provided CYMDIST ready files to ISGF. 40Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
overloading voltage sections in different
colours
n This report will display overcurrent in
section (if any)
n Analyze power factor violation in report
n Analyze voltage variation, kVA loading
n Analyze reverse power flow across DT
from LT side to MV side due to increase
in RTPV connections
n Analyze the effect on the network
Results of the study:
Analyze the
maximum limit
of percentage
increase in
RTPV up to
which there are
no PQ issues
Analyze the
maximum increases
in RTPV up to which
PQ issues can be
mitigated with energy
storage devices at LT
side/at DT/at MV
side
In every scenario during load flow studies,
RTPV connections are increased based on
percentage of DT capacity e.g. for 630 kVA DT,
percentage increase in RTPV.
Scenario 1 Scenario 2 Scenario 3 Scenario 4
11% of DT Capacity
20% of DT Capacity
40% of DT Capacity
60% of DT Capacity
80% of DT Capacity
90% of DT Capacity
100% of DT Capacity
Time
8-11 AM
Time
11-1 PM
Time
1-4 PM
Time
4-7 PM
Already connected
70 kWP
Solar RTPV Capacity
Time Slots
120 kWP
240 kWP
360 kWP
480 kWP
540 kWP
600 kWP
70 kWP
120 kWP
240 kWP
360 kWP
480 kWP
540 kWP
600 kWP
70 kWP
120 kWP
240 kWP
360 kWP
480 kWP
540 kWP
600 kWP
70 kWP
120 kWP
240 kWP
360 kWP
480 kWP
540 kWP
600 kWP 41Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Scenario 1 Scenario 2 Scenario 3 Scenario 4
AS-IS
Without Solar
20% of DT Capacity
40% of DT Capacity
60% of DT Capacity
80% of DT Capacity
100 % of DT Capacity
Time
8-11 AM
Time
11-1 PM
Time
1-4 PM
Time
4-7 PM
Already connected
0 kWP
–
Solar RTPV Capacity
Time Slots
20 kWP
40 kWP
60 kWP
80 kWP
100 kWP
0 kWP
–
20 kWP
40 kWP
60 kWP
80 kWP
100 kWP
0 kWP
–
20 kWP
40 kWP
60 kWP
80 kWP
100 kWP
0 kWP
–
20 kWP
40 kWP
60 kWP
80 kWP
100 kWP
4.3.2 Load Flow Studies
The result and summary of load flow studies are discussed below:
4.3.2.1 Load Flow Study Analysis – Urban Lightly Loaded Feeder (TPDDL) in Delhi
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
36.5
53.2
74.9
100.3
120.3
44.6
67.7
92.9
112.7
28.7
50.4
75
94.5
29.7
16.5
30.3
35.5
58.3
77
20.3
57.4
54.9
43.8
39.4
29.9
66.7
52.6
49
36.4
35.9
40% 60%100% 120%0% 20%
36.5% Load 50% DT Load 75% DT Load 100% DT Load 100% DT Load
Preferable with Active
DR (Demand Response)
Thermal Limit
PQ Limit
Preferable Limit
Percentage increase in RTPV connections (based on DT kVA) V/S percentage of DT Loading (kVA)
Percentage of DT Loading (kVA)
Figure 17:
TPDDL Feeder - Load Flow Analysis
29,30
48.3
63.2
45.9
28
35.2
80%
29
The choice of using LiB was done to showcase the best life cycle cost, effective use as well as better mix of power-energy needs given
today’s use. The other technologies such as advanced lead acid batteries may indeed suit niche applications.
30
For industrial and commercial feeders with weekly off days, there could be reverse power flows to 11 kV systems on off-days. Such
cases have not been studied in detail; which will be undertaken in the next phase of the study. Feeders with mixed loads that have 50%
load during daytime are ideal for 50-70% RTPV. 42Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Thermal Limit
Preferable Limit
Figure 18:
UHBVN Feeder Load Flow Analysis
4.3.2.2 Analysis of Agricultural Feeder (UHBVN)
4.3.2.3 Analysis of 11 kV Feeder (BESCOM)
Figure 19:
BESCOM Feeder Load Flow Analysis
45.00
40.00
35.00
30.00
25.00
20.00
15.00
10.00
5.00
08 AM - 11AM 11 AM - 01PM 01 PM - 04PM 04 AM - 07PM
Without
Solar
Analysis
As is Analysis
0kW
20%, 13kW40%, 25kW 60%, 38kW80%, 50kW100%, 63kW
Percentage of solar injection V/S DT % kVA loading during load flow
DT percentage of loading in kVA
Preferable with Active
DR (Demand Response)
Preferable LimitThermal Limit
Preferable with Active
DR (Demand Response)
937.12
532.45
451.55
548.46
466.94
642.29
409.30
464.00
437.66
403.60
427.94
649.01
1900.00
1700.00
1500.00
1300.00
1100.00
900.00
700.00
500.00
300.00
100.00
Feeder (kVA)
507.95
680.49
744
824.36
1102.06
1355.26
1546.06
908.37
568.96
08 AM -11 AM
Without Solar
11 AM-01 PM 01 PM-04 PM 04 PM-07 PM
20% 40% 60% 80% 100%0%
Percentage of solar injection (w.r.t. DT kVA capacity) V/S Feeder (kVA)
854.61
706.06
PQ Limit
35.36 35.36
32.04 32.04
29.71 29.71
26.23 26.23
23.89
20.76
18.56
15.33
11.41
16.34
14.13
12.81
41.10
38.77
37.30
35.34
18.60
17.38
16.88
16.67
PQ Limit 43Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Figure 20:
APSPDCL Feeder Load Flow Analysis
Figure 21:
CESC Feeder Load Flow Analysis
4.3.2.4 Analysis of Semi Urban Heavily Loaded Feeder (APSPDCL), Tirupati
4.3.2.5 Analysis of Urban Heavily Loaded Feeder (CESC), Kolkata
Preferable with Active
DR (Demand Response)
1900.00
1700.00
1500.00
1300.00
1100.00
900.00
700.00
500.00
300.00
100.00
Feeder (kVA)
649.01
08 AM -11 AM
Without Solar
11 AM-01 PM 01 PM-04 PM 04 PM-07 PM
PQ Limit
20% 40% 60% 80% 100%0%
Percentage of solar injection (w.r.t. DT kVA capacity) V/S Feeder (kVA)
Thermal Limit
854.61
532.45
451.55
548.46
642.29
568.96
908.37
1355.26
1546.06
1102.06
824.36
744
680.49
507.95
464.08
466.94
409.30
437.66427.94
403.60
937.12
706.08
Preferable Limit
Preferable with Active
DR (Demand Response)
100.00
90.00
80.00
70.00
60.00
50.00
40.00
30.00
20.00
DT percentage loading (KVA)
08 AM -11 AM
Without Solar
11 AM-01 PM 01 PM-04 PM 04 PM-07 PM
20% 40% 60% 80% 100%0%
Percentage of solar injection V/S DT % kVA Loading during Load Flow
Thermal Limit
86.6
73.7
80.0
83.49
73.7
55.3
66.09
71.6
66.4
56.2
55.76
80.0
86.6
Preferable Limit
83.49
49.6
39.0
36.0
46.0
46.94
57.6
57.89
59.1
63.4
42.9
50.0 48.1
47.28
PQ Limit 44Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
PQ Limit
4.3.2.6 Analysis of Urban Lightly Loaded Feeder (AEML), Mumbai
Figure 22:
AEML Feeder Load Flow Analysis
The details of load flow study of all the selected
DISCOMs are given in Annexure-2.
4.4 CYMDIST Library
of Modelling Tools for
Photovoltaic System Study
CYME library consists of equipment details
(as per actual data of feeders). DISCOMs using
CYMDIST Software with Long Term Dynamics
module can directly use this library for solar
studies. The library is based on the study
methodology using percentage increment
of solar injection per DT capacity. DISCOMs
utilizing the module will have to vary the
equipment’s technical parameters as per their
requirements. However, the DISCOMs will have
to model the feeders manually. If they have
400.00
350.00
300.00
250.00
200.00
150.00
100.00
50.00
0.00
08 AM - 11AM 11 AM - 01PM 01 PM - 04PM 04 AM - 07PM
252.32
154.13
129.80
76.85
91.84
52.27
80.67
84.87
169.27
178.73
276.45
285.91
300.32
343.16
232.88
191.67
113.76
74.79
96.49
199.14
207.29
180.69
205.37
232.22
223.86
304.27
322.87
331.77
Without
Solar
Analysis
As is
Analysis
100kW
20%
126Kw
40%
252Kw
60%
378Kw
80%
504Kw
100%
630Kw
Percentage of solar injection V/S DT % kVA loading during load flow
Preferable LimitThermal Limit
Preferable with Active
DR (Demand Response) 45Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
GIS data, it will benefit them for modelling the
feeders.
Network diagram: Feeder files are saved in. sxst
format in CYMDIST.
1. Equipment library creation: This document
will provide a guideline on how to create
equipment’s with the CYME Software. A self-
contained study file (.sxst) to use with this
document is provided. The explanations
below are based on the use of that file.
a) Source equivalent: Go to equipment >
source equivalent. The dialog box opens
where you can create new sources
and enter appropriate data values such
as the capacity (to flag overload), the
nominal and the operating voltage,
the configuration, and the equipment
impedance values.
b) Transformer: Go to equipment >
transformer in the menu. You have six
options:
l The two-winding transformer
l Two - winding auto - transformer
l Phase shifting transformer
l Three-winding transformer
l
Three - winding auto – transformer
and
l Grounding transformer
Select two – winding transformer. Fill in the
ratings of the transformer, its impedances, type
and connection. Should there be any grounding
impedance, they should be entered accordingly
too. If the transformer has a Load Tap Changer
(LTC), select the LTC tab, and check the load tap
changer option. 46Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032 47Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
c) Cable: Go to Equipment > Cable to
access the cable database. You can enter
the parameters in the General tab of the
cable if known. If the parameters are
not known, click on the details button
to enter cable construction details and
calculate the equivalent impedances. 48Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
d) Overhead Line: Go to Equipment >
Overhead Line > Balanced. The balanced
type uses the same conductor for all
phases, whereas the unbalanced type
uses different conductors for each of the
three phases. 49Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
e) Photovoltaic Panel: Go to Equipment
> Photovoltaic Panel. Fill up all the
required details as per the PV panel
specifications as per the manufacturer’s
standards.
Solar Insolation Curve: For the study of solar
variations throughout the day on CYME, solar
insolation curve is required. As the irradiance is
variable in nature, in this way, it has been thought
about. The PV Module uses this curve for certain
time intervals. 51Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
5.1 Description and Overview
Recent improvements in performance and
cost reduction of energy storage technologies
have generated a strong interest in evaluating
role of energy storage for helping with larger
penetration of solar PV at grid and rooftop levels.
However, often the optimum size of storage
and right type of technologies are debated.
Secondly, there is not a lot of information
available on techno-commercial feasibility
of integrating advanced energy storage with
RTPV for applications which can provide larger
savings and/or improve power quality and
reliability for consumers.
Hence, to answer, whether energy storage
can help RTPV penetration and to determine
optimal size and to assist with technology
selection, Energy Storage India Tool (ESIT) has
been developed as a part of this study. The basic
function of this tool is to take network load
data and optimize the energy storage capacity.
This tool is capable of dealing with distribution
feeder and customer level analysis. For given
inputs related to site and technical parameters
of a potential project, ESIT has the capability
to provide cost benefit assessment. The
value streams captured by ESIT include both
monetizable benefits and non-monetizable
benefits. Monetizable benefits could be system
peak shaving, diesel usage optimization for
back-up power, time shifting, demand response
etc. (details given in section 5.3). Whereas non-
monetizable benefits include prevention of
economic loss due to power cuts. ESIT has been
developed considering all the parameters used
by different utilities so that it can be universally
used in the Indian context. Moreover, it is
flexible to carry out analysis on some unknown
data or broken data like load data and includes
sample data which can be used by users without
in-depth knowledge of many storage, power
electronics and power quality equipment. This
model takes annual load data as input but can
also work with partial data. Any time interval
load data can be directly inserted to the existing
model for analysis. For ESIT inputs, there are
four major categories i.e. solar, grid, storage
and diesel genset (DG) for insertion of detailed
values shown in Figures 23-25. In addition,
grid segment has different levels like customer,
feeder and Distribution Transformer (DT) level.
Based on one’s need, user can easily perform
the analysis for different scenarios of solar PV
penetration at different levels, for multiple load
patterns, and load growth scenarios. Details on
each segment is presented in section 5.2.
Energy Storage India Tool (ESIT)
5 52Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Figure 23:
Load and Irradiance data dashboard
Figure 24:
Feeder and Supply side Parameter 53Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
5.2 Techno-Commercial
Evaluation of ESS Projects
The techno-commercial analysis for storage is
done on the basis of monetizable benefits which
an ESS asset can cater to at a particular level in
the network. The user does not need to think
or choose benefits, which are automatically
selected based on the state policies and based
on position of storage in the grid.
ESIT includes important features like choosing
a different rate plan based on a commercial,
industrial or residential customer segment.
The tool also allows the user to choose the year
in which they are planning to deploy energy
storage and accordingly choose the load curve
as per load growth estimates. Based on this
ESIT also determines electricity cost for that
particular year. After taking all the parameters
from user, it performs simulation for a fixed time
interval. The size of solar is taken as percentage
of Distribution Transformer (DT) size. In case
of DT side or feeder side installation of energy
storage, total electricity cost represents the cost
of procurement of energy. This cost is based on
Time of Day (ToD) based rates and has ability
to use monthly or 24-hour spot pricing. On the
other hand, when ESS is located in customer
premise, actual rate plan is considered as input.
This rate plan includes following parameters:
l Demand Charge
n Constraints such as minimum threshold
and penalty for crossing contract
demand
l Fixed charge
l Contract demand
l Slab based charge
l ToD based charges
l Value of lost load
Figure 25:
Storage Parameter Dashboard 54Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Cost of technical components such as
transformers, cables and cable laying have
been considered to calculate the actual cost of
upgradation of a distribution transformer.
Model is capable of analysing different types
of lithium ion battery chemistries as well as
storage technologies like Valve Regulated Lead
Acid (VRLA), Flooded Lead Acid batteries etc.
Apart from energy rating, other characteristics
such as power rating, state of charge, efficiency
for storage can be manually inserted if
someone wants to deep dive into a particular
energy storage technology. The model can also
recommend energy storage size based on solar
penetration level and grid characteristics.
Considering all the parameters, simulations can
be performed to get optimized energy storage
solution. Results of model can help to calculate
whether a system upgradation is required for future
and how energy storage can help to defer that.
One of the most interesting results from this
tool is its output with sensitivity analysis. It gives
numerical as well as visual output which make
this tool much more user friendly. Summary
tab (shown in Figure 26) of output helps the
user to understand the various value streams
as well as the implication of added solar and
storage on DT loading. Detailed output of non-
monetizable and monetizable benefits can be
visualized under this tab.
Figure 26:
Summary Tab of ESIT Model
Statistics tabs (shown in Figure 27) is also
provided to show cycling of energy storage
system and technical parameters such as
energy throughput, Avg State of Charge,
etc. The replacement year of ESS is also
shown here. 55Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
The financials tab (shown in Figure 28) on the
other side helps to quantify all the costs and
benefits for the user. The total cost of project
(Capex and Opex) can be seen from financial
tab. Income statement is generated to check
actual profit against various expenses. Finally,
cash flows section is shown from which IRR and
NPV of the project is calculated. In addition to
these sections, sensitivity section is also there
which perform sensitivities of loading v/s
different penetration levels of solar PV with and
without storage.
Figure 27:
Statistics Tab of ESIT
Figure 28:
Financial Tab of ESIT 56Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
5.3 Consideration of Multiple
Use-Cases
The ESIT is well suited for different levels of
analysis mentioned above. The monetizable
benefits are listed below:
l T&D Upgrade Deferral: The tool deploys
storage when feeder/DTs are heavily loaded
(local peak shaving and reverse power
flow absorption). This defers the T&D
upgradation for certain period. Benefits are
calculated considering savings on interest
payments on upgradation costs due to
deferral
l System Peak Shavings Benefits: System
wide peak shaving benefits can be captured
if a suitable program exists. Storage is
deployed to reduce utility loads during
system peaks (For most utilities in India this
could include evening time discharge of
energy storage)
l Time Shifting: The tool has capability to
examine the power procurement cost for
the utility. If energy arbitrage opportunity
exists, then storage is deployed to take
advantage of the price differential
l Penalty Savings: ESIT is able to quantify the
savings on penalty payments to consumers
during power cuts if storage is deployed to
serve the load
l DR Revenue: The tool can simulate a
Demand Response (DR) program. Utility DR
calls can be specified. If the customer sited
storage is capable of responding during
those calls, the benefits are calculated
l Energy Arbitrage: In the rate plan for the
consumer, if there exits an arbitrage, then
storage is dispatched to capture those
benefits
l Diesel Minimization: Tool can calculate
the benefits due reduction in diesel
consumption by DG sets if storage is utilized
during power cuts
5.4 Evaluation of Monetizable
and Non-Monetizable Benefits
ESIT classifies benefits from storage into two
categories namely monetizable and non-
monetizable benefits. The tool classifies the
benefits into the aforementioned categories
with respect to the current regulatory
scenarios at state and central levels, barring
few exceptions. For instance, in ESIT tool T&D
upgrade deferral benefit is basically a financial
benefit for utility by deferring the investment for
certain years. The benefit reflects in the savings
in interest payments for upgrade costs. Under
present payment mechanisms and regulatory
policies, a customer owned asset cannot realize
this benefit, however, the benefit for the grid
can be realized even if the asset is owned by
customer. Thus, T&D upgrade deferral benefit
has been considered as monetizable benefit
across all the placements in ESIT. Potential
benefits for different levels are captured in
Table 6. Electricity savings on the other hand
is also an important benefit for utility as well
as consumer (For Commercial and Industrial)
as storage can also perform arbitrage based
on utility energy procurement cost. However,
energy shifting is not a monetizable benefit for
residential customers as time of day tariff does
not apply to them. Acting as a customer asset
in the current scenario, utility needs to pay for
lost power to consumers. This can be reduced
by using storage.
ESIT can show different peak saving benefits i.e.
system and local. Storage can operate during
system peak events. However, under present
market structure storage can be only present at
utility side to monetize system peak reduction.
With Demand Response programs, end
customers can also get paid for responding to
DR signals. Storage being a flexible asset can 57Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
help in allowing consumers to participate in
DR programs without changing consumption
patterns. Moreover, with help of distributed
storage, as mentioned earlier, utility can save
by reducing local peak and thus can extend
the usability of current DT/Feeder/Line
configuration by deferring upgrades.
Under this study, it is felt that reliability of power
is still an issue with many customers reporting
almost daily short unscheduled interruptions
especially in rural and semi-urban centres.
Reliability and quality of power has often been
quoted as a barrier for economic growth in
India. There are many economic studies done in
different parts of world which claim that value
of voltage sags and power cuts to customers
range from as low as $5 to $50 per kWh (when
cost of electricity is rated close to 10-15 percent).
Semiconductor fabrication manufacturing units
have quoted losses of close to $500,000 per power
cut event. Hence as a tool, ESIT has defined
a non-monetizable benefit called economic
adder, which can be chosen by the user as a
multiple of tariff to quantify loss of business
due to reliability issues. However, in the Indian
scenario, the power outages can be monetized
well at customer end, as most of customers
are using diesel gensets, which is an expensive
backup option in terms of operating costs.
ESIT considers energy storage as a solution to
optimize the use of diesel gensets during power
cuts and reduction in diesel usage is considered
as a cost benefit of storage when placed at the
customer end. However, if the same asset is
placed at utility side and is able to address the
outage, there would be only partial benefit to
utility apart from recovery of the T&D portion
of the charges which the utility losses in case
of power cut. If there are regulations in place,
which can penalize the utility for loss of supply,
utility owned storage can have a monetizable
benefit for providing reliable supply by avoiding
penalties. However, apart from Delhi, no
other stated has introduced or has planned to
introduce such penalty so far. And even in case
of Delhi, the penalty payments are rated as
INR 50 for two hours of power cut. Apart from
these benefits, power quality (PF correction), is
also a monetizable benefit which smart storage
inverters can address. And the tool considers PF
correction as a monetizable benefits.
Table 7:
Different Monetizable and Non-Monetizable Benefits
Different BenefitsDT Feeder Customer
T & D Upgrade DeferralM M M
Electricity SavingsM M M*
System Peak ReductionM M NM
Penalty Payment SavingsM M M
Diesel SavingsNM NM M
Economic Adder NM NM NM
PF Correction/Reactive Power SupportM M M
M=Monetizable, NM=Non-Monetizable
M* = Monetizable only for commercial and industrial consumers 58Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
5.5 Testing of Different Policy
Incentives
While India is successfully progressing towards
achieving 175 GW renewable energy targets
by 2022, a few challenges still needs to be
addressed such as RE integration to distribution
grid, peak deficits, intermittency problems
owing to RE penetration etc. In order to achieve
Solar Mission objectives, interventions are still
required to bring down costs borne by the utility
and end user/consumer. The key challenge is to
provide an enabling framework and support for
entrepreneurs to develop markets.
On the other hand, many of the industrial
consumers, connected to 33kV and 11kV feeders
are facing severe losses during power cuts and
voltage fluctuations. These consumers spend
lot of amount on diesel/other sources during
power deficits which itself is an additional
burden on these consumers. The only demand
from the consumers connected to these voltage
levels is to receive uninterruptable quality
power supply. This is the same case for domestic
consumers as well.
For taking complete advantage of Storage
+ Solar PV integration, the need of the hour
is to formulate appropriate regulations for
successful implementation of the proposed
system. The best way to test the advantages
of this system is to implement a pilot project
in most load facing Discom in an urban area
and compare these results with only solar PV
installed regions. Although few of the benefits
of installing storage is not monetizable but
immediately yield positive results. Testing the
pilot project for a year or more can certainly
show the system improvement. Creating
market mechanism for demand response, ramp
controls, ancillary services and power quality
will definitely boost efficiency in the last mile
network and also increase the reliability. Such
mechanisms will also introduce flexible assets
in the system like energy storage systems and
smart inverters, which can bring a lot of value
to the grid apart from addressing issues due
to higher penetration of rooftop solar PV in
Low voltage and medium voltage distribution
networks. 59Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
6.1 Cost Benefit Analysis
for Energy Storage System at
Different Locations
Energy Storage India Tool (ESIT) developed
as the part of this study has the capability to
analyze penetration of storage and its benefits
at different level namely feeder, distribution
transformer (DT) and customer levels. The
tool has the capability to understand techno-
commercial benefits of using a storage at a
particular location through different cost
benefits, it can avail at a particular level in the
network. However, the tool does not analyze
voltage drop, voltage fluctuations and many
such load flow parameters to derive this
analysis. An introduction to the tool was made
in Chapter 5. This chapter will further help the
reader to understand quantitative assessment
conducted by ESIT through a particular case.
To understand benefits of energy storage at
different level, analysis for one of the feeders
of CESC Kolkata has been considered in our
study. The feeder covered in this study is of
capacity 2.9 MVA and feeding 11 distribution
transformers of 3.4 MVA cumulative capacity.
This feeder is currently loaded 85%, which is
high compared to other feeders. Such highly
loaded feeders that are likely candidate for
distribution upgrades in near future are good
candidates for deployment of energy storage to
capture maximum benefit. Lithium ion Nickel
Manganese Cobalt (NMC) and lead acid (LA)
batteries have been considered to understand
effect of technology on project feasibility. With
preliminary analysis of storage cycles, it was
found that LiB for this particular project could
last for 10 yrs. So, no replacement is required
for LiB during a 10 year project evaluation. But
in case of lead acid (LA) battery, it is expected
to last for 3 years thus needs to be replaced up
to 3 times during the 10 year evaluation period.
Feeder upgrade planning is assumed to be 30
years. Some general assumptions used in the
simulations are listed in Table 8.
Cost Benefit Analysis of Energy
Storage using ESIT
6
Table 8:
Assumptions for Analysing Feeder and DT Level Data
Assumption Parameter202020222025
Solar Penetration( Low case and High case) 20% & 50% 40% & 70% 70% & 90%
Load Scale
(Considering annual load growth is 3%)
106.6% 116%127%
Power Conversion System Cost trend($/kW)224-405 182-328 133-239
Storage cost($/kWh)220184150 60Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Apart from those parameters, some data like
transformer cost, switchgear cost, cabling cost
etc. have been taken from CESC and secondary
sources. Considering all these parameters,
CESC cases has been analyzed for 2020, 2022
and 2025. Table 9 is summary of all the cases
considering maximum level of penetration in
each level. The feasibility of the project can be
seen in different level. It has been found out
that for CESC, installation of storage in DT level
will help them to reduce peak load and also,
they will get monetizable benefits.
Table 9:
Summary of Different Level Analysis
Year Different
Level
Solar
Penetration
Individual
Storage
capacity
(KW)
Total
storage
capacity
(MW)
Storage
capacity
(MWh)
Project NPV IRR
2020 Feeder 50 % 290 0.29(10%
of Feeder
Capacity)
0.58 -0.772 6.01 %
DT 50 % 31.5 0.031(10%
of DT
Capacity)
0.031 0.076 *21.6 %
31
Consumer 50 % 31.5 0.031 0.031*-8.66 %
2022 Feeder 70 % 290 0.29 0.58 -0.621 6.20 %
DT70 % 31.5 0.031 0.031 0.081 *27.2 %
Consumer 70 % 31.5 0.031 0.031 -06061 *0 %
2025 Feeder 90 % 290 0.29 0.58 -0.244 8.30 *
DT90 % 63 0.031 0.031 0.076 *37.5 %
Consumer 90 % 31.5 0.031 0.031 -04169 *0 %
*IRR is for particular DT
6.2 Feeder Level Analysis
From the initial analysis it is found out that
although lead acid battery storage option is
cheaper compared to LiB; it is uneconomical
due to its short life as it needs to be replaced
after every 3 years. We have estimated that price
of LiB’s will go down below lead acid battery
price in coming years. In addition to that, LiB’s
are more ecofriendly and can be recycled totally.
This study has considered LiB as the storage
option for analyzing different cases. From Figure
29 it can be seen that LiB has the capability to
do more than 350 cycles each day at 80% depth
of discharge (DoD). This leads to deferment of
Lead-Acid battery replacement every 3 years.
For this study, the replacement year for a typical
DT level ESS is 15 years, which is economically
viable. For this study the replacement year
for DT level storage is 15 years which is quite
economically viable. Different size of storage
has been considered to optimize the storage
size according to feeder capacity and found
out different optimum storage size for different
years. To make the project more feasible, IESA
have considered constant storage size for every
year and various levels of solar penetration. In
that way, utility can think about one storage
option which has capability of taking load up to
2025 as well as beneficial for them.
31
Value benefits considered for this case are power factor
correction, T&D deferral and electricity savings. In this
particular case, value adds due to high local characteristics
enabling a good return on investment. 61Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Benefits in Figure 30 Different benefits captured
over different year are for maximum solar
penetration with the help of storage for the
above-mentioned year. Different monetizable
benefits assuming constant storage size are
depicted in Figure 30.
Figure 29:
Cycles at Different Depth of Discharge
Figure 30:
Different Benefits Captured Over Different Years
Among different benefits, penalty payment
savings has the least impact compared to other
benefits. T & D deferral benefits have increased
from 2020 to 2025 due to the low-cost of storage.
Electricity savings by considering arbitrage will
be almost similar for every year. On the other
hand, Power Factor (PF) penalty savings will
gradually go down due to the lower tariff of
electricity. Figure 31 describes how power factor
is increasing with the help of storage.
DoD Cycles
% DoD
400
300
200
100
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
0
# of cycles
2.00
Monetizable benefits
0
0.2
202020222025
0.0850.1340.22
0.0040.0070.009
0.7810.4880.307
0.8720.8880.89
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Rs. in Crore
T & D deferral benefits (Cr)
Penalty payment savings (Cr)
PF penalty savings (Cr)
Electricity Savings (Cr) 62Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
As per the data, feeder level load is having 0.9
PF but when solar comes into the grid, then PF
reduces to around 0.8. Reduction in PF happens
because solar is giving only active power instead
active and reactive power thus ratio of apparent
power to active power (i.e. PF) got reduced. With
the help of storage that ratio got increased and
back to its actual PF.
Figure 31:
Increment of PF by Using Storage
Figure 32:
Peak Shaving Operation
These graphs in Figure 32 shows yearly data
for CESC. Also, it clearly indicates the peak
shave operations. The evening peak get saved
by using storage. This will eventually defer the
transformer upgradation for long period.
0.92
0.9
0.88
0.86
0.84
0.82
0.8
0.78
0.76
0.74
PF of Actual load
PF of load with
Solar
PF of load with
Solar and storage
0.90.80.92020
2022
2025
0.9
0.9
0.81
0.83
0.9
0.89
Load
Evening peak shave
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
2
1
0
-1
Generation
MWMW
Lost Power
SOS
Storage
Grid
Solar
Load Net of Solar
Original Load 63Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
From Figure 33, it can be seen that the project is
not viable in the initial years (2020 & 2022) as net
present value (NPV) is negative. Battery in 2025
case is helping to reduce peak load with higher
PV penetration, also giving economic benefits.
But in rest of the years, storage is not helping
although solar PV penetration is helping to
reduce peak load. In 2025, at 90% solar PV in
penetration (1.3MWp), a 0.29 MW× 2hr (10%
of feeder capacity) LiB would be required to
provide 2 years of T&D upgrade deferral benefit
with energy time shifting. The tool has sized
the storage in order to maximize T&D deferral
benefits and then value from other applications
are assessed. The final size is different from the
recommended size for T&D upgrade benefit to
arrive at maximum ROI.
As per our analysis, installation of 0.29 MW ×2hr
battery in 2020 will help to reduce losses though
in this year project is not economically feasible.
But different monetizable benefits can be
obtained and thus leading to positive internal
rate of return (IRR).
6.3 Distribution Transformer
(DT) Level Analysis
DT level analysis is performed on a 315 kVA DT.
This DT is highly loaded among the 11 DTs on
a feeder. Rest of the assumptions are similar
to feeder level assumptions. Figure 34 shows
different monetizable benefits for particular DT.
Monetizable benefits are decreasing over the
year. This could be due to the advancement of
technology and low cost of storage. In addition
to that, this DT is highly loaded and can be
saturated after some years. Thus, installing
storage in coming year will help to reduce losses
with monetizable benefits. PF penalty savings
are the major contributor for the monetizable
benefit followed by electricity savings and T&D
deferral benefit.
On the other hand, IRR of the project is
increasing every year seen in Figure 33. Also, it
depicts that the project is economically viable as
NPV is positive. Capex of each year starting from
2020 to 2025 will reduce due to reduction in cost
of Li-ion battery and hence makes the project
feasible. Solar penetration in the year 2022
and 2025 also helps to reduce the original load
curve. As the DT is highly loaded and if storage
can be installed in 2020, then it will defer the
transformer upgradation for 2 years. But if the
storage is installed in 2025, then the transformer
upgradation deferment year will be 1 year
considering 3% growth every year. This is due to
the capacity of transformer reaching maximum
load. At 20% of DT capacity storage (i.e. 0.0315
MW for 1 hr) option is suitable for all the year to
get maximum IRR. This result is for considering
maximum solar penetration in each DT. As per
ESIT, maximum IRR is driven by low storage cost.
Figure 33:
Economic Viability of the Project During Different Years
NPV project (Cr) IRR
2025
0.2
0.1
0
-0.1
-0.2
-0.3
-0.4
2020 2022 64Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
6.4 Consumer Level Analysis
Under the 315 kVA DT, all the consumers are
residential. Approximately 198 consumers are
associated with this DT. Rest of the assumptions
are taken same as for the analysis of Feeder &
DT. The Table 10 shows results from consumer
Figure 34:
Break-up of Monetizable Benefits (INR)
Figure 35:
Economic Feasibility of the Project
level analysis. The NPV is negative for every
year and hence makes the project economically
unviable. Flat rate plan has been applied here
thus benefit of energy shifting is not there.
However, for commercial and industrial (C &
I) consumers’ energy shifting benefit will be
there due to the time of day tariff. Thus, energy
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
2025 2020
0.044
0.133
0.004
0.033
2022
Electricity Savings (Cr)
PF penalty savings (Cr)
Penalty payment savings (Cr)
T & D deferral benefits (Cr)
0.045
0.102
0.007
0.041
0.046
0.086
0.009
0.027
0.4
0.35
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
2025 2020 2022
0.0740.0810.076
21.6%
27.2%
37.5%
NPV project (Cr) IRR 65Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
storage will be beneficial for C&I consumers.
Moreover, CESC is having very low power
cut, thus diesel minimization is also very less.
Currently there is no Demand Response (DR)
program applicable in India. Implementation
of DR program would help them to incentivize
consumers for investment in energy storage.
ESIT recommends CESC to install storage at
DT level to minimize cost of the project and to
get maximum benefit. The above-mentioned
analysis is for one particular DT. This analysis
can be done for every DT for installation of
storage. Thus, help to reduce the peak load as
well as to defer the transformer upgradation.
Table 10:
Consumer Level Results
YearPower (MW) Duration (Hr)NPV project (Cr) IRR Deferral Years
20200.03151-0.083 -8.66%2
20220.0315 0.5 -0.0551 0%0
20250.0315 0.5 -0.0379 0%0 67Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Energy Storage represents a huge economic
opportunity for India. Ambitious goals,
concerted strategies, and a collaborative
approach could help India meet its emission
reduction targets while avoiding import
dependency for battery packs and cells. This
could help establish India as a hub for cutting-
edge research and innovation, boost its
manufacturing capabilities, create new jobs,
and foster economic growth. India’s strengths in
IT and manufacturing, its entrepreneurial and
dynamic private sector, and its visionary public
and private sector leadership will be key factors
in realizing these ambitions. Creation of a
conducive battery manufacturing ecosystem on
fast track could cement India’s opportunity for
radical economic and industrial transformation
in a critical and fast-growing global market.
This chapter presents the estimated Energy
Storage System (ESS) requirements in India for
the periods 2019-2022, 2022-2027 and 2027-2032
for different applications. We have examined
different ESS technologies such as batteries,
super capacitors, compressed air energy
storage system, fly wheels, pumped hydro
storage plants, etc with regard to technology
maturity and price trajectory. However, the
fast pace of developments taking place in the
battery technologies and the consequent price
competitiveness have put batteries as the first
choice for most applications. Few pumped
hydro storage (PHS) plants in India with total
capacity of 5.7GW have been identified long
time back, but these projects have not made
any progress in the past two decades owing to
variety of issues. Hence, the PHS plants are not
considered in this report. New form of gravity
storage involving large blocks of concrete/
stones is still in its infancy and not sure of
achieving commercial viability before 2032; and
hence, not considered in these estimates. Super
capacitors, fly wheels and compressed air energy
storage are far more expensive than the latest
range of lithium-ion batteries (LiB) and those
technologies have their own limitations with
regard to size, location, cost etc. Hence, we have
considered batteries as the ESS of choice for
various applications in the forecast period. We
have made separate projections for different ESS
applications such as:
1. Energy Storage for VRE Integration on MV/LV
Grid
2. Energy Storage for EHV Grid
3. Energy Storage for e-Mobility
4. Energy Storage for Telecom Towers
5. Energy Storage for Data Centres, UPS and
Inverters
6. Energy Storage for DG Replacement
7. Energy Storage for other > 1 MW Applications
It is pertinent to state here that we have conducted
detailed study and analysis only in the case of
ESS for VRE integration on MV/LV grid. Other
estimates are from best available data in the
public domain. Although we have attempted
to make projected ESS requirements, primarily
batteries until 2032, technological breakthroughs
making different ESS technologies more attractive
in the forecast period is not ruled out. As in the
case of any long-term roadmaps, this roadmap
also should be reviewed and updated periodically
considering the changes taking place both on the
supply and demand sides.
Energy Storage Roadmap for India –
2019, 2022, 2027 and 2032
7 68Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
7.1 Energy Storage for VRE
Integration on MV/LV Grid
This estimate has been developed assuming 40
GW solar penetration connected to Medium
Voltage (MV) and Low Voltage (LV) grid by 2022.
In our calculations, we have split the 40 GW
solar penetration into different states based
on the solar potential in the state. To make
it further precise, the states are divided into
different segment namely Metro-Saturated,
Metro-Growing, Peri-Urban and Rural. As per
our analysis, maximum solar installations will
be happening in Peri-Urban (80%) followed
by Rural (17%) and Metro (3%) states. Further,
we have analysed that Metro-Saturated have
30% potential whereas Metro-Growing has 70%
potential of the total Metro potential of 3% for
solar penetration. We have considered only 12
major metros in Metro segment. Rest of the
Tier 2 cities have been considered under Peri-
Urban category. Thus, for every state, analysis
is different based on different assumptions.
These segments are further divided among
commercial, industrial and residential
consumers. We have found out that the solar
penetration for residential consumers varies
between 10% and 40% whereas for commercial
and industrial consumers it varies between 20%
to 70% and 20% to 90% depending upon place
to place.
After splitting the rooftop solar target, we have
optimized the energy storage requirement
based on different levels of solar penetration.
To optimize the storage requirement for
each state/segment, we have considered two
scenarios. In one scenario, it is assumed that
the solar penetration will be distributed among
the grid of a particular state thus the battery
requirement will be higher for the state (known
as Base Case Scenario). On the other scenario,
it is assumed that solar penetration will be
concentrated in few feeders thus requirement of
storage will be less for that (Best Case Scenario).
As per our analysis, the storage requirements
for best case scenario will be around 9.4 GWh
by 2022 whereas for the base case scenario, total
storage requirement will be around 21 GWh.
7.1.1 ESS Requirement for 40 GW
RTPV Integration by 2022
While presenting the scenario for energy storage
market in the country, this chapter attempts at
answering the preliminary question, that is,
how much energy storage will be required to
integrate 40 GW of rooftop solar PV in India by
2022. It also separates the requirement as per the
type of consumer – residential, commercial and
industrial; as per the area or the demography
– metro cities, villages or Tier 2 cities, town
centres.
To establish these results at all India level,
scenario analysis was done as per utilities
data and as per the effect of major parameters
on storage selection. For example, high load
growth scenarios allowed substation/feeder
expansion deferral for less than two years, with
deployment of ESS. However, a load growth of
3-5% meant that network expansion deferral is
possible for close to 4 years with a commercially
viable ESS. Similarly, high municipal charges
for cable laying in metros, further strengthen
the case for distribution asset deferral. On the
other side, frequent power cuts scenario which
is witnessed in rural networks, makes a really
good case for diesel saving at customer end with
2 hours of ESS back-up. Based on the categories
defined in the target of 40 GW of rooftop PV is
split across the states.
In the estimations made, 40 GW of RTPV targets
were split across different states and union
territories as projected by MNRE. Split of 40
GW RTPV targets, as per customer category, is
presented in the Table 12. 69Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Table 11:
Split of Distribution Network and Solar PV Penetration into Different Categories
CategoryNetwork
Expansion
Costs
Feeder/
DT
Loading
Load
Growth
ToD
Tariff
Power Cuts
(hours/year)
Connected
at
Estimated
PV
Penetration
Metros-Saturated Residential High 80% 3-5% No < 100 415 V 20%-50%
Metros-Saturated Commercial High 80% 3-5% Yes < 100 11 kV 20%-50%
Metros-Saturated Industrial High 80% 3-5% Yes < 100 11 kV 20%-90%
Metros-Growing -Residential High 50% 5-7% No < 100 415 V 20%-50%
Metros-Growing -Commercial High 80% 5-7% Yes < 100 400 V 20%-70%
Metros-Growing-industrial High 80% 5-7% Yes < 100 11 kV 20%-90%
Rural Residential Low 80% 7-9% No < 1000 415 V 20%-70%
Rural Commercial Low 80% 7-9% No < 1000 415 V 20%-70%
Rural 11 kVLow 80% 7-9% No < 1000 11 kV 20%-90%
Peri-Urban/Tier2 Centres R*Medium 50% 5-7% Yes < 300 415 V 20%-70%
Peri-Urban/Tier2 Centres C*Medium 50% 5-7% Yes < 300 415 V 20%-70%
Peri-Urban/Tier2 Centres I*Medium 50% 5-7% Yes < 300 11 kV 20%-90%
(* R-Residential, C-Commercial, I-Industrial; ~Distribution Transformer)
Source: IESA Analysis
Table 12:
40 GW Rooftop Target Split for Different Types of States
RTPV Split - Categories Commercial (MW) Industrial (MW) Residential (MW) Total (MW)
Metros-Saturated850680170
32
1,700
Metros-Growing1,7202,1504304,300
Rural Residential 3,4004,2508508,500
Peri-Urban/Tier2 Centres 7,65015,3002,550 25,500
TOTAL13,62022,3804,000 40,000
32
To accommodate 170 MW of rooftop solar PV, network capacity required will be 850 MW as this scenario considers 20% penetration
of RTPV (as explained in Figure 36). Hence, as ESS is sized 10% of the network capacity, the requirement for ESS will be 85 MW (10%
of network capacity) and as 1 hour storage is considered, requirement in MWh will be 85 MWh. 70Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Further to the bifurcation of rooftop solar
across different areas in the country, this report
highlights an interesting observation, that is the
requirement for ESS for integration for 40 GW
RTPV will also depend on concentration of solar
PV across the distribution networks. Higher
concentration of RTPV in distribution network
can lead to lesser requirement for ESS, while
the requirement for storage will be higher if
RTPV installation is more spread out. Hence, it
is important to identify feeders where RTPV can
be integrated easily and penetration of solar
PV can be much higher than 50%. Installation
of storage can be done predominantly in those
feeders to support the higher penetration and
capturing those values.
Using the Energy Storage India Tool (ESIT),
the requirement for ESS was determined
for rooftop PV integration. Rooftop Solar PV
integration is estimated to have only 8% share
of the total energy storage during 2019-2027
in India. Over 2/3
rd
of the deployments in this
case will be required at the grid scale, which can
capture many of the network issues like power
quality, peak shaving, and distribution asset
deferral apart from rooftop PV integration. Rest
of the installations will make commercial sense
at behind the meter as it can save electricity
cost using ToD tariff and save diesel for backup
generation in rural and peri-urban areas which
are still affected by frequent power cuts.
On the other hand, according to data compiled
by IESA, electric vehicle industry, consumed
over 5 GWh of batteries in 2018 in India. This
number is likely to be over 36 GWh by 2025.
During 2019-2027, the EV sector is estimated
to consume about 257 GWh of batteries. Some
of these can be used through V2G (Vehicle to
Grid) technologies to meet flexibility needs
of the electricity distribution network. Large
requirement for ESS across the applications
will help in reduction of costs. Lastly, new
installations of ESS for distribution grid and
rooftop PV integration can be reduced if
the network planning can be done around
leveraging V2G and some of existing back-up
battery systems.
In the following four scenarios of RTPV
installations, a potential requirement for ESS
has been derived.
Metro-Saturated Scenario: In this particular
case, where load is growing less than 5% year on
year, networks are saturated, power reliability is
quite good, power factor penalties are high, ESS
support of around 10% of feeder/distribution
transformer (DT) capacity will be required if
RTPV penetration is up to 50% of the feeder/DT
capacity. As RTPV penetration exceeds 20%, ESS
requirement will be doubled in terms of MW/
MVA for this scenario, as power factor issues and
possibility of reverse power flow might demand
larger size ESS. Requirement of duration of
ESS will be 1-2 hours depending upon different
cases.
In this scenario, power factor penalty savings,
especially for industrial customers would be the
biggest savings. Increase of solar PV penetration
has created a marked decline in power factor
across low and medium voltage levels, often
leading to solar PV curtailment in states where
PF penalties are high.
Electricity savings and T&D deferral will also
be substantial in some of these metros where
a decent time-of-day (ToD) tariff has been
introduced and distribution infrastructure
upgrade deferral savings were also high in cases
where a long stretch (over 1 km) of distribution
cable laying is required for an upgrade. These
savings can be really substantial for top four
metros where municipal charges for excavation
are in the range of INR 10,000-15,000 per
meter. As evaluated in ESIT, ESS of over 10% of
substation/feeder capacity is required for 20%
of RTPV penetration in the particular feeder or
substation. In case of a higher penetration like
above 50% RTPV capacity, ESS of size of 20%
of network capacity will be required. As it can
be observed, for higher penetration of RTPV, 71Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
the increase in requirement of ESS is marginal
(Figure 36). Hence, it can be inferred that if
RTPV’s installations are more concentrated,
requirement of storage in this scenario level
will be higher than the case of a more spread
out installations of RTPV. At All India level,
for low case and high case penetrations, ESS
requirement estimation is provided in chart
below (Figure 37).
Figure 36:
ESS requirement (as percentage of DT capacity) in Metro Saturated Scenario
with different solar PV penetration (IESA Analysis)
33
Figure 37:
ESS required for different RTPV scenario at Metro Saturated Segment
ESS (MWh) distributed RTPV
ESS (MW) distributed RTPV
ESS (MWh) concentrated RTPV
ESS (MW) concentrated RTPV
MW and MWh
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
ESS required for 1700 MW RTPV penetration in Metro Saturated Scenario
Low Case and High Case
Residential Commercial Industrial
Distribution Transformer
RTPV = 20% DT capacity
RTPV = 70% of DT capacity
ESS = 10% of DT capacity
ESS = 20% of DT capacity
33
The sizing of BESS has been done on the basis of monetizable economic value of the BESS functions (cut-off/near NPV neutral) using
the ESIT tool. Should battery prices drastically reduce further, or if ancillary services market improve, or if tariffs rise dramatically, this
equation for BESS sizing will grow larger relative to DT ratings. 72Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Metro-Growing Scenario:
In Metro Growing Scenario, load growth is
comparatively higher (around 5-7% year on
year) compared to saturated scenario. Power
reliability is better in this area than in case of tier
2 cities. ESS support of around 10% of feeder/
distribution transformer (DT) capacity will be
required only if RTPV penetration approach 40%.
As RTPV penetration exceeds 40% and beyond,
ESS requirement will be doubled in terms of MW/
MVA for this scenario, as power factor issues and
possibility of reverse power flow might demand
a larger size battery. To make it economically
Figure 38:
ESS requirement (as percentage of DT capacity) in Metro Growing Scenario with
different solar PV penetration (IESA Analysis)
Figure 39:
ESS required for different RTPV Scenario at Metro Growing Segment
ESS (MW) distributed RTPV
ESS (MWh) distributed RTPV
ESS (MW) concentrated RTPV
Low Case and High Case
ESS (MWh) concentrated RTPV
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
ESS requirement for 4300 MW RTPV penetration in Metro Growing Scenario
Low Case and High Case
Residential Commercial Industrial
Distribution Transformer
RTPV = 20% DT capacity
RTPV = 90% of DT capacity
ESS = 10% of DT capacity
ESS = 20% of DT capacity 73Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
feasible, requirement of ESS is recommended for
1 hour for most of these cases.
Electricity savings and T&D deferral savings
in the case will be similar to that of Metro-
Saturated category. As evaluated in ESIT, ESS
of over 10% of substation/feeder capacity is
required for 40% of RTPV penetration in the
particular feeder or substation (Figure 38). In
case of a higher penetration over 40% of RTPV
penetration, ESS size of 20% of network capacity
will be required. As it can be again observed in
Figure 39, for higher penetration of RTPV, the
increase in requirement of ESS is marginal.
Tier 2 Urban/Peri-Urban Scenario:
Tier 2 cities and their Peri-urban centres
are heavy load pockets of the country as the
industrialization and population density in
these areas are quite high. As per CES analysis,
load growth in this sector is high as these areas
are developing rapidly. The annual load growth
is around 5-7% in most of the cases and in some
places, it goes even in the range of 8-10%.
Power reliability is not good in this area as both
short and long power cuts are witnessed in Tier 2
cities with generally power cuts causing over 300
hours of interruptions in a year. ESS support of
around 10% of feeder/distribution transformer
(DT) capacity will be required from 20% to up to
90% of solar PV penetration for the given feeders.
T & D deferral benefit in these areas can be a
weaker case, due to lower cost of upgrade and
high growth rate. On the other hand, power
factor penalties are generally high in the
southern and western states for commercial
and industrial customers. However, utilities
have realized need for power factor correction
in residential feeders too as there has been
recently a dip in the power factor in these
feeders, due to increase in electronics and LED
usage, which is further going to be affected due
to penetration of solar PV in the feeders.
Figure 40:
Requirement of ESS in Peri- Urban Scenario with low solar PV penetration
(IESA Analysis)
Distribution Transformer
RTPV = 20% DT capacity
RTPV = 90% of DT capacity
ESS = 10% of DT capacity
ESS = 20% of DT capacity 74Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Rural Feeder Scenario:
The annual load growth in most of the rural
feeders studied was in range of 7-9%. Power
reliability in this area is a major concern. As
witnessed through utility data, there are over 100
hours of power cuts per month during several
months in a year, especially in the northern and
eastern regions. ESS support of around 10% of
feeder/distribution transformer (DT) capacity
will be required for RTPV penetration up to 40%.
As RTPV penetration exceeds 40% and beyond,
ESS requirement will be double in terms of MW/
MVA for this scenario, (Figure 42). To make it
economically feasible, requirement of ESS will
be for 2 hours for most of these cases which will
give benefits from avoided diesel usage.
Electricity savings for industrial consumer are
high here compared to other benefits as these
areas experiencing highest number of power
cuts in a year.
Figure 41:
ESS required for different RTPV Scenario at Peri-Urban Segment
ESS (MW) distributed RTPV
ESS (MWh) distributed RTPV
ESS (MW) concentrated RTPV
ESS (MWh) concentrated RTPV
0 2000 4000 8000 10000 12000 14000
ESS requirement for 25,000 MW RTPV penetration in Peri Urban Scenario for
both Low Case and High Case
Residential Commercial Industrial 75Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Figure 42:
Requirement in Rural with Low Solar PV Penetration (IESA Analysis)
Figure 43:
ESS required for different RTPV Scenario in the Rural Segment
ESS (MW) distributed RTPV
ESS (MWh) distributed RTPV
ESS (MW) concentrated RTPV
ESS (MWh) concentrated RTPV
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 6000 7000 8000 9000
ESS requirement for RTPV penetration at Rural (8,500 MW)
Residential Commercial Industrial
Distribution Transformer
RTPV = 20% DT capacity
RTPV = 90% of DT capacity
ESS = 10% of DT capacity
ESS = 20% of DT capacity 76Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Figure 44:
Energy storage roadmap for India: Rooftop solar penetration and
requirement of energy storage 2019-22
Total ESS estimated for Integration of 40 GW RTPV by 2022 is 9.4 GWh. State
wise break up given in the Figure 44.
Total rooftop solar (MWP):450
Total ESS(MW):71.5
Total ESS(MWh):119
Jammu &
Kashmir
Total rooftop solar(MWp):2,300
Total ESS(MW):365.5
Total ESS(MWh):610
Rajasthan
Total rooftop
solar(MWp):2,000
Total ESS(MW):317.8
Total ESS(MWh):531
Punjab
Total rooftop solar(MWp):1,600
Total ESS(MW):257.8
Total ESS(MWh):315
Haryana
Total rooftop so lar(MWp):3,200
Total ESS(MW):510.1
Total ESS(MWh):737
Gujarat
Total rooftop solar(MWp):2,200
Total ESS(MW):349.6
Total ESS(MWh):584
Madhya
Pradesh
Total rooftop solar(MWp):4,700
Total ESS(MW):810.5
Total ESS(MWh):1,061
Maharashtra
Total rooftop solar(MWp):2,700
Total ESS(MW):465.6
Total ESS(MWh):609
Karnataka
Goa
Total rooftop solar(MWp):800
Total ESS(MW):127.1
Total ESS(MWh):212
Kerala
Total rooftop solar(MWp):150
Total ESS(MW):23.8
Total ESS(MWh):40
7.1.2 40 GW RTPV on MV/LV Grid by 2022 77Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Total rooftop solar
(MWp):4,300
Total ESS(MW):631.0
Total ESS(MWh):891
Uttar
Pradesh
Total rooftop solar(MWp):350
Total ESS(MW):55.6
Total ESS(MWh):93
Uttarkhand
Total rooftop solar(MWp): 1,000
Total ESS(MW):158.9
Total ESS(MWh): 265
Bihar
Total rooftop solar(MWp):700
Total ESS(MW):111.2
Total ESS(MWh): 186
Chattisgarh
Total rooftop solar(MWp):50
Total ESS(MW):8.6
Total ESS(MWh): 16
Arunachal
Pradesh
Total rooftop
solar(MWp):3,500
Total ESS(MW):626.0
Total ESS(MWh):812
Tamil Nadu
Total rooftop solar(MWp):2,000
Total ESS(MW):317.8
Total ESS(MWh):531
Andhra
Pradesh
Total rooftop solar(MWp):2,000
Total ESS(MW):370.0
Total ESS(MWh):512
Telangana
Total rooftop solar(MWp):1,000
Total ESS(MW):158.9
Total ESS(MWh):265
Odisha
Total rooftop solar(MWp):800
Total ESS(MW):127.1
Total ESS(MWh):212
Total rooftop so lar(MWp):2,100
Total ESS(MW):388.5
Total ESS(MWh):538
West
Bengal
Jharkhand 78Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Figure 45:
Energy storage roadmap for India: Rooftop solar penetration and
requirement of energy storage 2022-27
Total rooftop solar(MWp): 1,860
Total ESS(MW): 296
Total ESS(MWh): 494
Jammu &
Kashmir
Total rooftop solar(MWp): 5,000
Total ESS(MW): 795
Total ESS(MWh): 1,327
Rajasthan
Delhi
Total rooftop
solar(MWp): 5,000
Total ESS MW): 795
Total ESS(MWh): 1,327
Punjab
Total rooftop solar(MWp): 9,100
Total ESS(MW): 1,451
Total ESS(MWh): 2,097
Gujarat
Total rooftop solar(MWp): 7,100
Total ESS(MW): 1,128
Total ESS(MWh): 1,884
Madhya
Pradesh
Total rooftop solar(MWp); 10,000
Total ESS(MW): 1,725
Total ESS(MWh): 2,257
Maharashtra
Total rooftop solar(MWp): 5,400
Total ESS(MW): 931
Total ESS(MWh): 1,219
Karnataka
Goa
Total rooftop solar(MWp): 2,600
Total ESS(MW): 413
Total ESS(MWh): 690
Kerala
Total rooftop solar(MWp): 290
Total ESS(MW): 46
Total ESS(MWh): 77
Total rooftop solar(MWp): 5,000
Total ESS(MW): 1,250
Total ESS(MWh): 1,250
Total rooftop solar(MWp): 200
Total ESS(MW): 50
Total ESS(MWh): 50
Total rooftop solar(MWp): 4,100
Total ESS(MW): 661
Total ESS(MWh): 806
Haryana
Chandigarh
Total ESS estimated for Integration of 100 GW RTPV by 2027 is 23.01 GWh.
State wise distribution is presented in the Figure 45.
7.1.3 100 GW RTPV on MV/LV Grid by 2027 79Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Total rooftop
solar(MWp): 9,300
Total ESS(MW): 1,365
Total ESS(MWh): 1,926
Uttar
Pradesh
Total rooftop solar(MWp): 660
Total ESS(MW): 105
Total ESS(MWh): 175
Uttarkhand
Total rooftop solar(MWp): 2,100
Total ESS(MW): 334
Total ESS(MWh): 557
Bihar
Total rooftop solar(MWp): 2,400
Total ESS(MW): 381
Total ESS(MWh): 637
Chattisgarh
Total rooftop solar(MWp): 90
Total ESS(MW): 15
Total ESS(MWh): 28
Arunachal
Pradesh
Total rooftop
solar(MWp): 8,600
Total ESS(MW): 1,538
Total ESS(MWh): 1,996
Tamil Nadu Puducherry
Total rooftop solar(MWp): 5,800
Total ESS(MW): 922
Total ESS(MWh): 1,539
Andhra
Pradesh
Total rooftop solar(MWp): 6,800
Total ESS(MW): 1,258
Total ESS(MWh): 1,741
Telangana
Total rooftop
solar(MWp): 2,000
Total ESS(MW): 318
Total ESS(MWh): 531
Odisha
Total rooftop solar(MWp): 1,600
Total ESS(MW): 254
Total ESS(MWh): 425
Total rooftop solar(MWp): 3,900
Total ESS(MW): 722
Total ESS(MWh): 998
West
Bengal
Jharkhand
Sikkim
Total rooftop solar(MWp): 700
Total ESS(MW): 120
Total ESS(MWh): 219
Himachal
Pradesh
Total rooftop solar(MWp): 500
Total ESS(MW): 79
Total ESS(MWh): 133
Total rooftop solar(MWp): 200
Total ESS(MW): 32
Total ESS(MWh): 53
Total rooftop solar(MWp): 40
Total ESS(MW): 6
Total ESS(MWh): 11
Assam
Total rooftop solar(MWp): 80
Total ESS(MW): 14
Total ESS(MWh): 25
Andaman &
Nicobar 80Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Figure 46:
Energy storage roadmap for India: Rooftop solar penetration and
requirement of energy storage 2027-32
Total Rooftop solar(MWp): 2,250
Total ESS(MW): 358
Total ESS(MWh): 597
Jammu &
Kashmir
Total Rooftop
solar(MWp): 6,000
Total ESS(MW): 953
Total ESS(MWh): 1,592
Punjab
Total Rooftop solar(MWp): 5,000
Total ESS(MW): 806
Total ESS(MWh): 983
Gujarat
Total Rooftop solar(MWp): 15,900
Total ESS(MW): 2,742
Total ESS(MWh): 3,589
Maharashtra
Total Rooftop solar(MWp): 9,700
Total ESS(MW): 1,673
Total ESS(MWh): 2,189
Karnataka
Goa
Total Rooftop solar(MWp): 5,000
Total ESS(MW): 795
Total ESS(MWh): 1,327
Kerala
Total Rooftop solar(MWp): 440
Total ESS(MW): 70
Total ESS(MWh): 117
Total Rooftop solar(MWp): 310
Total ESS(MW): 78
Total ESS(MWh): 78
Total Rooftop solar(MWp): 6,700
Total ESS(MW): 1,065
Total ESS(MWh): 1,778
Rajasthan
Total Rooftop solar(MWp): 13,200
Total ESS(MW): 2,104
Total ESS(MWh): 3,041
Gujarat
Total Rooftop solar(MWp): 11,200
Total ESS(MW): 1,780
Total ESS(MWh): 2,972
Madhya
Pradesh
Delhi
Total Rooftop solar(MWp): 7,400
Total ESS(MW): 1,850
Total ESS(MWh): 1,850
Haryana
Chandigarh
7.1.4 150 GW RTPV on MV/LV Grid by 2032
Total ESS estimated for Integration of 150 GW RTPV by 2032 is 32.675 GWh.
State wise details presented in the Figure 46. 81Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Total Rooftop
solar(MWp): 12,000
Total ESS(MW): 1,761
Total ESS(MWh): 2,485
Uttar
Pradesh
Total Rooftop solar(MWp): 1,000
Total ESS(MW): 159
Total ESS(MWh): 265
Uttarkhand
Total Rooftop solar(MWp): 3,300
Total ESS(MW): 524
Total ESS(MWh): 876
Bihar
Total Rooftop solar(MWp): 140
Total ESS(MW): 24
Total ESS(MWh): 44
Arunachal
Pradesh
Total Rooftop
solar(MWp): 11,900
Total ESS(MW): 2,128
Total ESS(MWh): 2,762
Tamil Nadu
Total Rooftop solar(MWp): 960
Total ESS(MW): 164
Total ESS(MWh): 301
Himachal
Pradesh
Sikkim
Total Rooftop solar(MWp): 100
Total ESS(MW): 17
Total ESS(MWh): 31
Total Rooftop solar(MWp): 740
Total ESS(MW): 118
Total ESS(MWh): 196
Assam
Total Rooftop solar(MWp): 5,700
Total ESS(MW): 1,055
Total ESS(MWh): 1,459
West
Bengal
Total Rooftop
solar(MWp): 160
Total ESS(MW): 27
Total ESS(MWh): 50
Puducherry
Total Rooftop solar(MWp): 410
Total ESS(MW): 65
Total ESS(MWh): 109
Total Rooftop solar(MWp): 9,800
Total ESS(MW): 1,557
Total ESS(MWh): 2,601
Andhra
Pradesh
Total Rooftop solar(MWp): 4,000
Total ESS(MW): 636
Total ESS(MWh): 1,062
Chattisgarh
Total Rooftop solar(MWp): 8,000
Total ESS(MW): 1,480
Total ESS(MWh): 2,048
Telangana
Total Rooftop solar(MWp): 75
Total ESS(MW): 12
Total ESS(MWh): 20
Andaman &
Nicobar
Total Rooftop
solar(MWp): 3,200
Total ESS(MW): 508
Total ESS(MWh): 849
Odisha
Total Rooftop solar(MWp): 2,500
Total ESS(MW): 397
Total ESS(MWh): 664
JharkhandMizoram 82Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Battery market in India for renewable energy
applications has been growing steadily with
increasing renewable penetration across
different segments. Adoption of batteries in
solar segment is largely restricted due to high
cost of generation of power from solar plus
battery system. As the grid tariff surpasses
cost of generation from solar plus battery
system, consumers tend to be captive user of
solar electricity with battery backup instead
of feeding the excess power to grid. This
shift is expected to begin in as early as 2020.
Industries and commercial consumers will
be early adopters of batteries under this shift.
These early adopters of batteries in industrial
segment will be from the states of Maharashtra,
Odisha, Delhi, West Bengal, Tamil Nadu, Uttar
Pradesh and Karnataka. The adoption of solar
PV with batteries, in residential segment will
be primarily in Uttar Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil
Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Jharkhand
and Kerala. Though the solar segment offers a
huge market opportunity for advanced battery
technologies, manufacturers have some ground
to cover in addressing technical limitations
of batteries such as charging characteristics,
thermal performance and requirement of boost
current to charge deep cycle batteries. Also,
since solar companies may directly procure
batteries from manufacturers and require after
sale services and technical support, battery
companies should have wider presence to
address these expectations.
Table 13 presents the ESS requirement for MV/
LV grid based on estimated penetration of solar
PV (both Ground Mounted and Rooftop) likely
to be connected to the MV and LV grid.
Table 13:
Energy Storage Estimations for MV/LV Grid
Estimations2019202220272032
Generation (GW)
Thermal209NANANA
Hydro43NANANA
Nuclear6NANANA
Solar26107244349
Ground Mounted Solar2468148206
RTPV1.54098144
Connected to EHV14346694
Connected to MV113584112
Connected to LV24098144
Wind35NANANA
Small Hydro4.5NANANA
Biomass & Biopower10NANANA
Peak Load (GW)192333479658
Energy (BUs)
Annual Energy1192190527103710
Storage Recommended (MWh)
Battery (LV)24159081461721484
Battery (MV)10543482839311191
Total (MWh)129593902301032675
Approximate (GWh)1 GWh 10 GWh 24 GWh 33 GWh
Note: In congruence with the RE target of 175 GW by 2022, the calculations were done on the basis of 100 GW Solar, out of which 40 GW is
RTPV, 20 GW is medium size installations and 40 GW is from large solar parks. Similarly, for 2027 and 2032, the ratio of RTPV was taken in
accordance with the 2022 targets constituting of 40% RTPV of the total solar installed capacity. All the values for 2027 and 2032 have been
forecasted using the best available data in public domain. 83Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
7.2 Energy Storage for EHV Grid
Large solar and wind farms are connected
to the extra high voltage (EHV) transmission
grid. In the Green Corridor Report prepared by
POWERGRID in 2013, it was recommended to
have 500 MWh energy storage for integration
of 31,000 MW of renewable energy. Thereafter,
no detailed studies have been conducted by
POWERGRID or CEA on ESS requirements at
EHV grid level. IESA estimates ESS for EHV grid
support is presented in Table 14.
Table 14:
Energy Storage e-Mobility Applications (IESA Estimates)
YearRenewable Energy Generation connected
to EHV Transmission Grid (GW)
ESS Requirements (Estimate) (GWh)
20221207
202715038
203220097
Total upto 2032470142
Note: No detailed modelling studies have been conducted yet for this segment.
7.3 Energy Storage for
Electric Mobility
With the launch of National Mission for
Transformative Mobility, India is anticipated to
witness significant growth in EV penetration in
next decade. Already, the market is witnessing
significant penetration of Electric 3W vehicles
in Tier 2 and Tier 3 cities as they offer greater
economic returns to the commercial vehicle
operators. India has also in past couple of years
started to see growing interest in commercial
electric 2W and 4W operations for segments
such as employee transport and logistics.
Till 2022, E3W segment driven by e-Rickshaws
will lead the demand for batteries for EVs in India.
With the rapid cost reductions anticipated due to
global scaling up of LiB manufacturing capacity
as well as anticipated launch of Giga-scale LiB
factories in India, it is expected that this trend
will accelerate from 2023 as the reduced total cost
of ownership for most user segments will drive
adoption of EVs in the country. If the current trend
continues, then beyond 2025, even the upfront
cost of the new EVs for 4W category might match
or beat the cost of ICE vehicles. Table 15 presents
projections developed by IESA for various EV
categories. The market projections are done with
respect to various policy uncertainties.
Table 15:
Energy Storage for Electric Mobility Applications
34
(IESA Estimates)
ApplicationsBattery Requirement for EV (GWh)
2019-2022 2022-2027 2027-2032 Total by 2032
E2W451 441 496
E3W2643 67 136
E4W8102 615 725
Electric Bus211 44 57
Total Electric Vehicles (GWh)40207 1167 1414
34
Different electric vehicles were presumed to penetrate sales for 2030 and 2032. For E2W, it is presumed that sales will penetrate by 40%
by 2030, while the penetration by 2032 will be around 60%. The penetration of sales in the event of E3W is presumed to be 45% by 2030.
The sales penetration will be comparable for the E4W and e-Bus instances, i.e. 50%. Sales penetration for E3W, E4W and Buses will rise
up to 70 percent as a result of advancing technology and consciousness among individuals, according to the CES analysis. 84Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
7.4 Energy Storage for Telecom
Towers
India is the second largest wireless phone market
with over 1.19 billion users in the country as per
data released by Telecom Regulatory Authority
of India (TRAI) in 2018. Total telecom towers
installed in the country crossed 550,000 in 2018.
Indian government intends to improve the tele-
density in the rural areas to over 70%. Telecom
companies are planning to expand their services
in rural areas, where the dependence on DG
sets for power backup is a significant cost for
the telecom companies. With the growing grid
availability in rural areas, telecom companies
are expected to rely more on the ESS installations
and use DG sets only for extended outages.
Telecom market will also witness mixed growth
scenarios with reducing the size of the backup
batteries through introduction of advanced
ESS systems as well as due to improving grid
availability in urban and semi urban areas.
At the same time, the growing tele densities
and move for more data services will require
higher number of 4G and 5G telecom tower
deployment, thus increasing the number of ESS
units sold to the telecom sector.
Table 16 provides projections developed by
IESA on the expected market size for telecom
tower segment.
7.5 Energy Storage for Data
Centers UPS and Inverters
The market for inverter back-up power
witnessed a consistent growth from 2013 till
2017. In 2018, this segment held the highest
market share of nearly 13 GWh of energy storage
in India. With urban market getting stagnant
mainly on the residential front, major market
growth is expected in Tier 2 and Tier 3 cities as
well as rural areas. Small commercial activities
and residential demand, which is not big at
present but is surely making the major battery
players divide their attention towards rural and
remote areas. This market segment is currently
dominated by various lead acid technologies
and its growth is attributed to the power deficit/
unreliability scenario in the country.
The market for UPS back-up power has witnessed
a consistent growth of around 8% per year in
the last decade and held a market share of 2.7
GWh in 2018. During the past year, grid supply
reliability has improved which has affected the
rate of growth of this market segment but has not
dwindled the size. The UPS is mainly considered
for critical situations where a miss of micro-
second in supply could cause larger losses. IT
enabled and Data Center segment continue to
be the largest user for UPS. Increasing use of IOT
in the manufacturing sector is booming, and
this is contributing to the increased application
of UPS back up, besides, the introduction new
manufacturing technologies in the evolving
Industry 4.0 era.
Recent and anticipated cost reduction of
advanced storage technologies as well as
improved energy densities is opening up
opportunities for advanced energy storage
technologies for particularly UPS applications
in C&I segment. We anticipate that overall this
market will remain a steady market for ESS
as the growing user base will be balanced by
Table 16:
Energy Storage Telecom Applications (IESA Estimates)
ApplicationsEnergy Storage (GWh)
2019-22 2022-2027 2027-2032 Total by 2032
Telecom Towers255178154 85Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
reduction in the backup duration and also the
size of ESS systems due to abilities of newer ESS
technologies for deeper cycling (thus reducing
the effective size of the system required for
backup). Also, improved cycle life of newer
technologies can also result in reducing the
market for replacement of batteries by allowing
UPS batteries to last for 5-10 years versus the
life of 3 to 5 years for lead acid battery.
Table 17 provides summary of the projections
made by IESA for ESS applications in data
centers, UPS and Inverters segments.
Table 17:
Energy Storage for Data Centres, UPS and Inverters Applications
(IESA Estimates)
ApplicationsEnergy Storage (GWh)
2019-22 2022-2027 2027-2032 Total by 2032
Data Centres, UPS
and inverters
80160234474
7.6 Energy Storage for DG Set
Replacement
With the growing concern about rising cost of
power from diesel generating sets (DG sets) as
well as associated air pollution, Commercial &
industrial (C&I) customers depending on DG
sets for reliability can switch over to renewables
with storage. Falling solar module and battery
storage prices can accelerate this decision
making. Presently, ATM booths, petrol bunks,
road toll plaza’s and off grid industrial units are
considered as the potential users who are likely
to switchover to the storage technology in the
short term.
Although growing reliability of electricity
distribution networks due to increased supply
can reduce usage of DG sets, there are other
opportunities emerging for ESS for C&I
customers. The Levelized Cost of Electricity
(LCOE) from RE + Storage for C&I customers is
expected to become lower than the grid tariff
for C&I electricity tariffs in many states in the
country in coming 5-10 years.
We anticipate that in most cases, customers may
still retain the DG set for backup for unforeseen
longer duration outage, but the usage of these
assets can reduce substantially from the current
levels of 500-1000+ hours/year for many users.
Table 18 provides summary of projections
developed by IESA for ESS potential for DG
Usage Minimization.
If new policies ban usage of DG sets in urban
areas and enforce its implementation strictly,
there will be huge opportunities for ESS which
will be in excess of 100 GWh.
Table 18:
Energy Storage DG Applications (IESA Estimates)
ApplicationsEnergy Storage (GWh)
2019-22 2022-2027 2027-2032 Total by 2032
DG Usage
Minimization
0.53.510.514.5 86Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
7.7 Energy Storage for Other
>1MW Applications
Apart from the key applications discussed, there
are various additional user segments such as
Railways, Rural Electrification that will generate
additional demand for energy storage in India.
We also anticipate need for thermal storage
solutions to meet the growing usage of Heating
Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) in
India, particularly for urban areas as well as for
cold storage facilities around the country.
Below is a summary of anticipated demand for
ESS for these segments as estimated by IESA.
Table 19:
Energy Storage Miscellaneous Applications (Railways, Rural Electrification, and
HVAC applications)
ApplicationsEnergy Storage (GWh)
2019-2022 2022-2027 2027-2032 Total by
2032
Miscellaneous Applications (Railways, rural
electrification, HVAC application)
16 45 90 151
7.8 Consolidated Energy Storage Roadmap for India
Table 20:
Consolidated Energy Storage Roadmap
Consolidated Energy Storage Roadmap
Applications
2019-2022
Energy Storage (GWh)
2019-2022 2022-2027 2027-2032 Total by 2032
Stationary Storage
Grid SupportMV/LV 10 24 33 67
EHV 7 38 97 142
Telecom Towers25 51 78 154
Data Centres, UPS and inverters80 160 234 474
Miscellaneous Applications (Railways, rural
electrification, HVAC application)
16 45 90 151
DG Usage Minimization- 4 11 14
Total Stationary (GWh)138 322 543 1,002
Electric Vehicles
E2W4 51 441 496
E3W26 43 67 136
E4W8 102 615 725
Electric Bus2 11 44 57
Total Electric Vehicles (GWh)40 207 1,167 1,414
Total Energy Storage Demand (GWh)178 529 1710 2416 87Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
The benefits of grid-level energy storage
cover a wide gamut of services—energy time-
shift, ancillary services, making renewable
energy dispatchable, deferring transmission
and distribution upgrades, and others. These
benefits cannot be realized unless investments
in energy storage can yield returns that are
commensurate with similar investments in
the power sector. Return on investments can
be obtained only if policies related to tariff,
licensing, and other aspects of the power sector
are in place.
Tariffs
Sustainable development of energy storage will
not occur unless tariffs for the various services
provided by energy storage are established,
and the tariffs are sufficient for energy storage
investors to recover cost and make an acceptable
return on investment. Each type of service
provided by energy storage should have a tariff.
Setting tariff is a difficult problem requiring the
balance between the quantifiable benefit of a
service and the cost of the service. For example,
the benefit of peak-shaving can be quantified in
terms of the following factors:
l Tariff for electricity hour-by-hour at peak
time, amount of energy supplied to grid by
energy storage hour-by-hour at peak time
l Tariff for electricity hour-by-hour at off-peak
time, amount of energy used for charging
of energy storage hour-by-hour at off-peak
time
If an energy storage project can provide reactive
power (voltage support) services and frequency
support services, in addition to peak-shaving
service, then the benefits-based tariff approach
to energy storage projects may be financially
feasible. Since the number of hours each service
is provided is different and tariffs of each service
are different, the financial model is complex.
The intention of this benefits-based tariff
approach is to demonstrate that policy makers
must consider the totality of services that
energy storage can provide and assign tariffs
for each service because an energy storage tariff
for a single service is unlikely to make projects
feasible.
An approach to determining the value of energy
storage as a sum of operational and capacity
values is proposed by the National Renewable
Energy Laboratory, USA. The operational value
is determined by comparing the difference in
production costs with and without storage,
which is done by using production simulation
software like PLEXOS, PROMOD or PROSYM.
There are three components to the operational
value of energy storage: regulation reserves,
spinning reserves, and load levelling (energy
price arbitrage). In general, regulation reserve
has highest value followed by spinning reserves,
while load levelling has the lowest value;
however, the relative value is grid-specific.
Although in general, regulation reserve has the
highest value, the market potential is smaller
because the need is for fewer hours.
Capacity value, the second component of the
value of energy storage, on the other hand, cannot
be estimated using simulation because the value
of providing firm system capacity cannot be
accounted for in a simulation. Note that capacity
value depends on the need for additional
capacity to provide adequate planning reserve
Policy and Tariff Design Recommendations
8 88Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
margin: If a system has sufficient planning
reserve margin, then the capacity value of energy
storage would be zero. However, this is rarely
the case in developing markets, where demand
exceeds supply during peak hours. In such
cases, energy storage provides an alternative to
construction of new peaking resource. Overall,
the National Renewable Energy Laboratory
report concludes that the value of energy storage
is largely dependent on it obtaining a capacity
value, even if the device is providing higher-
value reserve services.
Table 21:
Components of Benefits of Energy Storage
Benefit of Energy StorageMethod of Estimation
Operational Value
Load Levelling (Energy Arbitrage)Use dispatch simulation to calculate operational savings—
fuel cost and avoid unit starts. Subtract cost of energy used
to charge energy storage and losses
Spinning Reserve
Regulation Reserve
Capacity ValueAvoided cost of adding reserve capacity
This approach would set the tariff for storage
based on accounting of the benefits (sum of
operational and capacity values) to the grid of
the services provided by energy storage. The
following benefits should also be added to
compute the overall benefits:
l Avoided cost of greenhouse gas emissions,
which would be in grids with renewable
energy. The accounting of this would need
to be done with care to avoid counting
the benefits twice—renewable energy
generation and energy storage. One
approach is to assign a benefit to energy
storage only when there is curtailment of
renewable energy generation
l Local environmental benefit, which would
be in grids with renewable energy. Same
considerations apply as the avoided cost of
greenhouse gas emissions
l Energy security, when energy storage
enables a grid to use the energy source with
the lowest marginal cost of production and
avoid use of the highest marginal cost source.
For this reason, energy storage cushions
the grid from increases in fuel prices that
contribute to the highest marginal cost of
production
A tariff for energy storage that is less than or
equal to the sum of the benefits would be
economically prudent.
It is worth noting that there is a lack of research
and data related to value of energy storage in
grids with a large penetration of renewable
energy.
Role of Government and Regulators
Often there is resistance among traditional
utilities to transition to new technologies and
new methods of operating and managing the
grid, which is required with high penetration
of variable generation. The push therefore has
to come from policy makers and regulators.
The imperative for push is further accentuated
by the fact that although there are substantial
benefits of energy storage to the grid, they
are often difficult to quantify; For example,
improvement to power quality, reliability,
resiliency, energy security, and efficiency gains.
The case for governments and regulators to
play a leading role in development of policies is
therefore clear. 89Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Guidelines for Policies
The following policy prescriptions are
recommended for encouraging deployment of
energy storage:
i. Integrate energy storage into overall energy
master plan and energy strategy. This
clarifies the role of energy storage and begins
the conversation about competing methods
to provide the multitude of services required
by the grid
ii. Enable energy storage to qualify for multiple
streams of revenue for the individual
services it provides to the grid
iii. Introduce time-of-use tariffs, pay-for-
services tariff, and others to eliminate price
distortions and increase price transparency
iv. Incentivize development and financing of
energy storage and distributed renewable
energy projects
v. Support in a targeted manner, demonstration
projects and first movers with loan
guarantees, low interest loans, grants, and
others. A note of caution: policies and
incentives should not be technology-specific
8.1 Power Factor Correction
PF correction has been a challenge so far as
all the RTPV are injecting power at 1 PF (unity
power factor), which accounts for lowering of
real net load (only in terms of kW, with reactive
load remaining constant). Allowing offsetting
of power factor for rooftop PV can help both in
reduction of losses and voltage control.
Germany, California and Australia – have
introduced requirements for RTPV to be able to
operate at offset power factors. In Germany, for
example, units above 3.68 kWp must be able to
realize power factors between 0.95 capacitive
and 0.95 inductive and adhere to a Q(U)
characteristic which is set by the grid operator
based on the grid characteristic.
35
Requirement of reactive power from ESS can
be much lesser in case RTPV is allowed to inject
power at 0.95 or 0.9 lag power factor. The effect
of injection of solar generation at unity power
factory can be seen in Figure 47. As seen in Figure
48, the requirement for MVAR is almost halved
35
Analysis of Indian Electricity Distribution Systems for the Integration of High Shares of Rooftop PV report (by GIZ)
Figure 47:
Solar Injection at Unity Power Factor (Source: CES analysis) 90Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
from 0.2 MVAR to 0.1 MVAR as the injection of
RTPV is changed from unity power factory to
0.95 lagging power factor. In the following cases
the size of solar RTPV is considered as 70% of
the peak load.
In India, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Gujarat
and Karnataka are paying a large amount for
PF penalty as these states strict mandate on PF.
It can be observed from Table 22 that how much
PF penalty customers in these particular states
are paying .The PF penalty charges are either
linked to per unit electricity charges at different
power factor slabs or are linked to kVAR
consumed by customers if the power factor is
lower than a specific target. Thus, installation
of storage can help these states to maintain a
constant PF after penetration of solar.
Figure 48:
Solar Injection at 0.95 Power Factor (Source: CES analysis)
Table 22:
Savings on PF penalty
Peri-Urban
industrial
Penalty per 0.01
change in PF *
Assumed
Feeder
Capacity
(MVA)
Assumed RTPV (in
MW) 20% of feeder
capacity#
Target
PF
ESS
Required as
% of Feeder
capacity
PF penalty
savings
(INR Cr)
Maharashtra 1% of per unit tariff 2.90.58 0.9 10% 0.979
Gujrat 1% of per unit tariff 2.90.5810% 0.428
Tamil Nadu 1% of per unit tariff 2.90.5810% 0.823
Karnataka 3 Paise per kVARh 2.90.5810% 0.027
*If PF is less than 0.9; #RTPV injection is assumed at unity power factor
As seen from Table 22, PF penalty is highest
in industrial states of Maharashtra, Gujarat
and Tamil Nadu. Hence, as most of the other
states would experience reduction in PF with
increase in inductive and electronic load, they
would need to adopted similar power factor
penalties. Increment in penetration of RTPV
would only make the case worse in all these
states. Hence, a review of power factor at which
RTPV is generating is very much required
which can be followed by adoption of smart
inverters and ESS. 91Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Figure 49:
India roadmap for solar and storage for concentrated penetration
of solar PV
ESS MW, ESS MWh
104,700
RTPV Penetration
Jammu &
Kashmir
70, 120
Himachal
Pradesh
50, 100
Madhya
Pradesh
350, 580
Daman
& Diu
20, 30
Gujarat
510, 740
Rajasthan
370, 610
Maharashtra
810, 1,060
Karnataka
470, 610
Kerala
130, 210
Uttarkhand
60, 90
Uttar
Pradesh
630, 890
Bihar
160, 270
Sikkim
10, 20
Assam
40, 70
Arunachal
Pradesh
10, 20
Jharkhand
130, 210
Meghalaya
10, 20
Manipur
10, 20
West
Bengal
390, 540
Tamil Nadu
630, 810
Andhra
Pradesh
320, 530
Chattisgarh
110, 190
Telangana
370, 510
Andaman
& Nicobar
2, 10
Odisha
160, 270
Chandigarh
320, 530
Haryana
260, 310 92Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
8.2 Energy Storage Roadmap
for 40 GW RTPV Integration
Achieving RTPV targets will have a lot of
challenges across the nation. However, with a
little planning and defining right feeders which
can take higher penetration of RTPV, a lot of the
challenges can be tackled. Germany on its way
to 43 GW solar PV by end of 2017, had 98% of
the capacity connected to distribution grid
36
,
a similar story will be witnessed by India on
its way to 40 GW RTPV installation. As the grid
was seeing effects of high solar PV penetration
in distribution grid in Germany, many
interventions had to be made like derating of
generation below 10 kW to 70% of the rated
capacity, firmware upgrade of over 10 GW of
inverters to respond to new grid codes, which
had budget implications of over 300 million
Euros on the country and lastly introduction of
smart inverters. It is understood that one out
every second house to install RTPV in Germany
in Q1 2019, also installed energy storage.
As per Government target, Maharashtra has
highest percentage of solar penetration followed
by Uttar Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. This study has
assumed that solar penetration for residential
feeder or DT will vary in 10%-40%, due to rooftop
space constraints whereas for commercial and
industrial consumer it can vary between 20%-
70% and 20%-90% depending upon metro or
non-metro scenarios, considering lower FSI
and low peak power to roof space ratio in non-
metro spaces allowing possibility of higher
penetration in these rooftops.
After splitting the rooftop solar target, the report
has optimized the energy storage requirement
based on low and high feeder penetration of
solar penetration in all the different cases.
(Figure 50). On the other scenario, it is assumed
that solar penetration will be concentrating to
one place thus requirement of storage will be
more for that. As per CES analysis, the storage
requirement for base case scenario will be
around 6 MW/9MWh whereas for best case
scenario, total storage requirement will be
around 19 MW/21 MWh.
8.3 Regulatory Changes and
Suggestions to Maximize RTPV
The availability and usage (and hence value)
of rooftops differ widely between industrial,
commercial and residential consumers. The
following variables impact RTPV investments
(with or without storage) on a given rooftop:
l Economic benefits (tariffs) to self-consume,
shave peaks, time-shift or sell to grid
l Available free rooftop space (potential RTPV
capacity)
l Other uses of the rooftop (e.g. multifamily
and social uses in residential rooftops)
l Consumer load pattern
l Grid power quality requirements
l Capital cost of investments
l Operating costs of investments
The industrial sector which has the largest
unencumbered rooftop space and coupled
with a strong focus on profitability/economic
benefits, becomes the best candidate to
maximize RTPV. Further, given their light steel
structures, the rooftop cannot be used for most
alternatives/secondary uses. This bodes well
for RTPV.
The commercial sector has large rooftop space
as well, but sees competing economic benefits
for its use. For example, malls have outdoor
rooftop restaurants, hotels have pools/bars/
outdoor cafes on their rooftop. In hospitals, the
many HVAC units, breaks up contiguous space
for RTPV. Others have rooftop parking. So, while
the commercial segment has large rooftop space
and is strongly focused on economic benefits,
the RTPV needs to show them a better ROI.
36
Recent Facts about Photovoltaics in Germany by Fraunhofer ISE 93Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
The residential sector has the scarcest
rooftop space and hence values its “barsati”
as premium outdoor space for social/family
uses (cool summer evenings and warm winter
daytime). Only a minimal area is occupied by
water tanks (a key household requirement).
The rest is free open social space. The RTPV
has to compete (both qualitatively and
economically) against this value stream.
Also, its design features need to incorporate
“movability” (when not needed), so that
the open social space can be enjoyed. The
residential sector is the most challenging
for RTPV penetration/incentivization for
this reason and other power quality issues
outlined in earlier sections.
Any and all regulatory changes to incentivize
RTPV (with or without storage) must recognize
these aspects and provide sectoral incentives if
RTPV is to me maximized. No one-size fits all
approach will work is required.
The regulatory incentives (just merely from an
electricity tariff perspective) leaves much more
work to be done. The alignment between (1) Tariff
structures (industrial, commercial, residential);
(2) The structure (Feed-in-tariff, Net Metering,
Demand Charge, Time-of-Use, Peak Pricing, other);
(3) The available country solar resource; (4) Urban
concentration; and (4) The per capita consumptions
(by State) are not aligned to maximize RTPV.
The following graphs illustrate these.
Figure 50:
Global Horizontal Irradiance of India 94Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
The high industrial tariff is not high enough to attract RTPV except in a few states and certainly non
commensurate with available solar resources.
Case 1:
Industrial Consumers-Utility Tariff & Rooftop Solar Energy Tariff
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Industrial tariffSolar tariff Solar tariff
New Delhi
West Bengal
Maharashtra
Haryana
Rajasthan
Tripura
Karnataka
Madhya Pradesh
Tamil Nadu
Andhra Pradesh
Gujrat
Nagaland
Assam
Uttar Pradesh
Punjab
Sikkim
Bihar
Meghalaya
Odisha
Manipur
Telangana
Kerala
Jharkhand
Himachal Pradesh
Chhattisgarh
Goa
Mizoram
Arunachal Pradesh
Uttarakhand
Jammu & Kashmir
Case 2:
Commercial Consumers-Utility Tariff & Rooftop Solar Energy Tariff
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
Commercial tariff Solar tariff Solar tariff
New Delhi
West Bengal
Maharashtra
Haryana
Rajasthan
Tripura
Karnataka
Madhya Pradesh
Tamil Nadu
Andhra Pradesh
Gujrat
Nagaland
Assam
Uttar Pradesh
Punjab
Sikkim
Bihar
Meghalaya
Odisha
Manipur
Telangana
Kerala
Jharkhand
Himachal Pradesh
Chhattisgarh
Goa
Mizoram
Arunachal Pradesh
Uttarakhand
Jammu & Kashmir 95Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
The high commercial tariff offers the best incentives for net metering, load displacement and time-
shifting but Maharashtra and Gujarat are not incentivized enough despite having excellent solar
resources.
Case 3:
Residential Consumers<1000 units-Utility Tariff & Rooftop Solar Energy Tariff
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Industrial tariffSolar tariff Solar tariff
Maharashtra
Haryana
Kerala
New Delhi
West Bengal
Andhra Pradesh
Telangana
Punjab
Tripura
Assam
Karnataka
Rajasthan
Nagaland
Uttar Pradesh
Madhya Pradesh
Tamil Nadu
Gujrat
Odisha
Bihar
Manipur
Sikkim
Himachal
Pradesh
Meghalaya
Mizoram
Uttarakhand
Chhattisgarh
Arunachal
Pradesh
Goa
Jammu &
Kashmir
Jharkhand
Case 4:
Residential Consumers<500 units-Utility Tariff & Rooftop Solar Energy Tariff
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Residential tariff Solar tariffSolar tariff
Maharashtra
Kerala
Haryana
West Bengal
Punjab
Assam
New Delhi
Karnataka
Telangana
Andhra Pradesh
Tripura
Rajasthan
Nagaland
Madhya Pradesh
Uttar Pradesh
Gujrat
Odisha
Manipur
Bihar
Himachal Pradesh
Meghalaya
Sikkim
Mizoram
Uttarakhand
Arunachal Pradesh
Chhattisgarh
Jammu & Kashmir
Tamil Nadu
Goa
Jharkhand 96Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Case 5:
Per Capita Consumption of Electricity (kWh)
Haryana
Himachal Pradesh
Jammu & Kashmir
Punjab
Rajasthan
Uttar Pradesh
Uttarakhand
Chandigarh
Delhi
Sub-Total (NR)
Gujrat
Madhya Pradesh
Chhattisgarh
Maharashtra
Goa
Sub-Total (WR)
Andhra Pradesh
Karnataka
Kerala
Tamil Nadu
Lakshadweep
Puducherry
Sub-Total (SR)
Bihar
Jharkhand
Odisha
West Bengal
A&N, Island
Sikkim
Sub-Total (ER)
Assam
Manipur
Meghalaya
Nagaland
Tripura
Arunachal Pradesh
Mizoram
Sub-Total (NER)
All India average
National Average
1491.37
1144.94
968.47
811.12
930.41
1238.51
1447.72
1558.58
386.93
618.1
921.14
1054.1
1061.41
1013.74
873.05
536.78
428.81
1210.81
1864.5
971.55
117.48
750.40
837.55
515.08
506.13
845.4
446.14
209
207.15
613.36
242.39
223.78
503.27
429.31
249.65
778.63
2004.77
739.44
1663.01
The residential sector offers tremendous
room for innovative regulatory reforms for
incentivizing RTPV.
The high per capita consuming states/union
territories that coincide with high solar resource
are Goa, Puducherry, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra,
Gujarat, Chandigarh and Delhi. Except for
Delhi and Maharashtra, all the others have
lower energy tariffs than solar tariffs thereby
offering no incentives for self-consumption (or
net metering). The best incentive in such cases
is perhaps to offer feed-in-tariff incentives (to
sell all their RTPV solar power at a higher price).
In majority of these categories of RTPV, across
period of 2020-2025, adding energy storage
is making sense commercially, as it is able to
capture multiple value benefits namely:
l Distribution deferral,
l Power factor correction,
l Electricity savings and
l Diesel optimization/Penalty savings
(as there is a likelihood of distribution
companies getting penalized for reliability
issues).
However, only Li ion technologies like Lithium
NMC and Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP) are
making commercial sense as they are available
at competitive prices in the Indian market along
with promising warranties and performance
parameters. 97Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Figure 51:
India roadmap for solar and storage for distributed penetration
of solar PV
ESS MW, ESS MWh
104,700
RTPV Penetration
Jammu &
Kashmir
72, 119
Himachal
Pradesh
160, 220
Madhya
Pradesh
1,080,
1,400
Daman
& Diu
50, 60
Gujarat
1,570, 1,890
Rajasthan
1,130, 1,470
Maharashtra
2,310, 2,660
Karnataka
1,330,
1,530
Lakshadweep
10, 10
Kerala
390, 510
Uttarkhand
170, 220 Uttar
Pradesh
2,110,
2,470
Bihar
490, 640
Sikkim
30, 30
Meghalaya
30, 30
Arunachal
Pradesh
30, 30
Jharkhand
390, 510
Mizoram
30, 30
Manipur
30, 30
West
Bengal
1,030,
1,240
Tamil Nadu
1,720,
1,980
Andhra
Pradesh
980, 1,280
Chattisgarh
340,450
Telangana
980, 1,180
Andaman
& Nicobar
10, 10
Odisha
490, 640
Punjab
980, 1,280
Haryana
790, 870
Puducherry
50, 60 98Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
8.4 Business Models for ESS
Operations (Regulated and
Non-Regulated Behind the
Meter Applications)
Asset Owner/Operator/Service business
models have been around in power systems
for some time now. These include both within
the regulated utility area as well as in the non-
regulated industrial/commercial (behind the
meter).
For example, the utilities regulated area
include Meter Service Providers (MSP),
Station Maintenance, energy aggregators,
DSM providers, and merchant transmission
line owners/operators. Examples in the
non-regulated area include industrial plant
maintenance, independent power producers,
ESCOs, energy efficiency providers, etc.
In each of the above business models, one or
more of the following chain-link relationship
is offered with the rest de-risked through
partnerships:
In the past, all these functions (except
equipment manufacturing) was all in the
sole hands of vertically integrated utilities.
This was true for large conglomerates as well.
This all-inclusive control allowed for better
management of these assets. All these changed
in the late nineties with the rise of specialist
businesses who were able to offer better value
streams on a disaggregated basis than before.
It began with asset-based lending and quickly
moved to services as well.
The regulatory system has come to recognize
and accept these newer business models and
have framed rules since the early 2000s for the
active participation of these player. The Meter
Service Providers (MSP), Field O&M services,
Energy Aggregators, DSM Aggregators, and
Energy Efficiency (ESCO services) are some of
the largest areas in the regulated space. The
non-regulated (behind the meter assets), have
traditionally outsourced O&M services for
captive industrial plants.
Regulated ESS Business Models:
Energy Storage Systems (ESS) is just one more
power class asset added to the list, but it comes
with a few twists:
l It requires both Generation and Consumer
licenses (charge-discharge functions)
to own/operate these in generation,
transmission and distribution
l Operate under a two-part tariff system to
discharge (generator) and charge (load)
l Get paid only when they are discharged for
energy/ancillary functions (no insurance
premiums)
l Not being able to recover their investment
in 8-10 years but over 20-25 years
l Be at the whim of regulatory rate-setting
and revenue recovery time cycles
l Be patiently waiting till existing 20-25-year
contracts reach end-of-life
Asset
Manufacturing
Operating
Financing
Ownership
EPC
Servicing 99Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
The above challenges are still winding its way
through regulatory acceptance globally to
recognize a “new class of assets (ESS)” and
recognizes them for what value streams they
bring. But this pace is dismally slow. Thus, given
the higher price of the ESS technology (albeit it
falling rapidly), the market penetration of ESS is
very low in utility scale sizes. Most are deployed
as a part of pilot scale utility projects.
However good progress is being made in
congested transmission (i.e. PJM) and older
ancillary markets in the developed countries
(USA, EU, Canada) which are willing to pay
a premium for a much faster ramp-rate than
traditional gas turbines (thereby requiring a
lower capacity reserve).
The challenge lies in the dis-aggregated,
distributed and disparate value streams that
ESS bring, that cannot be easily quantified
particularly in the T&D verticals (where carriage
and content is separate) during regulatory
assessment.
The most business models in this regulated
space takes the form of a developer-owner who
finances the ESS equipment and outsources the
EPC and O&M to third party entities.
Non-Regulated (Behind the Meter) ESS
Business Models:
These offer the best growth prospects albeit
a retail model targeting the industrial,
commercial and residential segments. The
ESS value propositions can be targeted to suit
the customer (as opposed to a generic utility
functions) and such solutions bring about quick
returns in savings to the customer as:
l Reducing or eliminating demand charge
and associated penalties
l Store RTPV power for time-shifting based
on TOU rates arbitrage
l React to dynamic pricing models
l EV charging during best low tariff hours
l Battery swapping opportunity in a few
segmented EV markets
l Fast charging stations that require ESS
support
l Enable participation in subscription-based
(paid) DSM and DM offers by utilities
l Standby Insurance against frequent power
outages
The best opportunities are likely to come when
the ESS assets are deployed on a fully asset-
leased basis, i.e. fully financed to align with the
attractiveness to the business owner, and then
fully O&M managed for their entire asset life.
This de-risks the owner from adopting new and
sophisticated ESS asset class.
Since the capex and O&M costs of the ESS
systems are quite high (compared to RTPV),
their purchase, installation, and serviced
by a third-party service provider (much like
industrial/commercial HVAC, Industrial DM/
RO Water and in the residential sector ISP
internet service providers and residential RO
water systems for the kitchens).
For this model to work well, banks and non-
banking financial institutions (NBFI) as well
as backend maintenance service providers
need to be well established with trust worthy
credentials. So, a brand building effort (much
like internet service and RO water service) will
need to be built.
Asset
Financing
O&M
Service
ESS
ESCO 101Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Annexure 1: 175 GW RE: Status and
Estimates
Annexure 1.1: RE Penetration in States as Percentage
of Demand
Figure 52:
RE penetration as percentage of Generation and Load
Average RE Penetration
as Percent of Load
as Percent of Generation
Annual RE penetration exceeds 50% of load in 3 states
Gujarat
Rajasthan
Maharashtra
Karnataka
Tamil Nadu
40%
50%
57%
18%
36%
50%
52%
20%
36%
51%
48%
40%
Andhra
Pradesh
Source: Bridge To India 102Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Annexure 1.2: State and UT Wise Targets and Installed Capacities
of Renewable Energy
Table 23:
State and UT wise Targets and Installed Capacity
S. NoStateRE Targets
2022Installed Capacity as of Feb 2019 (MW)
State PrivateCentral Total
1 Delhi2,762 - 176.21 - 176.21
2 Haryana4,376 69.30 340.19 5.00 14.49
3 Himachal Pradesh 2,276 256.61 608.50 - 865.11
4 Jammu & Kashmir 1,305 129.03 64.38 - 193.41
5 Punjab5,066 127.80 1154.62 - 1282.42
6 Rajasthan14,362 23.85 7216.91 344.00 7584.76
7 Uttar Pradesh 14,221 25.10 2829.83 30.00 2884.93
8 Uttarakhand 1,797 67.87 523.72 - 591.59
9 Chandigarh153 - 32.40- 32.40
Northern Region Total 46,318 699.56 12946.76379.00 14025.32
10 Goa358 0.05 1.69 - 1.74
11 Gujarat17,133 49.10 7787.50 243.30 8079.90
12 Chhattisgarh 1,808 11.05 524.30 - 535.35
13 Madhya Pradesh 12,018 83.96 3990.13 300.00 4374.09
14 Maharashtra 22,045 388.13 8790.43 123.00 9301.55
15 D&N Haveli449 - 5.46 - 5.46
16 Daman & Diu199 - 14.47- 14.47
Western Region Total 54,010 532.29 21113.98666.30 22312.56
17 Andhra Pradesh 18,477 56.18 7223.03 250.0 7529.21
18 Telangana2,000 41.22 3927.96 10.00 3979.18
19 Karnataka14,817 193.89 12833.06 - 13026.94
20 Kerala1,970 172.90 190.11 50.00 413.01
21 Tamil Nadu 21,508 122.70 11717.83 231.90 12072.43
22 Puducherry246 - 1.80- 1.80
Southern Region Total 59,018 586.88 35893.79541.90 37022.57
23 Bihar2,762 70.70 255.45 - 326.15
24 Jharkhand2,005 4.05 32.41 - 36.46
25 Odisha2,377 26.30 469.00 10.00 505.30
26 West Bengal 5,386 121.95 346.11 - 468.06
27 Sikkim86 52.11 0.01- 52.12
Eastern Region Total 12,616 275.11 1102.9810.00 1388.09 103Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
S. NoStateRE Targets
2022Installed Capacity as of Feb 2019 (MW)
State PrivateCentral Total
28 Assam688 5.01 22.75 25.00 52.76
29 Manipur105 5.45 3.23 0.00 8.68
30 Meghalaya211 31.03 0.12 0.00 31.15
31 Nagaland76 30.67 1.00 0.00 31.67
32 Tripura105 16.01 0.09 5.00 21.10
33 Arunachal539 107.10 5.39 0.00 112.49
34 Mizoram97 36.47 0.50- 36.97
North Eastern Region Total 1,821 231.74 33.0830.00 294.82
35 Andaman & Nicobar 27 5.25 1.46 5.10 11.81
36 Lakshadweep4 - 0.75- 0.75
Islands Total31.0 5.25 2.215.10 12.56
37 Others720
All India Total 174,534.0 4661.67 142185.63264.6 149711.8
Source: MNRE
Annexure 1.3: 175 GW Targets Year-Wise and Technology-Wise
Capacity Addition till 2022
Table 24:
175 GW targets Year-Wise and Technology-Wise Capacity Addition till 2022Year Rooftop
Solar
(GW)
Ground-
Mounted
Solar
(GW)
Solar
(GW)
Wind
(GW)
Small
Hydro
(GW)
Biomass
(GW)
Total
(GW)
Cumulative
installed
capacity by
2014-15
3 24 4.1 4.4 35.5
2015-16 0.2 1.8 2 3.2 0.14 0 5.3
2016-17 4.8 7.2 12 3.6 0.14 0.9 16.7
2017-18 5 10 15 4.1 0.14 0.9 20.2
2018-19 6 10 16 4.7 0.14 0.9 21.8
2019-20 7 10 17 5.4 0.14 0.9 23.5
2020-21 8 9.5 17.5 6.1 0.14 0.9 24.7
2021-22 9 8.5 17.5 8.9 0.14 0.9 27.5
Total40 60 100 60 5.08 9.98 175
Source: MNRE 104Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Annexure 1.4: 175 GW Break-up of Targets
Table 25:
175 GW Break-up of Targets
State/UT’sSolar (MW) Wind (MW) SHP (MW) Biomass (MW)
Delhi2,762
Haryana4,14225209
Himachal Pradesh7761,500
Jammu and Kashmir 1,155150
Punjab4,77250244
Rajasthan5,762 8,600
Uttar Pradesh10,69725 3,499
Uttarakhand900700197
Chandigarh153
Northern Region 31,120 8,600 2,450 4,149
Goa358
Gujarat8,020 8,800 25288
Chhattisgarh1,78325
Madhya Pradesh5,675 6,200 25118
Maharashtra11,926 7,600 50 2,469
D &N Haveli449
Daman & Diu199
Western Region 28,410 22,600 125 2,875
Andhra Pradesh9,834 8,100543
Telangana5490 2,000
Karnataka5,697 6,200 1,500 1,420
Kerala1,870100
Tamil Nadu8,884 11,900 75649
Pondicherry246
Southern Region 26,531 28,200 1,675 2,612
Bihar2,49325244
Jharkhand1,99510
Orissa2,377
West Bengal5,33650
Sikkim3650
Eastern Region 12,237135244
Assam66325
Manipur105 105Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
State/UT’sSolar (MW) Wind (MW) SHP (MW) Biomass (MW)
Meghalaya16150
Nagaland6115
Tripura105
Arunachal Pradesh39500
Mizoram7225
North Eastern Region 1,205615
Andaman & Nicobar
Islands
27
Lakshadweep4
Other (New States)600120
All India99,533 60,000 5,000 10,000
Source: MNRE 106Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Annexure 1.5: 40 GW RTPV Break up of Targets
Table 26:
State-Wise Cumulative RTPV Installation Target (MW)
State 2015-162016-172017-182018-192019-202020-212021-22Total Target
Capacity
under
Proposed
Scheme
(Indicative
only)
Andhra
Pradesh
10 240 250 300 350 400 4502,000 68
Bihar5 120 125 150 175 200 2251,000 34
Chhattisgarh 4 84 88 104 120 140 160 700 24
Delhi5 132 138 165 190 220 2501,100 37
Gujarat 15 385 400 480 560 640 7203,200 108
Haryana 5 200 200 235 280 320 3601,600 54
Himachal
Pradesh
2 38 40 48 56 64 72 320 10
Jammu &
Kashmir
2 54 55 74 80 90 95 450 15
Jharkhand 4 96 100 120 140 160 180 800 27
Karnataka 10 275 290 344 403 460 5182,300 78
Kerala 4 96 100 120 140 160 180 800 27
Madhya
Pradesh
10 265 275 330 385 440 4952,200 74
Maharashtra 20 565 588 704 823 94010604,700 160
Orissa 5 120 125 150 175 200 2251,000 34
Punjab 10 240 250 300 350 400 4502,000 68
Rajasthan 10 275 288 344 403 460 5202,300 78
Tamil Nadu 15 420 438 524 613 700 7903,500 118
Telangana 10 240 250 300 350 400 4502,000 68
Uttarakhand 2 42 44 52 60 70 80 350 12
Uttar Pradesh 20 510 538 650 752 860 9704,300 145
West Bengal 10 252 263 315 370 420 4702,100 70
Arunachal
Pradesh
2 5 5 8 10 10 10 50 2
Assam4 30 30 38 42 50 56 250 8
Manipur 4 3 6 8 9 10 10 50 2
Meghalaya 1 6 6 8 9 10 10 50 2
Mizoram 1 6 6 8 9 10 10 50 2 107Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
State 2015-162016-172017-182018-192019-202020-212021-22Total Target
Capacity
under
Proposed
Scheme
(Indicative
only)
Nagaland 1 6 6 8 9 10 10 50 2
Sikkim 1 6 6 8 9 10 10 50 2
Tripura 1 6 6 8 9 10 10 50 2
Chandigarh 1 12 12 14 18 20 23 100 3
Goa1 20 20 22 23 30 34 150 5
Dadra &
Nagar Haveli
1 24 25 30 35 40 45 200 7
Daman & Diu 1 12 12 14 18 20 23 100 3
Pondicherry 1 12 12 14 18 20 23 100 3
Andaman &
Nicobar
1 2 2 2 5 4 4 20 1
Lakshadweep 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 10 1
Total 2004,8005,0006,0007,0008,0009,00040,000 1350
Source: MNRE 108Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Annexure 1.6: List of Solar Parks Sanctioned under the Solar Park
Scheme
Table 27:
List of Solar Parks Sanctioned under the Solar Park Scheme
S.
No
State Name of the Solar
Park
Capacity
(MW)
Name of the
Solar Park
Developers
Name of the Area
1 Andhra
Pradesh
Ananthapuramu-I
Solar Park
1500
AP Solar Power
Corporation
Pvt.Ltd.,
JVC of SECI,
APGENCO and
NREDCAP
NP Kunta of
Ananthapuramu &
Galiveedu of Kadapa
Districts
2Kurnool Solar Park 1000Gani and Sakunal village
of Kurnool District
3Kadapa Solar Park 1000Vaddirala, Thalamnchi,
Pannampalli,
Ramachandrayapalli,
Konna Ananthapuramu
and Dhidium villages
in Mylavaram Mandal,
Kadapa District
4Ananthapuramu-II
Solar Park
500Talarichruvu & Aluru
Villages, Tadipathri
Mandal, Ananthapuramu
District
5Solar Wind Hybrid
Park
160Kanaganapalli Mandal,
Ananthapuramu District
6 Arunachal
Pradesh
Lohit Solar Park 30Arunachal
Pradesh Energy
Development
Agency (APDEA)
Tezu Township in Lohit
District
7 Assam Solar Park in
Assam
80APGCL Amguri in Sibsagar
District 109Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
S.
No
State Name of the Solar
Park
Capacity
(MW)
Name of the
Solar Park
Developers
Name of the Area
8 ChhattisgarhRajnandgaon Solar
Park
250Chhattisgarh
Renewable
Development
Agency
Dhaba Rengakathera,
Amlidih, Dundera and
Kohka villages of (100
MW) and Tolagaon,
Odarband, Gatatola,
Girgaon, Gugwa, Salhe
villages of Dongargadh
Tehsil, Rajnandgaon Dist.
9 Gujarat Radhnesada Solar
Park
700Gujarat Power
Corporation
Ltd.
Radhnesada, Vav, District
Banaskantha
10Harsad Solar Park 500Gujarat Power
Corporation
Limited
Villages-Harsad and
Navapara, Taluka-
Suigam, District-
Banaskatha
11Haryana Solar Park in
Haryana
500Saur Urja
Nigam Haryana
Ltd (SUN
Haryana)
Bugan in Hisar district,
Baralu and Singhani
in Bhiwani district
and Daukhera in
Mahindergarh district
12Himachal
Pradesh
Solar Park in
Himachal Pradesh
1000HP State
Electricity
Board Ltd.
Spiti Valley of Lahaul &
Spiti District
13Jammu &
Kashmir
Solar Park in J & K 100Jammu and
Kashmir Energy
Development
Agency
Mohagarh and Badla
Brahmana, District-
Samba
14Karnataka Pavagada Solar
Park
2000Karnataka
Solar Power
Development
Corporation
Pvt. Ltd.
Villages- Valluru,
Rayacharlu, Balasamudra,
Kyathaganacharlu,
Thirumani of Pavagada
Taluk, Tumkuru dist.
15Kerala Kasargod Solar
Park
200Renewable
Power
Corporation of
Kerala Limited
Paivalike, Meenja,
Kinanoor, Kraindalam
and Ambalathara villages
of Kasargode district 110Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
S.
No
State Name of the Solar
Park
Capacity
(MW)
Name of the
Solar Park
Developers
Name of the Area
16Madhya
Pradesh
Rewa Solar Park 750Rewa Ultra
Mega Solar
Limited
Gurh tehsil, District
Rewa, MP
17Neemuch-
Madsaur Solar Park
700Rewa Ultra
Mega Solar
Limited
Neemuch site: Under
identification; and
Mandsaur site: Runija
and Gujjarkhedi villages
in Suwasra Tehsil,
Mandsaur district
18Agar-Shajapur-
Rajghar Solar Park
1050Rewa Ultra
Mega Solar
Limited
Agar, Shajapur and
Rajgarh district
19Morena (Chambal)
Solar Park
250Rewa Ultra
Mega Solar
Limited
Morena, (Chambal)
20MaharashtraSai Guru Solar Park 500M/s Sai Guru
Mega Solar
Park Pvt. Ltd.
(formerly M/s
Pragat Akshay
Urja Ltd.)
Bhamer Village, Taluka-
Sakri, Dhule District
21Dondaicha Solar
Park
500Maharashtra
State Electricity
Generating
Company Ltd.
(MAHAGENCO)
Villages- Vikhran & Methi,
Taluka-Dondaicha,
district Dhule,
Maharashtra
22Patoda Solar Park 500M/s Paramount
Solar Power Pvt.
Ltd. (formerly
M/s K. P. Power
Pvt. Ltd.)
Villages Tambarajuri, and
Wadzari, Taluka Patoda,
Dist. Beed
23Manipur Bukpi Solar Park 20Manipur Tribal
Development
Corp. Ltd.
Bukpi Village, Pherzawl
District in Manipur
24Meghalaya Solar Park
Meghalaya
20Meghalaya
Power
Generation
Corporation Ltd
(MEPGCL)
Thamar, West Jaintia Hills
& Suchen, East Jaintia
Hills districts 111Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
S.
No
State Name of the Solar
Park
Capacity
(MW)
Name of the
Solar Park
Developers
Name of the Area
25Mizoram Vankal Solar Park 20Zoram Energy
Development
Agency (ZEDA)
Vankal, Mizoram
26Nagaland Solar Park
Nagaland
23Directorate
of New &
Renewable
Energy,
Nagaland
Ganeshnagar (12 MW) of
Dimapur and Jalukie (11
MW) of Peren districts
27Odisha Solar Park Odisha 1000Green Energy
Development
Corporation of
Odisha Limited
Balasore, Keonjhar,
Deogarh, Boudh,
Kalahandi and Angul
28Rajasthan Bhadla-II Solar
Park
680Rajasthan
Solar Park
Development
Company Ltd.
Village-Bhadla, Jodhpur
Dist., Rajasthan
29Rajasthan Bhadla-III Solar
Park
1000Surya Urja
Company of
Rajasthan Ltd
Village-Bhadla, Jodhpur
Dist., Rajasthan
30Phalodi- Pokaran
Solar Park
750M/s Essel Surya
Urja Company
of Rajasthan
Limited
Villages Ugraas,
Nagnechinagar &
Dandhu, tehsil Phalodi,
dist. Jodhpur (450 MW)
and villages Lavan
& Purohitsar, tehsil
Pokaran, dist. Jaisalmer
(300 MW)
31Bhadla-IV Solar
Park
500M/s Adani
Renewable
Energy Park
Rajasthan
Limited
Village-Bhadla, Jodhpur
Dist., Rajasthan
32Fatehgarh Phase –
IB Solar Park
421M/s Adani
Renewable
Energy Park
Rajasthan
Limited
Fatehgarh & Pokaran,
Jaisalmer, Rajasthan
33Nokh solar Park 1000Rajasthan
Solar Park
Development
Company Ltd.
Village-Nokh, Pokaran,
Jaisalmer, Rajasthan 112Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
S.
No
State Name of the Solar
Park
Capacity
(MW)
Name of the
Solar Park
Developers
Name of the Area
34Tamil NaduSolar Park in Tamil
Nadu
500To be finalized Initially proposed in
Ramanathapuram
district. Site under
revision
35Kadaladi Solar Park 500Tamil Nadu
Electricity
Board (TNEB)
Ltd
Narippaiyur and nearby
villages, Kadaladi Taluk
in Ramanathapuram
District
36Uttar
Pradesh
Solar Park in UP 440Lucknow
Solar Power
Development
Corporation
Ltd.
Orai & kalpi Tehsils of
Jalaun, Meja tehsil of
Allahabad, Chaanbe
tehsil of Mirzapur and
Akbarpur tehsil in Kanpur
Dehat districts
37Uttarakhand Solar Park in
Uttarakhand
50State Industrial
Development
Corporation
Uttarakhand
Limited
(SIDCUL)
Sitarganj and Khurpia
farm in US Nagar district
38West BengalSolar Park in West
Bengal
500West Bengal
State Electricity
Distribution
Company Ltd.
East Mednipur, West
Mednipur, Bankura
Total21,194
Source: MNRE 113Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Annexure 2.1: Load Flow Analysis of Tata Power Delhi Distribution
Limited (TPDDL) Feeder
Feeder details:
l Distribution Transformer (DT): 630 kVA
l Voltage level: 11 kV/433 V
l Length of feeder: 5.38 km
l Number of consumers: 181
l Number of solar rooftop PV: 3 (Solar PV: 70 kWp)
Annexure 2: Load Flow Studies and
Analysis of RTPV Integration 114Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Solar Irradiance Curve:
The Solar Insolation (W/m
2
) with respect to time, this data is collected from National Institute of
Wind Energy for Minute & Hourly basis for 03 May 2017.
Load Flow Scenarios:
Scenario 1:
In every scenario solar rooftop connection is increased to observe the behaviour of 11 kV Feeder
and LT network.
Objective of Study:
l To analyze the effect of11 kV feeder & LT network by increasing RTPV injection
Software Tool:
l CYME (CYMDIST) 115Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Time slots and % incease in DT capacity:
Day Time slot11 kV feeder
Time R-Phase
current
Y-Phase
current
B-Phase
current
Average
currentMax
03-05-2017Slot 2 08:15:00 63.030 59.790 66.930 63.25
100.81
08:30:0063.030 69.490 66.930 66.48
08:45:0067.420 69.540 66.930 67.96
09:00:0072.150 69.540 69.470 70.39
09:15:0073.760 77.880 76.050 75.90
09:30:0084.190 81.970 81.990 82.72
09:45:0090.990 89.040 91.930 90.65
10:00:00990.330 97.430 95.550 97.44
10:15:00100.080 99.450 95.550 98.36
10:30:00100.080 99.450 95.550 98.36
10:45:00100.080 99.450 95.550 98.36
11:00:00100.080 99.450102.890 100.81
Observations:
Effect on 11 kV feeder:
l The load on feeder continuously decreased in every scenario as solar rooftop connection is
increased from 11% to 100% of DT capacity
Observations on 11 kV Feeder:
l No thermal issues
l No PQ issues
l Voltage & PF are within permissible limits 116Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Effect on DT:
l Loading on DT first decreased when generation in consumed at DT end
l The loading on DT again increased when there is excess power available and reverse power flow
starts back to DT and Feeder
l It is observed with more initial loading on DT graph shifts towards right for reverse power flow 117Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Effect on LT Side:
l No Thermal issues
l Power Quality Issues: Per unit voltage of each LT circuit is within permissible limit (i.e. +/- 6 %
voltage variation) i.e. 0.94pu <V<1.06. But at RTPV, voltage increases as more solar connection
are increased
Scenario 2:
l Time slot selected for study i.e. 11 AM to 01 PM on 03 May 2017 data and time 11.15 AM
l In each scenario first DT connected load is increased (i.e. 50%, 750%, 100% and 120% kW)
l Then RTPV connections are increased in steps in every load flow study from 11 % existing to
100% (i.e. 11%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, 90% & 100%)
Effect on 11 kV Feeder:
l The load on feeder continuously decreased in every scenario as solar rooftop connection is
increased from 11% to 100% for different scenarios of DT Loading
l No thermal and PQ (Power Quality) issues are observed 118Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Effect on DT (630 kVA, 11 kV/433 V):
l Loading on DT first relieved when solar generation in consumed at DT end
l Then loading on DT again increased when there is excess power available and reverse power
flow starts back to DT and Feeder
l Reverse power flow comes if DT is more heavily loaded i.e. graph shifts towards right 119Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Effect on LT Network:
Thermal effect:
l When DT is heavily loaded i.e. beyond 80%, very high current at DT side observed but as RTPV
connections are increased DT load and current are reduced and system becomes healthy. But
in case at 80% of solar RTPV connection, due to sudden cloudy weather RTPV solar injection
becomes very low, then in that case it will burden DT
Observation:
l Hight RTPV injection (i.e. more than 80 %) when DT connected load is low can cause high reverse
current in some LT section. So solar injection more than 80 % at light DT load should be avoided
Summary of Power Quality (PQ) Issues:
DT loading
scenarios
Over voltage
(V > = 1.06 PU)
Under voltage
(V <= 0.94 PU)
Observations
10% DT loading 540 kWp (90% RTPV) None
20% DT loading 540 kWpNoneWhen DT is lightly
loaded, RTPV insertion
beyond 80% can cause
overvoltage at RTPV
end. Which may cause
undesirable tripping of
Inverts at RTPV
50% DT loading None70 kWp & 120 kWp
(20% RTPV)
Up to 75% of DT
loading undervoltage is
removed by 50% of RTPV
connections. So, system
becomes healthy
75% DT loading None70 kWp, 120 kWp &
240 kWp ( 40% RTPV)
100% DT loading None70 kWp, 120 kWp,
240 kWp, 360 kWp,
480 kWp, 540 kWp,
600 kWp & 620 kWp
(special case)
100%, 120% DT loading
cases are not practically
viable. Moreover, with
100% & 120% RTPV
connection undervoltage
still present
120% DT loading None70 kWp, 120 kWp,
240 kWp, 360 kWp,
480 kWp, 540 kWp,
600 kWp & 755 kWp
(special case) 120Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Power Quality Issues:
l High voltage at RTPV source end: (V> 1.06 PU)
l In some rooftop connection over voltage is observed when RTPV connection are increased more
than 480 kWp (i.e. 80% of DT capacity)
RTPV connection: 80% (i.e. 480 kWp) 121Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Case -1: 20% of DT loading, RTPV connection 80 % (480 kWp)
RTPV connection: 90% (i.e. 540 kWp) 122Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Power Quality Issues:
l Undervoltage at High DT Loading: (V< 0.94 PU)
l AT 50% of DT loading: Undervoltage was observed in some portions but when RTPV connection
is increased beyond 120 kWp (20% RTPV) and 240 kWp (50% RTPV), this undervoltage is removed
and system becomes healthy
AT RTPV connection: 11% (i.e. 70 kWp)
AT RTPV connection: 20% (i.e. 120 kWp)
AT RTPV connection: 50% (i.e. 240 kWp) 123Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Power Quality Issues:
l Under voltage at High DT loading: (V< 0.94 PU)
l Similarly, at 75% of DT loading: Undervoltage observed up to 240 kWp (i.e. 50% of RTPV) and
completely removed at 360 kWp (i.e. 60% RTPV)
l Similarly, at 100% of DT loading: undervoltage observed in all the cases when RTPV connections
are increased from up to 100% RTPV (i.e. 620 kWp)
75 % DT loading: RTPV connections: 50% (i.e. 240 kWp)
75% DT loading: RTPV connection: 60% (i.e. 360 kWp) 124Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Annexure 2.2: Load Flow Analysis of UHBVN Feeder
Feeder details:
l Substation: 66/11 kV
l Distribution Transformers: DT-38 (100 kVA, 11KV/433V) & DT-35 (63 kVA, 11 kV/433 V)
l Length of feeder: 42.954 km
l Number of consumers: DT-38 are 8 (112.5 HP) DT- 35 are 5 (75 HP)
l Length of LT circuit: 2.645 km
l Number of solar RTPV: There is no RTPV connected to consumers
LT Circuits of DTs:
Solar Irradiance Curve:
The solar insolation (W/m
2
) with respect to time is collected from National Institute of
Wind Energy for minute and hourly basis for 21 November 2018. 125Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Load Flow Scenario:
In every scenario solar rooftop connection are increased to observe the behaviour on 11 kV Feeder
and LT network at both DT’s. For DT 11KV/433 V, 63 kVA) following scenario:
Objective of Study:
l To analyze the effect on 11 kV Feeder and LT network by increasing RTPV injection
Software Tool: CYME (CYMDIST)
Time slots and % increase in DT capacity:
S. No Time slot Load flow run at time when DT is max loaded
1 8:00 AM - 11:00 AM 11:00 AM
2 11:00 AM-01:00 PM 11:30 PM
3 01:00 PM -04:00 PM 04:00 PM
4 04:00 PM -07:00 PM 5:00 PM 126Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
DT-35 (63 kVA, 11 kV/433 V):
DT-38 (11 kV/433 V, 100 kVA):
Effect on 11 kV Feeder:
l There is no reverse power flow observed at feeder level even RTPV at 100% of DT capacity in both
LT circuits
l Loading on feeders decreased as more RTPV are connected
Observation:
l No abnormality observed at feeder level even at 100% RTPV 127Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Effect on DT -35 (11 kV/433 V, 63 kVA):
l Loading on DT first decreased with increase in RTPV
l Then loading on DT again increased when there is excess power available and reverse power
flow starts back to DT
l It is observed with more initial loading on DT graph shifts towards right for reverse power flow
l Undervoltage observed on some LT circuit at 20% and 40% in all the scenarios but when RTPV
increased beyond 40%, system becomes healthy 128Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Effect on DT-38 (11 kV/433V, 100 kVA):
l In AS-IS RTPV connected was 200 kWp which is approximately 57% of DT capacity, so during
load flow the RTPV connected kept constant at 200 kWp at 20% and 40%
l Reverse power flow observed even at As-Is and further increase in RTPV
l At 60% of DT capacity RTPV connected is 210 kWp, so there is slight increase in HT DT loading
observed
l With further increase in RTPV, loading on HT consumer DT increased
Summary of Power Quality (PQ) Issues:
Time Slots Over voltage
(V > = 1.06 PU)
Under Voltage
(V <= 0.94 PU)
Observations
08AM - 11AMNONE 0 %, 20%, 40%Undervoltage observed: For DT at 0%, 20 %, 40 % and
for DT at 0 %, 20 %, 40 % of solar generation. After that
as RTPV increased undervoltage disappear
11AM - 01PMNONE 0 %, 20 %, 40 %Undervoltage observed: For DT at 0%, 20 % and for
DT at 0 %, 20 %, 40 % of solar generation. After that as
RTPV increased undervoltage disappear
01PM - 04PMNONE 0 %, 20 %, 40 %Undervoltage observed: for Mahender Singh DT at 0%,
20 % and for SHEO RAM at 0 %, 20 %, 40 % of Solar
Generation. After that as RTPV increased undervoltage
disappear
04PM - 07PMNONE 0 %, 20 %, 40 %Undervoltage observed: for Mahender Singh DT at 0%,
20 % and for SHEO RAM at 0 %, 20 %, 40 % of Solar
Generation. After that as RTPV increased undervoltage
disappear. These have 8 hours supply only in day time
that’s why there is no use of RTPV 129Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032 130Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Annexure 2.3: Load Flow Analysis of BESCOM Feeder
Feeder details:
l Substation: 66/11 kV
l Total number of DTs on feeders: 36
l The study is done on: DT-32
l Length of feeder: 2.65 km
l Length of LT circuit: 600 m
l Number of solar RTPV at present: 2 connections (30 kWp and 7.2 kWp)
l Only one HT consumer with RTPV connected: 30 kWp
LT Circuit: 131Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Solar Irradiance Curve: The solar insolation (W/m
2
) with respect to time is collected from National
Institute of Wind Energy for Minute & Hourly basis for 24 December 2016.
Load Flow Scenario:
In every scenario solar rooftop connection are increased to observe the behaviour on 11 kV feeder
and LT network at both DT’s. For DT-32 (11 kV/440 V, 63 kVA) following scenarios are run:
Objective of Study:
l To analyze the effect on 11 kV feeder & LT network by increasing RTPV injection
Software Tool: CYME (CYMDIST)
S. NoTime slot Load flow run at time when DT is max loaded
1 8:00- 11 AM 10 AM
2 11:00 -01:00 PM 11 :00 AM
3 01:00-04:00 PM 04:00 PM
4 04:00-07:00 PM 5:00 PM 132Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Effect on 11 kV feeder:
l There is no reverse power flow observed at feeder level even RTPV at 100% of DT capacity in
both LT circuits. Loading on feeders decreased as more RTPV are connected
Observation:
l No abnormality observed at feeder level even at 100% RTPV
Effect on DT-32 (11 kV/440 V, 63 kVA):
l Loading on DT first decreased with increase in RTPV
l Then loading on DT again increased when there is excess power available and reverse power
flow starts back to DT
Power Quality (PQ) Issues:
l Power factor found low on some LT sections during 40% - 80% solar injection, when reverse
power flow occurs
l No thermal issue is found
l Voltage near solar end increases but within permissible limit 133Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Effect on LT side of DT:
l Loading on DT first decreased with increase in RTPV
l Then loading on DT again increased when there is excess power available and reverse power
flow starts back to DT
l It is observed with more initial loading on DT graph shifts towards right for reverse power flow
Power Quality (PQ) Issues:
l Power factor found low during 40% -80% solar injection on some of LT sections, when reverse
power flow occurs at DT side. These LT sections are near to Solar generating loads. E.g. at 2354
XLPE cable, pf found low between 40% and 80% solar injection during 1 to 4 pm
l Similarly, lower power factor is observed in some LT section near solar generation RTPV in
between 40 % to 80% RTPV increase during time interval 8 to 11 am, 11:00 to 01 :00 pm and 4 :00
to 07 :00 pm
l It is observed that during all time interval reverse power flow occurs between 40 to 60% RTPV
solar generation and this reverse power flow occurs first if loading is less and later if loading is
more at DT end. But during reverse power flow active power becomes less and power factor
becomes low beyond limit, so reactive power compensation is needed. This is section where
smart inverter and power factor capacitor bank is needed 134Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Summary of Power Quality (PQ) Issues:
Time Slots Over Voltage
(V > = 1.06 pu)
Under Voltage
( V <= 0.94 pu)
Power factor
(0.85 to 0.99)
Observations
08 AM – 11 AMNONE NONE Section 2354,
2345 and also
on DT
Undervoltage observed: No
undervoltage is observed
beyond permissible limit,
but it improves as RTPV is
increased.
Overvoltage: No
overvoltage is observed
on any section as oversize
conductor of 90 mm2 were
used in LT side.
Power factor:
l Lower power is
observed on DT
when loading on DT
decreased due to
increased RTPV in each
scenario i.e. at 20%, to
60%. After 60% power
factor improves on DT
due to more reverse
power flow as loading
on DT increased
l In sections near to
RTPV generation e.g.
2354, 2345 XLPE cables,
lower power factor is
observed between 40 to
80% increase in RTPV
11 AM – 01 PMNONE NONE
01 PM – 04 PMNONE NONE
04 PM – 07 PMNONE NONE 135Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Annexure 2.4: Load Flow Analysis of APSPDCL Feeder
Feeder details:
l Substation: 33/11 kV
l Total number of DTs on feeder: 36
l Distribution Transformer (DT): 100 KVA
l Voltage Level: 11 kV/415 V
l Length of feeder: 15.64 km
l Number of consumers connected to DT: 379
l Length of LT circuit: 2.645 km
l Number of solar RTPV at present: Number of solar RTPV at DT level but 4 HT consumers
(out of 5 HT consumers) have total RTPV connected 1 MW
LT circuit: 136Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Solar Irradiance Curve: The solar insolation (W/m
2
) with respect to time is collected from National
Institute of Wind Energy for Minute & Hourly basis for 21 June 2018.
Load Flow Scenario:
In every scenario solar rooftop connection are increased to observe the behaviour on 11 kV feeder
and LT network at DT (100 kVA) & HT consumer level.
Objective of Study:
l To analyze the effect on 11 kV Feeder & LT network by increasing RTPV injection
Software Tool: CYME (CYMDIST)
Time Slots:
S. NoTime Slot Load Flow run at Time when DT is max Loaded
1 8:00 AM - 11:00 AM11:00 AM
2 11:00 AM - 01:00 PM12:30 PM
3 01:00 PM - 04:00 PM04:00 PM
4 04:00 PM - 07:00 PM04:30 PM 137Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Scenarios run for HT consumer:
l HT consumer 1: DT-33
l HT DT rating: 350 kVA
l HT consumer 2: DT-32
l DT rating: 630 kVA 138Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
l HT consumer 3: DT-35
l DT rating: 350 kVA
l HT consumer 4: DT-34
l DT rating: 950 kVA 139Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Effect on 11 kV feeder:
l Reverse power flow is observed at feeder level even in As-Is scenarios because HT consumer
l Loading on feeders increased as more RTPV are connected
Observation:
l Overloading observed on HT consumer DT when RTPV increased beyond 60%
l Voltage rise on 11 KV feeder is also found on some section but within 2% limit
l No overloading observed in any section of feeder even at 100% loading 140Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Effect on DT (11 kV/415 V, 100 kVA):
l Loading on DT first decreased when generation in consumed at DT end
l The loading on DT again increased when there is excess power available and reverse power flow
starts back to DT and Feeder
l It is observed with more initial loading on DT graph shifts towards right for reverse power flow
Effect on HT consumer 1, DT Name: HT consumer 1, DT name: DT-33-HT, 11 KV/415V, 350 kVA
l In As-Is RTPV connected was 200 kWp which is approximately 57% of DT capacity, so during
load flow the RTPV connected kept constant at 200 kWp at 20% and 40%.
l Reverse power flow observed even at As-is and further increase in RTPV
l At 60% of DT capacity RTPV connected is 210 kWp so there is slight increase in HT DT loading
observed
l With further increase in RTPV, loading on HT consumer DT increased 141Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Effect on HT consumer 2, DT name: DT-32-HT, 11 kV/415 V, 630 kVA:
l In As-Is RTPV connected was 200 kWp which was approximately more than 31% of DT capacity,
so during load flow the RTPV connected kept constant at 200 kWp at 20%.
l Reverse power flow observed even at As-is and further increase in RTPV
l At 40% RTPV connected was 252 kWp so there is slight increase in HT DT loading observed
l With further increase in RTPV, loading on HT consumer DT increased
Effect on HT consumer 3, DT name: DT-35 HT, 11 kV/415 V, 350 kVA:
l In AS-IS RTPV connected was 100 kWp which was approximately more than 28% of DT capacity,
so during load flow the RTPV connected kept constant at 200 kWp up to 20%
l Reverse power flow observed even at As-Is and further increase in RTPV
l At 40% RTPV connected was 140 kWp so there is slight increase in HT DT loading observed
l With further increase in RTPV, loading on HT consumer DT increased 142Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Effect on HT consumer 4, DT name: DT-34-HT, 11 kV/415 V, 950 kVA:
l In AS-IS RTPV connected was 500 kWp which was approximately more than 52 % of DT capacity,
so during load flow the RTPV connected kept constant at 200 kWp up to 20% & 40%
l Reverse power flow observed even at As-Is and further increase in RTPV
l At 60% RTPV connected was 570 kWp so there is slight increase in HT DT loading observed
l With further increase in RTPV, loading on HT consumer DT increased 143Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Summary of Power Quality (PQ) Issues:
Time SlotsOver Voltage
(V > = 1.06 PU)
Under Voltage
( V <= 0.94 PU)
Observations
08:00 AM –
11:00 AM
NONE NONEAt 100% RTPV, overloading observed at all the
HT consumers
11:00 AM –
01:00 PM
NONE NONEAt 100% RTPV, overloading observed at all
the HT consumers. Power factor decreased at
higher RTPV. There should be power.
01:00 PM –
04:00 PM
NONE 0% Solar, 1002
kWp (AS-IS), 1022
kWp (20% RTPV)
Under voltage observed on some LT section
of DT and after 20% RTPV under voltage
removed due to more injection of RTPV. At
100 % RTPV, overloading observed at all the
HT consumers DT.
04:00 PM –
07:00 PM
NONE 0% Solar, 1002
kWp (AS-IS)
Under voltage observed on some LT section
of DT and after 20% RTPV under voltage
removed due to more injection of RTPV. At
100% RTPV, overloading observed at all the
HT consumers DT. 144Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032 145Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Annexure 2.5: Load Flow Analysis of CESC Feeder
l Distribution Transformer (DT): 315 kVA
l Voltage level: 6 kV/400 V
l Length of feeder: 7.593 km
l Number of consumers: 198
l Length of LT circuit: 4.146 km
l Number of solar RTPV at present: No solar RTPV was present at DT
l In As-Is scenarios: DT (315 kVA) with 46 kWp solar injection
LT circuit: 146Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Solar irradiance Curve: The solar insolation (W/m
2
) with respect to time is collected from National
Institute of Wind Energy for Minute & Hourly basis for 31 May 2018.
Load Flow Scenario:
In every scenario solar rooftop connection are increased to observe the behaviour on 6 kV Feeder
and LT network.
Objective of Study:
l To analyze the effect on 6 kV Feeder & LT network by increasing RTPV injection
Software Tool: CYME (CYMDIST)
Time Slots:
S. NoTime SlotLoad flow run at time when DT is
maximum loaded
1 8:00 AM - 11:00 AM 11:00 AM
2 11:00 AM - 01:00 PM 12:30 PM
3 01:00 PM - 04:00 PM 01:30 PM
4 04:00 PM - 07:00 PM 4:30 PM 147Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Effect on 6 kV feeder:
l The load on feeder continuously decreased in every scenario as solar roof top connection are
increased from 0% to 100% of DT capacity
Observations on 6 kV feeder side:
l In 0% solar and As-Is scenarios (46 kWp) two sections on 6 kV feeder are overloaded, this got
cleared with 20% of solar injection (106 kWp) 148Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Time SlotOverloading observed at Solar
injection
Overloading cleared with
solar injection
8:00 AM - 11:00 AM As-Is (46 kWp)20% (106 kWp)
11:00 PM - 01:00 PM As-Is (46 kWp)20% (106 kWp)
01:00 PM -04:00 PM As-Is (46 kWp)20% (106 kWp)
04:00 PM -07:00 PM No overloading
Effect on DT:
l Loading on DT first decreased when generation in consumed at DT end
l The loading on DT again increased when there is excess power available and reverse power flow
starts back to DT and feeder
l It is observed with more initial loading on DT graph shifts towards right for reverse power flow 149Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Time SlotsOvervoltage
(V > = 1.06 PU)
Undervoltage
(V <= 0.94 PU)
Observations
08:00 AM –
11:00 AM
286kWp (80%
RTPV) & 346
kWp (100%
RTPV)
0% Solar, 46 kWp
(As-Is), 106 kWp (20%
RTPV), 166 kWp (40%
RTPV), 226 kWp (60%
RTPV), 286 kWp (80%
RTPV)
Overvoltage - Observed on some RTPV
connection after increasing RTPV
more than or equal to 80 %.
Undervoltage – Undervoltage on many
sections of LT feeder observed up to
80% RTPV. But it gets cleared after 80
% RTPV. This is due to more loading at
LT end.
11:00 AM –
01:00 PM
286 kWp (80 %
RTPV) & 346
kWp (100%
RTPV)
0% Solar, 46 kWp
(As-Is), 106 kWp (20%
RTPV), 166 kWp (40%
RTPV), 226 kWp (60%
RTPV), 286 kWp (80%
RTPV)
01:00 PM –
04:00 PM
226 kWp (60%
RTPV), 286 kWp
(80% RTPV) &
346 kWp (100%
RTPV)
0% Solar, 46 kWp
(As-Is), 106 kWp (20%
RTPV), 166 kWp (40%
RTPV), 226 kWp (60%
RTPV), 286 kWp (80%
RTPV)
Overvoltage - Observed on some RTPV
connection after increasing RTPV
more than or equal to 60%.
Undervoltage - On many sections of LT
feeder observed when RTPV increased
from As-Is to 80 % RTPV. But it gets
cleared after 80% RTPV. This is due to
more loading at LT end.
04:00 PM –
07:00 PM
226 kWp (60%
RTPV), 286 kWp
(80% RTPV) &
346 kWp (100%
RTPV)
0% Solar, 46 kWp
(As-Is), 106 kWp (20%
RTPV), 166 kWp (40%
RTPV), 226 kWp (60%
RTPV), 286 kWp (80%
RTPV) 150Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032 151Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Annexure 2.6: Load Flow Analysis of AEML Feeder
Feeder details:
l Substation: 33/11kV
l Total number of DTs on feeder: 8 DTs and 1 HT consumer
l Distribution Transformer (DT): DT-30 kVA
l Voltage level: 11 kV/433 V
l Length of feeder: 5.871 km
l Number of consumers on DT: 492 (approx.)
l Length of LT circuit: 1.6 km
l Solar RTPV at present: Total 100 kWp RTPV
l In AS-IS scenarios: DT (630 kVA) with 100kWp solar injection
LT circuit:
Solar Irradiance Curve: The Solar Insolation (W/m
2
) with respect to time is collected from National
Institute of Wind Energy for Minute & Hourly basis for 19
th
November 2016. 152Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Load Flow Scenarios:
In every scenario, Solar Roof Top Connections are increased to observe the behaviour on 11kV
Feeder and LT network.
Objective of Study:
l To analyze the effect on 11 kV feeder & LT network by increasing RTPV injection
Software Tool: CYME (CYMDIST)
S. NoTime slotLoad flow run at time when DT is
maximum loaded
18:00 AM – 11:00 AM10:30 AM
211:00 AM -01:00 PM11:00 AM
301:00 PM - 04:00 PM02:30 PM
404:00 PM - 07:00 PM04:15 PM 153Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Effect on DT- 630 kVA:
l Loading on DT first decreased when generation in consumed at DT end
l The loading on DT again increased when there is excess power available and reverse power flow
starts back to DT and feeder
l It is observed with more initial loading on DT graph shifts towards right for reverse power flow
l Under voltage and overvoltage observed on some sections of LT during increased solar
penetration
Time slotsOvervoltage
(V > = 1.06 PU)
Undervoltage
(V <= 0.94 PU)
Observations
08:00 AM –
11:00 AM
60% PV, 80% PV,
100% PV
No Solar, As-Is, 20%
PV, 40% PV, 60% PV
Overvoltage - Observed on some RTPV
connection after increasing RTPV more
than or equal to 60%.
Undervoltage – Undervoltage on many
sections of LT feeder observed up to 60%
RTPV. But it gets cleared after 80% RTPV.
This is due to more loading at LT end.
Overloading – Up to 40% RTPV,
overloading has decreased significantly.
However, after 60% RTPV injection, it
increased again.
11:00 AM –
01:00 PM
60% PV, 80% PV,
100% PV
No Solar, As-Is, 20%
PV, 40% PV, 60% PV
01:00 PM –
04:00 PM
60% PV, 80% PV,
100% PV
No Solar, As-Is, 20%
PV, 40% PV, 60% PV
04:00 PM –
07:00 PM
60% PV, 80% PV,
100% PV
No Solar, As-Is, 20%
PV, 40% PV, 60% PV 154Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032 155Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Southern Region
State - Karnataka 2019 2022 2027 2032
Generation (MW)
Thermal9961 15121
Hydro3586
Nuclear698
Solar 5329 8500 13497 22297
Ground Mounted
Solar
5175 6200 8097 12597
RTPV154 2300 5400 9700
Connected to EHV 3105 3720 4858 7558
Connected to MV 2070 2480 3239 5039
Connected to LV 154 2300 5400 9700
Wind4683 6200
Small Hydro1231 1500
Biomass & Biopower 1800 1420
Peak Load (MW) 10857 18403 25396 34720
Energy (MUs)
Annual Energy 67869 108012 147941 200736
Storage Recommended (MWh)
Battery (LV)23 345 810 1455
Battery (MV)207 248 324 504
Annexure 3: State Wise ESS Estimations
2019-2032 156Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
State –
Andhra Pradesh
2019 2022 2027 2032
Generation (MW)
Thermal14644 16525 18525NA
Hydro1674 1764NANA
Nuclear128NANANA
Solar2890 9834 21503 28503
Ground Mounted
Solar
2841 7834 15703 18703
RTPV49 2000 5800 9800
Connected to EHV 1704 4700 9422 10862
Connected to MV 1137 3134 6281 7841
Connected to LV49 2000 5800 9800
Wind4076 8100
Small Hydro162-- 409
Biomass & Biopower 500 543NANA
Peak Load (MW) 8983 33194 51601 74818
Energy (MUs)
Annual Energy 58384 191912 284776 412903
Storage Recommended (MWh)
Battery (LV)7 300 870 1470
Battery (MV)114 313 628 784
State – Tamil Nadu 2019 2022 2027 2032
Generation (MW)
Thermal14786 20647NANA
Hydro2178 2733NANA
Nuclear1448 1500
Solar2233 8884 19884 26000
Ground Mounted
Solar
2098 5384 11284 14100
RTPV135 3500 8600 11900
Connected to EHV 1259 3230 6770 8460
Connected to MV 839 2154 4515 5640
Connected to LV 135 3500 8600 11900
Wind8764 11900NANA
Small Hydro12375NA604
Biomass & Biopower 1004 649NANA
Peak Load (MW) 14975 29975 43044 59827
Energy (MUs)
Annual Energy 106006 171718 244703 337491
Storage Recommended (MWh)
Battery (LV)20 525 1290 1785
Battery (MV)84 215 451 564 157Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
State – Kerala 2019 2022 2027 2032
Generation (MW)
Thermal2452NANANA
Hydro1882 2556NANA
Nuclear362NANA
Solar139 1870 5582 10082
Ground Mounted
Solar
100 1070 2982 5082
RTPV39 800 2600 5000
Connected to EHV 60 642 1789 3049
Connected to MV40 428 1193 2033
Connected to LV39 800 2600 5000
Wind53-
Small Hydro222 100647
Biomass & Biopower 0.72-- NA
Peak Load (MW) 3870 6093 8150 10903
Energy (MUs)
Annual Energy 25004 34691 46049 61125
Storage Recommended (MWh)
Battery (LV)6 120 390 750
Battery (MV)443 119 203
UT – Puducherry 2019 2022 2027 2032
Generation (MW)
Thermal281NANANA
Hydro0NANANA
Nuclear86NANANA
Solar19246646 1200
Ground Mounted
Solar
5146446790
RTPV14100200410
Connected to EHV ----
Connected to MV 14146446790
Connected to LV 5100200410
Wind--
Small Hydro----
Biomass &
Biopower
----
Peak Load (MW) 387782787940
Energy (MUs)
Annual Energy 2669 4452 4444 5271
Storage Recommended (MWh)
Battery (LV)1153061
Battery (MV)1.5154579 158Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
State – Telangana 2019 2022 2027 2032
Generation (MW)
Thermal8829 14909NANA
Hydro2450NANANA
Nuclear149236NANA
Solar3583 6990 11990 17990
Ground Mounted
Solar
3519 4990 5190 9990
RTPV64 2000 6800 8000
Connected to EHV 2111 2994 3114 5994
Connected to MV 1408 1996 2076 3996
Connected to LV 64 2000 6800 8000
Wind128 2000NANA
Small Hydro91-- 102
Biomass &
Biopower
178---
Peak Load (MW) 10284---
Energy (MUs)
Annual Energy 60318NANANA
Storage Recommended (MWh)
Battery (LV) 0.96 300 1020 1200
Battery (MV) 141200208400 159Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Western Region
State – Goa2019 2022 2027 2032
Generation (MW)
Thermal523 NANANA
Hydro0 NANANA
Nuclear26 NANANA
Solar2 358 1000 1500
Ground Mounted
Solar
1 208 710 1060
RTPV1 150 290 440
Connected to EHV ----
Connected to MV1 208 710 1060
Connected to LV1 150 290 440
Wind--
Small Hydro0.05-- 4.7
Biomass & Biopower ----
Peak Load (MW) 558 1192 1658 2216
Energy (MUs)
Annual Energy 4117 6837 9442 12617
Storage Recommended (MWh)
Battery (LV)0.15 22.5 43.566
Battery (MV)0.1 2171 106
UT – Daman
& Diu
2019 2022 2027 2032
Generation (MW)
Thermal170 NANANA
Hydro0 NANANA
Nuclear7 NANANA
Solar14.4 199 500 850
Ground Mounted
Solar
1099 300 540
RTPV4.4 100 200 310
Connected to EHV ----
Connected to MV 1099 300 540
Connected to LV 4.4 100 200 310
Wind----
Small Hydro----
Biomass & Biopower ----
Peak Load (MW) 362 605 818 1082
Energy (MUs)
Annual Energy 2533 3706 4980 6536
Storage Recommended (MWh)
Battery (LV) 0.645 153046
Battery (MV)1103054 160Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
State – Gujarat 2019 2022 2027 2032
Generation (MW)
Thermal22168 22968NANA
Hydro772 NANANA
Nuclear559 1400NANA
Solar2003 8020 23500 35500
Ground Mounted
Solar
1836 4820 14400 22300
RTPV167 3200 9100 13200
Connected to EHV 1012 2892 8640 13380
Connected to MV 734 1928 5760 8920
Connected to LV 257 3200 9100 13200
Wind5967 8800NANA
Small Hydro4625NANA
Biomass & Biopower 77 288NA
Peak Load (MW) 16590 26973 38691 53301
Energy (MUs)
Annual Energy 109985 153582 218610 301160
Storage Recommended (MWh)
Battery (LV)39 480 1365 1980
Battery (MV)73 193576892
State –
Madhya Pradesh
2019 2022 2027 2032
Generation (MW)
Thermal12806 15826NANA
Hydro3224 NANANA
Nuclear273 NANANA
Solar1650 5675 17000 22500
Ground Mounted
Solar
1619 3475 9900 11300
RTPV31 2200 7100 11200
Connected to EHV 971 2085 5940 6780
Connected to MV 648 1390 3960 4520
Connected to LV 31 2200 7100 11200
Wind2520 6200NANA
Small Hydro9625NANA
Biomass & Biopower 121 118NA820
Peak Load (MW) 12301 18802 27519 38088
Energy (MUs)
Annual Energy 69925 107060 155489 213539
Storage Recommended (MWh)
Battery (LV)4.65 330 1065 1680
Battery (MV)65 140396452 161Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
State – Chhattisgarh 2019 2022 2027 2032
Generation (MW)
Thermal12724 26864NANA
Hydro120 NANANA
Nuclear48 NANANA
Solar232 1783 5000 8000
Ground Mounted
Solar
216 1083 3600 4000
RTPV16 700 2400 4000
Connected to EHV ----
Connected to MV 216 1083 3600 4000
Connected to LV 16 700 2400 4000
Wind----
Small Hydro7625
Biomass & Biopower 231-- 1098
Peak Load (MW) 3887 6599 9090 12116
Energy (MUs)
Annual Energy 25915 34106 46979 62620
Storage Recommended (MWh)
Battery (LV)2.4 105360600
Battery (MV)22 108360400
Battery (MV)58 289600764
State – Maharashtra 2019 2022 2027 2032
Generation (MW)
Thermal30474 34434NANA
Hydro3332 NANANA
Nuclear690 2430NANA
Solar1619 11924 25000 35000
Ground Mounted
Solar
1447 7224 15000 19100
RTPV172 4700 10000 15900
Connected to EHV 868 4334 9000 11460
Connected to MV 579 2890 6000 7640
Connected to LV 172 4700 10000 15900
Wind4795 7600NANA
Small Hydro37650NA786
Biomass & Biopower 2529 2469NANA
Peak Load (MW) 22494 39622 54982 74528
Energy (MUs)
Annual Energy 149759 225606 310654 417826
Storage Recommended (MWh)
Battery (LV)25.8 705 1500 2385
Battery (MV)58 289600764 162Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
UT – Dadra & Nagar
Naveli
2019 2022 2027 2032
Generation (MW)
Thermal241 NANANA
Hydro0 NANANA
Nuclear9 NANANA
Solar6 449 1000 1500
Ground Mounted
Solar
3 249620930
RTPV3 200380570
Connected to EHV ----
Connected to MV 3 249620930
Connected to LV 3 200380570
Wind--NANA
Small Hydro----
Biomass & Biopower ----
Peak Load (MW) 790 1297 1733 2294
Energy (MUs)
Annual Energy 6166 8413 11164 14676
Storage Recommended (MWh)
Battery (LV)0.45 3057 85.5
Battery (MV)0.3 256293 163Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Northern Region
State – Delhi 2019 2022 2027 2032
Generation (MW)
Thermal6938 NANANA
Hydro723 NANANA
Nuclear103 NANANA
Solar124 500 1000 2050
Ground Mounted
Solar
9203050
RTPV115 480 970 2000
Connected to EHV----
Connected to MV9203050
Connected to LV 115 480 970 2000
Wind----
Small Hydro----
Biomass & Biopower 52---
Peak Load (MW) 6526 9024 12681 17246
Energy (MUs)
Annual Energy 31825 52930 73827 99649
Storage Recommended (MWh)
Battery (LV)17.25 72 146 300
Battery (MV)1235
State – Haryana 2019 2022 2027 2032
Generation (MW)
Thermal8781 NANANA
Hydro663 NANANA
Nuclear101 1501NANA
Solar220 4142 8000 12500
Ground Mounted
Solar
131 2542 3900 7500
RTPV89 1600 4100 5000
Connected to EHV 79 1525 2260 4500
Connected to MV52 1017 1640 3000
Connected to LV89 1600 4100 5000
Wind----
Small Hydro7425- 107
Biomass & Biopower 206 209NANA
Peak Load (MW) 9539 14244 20103 27202
Energy (MUs)
Annual Energy 50775 78586 110915 150083
Storage Recommended (MWh)
Battery (LV)13.35 240 615 750
Battery (MV)5 102 164 300 State –
Himachal Pradesh
2019 2022 2027 2032
Generation (MW)
Thermal245 NANANA
Hydro2910 5386NANA
Nuclear29 NANANA
Solar22.7 776 1500 1800
Ground Mounted
Solar
17 456800 840
RTPV5.7 320700 960
Connected to EHV----
Connected to MV9 456800 840
Connected to LV6 320700 960
Wind----
Small Hydro861 15003460
Biomass & Biopower 7---
Peak Load (MW) 1594 2589 3424 4476
Energy (MUs)
Annual Energy 9399 14514 19198 25096
Storage Recommended (MWh)
Battery (LV)148 105 144
Battery (MV)2468084
State –
Jammu & Kashmir
2019 2022 2027 2032
Generation (MW)
Thermal810 NANANA
Hydro2369 3744NANA
Nuclear68 NANANA
Solar15 1155 11000 15000
Ground Mounted
Solar
9 705 9140 12750
RTPV6 450 1860 2250
Connected to EHV----
Connected to MV9 705 9140 12750
Connected to LV6 450 1860 2250
Wind----
Small Hydro180 1501707
Biomass & Biopower ----
Peak Load (MW) 2319 4217 5996 8302
Energy (MUs)
Annual Energy 18808 21884 31110 43075
Storage Recommended (MWh)
Battery (LV)168 279 337
Battery (MV)171 914 1275 165Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
State – Punjab 2019 2022 2027 2032
Generation (MW)
Thermal9004 10204NANA
Hydro3781 4061NANA
Nuclear197 NANANA
Solar905 4772 8500 11000
Ground Mounted
Solar
828 2772 3500 5000
RTPV77 2000 5000 6000
Connected to EHV 497 1664 2100 3000
Connected to MV 331 1108 1400 2000
Connected to LV77 2000 5000 6000
Wind----
Small Hydro17450NA578
Biomass & Biopower 326 244NANA
Peak Load (MW) 11705 14552 18352 23144
Energy (MUs)
Annual Energy 54812 86941 108835 136243
Storage Recommended (MWh)
Battery (LV)12 300 750 900
Battery (MV)33 110 140 200
State – Rajasthan 2019 2022 2027 2032
Generation (MW)
Thermal11763 14403NANA
Hydro1931 NANANA
Nuclear556 NANANA
Solar3227 5762 13500 22500
Ground Mounted
Solar
3072 3462 8500 15800
RTPV155 2300 5000 6700
Connected to EHV 1854 2077 5100 9480
Connected to MV 1218 1385 3400 6320
Connected to LV 155 2300 5000 6700
Wind4300 8600NANA
Small Hydro24--51
Biomass & Biopower 121---
Peak Load (MW) 11564 19692 28828 40284
Energy (MUs)
Annual Energy 71193 110483 161741 226014
Storage Recommended (MWh)
Battery (LV)23 345 750 1005
Battery (MV)122 139 340 632 166Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
State – Uttar Pradesh 2019 2022 2027 2032
Generation (MW)
Thermal18623 26163NANA
Hydro3421 3497NANA
Nuclear289 NANANA
Solar902 10697 20000 27500
Ground Mounted
Solar
834 6397 10700 15500
RTPV68 4300 9300 12000
Connected to EHV 500 3838 6420 9300
Connected to MV 334 2559 4280 6200
Connected to LV68 4300 9300 12000
Wind----
Small Hydro25 25NA460
Biomass & Biopower 2118 3499NANA
Peak Load (MW) 18061 36061 53690 73708
Energy (MUs)
Annual Energy 120051 209046 308887 420829
Storage Recommended (MWh)
Battery (LV)10 645 1395 1800
Battery (MV)33 256 429 620
State – Uttarakhand 2019 2022 2027 2032
Generation (MW)
Thermal962 NANANA
Hydro1815 4341NANA
Nuclear31 NANANA
Solar305 800 1500 1950
Ground Mounted
Solar
240 450 840 950
RTPV65 350 660 1000
Connected to EHV----
Connected to MV 240 450 840 950
Connected to LV65 350 660 1000
Wind----
Small Hydro214 700NA 1664
Biomass & Biopower 131 197NANA
Peak Load (MW) 2149 2901 3911 5222
Energy (MUs)
Annual Energy 13457 16774 22438 29733
Storage Recommended (MWh)
Battery (LV)105399 150
Battery (MV)24458495 167Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
UT – Chandigarh 2019 2022 2027 2032
Generation (MW)
Thermal53NANANA
Hydro102NANANA
Nuclear8NANANA
Solar35 153650 1000
Ground Mounted
Solar
653 450690
RTPV29 100200310
Connected to EHV ----
Connected to MV 653 450690
Connected to LV 29 100200310
Wind----
Small Hydro----
Biomass & Biopower ----
Peak Load (MW) 363 559732948
Energy (Mus)
Annual Energy 1610 2842 3719 4821
Storage Recommended (MWh)
Battery (LV)41530 46.5
Battery (MV)0.654569 168Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Eastern Region
State – Bihar 2019 2022 2027 2032
Generation (MW)
Thermal3905 9365NANA
Hydro110NANANA
Nuclear0---
Solar142.5 2493 6500 8500
Ground Mounted
Solar
139 1493 4400 5200
RTPV3.5 1000 2100 3300
Connected to EHV----
Connected to MV 139 1493 4400 5200
Connected to LV 3.5 1000 2100 3300
Wind----
Small Hydro7125- 526
Biomass & Biopower 121 244NANA
Peak Load (MW) 4515 9306 16239 23411
Energy (MUs)
Annual Energy 27018 52975 91733 131219
Storage Recommended (MWh)
Battery (LV)0.5 150 315 495
Battery (MV)14 150 440 520
State – Jharkhand 2019 2022 2027 2032
Generation (MW)
Thermal1543 4723NANA
Hydro191NANANA
Nuclear0---
Solar32.3 1995 5500 8000
Ground Mounted
Solar
19 1195 3900 5500
RTPV13.3 800 1600 2500
Connected to EHV----
Connected to MV 19 1995 5500 5500
Connected to LV 13.3 800 1600 2500
Wind----
Small Hydro410- 227
Biomass & Biopower 4.3---
Peak Load (MW) 1260 6341 8780 11930
Energy (Mus)
Annual Energy 7906 37482 51512 69475
Storage Recommended (MWh)
Battery (LV)2 120 240 375
Battery (MV)2 200 550 550 169Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
State – West Bengal 2019 2022 2027 2032
Generation (MW)
Thermal8805 14145NANA
Hydro1396 3126NANA
Nuclear----
Solar70 5336 10500 13000
Ground Mounted
Solar
50 3236 6600 7300
RTPV20 2100 3900 5700
Connected to EHV----
Connected to MV 50 3236 6600 7300
Connected to LV 20 2100 3900 5700
Wind----
Small Hydro9950- 392
Biomass & Biopower 320---
Peak Load (MW) 8114 17703 26027 36187
Energy (MUs)
Annual Energy 50760 103283 150704 207948
Storage Recommended (MWh)
Battery (LV)3 315 585 855
Battery (MV)5 324 660 730
State – Odisha 2019 2022 2027 2032
Generation (MW)
Thermal4992 14042NANA
Hydro2150NANANA
Nuclear0NANANA
Solar391 2377 6500 8500
Ground Mounted
Solar
384 1377 4500 5300
RTPV7 1000 2000 3200
Connected to EHV----
Connected to MV 384 1377 4500 5300
Connected to LV7 1000 2000 3200
Wind----
Small Hydro65-- 286
Biomass & Biopower 59---
Peak Load (MW) 4402 6749 8712 11280
Energy (MUs)
Annual Energy 28801 42566 54565 70154
Storage Recommended (MWh)
Battery (LV)1.05 150 300 480
Battery (MV)38 138 450 530 170Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
State – Sikkim 2019 2022 2027 2032
Generation (MW)
Thermal87NANANA
Hydro823 944 2056NA
Nuclear0---
Solar0.0176 200 250
Ground Mounted
Solar
026 120 150
RTPV0.015080 100
Connected to EHV----
Connected to MV026 120 150
Connected to LV 0.015080 100
Wind----
Small Hydro52-- 266
Biomass & Biopower ----
Peak Load (MW)96 176 245 341
Energy (MUs)
Annual Energy486 645 898 1250
Storage Recommended (MWh)
Battery (LV)07.51215
Battery (MV)031215 171Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
North-Eastern Region
State – Assam 2019 2022 2027 2032
Generation (MW)
Thermal1027 1777NANA
Hydro431NANANA
Nuclear0---
Solar18 663 1500 1800
Ground Mounted
Solar
10 413 1000 1060
RTPV8 250 500 740
Connected to EHV ----
Connected to MV 10 413 1000 1060
Connected to LV8 250 500 740
Wind----
Small Hydro3436- 201
Biomass & Biopower ----
Peak Load (MW) 1745 2534 3613 5033
Energy (MUs)
Annual Energy 9094 12699 18107 25224
Storage Recommended (MWh)
Battery (LV)1.2 37.575 111
Battery (MV)141 100 106
State – Arunachal
Pradesh
2019 2022 2027 2032
Generation (MW)
Thermal72NANANA
Hydro97 4816NANA
Nuclear0NANA
Solar5.471 120 190
Ground Mounted
Solar
1.3213050
RTPV4.15090 140
Connected to EHV ----
Connected to MV 1.3213050
Connected to LV 4.15090 140
Wind----
Small Hydro107 500- 2064
Biomass & Biopower ----
Peak Load (MW) 145 177 266 365
Energy (MUs)
Annual Energy798 721 1085 1489
Storage Recommended (MWh)
Battery (LV)0.6 7.5 13.521
Battery (MV)0235 172Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
State – Meghalaya 2019 2022 2027 2032
Generation (MW)
Thermal140 300NANA
Hydro387NANANA
Nuclear0NANANA
Solar0.12 161 450 600
Ground Mounted
Solar
0 111 360 440
RTPV0.125090 160
Connected to EHV ----
Connected to MV0 111 360 440
Connected to LV 0.125090 160
Wind----
Small Hydro3155- 230
Biomass & Biopower 14---
Peak Load (MW) 368 596 828 1112
Energy (MUs)
Annual Energy 1555 3029 4206 5651
Storage Recommended (MWh)
Battery (LV)07.5 13.524
Battery (MV)0113644
State – Tripura 2019 2022 2027 2032
Generation (MW)
Thermal644NANANA
Hydro62NANANA
Nuclear0NANANA
Solar5.1 105 350 550
Ground Mounted
Solar
555 260 390
RTPV0.015090 160
Connected to EHV ----
Connected to MV555 260 390
Connected to LV 0.095090 160
Wind----
Small Hydro16--46
Biomass & Biopower ----
Peak Load (MW) 342 472 674 913
Energy (MUs)
Annual Energy 2599 2026 2892 3921
Storage Recommended (MWh)
Battery (LV)07.5 13.524
Battery (MV)0.5 5.52639 173Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
State – Manipur 2019 2022 2027 2032
Generation (MW)
Thermal139NANANA
Hydro89NANANA
Nuclear0NANANA
Solar3.2 105 250 400
Ground Mounted
Solar
055 160 240
RTPV3.25090 160
Connected to EHV ----
Connected to MV055 160 240
Connected to LV 3.25090 160
Wind--
Small Hydro5.5--99
Biomass & Biopower ----
Peak Load (MW) 195 497 869 1212
Energy (MUs)
Annual Energy871 2219 3881 5416
Storage Recommended (MWh)
Battery (LV)0.5 7.5 13.524
Battery (MV)05.51624
State – Nagaland 2019 2022 2027 2032
Generation (MW)
Thermal70NANANA
Hydro53 239NANA
Nuclear0NANANA
Solar161 200 350
Ground Mounted
Solar
011 110 190
RTPV15090 160
Connected to EHV ----
Connected to MV011 110 190
Connected to LV85090 160
Wind----
Small Hydro3132- 182
Biomass & Biopower ----
Peak Load (MW) 146 271 403 554
Energy (MUs)
Annual Energy794 1163 1728 2373
Storage Recommended (MWh)
Battery (LV)07.5 13.524
Battery (MV)011119 174Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
State – Mizoram 2019 2022 2027 2032
Generation (MW)
Thermal61NANANA
Hydro94NANANA
Nuclear0NANANA
Solar0.572 200 350
Ground Mounted
Solar
0.122 110 190
RTPV0.45090 160
Connected to EHV ----
Connected to MV 0.122 110 190
Connected to LV 0.45090 160
Wind----
Small Hydro3749- 168
Biomass & Biopower ----
Peak Load (MW)96 352 521 723
Energy (MUs)
Annual Energy497 1388 2053 2847
Storage Recommended (MWh)
Battery (LV)07.5 13.524
Battery (MV)02.21119 175Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
UTs
UT –
Andaman & Nicobar
2019 2022 2027 2032
Generation (MW)
Thermal40 NANANA
Hydro0 NANANA
Nuclear0 NANANA
Solar7 27 100 150
Ground Mounted
Solar
5 156075
RTPV2 124075
Connected to EHV----
Connected to MV5 156075
Connected to LV2 124075
Wind-- NA
Small Hydro5---
Biomass & Biopower ----
Peak Load (MW)5489 125 172
Energy (MUs)
Annual Energy329 505 709 963
Storage Recommended (MWh)
Battery (LV)0.32611
Battery (MV)0.5 1.567.5
UT – Lakshadweep 2019 2022 2027 2032
Generation (MW)
Thermal0 NANANA
Hydro0 NANANA
Nuclear0 NANANA
Solar0.75 2050 100
Ground Mounted
Solar
0.75 103068
RTPV0 102032
Connected to EHV----
Connected to MV 0.75 103068
Connected to LV0 102032
Wind----
Small Hydro----
Biomass & Biopower ----
Peak Load (MW)9 182330
Energy (MUs)
Annual Energy486584 110
Storage Recommended (MWh)
Battery (LV)0135
Battery (MV)0137 176Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Source:
http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/annual/lgbr/lgbr-2018.pdf
http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/committee/nep/nep_jan_2018.pdf
http://allaboutrenewables.com/capacity-addition
http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/monthly/executivesummary/2018/exe_summary-03.pdf
NOTE: Assumptions done by considering the following
1. 100 GW Solar Target by 2022, out of which 40 GW is RTPV, 20 GW Medium Size Installations and
40 GW Solar Parks
2. 250 GW Solar Target by 2027, ratio taken in accordance with 2022 targets
3. 360 GW Solar Target by 2032, ratio taken in accordance with 2022 targets
4. All values post 2022 have been forecasted using best estimates methodology devised by ISGF 177Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
The issues and impact of RTPV faced by
utilities across India varies according to their
geographical location, their feeder loads and
their MV/LV network topologies. Thus, the RTPV
hosting capacity varies for different feeders. This
is particularly more sensitive in the lower MV
voltages with maximum sensitivity in the 415V
and 230V secondary voltages. The most impact
is on power quality aspects particularly with
respect to “low or high permissible voltages”
in select parts of the network. A second aspect
is the imbalance of VAR requirements/flows
due to the addition of the RTPV which typically
operate at unity power factor. It is however not
possible to do an in-depth feeder analysis for
Annexure 4: CYMDIST Library Files
every RTPV addition. Thus, a qualitative set
of limits must be arrived at after performing
sample quantitative studies of typical feeders,
together with the RTPV connections, feeder
loads (both MV and LV), the network line
parameters and DT capacities.
In order to analyze the details of the MV/LV
network, six distribution utilities were selected
to conduct a detailed load flow analysis of
distribution feeders. We have carried out
detailed load flow analysis of the six feeders
mentioned below. DISCOMs falling under
any of the (below mentioned) categories can
contact ISGF for the detailed study.
RegionSelected StateFeeder Category DISCOM Name
NorthDelhi Urban Lightly LoadedTata Power Delhi Distribution Ltd. (TPDDL)
Haryana Agricultural Uttar Haryana Bijli Vitran Nigam Ltd. (UHBVN)
SouthKarnataka 11 kVBangalore Electricity Supply Company Ltd.
(BESCOM)
Andhra
Pradesh
Semi Urban Heavily
Loaded
Andhra Pradesh Southern Power Distribution
Company Ltd. (APSPDCL)
West Maharashtra Urban Lightly LoadedAdani Energy Mumbai Ltd. (AEML)
East West Bengal Urban Heavily
Loaded
Calcutta Electric Supply Corporation (CESC),
Kolkata
Note: The CYMDIST Library files of aforementioned DISCOMs are available with ISGF for study on
a request basis. 178Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Note: India Smart Grid Forum
CBIP Building, Malcha Marg, Chanakyapuri
New Delhi 110021
Tel: +91-11-41030398
Email: contactus@indiasmartgrid.org
www.indiasmartgrid.org
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Supporting AgencyKnowledge Partner Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032 iiiEnergy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032 vEnergy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Preface
At COP 21 in Paris in 2015, India made a
commitment of meeting 33-35% of its energy from
non-fossil fuels by 2030. This bold commitment
requires a host of new policy initiatives to scale up
the share of clean energy drastically. The 175 GW
of renewable energy target by 2022 needs to be
enhanced to 500 GW or more through new policies
and programs in the following 8 years running to
2030. The integration of distributed generation
resources on the low voltage grid require the
support of active demand response and energy
storage systems to maintain grid stability. In a
fast-changing technological environment, it is
important to have a clear vision of priorities and
needed actions to realize the full benefits of energy
storage to help in accelerating the deployment of
renewable energy technologies. In February 2018,
an Expert Committee under the chairpersonship
of Secretary, Ministry of New and Renewable
Energy, with representatives from relevant
Ministries, industry associations, research
institutions and experts were constituted by the
Ministry of New & Renewable Energy to plan the
launch of a National Energy Storage Mission for
India. This initiative was subsequently moved to
NITI Aayog and Government of India launched
the “Transformative Mobility and Energy Storage
Mission” in March 2019.
In order to support the energy storage mission of the
Government of India, ISGF initiated preparation of
an Energy Storage Roadmap for India 2019 – 2032
in association with India Energy Storage Alliance
(IESA). The initial objective of the roadmap was to
study in detail the grid integration issues related
to 40 GW of solar rooftop that will be connected to
medium and low voltage grid (MV and LV grid). We
have undertaken detailed modelling studies of MV
and LV grids in six states in India using CYMDIST
software. The evaluation of the effectiveness
of energy storage technologies in addressing
the grid stability issues with high levels of VRE
penetration detailed in the report will help the
policy makers, regulators and utilities in planning
for rooftop PV rollouts. The key outcomes of this
study are: 1. Energy Storage Roadmap for India
2019-2032; 2. Energy Storage India Tool (ESIT)
and; 3. Guidelines for determining the Variable
Renewable Energy (VRE) hosting capacity on LV
and MV grids. The ESIT tool developed as part of
the project for techno-commercial evaluation of
ESS projects will help the stakeholders choose the
optimum levels of ESS for different applications.
The guidelines for assessing the hosting capacity
of VRE on the distribution grid will help utilities
to plan their grid upgrade requirements to match
with the expected penetration of VRE.
Reji Kumar Pillai
President, India Smart Grid Forum
Chairman, Global Smart Grid Federation viEnergy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
We started the project to estimate the energy
storage systems (ESS) requirements for 40
GW rooftop PV integration, but the scope was
enlarged to include total ESS requirements in
the country till 2032. This was done keeping in
view of the fact that the ESS requirements for
electric mobility is much larger than that for grid
applications. Although we closely examined the
viability of different ESS technologies, we have
finally chosen to estimate the ESS requirements
in terms of Lithium Ion Batteries owing to its
versatile applications and fast declining cost. This
is a first of its kind work and the estimates given
in this report may be debatable due to policy
uncertainties. However, we hope this energy
storage roadmap will instil confidence in the
industry and investors for building manufacturing
capacities in the country on fast track.
India Smart Grid Forum (ISGF) would like to take
this opportunity to thank MacArthur Foundation
for supporting this study and we wish to dedicate
our strong commitment to work towards making
a greener and cleaner future. I would also like
to thank all the stakeholders for their valuable
contribution in preparation of this roadmap for
India, particularly, Shri R.P. Gupta, Additional
Secretary, NITI Aayog and his team, Dr. P.C.
Maithani, Scientist-G, MNRE and Mr. Vivek
Goel,
Chief Engineer - Distribution Planning &
Technology,
CEA, who have provided valuable
inputs for this study. viiEnergy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Authors & Acknowledgement
India Smart Grid Forum (ISGF) would like to
express our sincere gratitude to MacArthur
Foundation who has extended a grant to ISGF for
undertaking first of its kind project in the country
to prepare an Energy Storage Roadmap for India
2019 – 2032. MacArthur Foundation works to
primarily support mitigation interventions that
seek sustainable solutions to challenges India
faces from climate change.
We would like to thank Mr R P Gupta, Additional
Secretary, NITI Aayog and his team for providing all
the necessary guidance and support to undertake
the study for the preparation of this report.
We wish to thank Mr Mrityunjay Kumar Narayan,
Joint Secretary, and Mr Vishal Kapoor, Director,
Ministry of Power, for their support for this
important project.
We would like to thank Dr P C Maithani,
Scientist-G, Ministry of New and Renewable
Energy (MNRE) and his team for extending their
support and guidance throughout this study.
We would like to thank Mr Vivek Goel,
Chief Engineer – Distribution Planning and
Technology, Central Electricity Authority (CEA)
and his team for providing all the necessary
guidance related to the electrical infrastructure
of the country.
We would like to thank all the six distribution
companies, Adani Energy Mumbai Ltd
(AEML), Andhra Pradesh Southern Power
Distribution Company Ltd (APSPDCL),
Bangalore Electricity Supply Company Ltd
(BESCOM), CESC Ltd (Kolkata), Tata Power
Delhi Distribution Ltd (TPDDL) and Uttar
Haryana Bijli Vitran Nigam (UHBVN), who
helped us in conducting the load flow studies
of their distribution network.
We also wish to extend our sincere gratitude to
all the stakeholders whom we consulted during
the course of this study for their cooperation
and relevant inputs which were very valuable
for this study. viiiEnergy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Authors and Contributors
India Smart Grid Forum India Energy Storage Alliance
Akshay Srivastava Avanthika Satheesh
Balasubramanyam Karnam Epica Mandal Sarkar
Bindeshwary Rai Harsh Thacker
Harpreet Singh Pranao Walekar
Ravi Seethapathy Rahul Walawalkar
Reena Suri Pradeep Saini
Reji Kumar Pillai Satyajit Phadke
Suddhasatta Kundu Urvi Mehta
Shuvam Sarkar Roy Vinayak Walimbe ixEnergy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Testimonial from NITI Aayog iii
Testimonial from Ministry of Power iv
Preface v
Authors & Acknowledgement vii
Abbreviations xv
Executive Summary xix
1 Introduction and Background 1
1.1 Purpose of the Study 1
1.2 Indian Imperative 4
1.2.1 India’s National Commitment to Reduce Green House Gas Emission 4
1.2.2 Initiatives by Various Government Agencies 5
1.2.3 Details of 175 GW Renewable Energy Target by 2022 5
1.2.4 Breakdown of 40 GW Rooftop Solar PV (RTPV) 6
1.2.5 Regulatory Landscape by States/Governments in Promoting Rooftop
Solar PV (RTPV) 7
1.3 Scope of Study 9
1.3.1 Study of Different ESS Technologies and its Effectiveness in Indian
Context: Detailed Techno-Commercial Evaluation and Guiding Document
for Choosing ESS Solutions 9
1.3.2 Hosting Capacity of Variable Renewable Energy (VRE) on MV/LV Feeders 10
1.3.3 Technical Issues and Challenges 10
1.3.4 Solutions Portfolio for VRE Integration 11
2 ESS Technologies 13
2.1 Introduction 13
2.2 Description of Energy Storage Technologies 14
2.3 Key Players and Technologies 19
2.4 Need for Energy Storage in India 23
2.5 Energy Storage System (ESS) Applications 24
2.5.1 EV Adoption 25
2.5.2 Peak Shaving 26
2.5.3 Ancillary Services 26
2.5.4 Transmission and Distribution Grid Upgrade Deferral 27
3 Assessment of MV/LV Stabilization and Optimization for 40 GW RTPV:
Technical Issues and Challenges 29
3.1 Issues at MV Level and LT Level (3-Phase and 1-Phase) 29
3.2 VRE on MV and LV Coupled by Same Transformer 31
3.3 RTPV on MV and LV on Different Transformers 33
Contents xEnergy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
3.4 Power Quality (PQ) and Harmonics 33
3.5 Comparison of Regular and Smart Inverters (Autonomous and SCADA Controlled) 35
4 Load Flow Studies on MV/LV Lines with RTPV 37
4.1 Methodology 37
4.2 Selection of Samples per DISCOMs 37
4.3 Analysis of Varying VRE Levels on Sample Feeders (Without Energy Storage) 38
4.3.1 Methodology of Work 38
4.3.2 Load Flow Studies 41
4.4 CYMDIST Library of Modelling Tools for Photovoltaic System Study 44
5 Energy Storage India Tool (ESIT) 51
5.1 Description and Overview 51
5.2 Techno-Commercial Evaluation of ESS Projects 53
5.3 Consideration of Multiple Use-Cases 56
5.4 Evaluation of Monetizable and Non-Monetizable Benefits 56
5.5 Testing of Different Policy Incentives 58
6 Cost Benefit Analysis of Energy Storage using ESIT 59
6.1 Cost Benefit Analysis for Energy Storage System at Different Locations 59
6.2 Feeder Level Analysis 60
6.3 Distribution Transformer (DT) Level Analysis 63
6.4 Consumer Level Analysis 64
7 Energy Storage Roadmap for India – 2019, 2022, 2027 and 2032 67
7.1 Energy Storage for VRE Integration on MV/LV Grid 68
7.1.1 ESS Requirement for 40 GW RTPV Integration by 2022 68
7.2 Energy Storage for EHV Grid 83
7.3 Energy Storage for Electric Mobility 83
7.4 Energy Storage for Telecom Towers 84
7.5 Energy Storage for Data Centers UPS and Inverters 84
7.6 Energy Storage for DG Set Replacement 85
7.7 Energy Storage for Other > 1MW Applications 86
7.8 Consolidated Energy Storage Roadmap for India 86
8 Policy and Tariff Design Recommendations 87
8.1 Power Factor Correction 89
8.2 Energy Storage Roadmap for 40 GW RTPV Integration 92
8.3 Regulatory Changes and Suggestions to Maximize RTPV 92
8.4 Business Models for ESS Operations: Regulated and Non-Regulated Behind the
Meter Applications 98
Annexure 1- 175 GW RE: Status and Estimates 101
Annexure 1.1: RE Penetration in States as Percentage of Demand 101
Annexure 1.2: State and UT Wise Targets and Installed Capacities of Renewable Energy 102
Annexure 1.3: 175 GW Targets Year-Wise and Technology-Wise xiEnergy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Capacity Addition till 2022 103
Annexure 1.4: 175 GW Break-up of Targets 104
Annexure 1.5: 40 GW RTPV Break up of Targets 106
Annexure 1.6: List of Solar Parks Sanctioned under the Solar Park Scheme 108
Annexure 2- Load Flow Studies and Analysis of RTPV Integration 113
Annexure 2.1: Load Flow Analysis of Tata Power Delhi Distribution Limited (TPDDL)
Feeder 113
Annexure 2.2: Load Flow Analysis of UHBVN Feeder 124
Annexure 2.3: Load Flow Analysis of BESCOM Feeder 130
Annexure 2.4: Load Flow Analysis of APSPDCL Feeder 135
Annexure 2.5: Load Flow Analysis of CESC Feeder 145
Annexure 2.6: Load Flow Analysis of AEML Feeder 151
Annexure 3- State Wise ESS Estimations 2019-2032 155
Annexure 4- CYMDIST Library Files 177 xiiEnergy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
List of Figures
Figure 1: Installed Capacity 6
Figure 2: Year wise Rooftop Solar Targeted Capacity 7
Figure 3: Technical Issues Limiting VRE Hosting Capacity of Feeders 11
Figure 4: Classification of Energy Storage Technologies 15
Figure 5: Volumetric (Wh/L) and Gravimetric (Wh/kg) energy density for commercially
available battery technologies 18
Figure 6: Global and Indian Energy Storage Landscape 20
Figure 7: Global and Indian Energy Storage Landscape 20
Figure 8: Comparison of leading Energy Storage Technologies based on key performance parameters 21
Figure 9: Forecast of Estimated Levelized Capital Costs by Storage Technology and Type 23
Figure 10: 2019-2025 Energy Storage requirement, India 24
Figure 11: Storage as a Peaker Resource 26
Figure 12: Frequency Profile and Fluctuations of the Grid in India
(CERC-Technical Committee Report) 27
Figure 13: Single line diagram of TPDDL feeder 31
Figure 14: Impact of harmonics on the power system 34
Figure 15: Off Grid Inverter 35
Figure 16: Grid Connected Inverter 36
Figure 17: TPDDL Feeder - Load Flow Analysis 41
Figure 18: UHBVN Feeder Load Flow Analysis 42
Figure 19: BESCOM Feeder Load Flow Analysis 42
Figure 20: APSPDCL Feeder Load Flow Analysis 43
Figure 21: CESC Feeder Load Flow Analysis 43
Figure 22: AEML Feeder Load Flow Analysis 44
Figure 23: Load and Irradiance data dashboard 52
Figure 24: Feeder and Supply side Parameter 52
Figure 25: Storage Parameter Dashboard 53
Figure 26: Summary Tab of ESIT Model 54
Figure 27: Statistics Tab of ESIT 55
Figure 28: Financial Tab of ESIT 55
Figure 29: Cycles at Different Depth of Discharge 61
Figure 30: Different Benefits Captured Over Different Years 61
Figure 31: Increment of PF by Using Storage 62
Figure 32: Peak Shaving Operation 62
Figure 33: Economic Viability of the Project During Different Years 63
Figure 34: Break-up of Monetizable Benefits (INR) 64
Figure 35: Economic Feasibility of the Project 64
Figure 36: ESS requirement (as percentage of DT capacity) in Metro Saturated Scenario
with different solar PV penetration (IESA Analysis) 71
Figure 37: ESS required for different RTPV scenario at Metro Saturated Segment 71
Figure 38: ESS requirement (as percentage of DT capacity) in Metro Growing Scenario with
different solar PV penetration (IESA Analysis) 72
Figure 39: ESS required for different RTPV Scenario at Metro Growing Segment 72
Figure 40: Requirement of ESS in Peri- Urban Scenario with low solar PV penetration
(IESA Analysis) 73
Figure 41: ESS required for different RTPV Scenario at Peri-Urban Segment 74
Figure 42: Requirement in Rural with Low Solar PV Penetration (IESA Analysis) 75
Figure 43: ESS required for different RTPV Scenario in the Rural Segment 75 xiiiEnergy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Figure 44: Energy storage roadmap for India: Rooftop solar penetration and requirement
of energy storage 2019-22 76
Figure 45: Energy storage roadmap for India: Rooftop solar penetration and requirement
of energy storage 2022-27 78
Figure 46: Energy storage roadmap for India: Rooftop solar penetration and requirement
of energy storage 2027-32 80
Figure 47: Solar Injection at Unity Power Factor (Source: CES analysis) 89
Figure 48: Solar Injection at 0.95 Power Factor (Source: CES analysis) 90
Figure 49: India roadmap for solar and storage for concentrated penetration of solar PV 91
Figure 50: Global Horizontal Irradiance of India 93
Figure 51: India roadmap for solar and storage for distributed penetration of solar PV 97
Figure 52: RE penetration as percentage of generation and load 101
List of Tables
Table 1: RE Capacity region wise and total Target for 2022 (MW) 6
Table 2: Regulations for RTPV connection in India 7
Table 3: Energy Storage Projects in India (2017 - 2019) 14
Table 4: Performance Characteristics of Energy Storage Technologies 22
Table 5: Summary of PQ results found during load flow studies 32
Table 6: List of DISCOMs that participated in the study 37
Table 7: Different Monetizable and Non-Monetizable Benefits 57
Table 8: Assumptions Table for Analysing Feeder and DT Level Data 59
Table 9: Summary of Different Level Analysis 60
Table 10: Consumer Level Results 65
Table 11: Split of Distribution Network and Solar PV Penetration into Different Categories 69
Table 12: 40 GW Rooftop Target Split for Different Types of States 69
Table 13: Energy Storage Estimations for MV/LV Grid 82
Table 14: Energy Storage e-Mobility Applications (IESA Estimates) 83
Table 15: Energy Storage e-Mobility Applications (IESA Estimates) 83
Table 16: Energy Storage Telecom Applications (IESA Estimates) 84
Table 17: Energy Storage for Data Centres, UPS and Inverters Applications (IESA Estimates) 85
Table 18: Energy Storage DG Applications (IESA Estimates) 85
Table 19: Energy Storage Miscellaneous Applications (Railways, Rural Electrification,
and HVAC application) 86
Table 20: Consolidated Energy Storage Roadmap 86
Table 21: Components of Benefits of Energy Storage 88
Table 22: Savings on PF penalty 90 xivEnergy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032 xvEnergy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Abbreviations
AEML : Adani Energy Mumbai Limited
AGC : Automatic Generation Control
AGF : Advanced Grid Functions
APSPDCL : Andhra Pradesh Southern Power Distribution Company Limited
AT&C : Aggregate Technical & Commercial
BESCOM : Bangalore Electricity Supply Company Limited
BESS : Battery Energy Storage System
BMS : Battery Management System
BU : Billion Unit
CAES : Compressed Air Energy Storage
CBA : Cost-Benefit Analysis
CEA : Central Electricity Authority
CERC : Central Electricity Regulatory Commission
CESC : Calcutta Electricity Supply Company
C&I : Commercial & Industrial
DISCOM : Distribution Company
DoD : Depth of Discharge
DG : Diesel Generator
DR : Demand Response
DSM : Demand Side Management
DT : Distribution Transformer
EHV : Extra High-Voltage
ESCO : Energy Service Company
ESIT : Energy Storage India Tool
ESS : Energy Storage System xviEnergy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
EV : Electric Vehicle
E2W : Electric 2-Wheelers
E3W : Electric 3-Wheelers
FRAS : Fast Response Ancillary Service
GCF : Green Climate Fund
GDP : Gross Domestic Product
GW : Gigawatt
HVAC : Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning
HT : High Tension
ICE : Internal Combustion Engine
IESA : India Energy Storage Alliance
IEGC : Indian Electricity Grid Code
IRR : Internal Rate of Return
ISGF : India Smart Grid Forum
INDC : Intended Nationally Determined Contribution
JNNSM : Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission
kVA : Kilovolt Ampere
kW : Kilowatt
kWh : Kilowatt–Hour
kWp : Kilowatt peak
LA : Lead Acid
LCOS : Levelized Cost of Energy Storage
LFC : Load Frequency Control
LFP : Lithium Iron Phosphate
LiB : Lithium-ion Battery
LT : Low Tension
LV : Low Voltage
MNRE : Ministry of New and Renewable Energy
MoP : Ministry of Power
MSP : Meter Service Provider xviiEnergy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
MV : Medium Voltage
MW : Megawatt
MWh : Megawatt-Hour
NBFI : Non Banking Financial Institution
NEP : National Electricity Plan
NESM : National Energy Storage Mission
NLC : Neyveli Lignite Corporation
NMC : Nickel Manganese Cobalt
NPV : Net Present Value
NREL : National Renewable Energy Laboratory
NTPC : National Thermal Power Corporation Limited
PCC : Point of Common Coupling
PCS : Power Conversion System
PF : Power Factor
PHS : Pumped Hydro Storage
PGCIL : Power Grid Corporation of India Limited
POSOCO : Power System Operation Corporation
PQ : Power Quality
RE : Renewable Energy
RMI : Rocky Mountain Institute
RTPV : Rooftop Photo Voltaic
SAPF : Shunt Active Power Filter
SCS : Supervisory Control System
SECI : Solar Energy Corporation of India
SHP : Small Hydro Plant
SMI : Smart Micro Inverters
SoC : State of Charge
SoH : State of Health
T&D : Transmission and Distribution
ToD : Time of Day xviiiEnergy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
TPDDL : Tata Power Delhi Distribution Limited
THD : Total Harmonic Distortion
UHBVN : Uttar Haryana Bijli Vitran Nigam Limited
UT : Union Territory
VRE : Variable Renewable Energy
VRLA : Valve Regulated Lead Acid
V2G : Vehicle to Grid
VGI : Vehicle Grid Integration
VSI : Voltage Source Inverter xixEnergy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Executive Summary
Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India 2019-32
Energy Storage System (ESS) is fast emerging as
an essential part of the evolving clean energy
systems of the 21st century. Energy storage
represents a huge economic opportunity for
India. Ambitious goals, concerted strategies,
and a collaborative approach could help India
meet its emission reduction targets while
avoiding import dependency for battery packs
and cells. This could help establish India as a hub
for cutting-edge research and innovation, boost
its manufacturing capabilities, create new jobs,
and foster economic growth. India’s strengths in
IT and manufacturing, its entrepreneurial and
dynamic private sector, and its visionary public
and private sector leadership will be key factors
in realizing these ambitions. Creation of a
conducive battery manufacturing ecosystem on
fast track could cement India’s opportunity for
radical economic and industrial transformation
in a critical and fast-growing global market.
India is committed to reducing emission
intensity up to 33-35% from the 2005 level by
2030 and set the target of 40% non-fossil fuel
based electricity generation in the energy mix.
This requires radical measures to scale up the
share of renewable energy (RE) besides the
ongoing program of 175 GW RE by 2022. The
new targets for RE by 2030 could be in the order
of 350 to 500 GW. Integration of such massive
amounts of RE which are intermittent and
distributed in the power system pose serious
challenges to grid operations. Studies and
analysis show that extra flexibility investments
in the Indian grid are needed on fast track for
managing the RE resources efficiently. Energy
storage is going to play critical role in grid
integration and management of RE as the share
of RE in the grid increases. India Smart Grid
Forum (ISGF) pioneered the effort to prepare an
Energy Storage System Roadmap for India for
the period 2019 to 2032 (till 15th Five Year Plan
period) with the primary objective of estimating
the ESS requirements for grid support for
integration of RE into the grid – both at extra
high voltage transmission grid where large solar
and wind farms are connected; as well as at
medium voltage and low voltage distribution
grid where rooftop solar panels and other
small size RE resources are connected. In this
important task, ISGF partnered with India
Energy Storage Alliance (IESA) and the project
was supported through a grant by MacArthur
Foundation, USA. This exercise of preparation
of the ESS Roadmap included modelling studies
of the electric grid with different levels of
penetration of RE. The key project outputs are:
i. Energy Storage Roadmap for India for
2019-2022, 2022-2027 and 2027-2032
ii. Energy Storage India Tool (ESIT), a tool for
conducting cost benefit analysis of different
ESS technologies for different applications
iii. Guidelines for assessing the hosting
capacity of rooftop solar PV (RTPV) on low
voltage distribution lines
We have examined different ESS technologies
such as batteries, super capacitors,
compressed air energy storage system
(CAES), fly wheels, pumped hydro storage
(PHS) plants, etc with regard to technology
maturity and price trajectory. However, the
fast pace of developments taking place in the
battery technologies and the consequent price
competitiveness have put batteries as the first xxEnergy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
choice for most applications. Few PHS plants in
India (cumulative capacity: 5.7GW) have been
identified long time back, but these projects
have not made any progress in the past two
decades owing to variety of issues. Hence, the
PHS plants are not considered in this report.
New form of gravity storage involving large
blocks of concrete/stones is still in its infancy
and not sure of achieving commercial viability
before 2032; and hence, not considered in
these estimates. Super capacitors, fly wheels
and compressed air energy storage are far more
expensive than the latest range of lithium-
ion batteries (LiB) and those technologies
have their own limitations with regard to size,
location, energy density and maximum hours
of operation etc. making them less attractive
compared to LiBs.
Table below presents the ESS requirement for
medium voltage (MV)/low voltage (LV) grid
support based on estimated penetration of
solar PV (both ground mounted and rooftop)
likely to be connected to the MV and LV grid.
Energy Storage Estimations for MV/LV Grid (MWh)
Estimates2019 2022 2027 2032
Generation (GW)
Thermal209 NA NA NA
Hydro43 NA NA NA
Nuclear6 NA NA NA
Solar26 107 244 349
Ground Mounted Solar24 68 148 206
RTPV1.5 40 98 144
Connected to EHV14 34 66 94
Connected to MV11 35 84 112
Connected to LV2 40 98 144
Wind35 NA NA NA
Small Hydro4.5 NA NA NA
Biomass & Biopower10 NA NA NA
Peak Load (GW)192 333 479 658
Energy (BUs)
Annual Energy Requirements 1192 1905 2710 3710
Storage Recommended (MWh)
Battery for LV Grid241 5908 14617 21484
Battery for MV Grid1054 3482 8393 11191
Total Storage (MWh) 1295 9390 23010 32675
Approximate (GWh)1 GWh 10 GWh 24 GWh 33 GWh
Note: Peak Load and Annual Energy
Requirements are taken from CEA Estimates
(18th Electric Power Survey). In congruence
with the RE target of 175 GW by 2022, the
calculations were done on the basis of 100 GW
Solar, out of which 40 GW is RTPV, 20 GW is
medium size installations and 40 GW is from
large solar parks. Similarly, for 2027 and 2032,
the ratio of RTPV were taken in accordance
with the 2022 targets constituting of 40%
RTPV of the total solar installed capacity.
All the values for 2027 and 2032 have been
forecasted using the best available data in
public domain. xxiEnergy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
During the course of this project, electric
vehicles (EVs) have assumed high priority
in the country. In the recent years, several
large cities in India have emerged as the most
polluted cities in the world and a significant
share of the air pollution is coming from the
automobiles. In order to address this serious
problem in a holistic manner, Government of
India (GoI) has launched a national mission in
March 2019, the “Transformative Mobility and
Energy Storage Mission”. Constantly declining
cost of LiBs coupled with their performance
improvements and rapid innovations in the EV
domain is expected to make EVs competitive
in the near term in all categories: 2 Wheelers,
3 Wheelers, Cars, Buses and Goods
Carriers. GoI is committed to develop the
complete ecosystem around EVs including
manufacturing of batteries and all other
components domestically. The expected
requirements of batteries for EVs is much
higher than that for grid support and hence a
national roadmap for ESS without incorporating
the demand for the largest sector would look
incomplete. From that perspective, we enlarged
the scope of the report by including ESS demand
from different sectors based on best estimates
and data available in the public domain.
Regarding ESS requirements for extra high
voltage (EHV) transmission grid for integration
of large solar and wind farms, no detailed
studies have been undertaken to estimate the
demand beyond 2022. The study made by Power
Grid Corporation of India (POWERGRID) in
2013 for the Green Corridor Report suggested
500 MWh of ESS for integration of 31 GW of
RE. The RE targets have multiplied more than
5 times to 160 GW (solar and wind) by 2022 and
will further increase drastically by 2032. The
estimates in this report for EHV Grid support
is best estimates by IESA. The consolidated
estimates of ESS from different sectors for the
period 2019-2022, 2022 to 2027 and 2027 to 2032
are presented in the table below:
Consolidated Energy Storage Roadmap
Consolidated Energy Storage Roadmap
ApplicationsEnergy Storage (GWh)
2019-
2022
2022-
2027
2027-
2032
Total by
2032
Stationary Storage
Grid
Support
MV/LV10 24 33 67
EHV7 38 97 142
Telecom Towers25 51 78 154
Data Centres, UPS and Inverters 80 160 234 474
Miscellaneous Applications (Railways,
Rural Electrification, HVAC application)
16 45 90 151
DG Usage Minimization- 4 11 14
Total Stationary (GWh)138 322 543 1,002
Electric
Vehicles
E2W4 51 441 496
E3W26 43 67 136
E4W8 102 615 725
Electric Bus2 11 44 57
Total Electric Vehicles (GWh)40 207 1,167 1,414
Total Energy Storage Demand (GWh)178 529 1710 2416 xxiiEnergy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
While the total requirements of ESS for grid
support is 17 GWh by 2022, that for e-Mobility is
40 GWh and total from all sectors is 178.5 GWh
by 2022. Depending upon the overall economic
growth and development of the infrastructure
sectors, this could be certainly above 100 GWh.
Most of these are likely to be imported. The
cumulative demand of ESS by 2032 estimated is
in excess of 2700 GWh which is a strong case for
setting up of giga-scale battery manufacturing
plants in India on fast track.
This report's intended audiences are investors,
developers, utility planners, policy makers in
the power industry and others who want to
know the significant role that energy storage is
likely to play in the future's smart grid.
Chapter 1 provides the background of energy
storage purpose, scope and approach of study.
Chapter 2 introduces the various types of
energy storage technologies such as mechanical,
electrochemical, thermal and electrical etc. In
addition, some case studies – the ongoing large-
scale energy storage projects in India are covered.
Chapter 3 presents the study of integration
of 40 GW of RTPV which will be connected
to the distribution grid (MV/LV) and its
stabilization and optimization requirements.
The characteristics of renewable energy that
require energy storage as the penetration of
renewable energy rises are described. Other
than the obvious concerns related to mismatch
of renewable energy production compared
to load, there are issues related to lower grid
inertia and lower spinning reserves during
times of high renewable energy production.
Energy storage is a solution for addressing these
concerns.
Chapter 4 is discussing about the observations
and results of the load flow studies done on
MV/LV distribution networks in six states in
India. The issues and impact of RTPV faced
by utilities pan-India varies according to their
geographical locations and MV/LV network
topologies. In order to analyze the details of the
MV/LV network, six distribution utilities were
selected to conduct a detailed load flow analysis
of distribution feeders. A CYMDIST Library has
been created for estimating the RTPV hosting
capacity of low voltage feeders. This library of
files are listed in Appendix 4 which opens only
with CYMDIST modelling software. Majority of
the distribution utilities in India use CYMDIST
for their power system modelling and hence
can take advantage of this library.
Chapter 5 presents the Energy Storage India
Tool (ESIT) developed as a part of this project.
The basic function of this tool is to take network
load data and optimize the energy storage
capacity. This tool is capable of conducting cost
benefit analysis for different ESS technologies
for different grid applications. The value streams
captured by ESIT include both monetizable
benefits and non-monetizable benefits.
Chapter 6 deals with energy storage projects
cost-benefit analysis. The tool outlined in
chapter 5 has the ability to comprehend the
techno-commercial advantages of using a
storage at a specific place through various cost
advantages, it can make use of the network at a
specific stage. The instrument does not analyze
voltage drop, voltage fluctuations and many
such parameters of load flow.
Chapter 7 presents the estimated ESS
requirements in India for the periods 2019-22,
2022-27 and 2027-32 for different applications.
The roadmap has been prepared using separate
projections for different ESS applications: RTPV
Integration on MV/LV Grid, EHV Grid, e-Mobility,
Telecom Towers, Data Centres, UPS and Inverters,
DG Replacement and other > 1 MW applications.
Chapter 8 covers the policy support required for
energy storage projects. Best practices for policy
including setting tariff for each of the services
provided by energy storage, incorporating energy
storage in an energy master plan, incentivizing
development of energy storage and distributed
renewable energy, and support for pilot projects. 1Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
1.1 Purpose of the Study
At COP 21 in Paris in 2015, India made a
commitment of meeting 40% of its electricity
generation from non-fossil fuels by 2030.
This bold commitment requires a host of new
technologies. The 175 GW of renewable energy
target by 2022 needs to be augmented with
much larger capacity as well as new policies and
programs towards low carbon development
in the power and transport sectors. The
integration of distributed generation resources
on the low voltage grid require the support of
active demand response and energy storage
systems to maintain grid stability. In a fast-
changing technological environment, it is
important to have a clear vision of priorities
and needed actions to realize the full benefits
of energy storage to help in accelerating the
deployment of renewable energy technologies.
The scope of this study for ESS Roadmap is
presented below:
As an outcome of this detailed study we have
prepared an Energy Storage System (ESS)
Roadmap for India for the period 2019-2032
that will help policy makers and utilities in
decision making related to investments in
energy storage for integration of renewable
energy leading to a reliable and low carbon
grid in India. India is poised to increase its
wind and solar power generation to 160 GW
by 2022 and plan to expand this further so
that the non-fossil-based energy consumption
Introduction and Background
1
MV-LV grid
stabilization and
optimization
to allow 40 GW
RTPV deployment
by 2022 and much
larger quantities
in the following
years
Detailed study to
cover storage, DR and
EV integration as a
potential solutions for
addressing intermittency
of RTPV. Develop techno
commercial viability
framework, identify
potential tariff structures
Estimation of
grid connected
energy storage
and its location,
in each state
considering RE
adoption
Cost Benefit
Analysis (CBA),
of different
storage
technologies
for different
applications
ESS roadmap,
for different
applications
for deployment
of storage
Assess economic
impact of
proposed energy
storage solutions
Prepare a solution for
renewable integration for grid
stability covering issues faced
by electricity distribution
companies (DISCOMs).
Evaluate existing policy
framework under deviation
settlement mechanism and
need for additional solutions
01030507
020406 2Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
will account for 40% by 2030. The increased
capacity addition of Variable Renewable
Energy (VRE) resources in the recent years has
already emphasized the need for grid flexibility
to accommodate its inherent intermittency.
RTPV will contribute to a significant share of
the VRE plan with a target of 40 GW by 2022.
RTPV capacities have already been doubling
year on year driven by robust policies coupled
with declining cost of PV panels and increasing
utility tariffs. The increased penetration of
distributed energy sources, particularly solar
PV and small wind turbines is affecting grid
stability on the medium and low voltage
distribution network. The uncertainty of
generation from VRE resources because of its
intermittency affect the energy planning of
utilities. The anticipated penetration of Electric
Vehicles (EV) with a national vision of “100%
electrification of transportation by 2030” will
further affect the grid stability. ESS is one of
the key solutions to address the grid stability
as well as to smoothen the output from RTPV.
The grid stability is a growing concern for
DISCOMs in recent times and the DISCOMs
are seeking technical and policy measures
to sustain the uptake of VRE resources. ESS
coupled with Demand Response (DR) and
Vehicle Grid Integration (VGI) will add flexibility
to the grid. Pilot projects with ESS are being
studied by Power Grid Corporation of India
Ltd (POWERGRID). However, there is a clear
lack of guiding principles in helping DISCOMs
in deciding the right technology and solutions
to adopt ESS as they continue to evolve. The
increasing share of solar power generation that
is non-synchronous is reducing the inertia of
the grid which is vital for the grid stability. There
is an increasing tendency to adopt batteries as
ESS owing to its declining cost but batteries are
failing to support the grid with inertia. Other
ESS such as Compressed Air Energy Storage
(CAES) and flywheels could add inertia to the
grid.
This study assessed different ESS technologies
and prepared this roadmap. This report will
help utilities choose the right ESS technology
for solving VRE integration issues both at the
transmission and distribution levels considering
various scenarios of penetration of VRE in the
grid. Cost of several ESS technologies have been
constantly on the decline in the past few years,
but it is only Lithium-ion batteries have reached
the inflexion point of becoming commercially
viable for grid applications. A large market like
India embarking on adoption of ESS in a big
way with a clear roadmap would send the right
signals to the industry to invest in local capacity
which will help reduce the cost of ESS.
Energy storage requirement needs to be
assessed by evaluating the various scenarios of
VRE penetration as outlined in various studies
in India including NREL’s “Greening the Grid
1
”
report which concluded that integration of
160 GW of solar/wind capacity is possible.
NREL study evaluated the system feasibility
at transmission grid level and considered
various scenarios for VRE penetration. A study
undertaken by Indo-German Energy Forum
and GIZ evaluated the need for dedicated
transmission corridors to evacuate VRE. A
comprehensive study on evaluating the impact
of large scale VRE penetration along with EVs
has not been undertaken so far in India. This
study undertook comprehensive analysis of the
distribution grid level issues and formulated
this roadmap to address them by enhancing
grid flexibility through ESS.
This study involved following steps:
l Assessment of ESS solutions for Medium
Voltage (MV) and Low Voltage (LV) grid
stabilization and optimization to facilitate
40 GW RTPV deployment by 2022 and much
larger quantities in the following years and
prepare an effective solutions portfolio for
VRE integration for grid stability
l Study of different ESS technologies and its
effectiveness when deployed in tandem
with other applications such as demand
response (DR) and vehicle grid integration
1
https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy17osti/68530.pdf 3Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
(VGI) for enhancing the flexibility of the grid
to accommodate VRE resources
l Detailed techno-commercial evaluation of
different ESS technologies and its viability
in the Indian context and prepared a
guiding document that Indian utilities and
decision makers can leverage for choosing
ESS solutions
l Estimation of grid connected ESS and its
locations for different ESS technologies in
each state considering VRE penetration
trends
l Prepared guidelines for determining the
VRE hosting capacity on LV and MV feeders
l Prepared the Energy Storage Systems
Roadmap for India and an Energy Storage
India Tool which governments, regulators
and utilities can adopt and use
Key activities undertaken are:
l Review of existing studies as well as ground
research to assess preparedness of Indian
grid for adoption of 40 GW RTPV and other
VRE resources
l Identification of potential technical issues
and grid interconnection challenges that
needs to be addressed for enabling VRE
integration in distribution grid
l Mapping of ESS technologies and
other solutions to meet the functional
requirements of the grid including active
and reactive power compensations
l Studied the impact of EVs on the grid which
can serve both as load as well as energy
source through VGI applications
l Built network models of the distribution grid
in 6 states using CYMDIST modelling tool
and conducted load-flow studies to assess
the hosting capacity for different scenarios
of VRE penetration with ESS support and
other flexibility solutions
l Developed an Energy Storage India Tool
(ESIT), a techno-commercial evaluation
framework to assess the viability of various
ESS technologies to address intermittency
of VRE resources
l Based on the expected VRE deployment
targets in various states and utilities,
developed capacity requirements for ESS
under different scenarios in VRE rich states
and other regions in India
l Developed a detailed Energy Storage
Roadmap for India for deployment of
different ESS technologies with timelines
under various scenarios of VRE and EV
penetrations
l Identified suitable locations for deployment
of ESS projects owned by utility/service
provider/community
l Evaluation of existing and emerging ESS
technologies and its deployment under
current tariff framework and evaluate
potential tariff structures that can provide
incentives for utilities, service providers and
customers to deploy ESS
l Identified barriers that are preventing
deployment of ESS and additional value
streams that need to be developed
l Tested various combinations of ESS and
other flexibility solutions and prepared
guidelines for determining the VRE hosting
capacity of distribution grids
This approach for preparation of the roadmap
encompassed the evaluation of technical,
commercial and regulatory challenges in India
for adoption of large scale VRE resources. The
activities followed a bottom - up approach that
started with identification of grid integration
challenges at distribution level. A scenario
analysis has been performed to evaluate the
anticipated penetration of distributed energy
generation in the grid based on the current
installation capacities and projected targets.
Government policies and study forecasts
from relevant agencies like MNRE, CEA,
POSOCO (National Power System Operator),
POWERGRID and state utilities have been taken
into consideration for this study. The analysis
have led to identification of the various grid
interconnection challenges and identification
of utilities/locations where the problems are
likely to be severe.
The technical side of evaluation covered
review of various energy storage technologies 4Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
available. The analysis will help identify the
right ESS technology for different durations
of storage applications in VRE firming, peak
time shifting, frequency regulation etc. The
ESIT is developed on the proprietary platform
CoMETS (Competitive Market Evaluation Tool
for Storage) developed by India Energy Storage
Alliance (IESA) and their associates. The utilities
and other stakeholders will be given access
to the ESIT which can be used to appraise the
operational feasibility and economic viability
of ESS projects. Following features are included
in ESIT:
l Techno-commercial evaluation of ESS
projects
l Consideration of multiple use cases
l Evaluation of monetizable and non-
monetizable benefits
l Testing of different policy incentives
ESIT can evaluate multiple storage technologies
for the given application/use case. The tool will
not only provide financials of the energy storage
but will also provide key statistics in terms of
charge-discharge cycles and energy throughput
which can be utilized to assess the degradation
of storage capacity.
The potential outcomes of this ESS Roadmap are
aimed to benefit central and state governments,
and all the electricity transmission and
distribution companies. This ESS Roadmap
will provide utilities on assessment of their
preparedness for expanding VRE resources
and EV penetration and possible integration
challenges. The Roadmap will also benefit all
producers of VRE as the integration and power
evacuation challenges of VRE will be effectively
addressed through the ESS solutions. At a higher
level, the Roadmap will provide a long-term ESS
procurement strategy for utilities, regulators and
policy makers.
1.2 Indian Imperative
1.2.1 India’s National Commitment to
Reduce Green House Gas Emission
India is facing challenges to sustain its speedy
economic growth and on the same front,
dealing with global threat of climate change.
Keeping in mind its development agenda and
commitment to low carbon growth, India
has communicated its Intended Nationally
Determined Contribution (INDC) in response
to COP (Conference of Parties) decisions
1/CP.19 and 1/CP.20 for the period 2021 to 2030,
which will directly or indirectly lead to reduced
GHG emissions
2
. The key points are:
l During COP 2009 at Copenhagen, Denmark,
voluntary commitment is made to reduce
emission by 20 to 25% by 2020 from 2005 levels
l Launched Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar
Mission (JNNSM) with a target of 20 GW of
grid connected solar power by 2020 which
has been enhanced in 2015 to 100 GW by
2022
l At COP21 at Paris, India INDC commitments
are:
n To adopt a climate friendly and a cleaner
path than the one followed hitherto
by others at corresponding level of
economic development
n To reduce the emissions intensity
33 to 35% by 2030 from 2005 level
n To achieve about 40% cumulative
electric power installed capacity from
non-fossil fuel-based energy resources
by 2030 with the help of transfer of
technology and low-cost finance from
international institutions including
Green Climate Fund (GCF)
n To create an additional carbon sink of
2.5 to 3 billion tonnes of CO
2
equivalent
through additional forest and tree cover
by 2030
2
https://www.ise.fraunhofer.de/content/dam/ise/en/
documents/publications/studies/recent-facts-about-
photovoltaics-in-germany.pdf 5Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
1.2.2 Initiatives by Various
Government Agencies
In February 2018, an expert committee under
the chairmanship of Secretary, Ministry of
New and Renewable Energy (MNRE), with
representatives from relevant ministries,
industry associations, research institutions
and subject matter experts was constituted
by the MNRE to prepare draft proposal for
setting up National Energy Storage Mission
(NESM) for India. This expert committee has
prepared the draft NESM with objective to
strive for leadership in energy storage domain
by creating an enabling policy and regulatory
framework that encourages manufacturing,
deployment, innovation and further cost
reduction. NITI Aayog and Rocky Mountain
Institute’s (RMI) joint report on India’s energy
storage mission has proposed three stage
solution approach i.e. creating an environment
for battery manufacturing, growth and scaling
up supply chain strategies and scaling of
battery cell manufacturing. Energy Storage is
one of the most crucial and critical components
of India’s energy infrastructure strategy and
also for supporting India’s sustained thrust to
renewables.
3
1.2.3 Details of 175 GW Renewable
Energy Target by 2022
3
http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=181698
Key areas for Energy Storage
applications
l Integrating renewable energy with
transmission grids and distribution
grids
l Setting up rural micro grids with
diversified loads or stand-alone
systems
l Developing storage component for
electric mobility plans
Introducing new,
more efficient
and cleaner
technologies in
thermal power
generation
Promoting
renewable energy
generation and
increasing the share
of alternative fuels
in overall fuel mix
Full
implementation
of Green India
Mission and other
programmes of
afforestation
Planning and
implementation of
actions to enhance
climate resilience and
reduce vulnerability
to climate change
01020304
In order to achieve the above targets, India has launched new initiatives in the following
priority areas:
175 GW RE Program
l Solar : 100 GW- (60 GW from ground-
mount and 40 GW from rooftop)
l Wind : 60 GW
l Small Hydro : 5 GW
l Bioenergy : 10 GW
The Government of India has ambitious plans
to scale up renewable energy in a cost-effective
ways to integrate ever increasing quantum
of renewables with the power system. India’s
estimated potential for electricity generation
from renewables is 900 GW. The present target
is 175 GW by 2022. 6Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Out of 100 GW solar target, 40 GW is estimated
from RTPV while remaining 60 GW is from
4
Billion Units – 1 Unit being 1 KWh, 1 BU is Terra Watt – hour
(TWh)
5
https://solarrooftop.gov.in/notification/Notification-24012017.pdf
ground-mounted, grid-connected medium and
large solar projects.
Table 1:
RE Capacity region wise and total Target for 2022 (MW)
State Solar Wind Small
Hydro
Plants
(SHP)
Biomass
and
Biopower
Total RE
Target
2022
(MW)
Installed
Capacity
(MW)
(April
2019)
Northern Region 31119 8600 2450 4149 46318 14842
Western Region 28410 22600 125 2875 54010 23305
Southern Region 26531 28200 1675 2612 59018 39080
Eastern Region 12237 0 135 244 12616 1444
North Eastern Region 1206 0 615 0 1821 1444
All India Total 99,534 60,000 5,000 10,0001,74,534 80,115
Source: MNRE
If the target of 175 GW by 2022 is achieved, it
would contribute to achieving 19.44% of the
total RE potential of 900 GW and about 20.3% of
electricity in the total demand. This would mean
generation of around 327 BU
4
of electricity (162
BU from solar, 112 BU from wind, 38 BU from
biomass, 15 BU from SHP).
With the accomplishment of this ambitious
target, India will become one of the largest
green energy producers in the world, even
surpassing several developed countries. The
share of renewable energy in overall installed
capacity in the country is given Figure 1.
1.2.4 Breakdown of 40 GW Rooftop
Solar PV (RTPV)
Solar is one of the fast growing and talked
about energy generation technologies globally.
Increasing awareness of climate change, energy
security needs, incentives from government,
decline in list of solar panels and emergence
of new and innovative business models
are some of the prime drivers for the large-
scale development and deployment of solar
energy systems.
Rooftop Solar (RTPV) Program by
Government of India
Government of India has taken ambitious
targets of 100,000 MW of solar power by 2022 out
of which 40,000 MW is to be achieved through
Rooftop Solar (RTPV) power plants as per the
clean climate commitments. The year wise
rooftop solar targeted capacity (MW) addition
during 2016-2022 is shown in Figure 2.
5
Figure 1:
Installed Capacity
Thermal
Nuclear
Hydro
Renewable
Source: MNRE 7Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
1.2.5 Regulatory Landscape by States/
Governments in Promoting Rooftop
Solar PV (RTPV)
In comparison to other countries, India’s
renewable energy targets in total are ambitious,
but not overly so. However, what is different
from the other countries is the projected
speed of development. India is looking at a
huge capacity increase within a very short
time frame without much experience in the
sector. That does not mean that the targets are
unrealistic, as installation cost has dropped,
there is considerable investor interest. It
simply indicates that development (including
revisions of regulations and incentives) and
the studies that go with it has to be kick-started
very quickly to reach the official targets. Net
metering policies are in effect in all states and
Union Territories (UTs) in India.
Figure 2:
Year wise Rooftop Solar Targeted Capacity
Year Wise RTPV Targets (MW)
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 2021-22
Table 2:
Regulations for RTPV connection in India
State or Union
Territory
RTPV Limit for Individual
Customers
Installed Capacity Limit as % of DT capacity
Andaman and
Nicobar Islands (UT)
<500 kWp50% of DT capacity
Andhra Pradesh Not Specified60% of DT capacity
Arunachal Pradesh<1000 kWp15% of DT capacity
Assam40% of contracted load, 2016, 80%
of contracted load of Individual,
2017 draft
Specified by commission from time to time, 2015, 20% of
DT capacity
Bihar<Sanctioned load15% of DT capacity
Chandigarh (UT) <500 kWp: 80% of the sanctioned
load
50% of DT capacity
Chhattisgarh Not Specified
Dadra and Nagar
Haveli (UT)
<500 kWp50% of DT capacity
Daman and Diu (UT)<500 kWp50% of DT capacity
Source: MNRE 8Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
State or Union
Territory
RTPV Limit for Individual
Customers
Installed Capacity Limit as % of DT capacity
DelhiNo limit specified (depends on
feasibility)
Not less than 20% of DT capacity
Goa<500 kWp50% of DT capacity
Gujarat <50% of the sanctioned load 65% of DT capacity
Haryana <Connected load30% of DT capacity in case of interconnection is at
LT and 15% of the peak capacity of the PT in case of
interconnection is at HT
Himachal Pradesh <80% of the sanctioned contract
demand for consumers under two-
part tariff <30% of the sanctioned
connected load for consumers
under single part tariff
30% of DT capacity
Jammu and Kashmir<50% of the sanctioned load of the
consumer
20% of DT capacity
Jharkhand <100% contracted load 15% of DT capacity
Karnataka <100% contracted load 80% of DT capacity
Kerala<100% contracted load For generation at LT: 15% of DT capacity. For generation
at HT: Cumulative capacity connected to the
distribution feeder under a particular power transformer
is less than 80% of the average load as in the previous
one year
Lakshadweep (UT) <500 kWp30% of DT capacity
Madhya Pradesh <1MWp at HT30% of DT capacity
Maharashtra <100% contracted load 40% of DT capacity, allowed to exceed upon detailed
load study
Manipur <100% contracted load 40% of DT capacity
Meghalaya <100% contracted load 15% of DT capacity
Mizoram <100% contracted load 40% of DT capacity
Nagaland <80% of the sanctioned load 15% of DT capacity
OdishaNot Specified75% of DT capacity
Puducherry (UT) <500 kWp50% of DT capacity
Punjab80% of the sanctioned load 30% of DT capacity
Rajasthan 80% of the sanctioned load 30% of DT capacity
Sikkim<100% contracted load For generation at LT: 15% of DT capacity. For generation
at HT: Cumulative capacity connected to the
distribution feeder under a particular power transformer
is less than 80% of the average load as in the previous
one year
Tamil Nadu <100% contracted load 30% of DT capacity
Telangana For Residential and Government
consumers: up to a maximum of
100% of the consumer’s sanctioned
load; For Industrial, Commercial
and Other Consumers: up to a
maximum of 80% of the sanctioned
load/contracted demand of the
consumer
For LT consumers, 50% of DT capacity. For HT
consumers, 50% of the maximum load permitted on the
feeder, allowed to exceed upon detailed load study 9Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
1.3 Scope of Study
1.3.1 Study of Different ESS
Technologies and its Effectiveness
in Indian Context: Detailed Techno-
Commercial Evaluation and Guiding
Document for Choosing ESS Solutions
This study has undertaken detailed analysis of
ESS to integrate 40 GW of RTPV. Achieving RTPV
targets with inflexible low voltage and medium
voltage grid will have its own challenges.
However, with a little planning and defining
right feeders which can take higher penetration
of RTPV, a lot of challenges can be tackled.
Germany on its way to 45.9 GW solar PV by end
of 2018, had 98% of the capacity connected to
distribution grid.
6
As the grid was seeing effects
of high solar PV penetration in distribution
grid in Germany, many interventions had to be
made like derating of generation below 10 kW
to 70% of the rated capacity, firmware upgrade
of over 10 GW of inverters to respond to new
grid codes, which had budget implications of
over
300 million on the country and lastly
introduction of smart inverters. It is understood
that one out of two houses which have installed
RTPV in Germany in Q1 of 2019, have also
installed energy storage. A similar story can be
witnessed in India on its way to 40 GW RTPV
installations and beyond.
For different utilities, feeder and DT capacity
are fixed. Excess solar generation may feed
back to the DT and causes failure of Feeder.
Thus, it is recommended to know the optimal
size of energy storage before any installation. In
some cases, rooftop solar may not be feasible
from economic standpoint, but installation
of storage can make the RTPV installation
feasible. Keeping these ideas in mind, Energy
Storage India Tool (ESIT) has been developed
particularly for India. The basic function of this
tool is to take network load data and optimize
the requirement for flexible assets like smart
inverters and BESS. This tool is well versed
with distribution feeder and customer level
analysis. For a given input related to site and
parameter of a particular project, this tool has
the capability to give value benefits discussed
in Chapter 5.
Using ESIT tool, the requirement for ESS
was determined for rooftop PV integration,
which can capture many of the network issues
like power quality, peak load management,
distribution asset deferral apart from capturing
behind-the-meter benefits like electricity
savings through ToD tariff and diesel usage
optimization for back-up power.
After splitting the RTPV targets across states,
customer feeders, the study has segregated
RTPV installations into 12 categories, and for
each category energy storage requirement has
been evaluated based on low and high feeder
penetration of RTPV. As found out through the
analysis in this study, the storage requirement
for base case scenario will be around 9.4 GWh.
In majority of these categories of RTPV, across
period of 2020-2025, adding energy storage
State or Union
Territory
RTPV Limit for Individual
Customers
Installed Capacity Limit as % of DT capacity
Tripura <100% contracted load 15% of DT capacity, allowed to exceed upon detailed
load study
Uttar Pradesh <100% contracted load 75% of DT capacity
Uttarakhand <50015% of DT capacity, issue raised to increase this value
West Bengal >5 kW, injection shall not be more
than 90% of the consumption from
the licensee’s supply in a year
Not Specified
6
https://www.ise.fraunhofer.de/content/dam/ise/en/
documents/publications/studies/recent-facts-about-
photovoltaics-in-germany.pdf 10Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
is making sense commercially, as it is able to
capture multiple value benefits namely:
l Distribution grid upgrade deferral
l Power factor correction
l Electricity savings
l Diesel optimization/Penalty savings (as there
is a likelihood of distribution companies
getting penalized for reliability issues)
However, only LiB technologies
7
like Lithium
Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (NMC) and
Lithium-ion Iron Phosphate (LFP) are making
commercial sense as they are available at
competitive prices in the Indian market along
with promising warranties and performance
parameters.
1.3.2 Hosting Capacity of Variable
Renewable Energy (VRE) on MV/LV
Feeders
RTPV hosting capacity is the total PV power
that can be accommodated on a given feeder
without any adverse impacts. Distributed solar
PV generation has begun to impact distribution
systems. The impact is unique to individual
distribution feeders and is based on certain
or all issues ranging from voltage, loading,
power quality, protection, and control. The
impact of distributed PV will have on a specific
distribution feeder can only be determined with
knowledge of the characteristics of feeder. These
characteristics include but are not limited to
load, voltage, regulation, and impedance. The
hosting capacity of a feeder depends on certain
key factors such as:
The key requirements to determine the hosting
capacity are the distribution characteristics
such as voltage response, short-circuit
response, locational information, accurate
feeder models and the PV characteristics such
as location and size.
1.3.3 Technical Issues and Challenges
Over the years, significant steps have been
made towards promoting the use of renewable
energy sources and the integration of such
resources with the electricity grids. Nevertheless,
interconnection of VRE to the network, especially
at high penetration levels, raises important
technical issues. In order to mitigate implications
from the high penetration of VRE, utilities have
established evaluation methodologies based on
technical criteria including the thermal ratings of
network components, short circuit contribution
and resulting fault level, voltage regulation,
power quality (flicker, harmonics) etc. These
criteria ensure the integrity, security of operation
and safety of the networks but still constitute limits
for the VRE hosting capacity of the networks.
Technical factors limiting DER interconnection
to the distribution networks are:
l Thermal rating of network equipment, such
as transformers and feeders, are always an
important consideration
l Voltage regulation, mainly voltage rise, is
one of the most important problems faced
at high VRE penetration
l Increased fault levels, due to the contribution
of VRE, is also an important limitation,
particularly for MV networks
l Reverse power flows that may affect
adversely the operation of voltage regulators
and tap changers, impact on network losses
and reliability, power quality related issues,
islanding considerations and impact on
the operation of network protection are
additional technical constraints limiting the
hosting capacity of feeders and distribution
networks
Size of PV
PV
Control
Solar
Irradiance
Electrical proximity
to another PV
Location
of PV
Load on
the feeder
Feeder
charecteristics
7
The choice of using LiB was done to showcase the best life cycle
cost, effective use as well as better mix of power-energy needs
given today’s use. The other technologies such as advanced
lead acid batteries may indeed suit niche applications. 11Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
dependent and may or may not be applicable
to different situations. The main attribute of
VRE that must be addressed is the variability
of the resource and how to account for this
variability over several time scales. Since VRE
is not dispatchable, there are a number of
technical opportunities to upgrade grids that
are more flexible and can accommodate higher
levels of VRE. The solutions to enable a suitable
portfolio for VRE integration are:
Geographic
Diversity of
VRE
Energy
Storage
Renewable
Generation
Forecasting
Curtailment
Generator
Flexibility
Demand
Shift through
Load
Control
Figure 3:
Technical Issues Limiting VRE
Hosting Capacity of Feeders
Thermal
Ratings
Voltage
Regulation
Fault
Level
Reverse
Power
Flows
Rapid
Voltage
Change
IslandingProtection
Power
Quality
1.3.4 Solutions Portfolio for VRE
Integration
There are a variety of challenges to integrate
high levels of VRE into electric grids. The
solutions are always system and location 13Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
2.1 Introduction
Energy storage deployments on electricity
grids are being deployed at a rapid scale. As per
Department of Energy (DOE), USA, till mid-
2018, almost 177 GW of energy storage systems
are installed at grid level and over 95% of it is
pumped hydro storage plants. Over 14 GW of
new pumped storage projects are announced
across the world in 2018. However, due to their
long gestation period most of these projects
will be realized by 2030. In 2018, over 4 GWh
8
of
BESS are either under-construction, contracted
or announced. Hence, annually more BESS are
getting installed and contracted than any other
storage technologies. Additionally, out of over
4 GWh BESS in pipeline, over 80% are LiB-based
projects. Most of these LiB projects are grid
connected and rest of them are for behind the
meter applications. Battery capacity for behind
the meter applications like bill management and
demand response is less than 10% of upcoming
LiB based BESS. These numbers do not include
battery installed for backup power applications
like UPS, inverter backup and telecom tower
backup power applications. Apart from BESS,
there are other mechanical storage technologies
like flywheels, gravitational ESS and modular
Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) which
accounts for about 200 MW of contracted, under
construction or announced projects globally.
Grid scale energy storage installations in India
are also mostly in the form of pumped hydro
storage plants, at capacity of 4.8 GW. Deployment
of large-scale battery energy storage projects
in India started in 2017 with POWERGRID
installing their first pilot projects for frequency
regulation. The projects have been designed
for multiple grid service applications but in the
initial operation period they have been used for
frequency regulation services. The existing and
upcoming large-scale energy storage projects
are summarized in the Table 3, most of which are
likely to be commissioned by 2019 and 2020.
Most of the proposed energy storage projects
in India 2018-19 are expected to come up in
the Andaman & Nicobar Islands to reduce
the dependency on diesel use. Solar Energy
Corporation of India (SECI) is also evaluating
energy storage projects along with the bids of
large scale solar and wind projects in the future
beginning with a proposed 160 MW hybrid
project in Andhra Pradesh.
As the installed capacity of RE increases, the role
of the conventional generation will be reduced
to provide base load. Renewable energy being
intermittent adds its own challenge to the
grid. Energy storage is being increasingly seen
as the flexible resource that can address this
concern. It has a number of applications in
ancillary services, generation smoothening,
load following, peak power shaving, energy
time shifting and emergency back-up etc.
As highlighted by the Central Electricity
Regulatory Commission (CERC) Staff Paper
on Energy Storage
9
, transmission companies
can deploy energy storage systems at grid level
substations and use the assets to participate
in energy markets for grid support like the
ancillary services. Transmission companies
ESS Technologies
2
8
DOE database and Customized Energy Solutions (CES) analysis
9
Staff Paper on Introduction of Electricity Storage Systems,
CERC, 2017 14Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
can be the owners of energy storage systems
without being involved in trading of the
stored energy. The National Electricity Plan
(NEP)
10
highlights the role of energy storage
in maintaining grid security with increasing
penetration of renewable energy in addition to
addressing the intermittency of RE to a large
extent. For behind the meter applications,
Indian battery energy storage market has been
traditionally driven by lead acid batteries for
back-up power applications. Batteries for power
back-up applications is a major market among
stationary applications. The recent air pollution
issues have only amplified the need to switch off
diesel generators. With energy storage solutions
offering a comparable cost per unit, a sizeable
capacity will be deployed in this space. Large
scale batteries can be installed along with the
solar and wind farms to provide a stable output
to the grid. Market mechanisms are expected
to incentivize the performance of these flexible
assets but it will be a slow growing market, in
the business as usual scenario.
2.2 Description of Energy
Storage Technologies
Energy storage could apply to different
technologies ranging from pumped hydro
storage, flywheels, super capacitors, compressed
air, thermal energy storage and batteries.
Advanced energy storage technologies are
capable of dispatching electricity within seconds
and can provide power back-up ranging from
minutes to many hours.
10
National Electricity Plan (Vol 2, Transmission, draft), CEA, 2017
Table 3:
Energy Storage Projects in India (2017 - 2019)
ProjectCapacityLocationStatus of the
Project
Power Grid Corporation
Limited
3 x 500 kW, 250 kWh BESS PuducherryCompleted
NLC 2 x 10MW Solar PV +
8MWh/16MW BESS
Port Blair, Andaman & Nicobar
Islands
Planned for
completion in
2020
NTPC2MWh BESSPort Blair, Andaman & Nicobar
Islands
Planned for
completion in
2019
NTPC17MW Solar PV +
6.8MWh/6.8MW BESS
South Andaman, Andaman &
Nicobar Islands
Planned for
completion in
2019
NTPC8MW Solar PV
3.2MWh/3.2MW BESS
South Andaman, Andaman &
Nicobar Islands
Planned for
completion in
2019
Tata Power Delhi Distribution
Limited (TPDDL)
10MWh BESSSub-station, Delhi Completed
Solar Energy Corporation of
India (SECI)
10 MW/20 MWh BESS for 160
MW Wind + Solar Hybrid
Andhra PradeshPlanned for
completion in
2019
SECI2 MW Solar PV Project + 1
MWh BESS
Kaza, Himachal Pradesh Planned for
completion in
2019
SECI2 x 1.5 MW Solar PV +2 x 2.5
MWh BESS
Leh District, J&K Planned for
completion in
2019
Andhra Pradesh State Electric
Utility
5 MW Solar PV Project +
4MWh BESS
Makkuva, Andhra Pradesh Planned for
completion in
2019 15Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
l Mechanical Storage includes Pumped
Hydro Storage (PHS), Compressed Air
Energy Storage (CAES) and Flywheels:
n Pumped Hydro Storage (PHS) stores
electrical energy as the potential
energy of water. Generally, this involves
pumping water into a large reservoir at
a high elevation—usually located on the
top of a mountain or hill. When energy
is required, the water in the reservoir is
guided through a hydroelectric turbine,
which converts the energy of flowing
water to electricity. PHS is often used to
store energy for long durations for use in
a future period.
Global PHS capacity is over 180 GW.
Potential available in India for PHS,
assessed by Central Electricity Authority
(CEA) is more than 96.5 GW.
11
However,
at present, total installed capacity of
11
https://www.hydropower.org/publications/the-
world%E2%80%99s-water-battery-pumped-hydropower-
storage-and-the-clean-energy-transition
MechanicalElectrochemical ThermalElectricalChemical
(Hydrogen)
electrochemical
Pumped Hydro
Energy Storage
(PHES)
Lead Acid
Batteries,
Advanced Lead
Acid(Lead
Carbon, Bipolar
Lead Acid)
Sensible-Molten
Salt, Chilled
Water
Super Capacitors
Superconducting
Magnetic Energy
Storage(SMES)
Power-to -Power
(Fuel Cells, etc)
Power-to-GasLithium Batteries
(LCO, LMO, LFP,
NMC, LTO,NCA)
Latent- ice
Storage, Phase
Change materials
Flow Batteries
(ZnBr, Vn Redox)
Thermochemical
Storage
Sodium Batteries
(NaS, NaNiCl
2
)
Zinc Batteries-
Zn Air, ZnMnO
2
Compressed Air
Energy Storage
Flywheel Energy
Storage
Figure 4:
Classification of Energy Storage Technologies 16Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
pumped hydro is about 4.8 GW that
consists of nine plants. Additionally,
two projects of 1080 MW capacity are
now under construction (Tehri - 1000
MW and Koyna - 80 MW). Also, four
projects with cumulative capacity of
2600 MW (Kundah– 500 MW, Malshej
Ghat- 700 MW, Humbali- 400 MW, and
Turga- 1000 MW) are under planning
stage.
12
However, at a given point of time,
many of these assets are either under
maintenance or are on water ‘release
only’ mode as they are linked to irrigation
department and pumping is a secondary
function. Hence the full capacity of PHS
is seldom realized in India.
n Compressed Air Energy Storage
(CAES) converts electrical energy into
compressed air, which is stored either in
an underground cave or above ground
in high-pressure containers. When
excess or low-cost electricity is available
from the grid, it is used to run an electric
compressor, which compresses air
and stores it. When electrical energy is
required, the compressed air is directed
towards a modified gas turbine, which
converts the stored energy to electricity.
A recent advancement that is maturing
through research and development by
several startups is storage of the heat
produced during the compression. This
type of CAES does not use natural gas
to reheat the air upon decompression
and is therefore emissions-free, as well
as more efficient overall. Similar to
pumped hydro, CAES systems are used
for storing energy over longer periods.
Secondly, similar to pumped hydro
storage, a natural CAES plant would
require a cavern. Hence, CAES systems
are limited in nature with restricted
availability of natural caverns.
n Flywheel Energy Storage (FES) store
electrical energy as the rotational energy
in a heavy mass. Flywheel energy storage
systems typically consist of a large
rotating cylinder supported on a stator.
Stored electric energy increases with
the square of the speed of the rotating
mass, so materials that can withstand
high velocities and centrifugal forces are
essential. Flywheel technology is a low
maintenance and low environmental
impact type of energy storage. In
general, flywheels are very suitable for
high power applications due to their
capacity to absorb and release energy in
a very short duration of time. Globally,
total installed capacity of grid scale FES
systems is 975 MW, mainly for frequency
regulation applications. Other popular
applications are in transportation and
rotary UPS
13
key application in India.
Typical Flywheels run 15 – 30 min
but recent developments in power
electronics have increased the duration
of flywheel up to 4 hours.
l Electrochemical Storage includes various
battery technologies that use different
chemical compounds to store electricity.
Each of the numerous battery technologies
have slightly different characteristics and
are used to store and then release electricity
for different durations ranging from a few
minutes to several hours. There are two main
categories of batteries: (1) Traditional solid
rechargeable batteries where the chemical
energy is stored in solid metal electrodes,
and, (2) Flow batteries where chemical
energy is stored in varying types of flowing
liquid electrolytes kept in tanks separate
from the actual electrochemical cells.
n Rechargeable Batteries
l Lead Acid batteries have been
in commercial use in different
applications for over a century.
Lead acid is the most widely used
battery technology worldwide. High
12
National Electricity Plan (Vol 2, Transmission, draft), CEA, 2017
13
A flywheel driven rotary UPS is used for applications requiring ride-
through of short duration power system outages, voltage dips. 17Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
performance variations of lead acid
batteries are classified as advanced
lead acid and are known to have a
longer life
l Advanced Lead Acid batteries are of
two types, namely Lead Carbon type
and Bipolar Lead Acid type. Lead
Carbon type uses carbon additives
to improve the energy density, cycle
life and better charging-discharging
properties than the lead acid type. Its
key applications includes frequency
regulation in solar farms and has
an installed capacity of 27.398 MW
globally.
l Bipolar Lead Acid Battery has
bipolar plates and eliminates the
high current density seen around
the terminals in the conventional
design. In the bipolar design, each
point on an electrode is in contact
with the current collector. This
type has higher specific energy and
energy density, ~ 40% lesser footprint
(compared to monopolar type) and
recyclable materials.
l Lithium Ion Batteries (LiB) are
lightweight and have high energy
density. They are particularly suited
for portable applications (electric
vehicles and electronic devices).
There are many possible variations
depending on the internal chemistry:
Lithium Cobalt Oxide (LCO), Lithium
Titanate Oxide (LTO), Lithium
Manganese Oxide (LMO), Lithium
Iron Phosphate (LFP), Lithium Nickel
Manganese Cobalt Oxide (NMC), and
Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminum
Oxide (NCA). In recent years, it
witnessed rapid progress in the
research and development leading
to a steep price reduction as the
manufacturing and installations have
scaled up. A key inflexion point that
tilted the benefits towards LiB is the
increasing energy densities compared
to lead acid batteries. As on 2017, the
cumulative global manufacturing
capacity of LiB has crossed 100GWh
a year and is expected to surpass lead
acid battery market soon. Sustained
interest in the electric vehicle space
has created an increased demand
for lithium batteries and the global
capacity is expected to be 4 times the
current state by end of this decade.
l High Temperature Sodium: This type
of battery is made from inexpensive,
non-toxic materials. The battery
operates at a high temperature
(above 300
o
C) and has been shown to
have a long cycle life. Two types are
Sodium Sulphur (NaS) and Sodium
Nickel Chloride (NaNiCl
2
) are under
these categories.
l Sodium Sulphur (NaS) is
manufactured with molten sodium
and liquid Sulphur enclosed in a
cell container usually cylindrical in
shape and enclosed in a steel casing.
One Japanese company is the only
manufacturer for this battery. By
2018, 195 MW of NaS batteries were
installed globally. Key application
includes spinning reserve, frequency
regulation, energy time shift and
transmission congestion relief. In
India, NaS battery was trial tested
by NTPC, for its feasibility in Indian
grid conditions in a solar system.
l Sodium Nickel Chloride (Na-NiCl
2
)
operates at a lower temperature with
molten sodium as cathode, NaAlCl
4
as electrolyte and nickel chloride as
anode. Major applications include
black start, renewable energy time
shift, and frequency regulation.
l Zinc-based Batteries combine zinc
with various chemicals and are earlier
in their development stage than some
of the other battery technologies.
Historically, zinc batteries were not
rechargeable but developers are
overcoming challenges to produce
fully rechargeable zinc-based 18Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
chemistries. This technology is
known for being lightweight, low-
cost, and non-toxic.
l Zinc Air Battery also known as
Zinc Air fuel cells functions by
oxidizing Zinc with oxygen, and
the reaction rate is controlled by
controlling air flow. It comes in both
rechargeable and non-rechargeable
forms. Applications include vehicle
propulsion and grid storage. This
battery is in test trial stage, with a
few projects announced in the US.
l Zinc Manganese Battery: One
manufacturer has recently developed
a rechargeable ZnMnO
2
battery
with 2-8 hours discharge duration.
These batteries are safe and non-
toxic without lead, heavy metals
or flammable electrolytes which is
expected to be cheaper replacement
for LiBs.
Energy densities of different batteries
are shown in Figure 5. Higher energy
density batteries are more suitable
for transportation applications due
to their compactness and lower
weight.
n Flow Batteries
l Flow batteries differ from
conventional batteries as the that
energy is stored in the electrolyte
(the fluid) instead of the electrodes.
The electrolyte solutions are stored
in tanks and pumped through a
common chamber separated by a
membrane that allows for transfer
of electrons—flow of electricity—
between the electrolytes.
Figure 5:
Volumetric (Wh/L) and Gravimetric (Wh/kg) energy density for commercially
available battery technologies
* For flow batteries VRB and ZBB (zinc bromine), only electrolyte weight and volume is considered
Volumetric Energy Density (Wh/L)
Gravimetric Energy Density (Wh/L)
Li-ion (NCA)
Li-ion (NMC)
Zn-Alkaline
NAS
Li-ion (LTO)
Li-ion (LFP)
Na-NiCl2
Advanced LA
Ni-Cd
Lead Acid (LA)
ZBB
VRB
Ni-MH
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 19Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
l There are many different types of
flow batteries, of which at least three
varieties are currently commercially
available: vanadium redox flow
batteries, zinc-iron flow batteries, and
zinc-bromine batteries. Variations
such as zinc-iron flow batteries and
hydrogen-bromine flow batteries
are also under development.
l This technology has reached
commercialization globally with 326
MW of grid connected flow batteries
across 108 projects till 2018.
l In India, the technology adoption
is limited to test-trials. A 30kW
Vanadium Redox battery was
installed in 2015 for a microgrid.
Also, at IISc Bangalore, a new type of
flow battery called the soluble lead
acid flow battery is under technology
development.
l Thermal Energy Storage includes ice-based
storage systems, hot and chilled water
storage, molten salt storage and rock storage
technologies. In these systems excess thermal
energy is collected for later use.
n Sensible Heat Storage: Available energy
is stored in the form of an increase or
decrease in temperature of a material,
which can be used to meet a heating
or cooling demand. Few existing
variations of this technology are: Molten
salt storage (generally coupled with
Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) plants),
hot water storage and chilled water
storage (designed to serve households or
a community).
n In Latent Heat Storage, energy is stored
in a material that undergoes a phase
change (transition between solid and
liquid) as it stores and releases energy.
Examples include ice storage tanks
for domestic or industrial cooling
applications
n In Thermochemical Storage, reversible
chemical reactions are used to store
thermal energy in the form of chemical
energy. The available variations are
currently in initial developmental stage.
l Electrical Storage Super capacitors and
Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage
(SMES) systems store electricity in electric
and electromagnetic fields with minimal
loss of energy. A few small SMES systems
have become commercially available,
mainly used for power quality control in
manufacturing plants such as microchip
fabrication facilities. These technologies
are ideal for storing and release high levels
of energy over short bursts.
l Chemical Storage typically utilizes
electrolysis of water to produce hydrogen
as a storage medium that can subsequently
be converted to energy in various modes,
including electricity (via fuel cells or
engines), as well as heat and transportation
fuel (power–to-gas).
n Electrolyzes (Power to Gas): Excess
electrical energy can be utilized by
these systems for electrolysis of water
to produce hydrogen (H
2
) and oxygen
(O
2
). The stored hydrogen may be used
directly as fuel for heating applications
or in fuel cells. Electrolyzes are
unidirectional devices only allowing
storage of energy.
n Fuel Cells: Chemical energy stored in
fuels (ethanol, hydrogen or natural
gas) can be converted to electrical
energy. Several variations exist such
as SOFC (solid oxide fuel cells), PEM
(proton exchange membrane), and
PAFC (phosphoric acid fuel cells). These
systems can be used for stationary
storage or transportation applications.
2.3 Key Players and
Technologies
The energy storage landscape is well split among
organizations with various technologies and
these technology companies are broadly based
out of Japan, China, Korea, US and Germany.
Some of the key companies across the spectrum
are listed in Figure 6. 20Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Figure 6:
Global and Indian Energy Storage Landscape
Source: CES
However, these technologies are at different
stage of commercialization and also at different
stage of manufacturing. LiB chemistries are at
point of overtaking lead acid production.
Figure 7:
Global and Indian Energy Storage Landscape
MWGW
Scale of Manufacturing
Storage Technologies
+300 GW 21Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Energy Storage – Technologies
Performance and Characteristics
Each type of available energy storage system
(ESS) has specific attributes. These factors must
be evaluated in order to choose the suitable
technology for a specific purpose. Table 4 provides
a comparison of different technical parameters,
such as operating costs and technology maturity,
as well as practical considerations, line space
requirements, development and construction
periods for select ESS.
Figure 8:
Comparison of leading Energy Storage Technologies based on key
performance parameters
Source: CES and IESA Research
Expected Technological Performance Improvements during 2018-2025
The C-rate of the system is an important
parameter that varies significantly between
different energy storage types particularly
electrochemical batteries. C-rate is an inverse
measure of the rate (length of time) over which
a system can provide its maximum rated power.
The range of discharge duration is therefore
directly linked to the C-rate. It is normally
expressed in terms that look like 1C, 2C or C/2.
For instance, a system with a C-rate of 2C can
supply all its stored energy in ½ hour while a
system with a C-rate of C/2 can do the same
in 2 hours. Therefore, a system with a higher C
rate can discharge at a higher maximum power
than a similarly-sized system with comparable
energy capacity but a lower C rate. In other
words, systems with a higher C-rate have a
higher power to energy ratio. High power
applications typically require systems with a
high C-rate and a short discharge duration.
These applications are particularly suitable for
LiB and advanced lead acid batteries. Sodium
based batteries and flow batteries, as well as
CAES and PHS, are more suitable for high
energy and longer duration applications. C-rate
is typically not used for CAES and PHS as the
duration of energy storage is not limited by
the technology as in case of electrochemical
batteries, but is typically based on physical
availability of storage capacity. 22Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Table 4:
Performance Characteristics of Energy Storage Technologies
Energy
Storage
System
Attributes
Lead AcidLi –IonNaS Flow
Batteries
Flywheel CAES PHS
Round Trip
Energy
Efficiency
(DC-DC)
70-85% 85-95% 70-80% 60-75% 60-80%50-65%70-80%
Range of
Discharge
Duration 2-6 Hours0.25–4+
Hours
6-8 Hours4-12 Hours0.25-4
Hours
4-10
Hours
6-20
Hours
C Rate C/6 to C/2C/6 to 4CC/8 to C/6C/12 to C/4C/4 to 4CN.A. N.A.
Cost range
per energy
available
in each full
discharge ($/
kWh)
14
100-300 250-800 400-600 400-10001000-4000>150
15
50-150
16
Development
&
Construction
Period
6 months
- 1 year
6 months -
1 year
6 months -
1.5 year
6 months -
1.5 year
1-2 years3-10
years
5-15
years
Operating CostHigh Low ModerateModerate Low High Low
Estimated
Space RequiredLarge Small ModerateModerate SmallModerateLarge
Cycle life: # of
discharges of
stored energy500-2000 2000
-10,000+
3000-5000 5000 -
8000+
100,00010,000+10,000+
Maturity of
Technology MatureCommercialCommercialEarly to
moderate
Early to
moderate
ModerateMature
As shown in the Table 4, the system prices vary
greatly, especially in terms of initial capital costs.
Overall, the cost of energy storage is rapidly
declining with scaling up of manufacturing
and learnings from the early deployments.
The cost of energy storage technologies has
significantly decreased in recent years, driven
by the growth of the battery manufacturing for
consumer electronics, stationary applications
and electric vehicles. As battery costs contribute
approximately 60-75% of an energy storage
project (depending on the duration or energy
capacity required), capital cost reductions can
14
Cost numbers are for the system level costs at DC level (i.e. not
considering PCS and balance of system costs)
15
For CAES, the operating costs are significantly higher as it also
involves cost of natural gas for source of heat during discharge
cycle in addition to electricity cost for compression during
charging cycle.
16
The average capital costs for pumped hydro on per kWh of
storage capacity are significantly lower, but requires huge
upfront cost given the size of the projects. These costs also can
be higher in case of delays in environmental clearances. 23Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
drive energy storage project development.
17
Levelized cost method is often used to compare
costs across different energy sources or
technologies. Other critical factors in selection
of energy storage technologies include space
requirement and maturity of technology.
With improvements in materials as well as
system design, energy density of most storage
technologies is increasing and particularly
LiBs are finding applications where space and
weight is a critical consideration. In terms of
maturity, Lead Acid batteries have been around
for over 100 years and are very mature in terms
17
Energy Storage Update, Lithium-ion costs to fall by up
to 50% within five years, July 30, 2016; http://analysis.
energystorageupdate.com/lithium-ion-costs-fall-50-within-
five-years
of technology performance and manufacturing.
LiBs have also reached commercial maturity
with multiple companies setting up GWh scale
manufacturing plants.
Figure 9 depicts the steadily decreasing capital
costs per cycle ($/kWh-cycle) of certain storage
technologies. The depicted levelized cost shown
takes into account the total predicted cycle life,
or the operational lifetime of the technology, and
thus normalizes the capital cost over the entire
lifetime of the project.
Figure 9:
Forecast of Estimated Levelized Capital Costs by Storage Technology and Type
$1.00
Capital Cost/Cycle ($/kWh)
$0.10
$0.01
20082013201820232028
Li-IonLead AcidVRBNaS
electricity. Energy storage will play a crucial role
in increasing the system’s overall flexibility by
serving multiple grid applications. The recent
developments in the Electric Vehicle (EV) sector
and its ambitious targets will only increase the
demand for energy storage systems.
2.4 Need for Energy Storage in
India
India has committed to increase its share of
non-fossil fuel-based generation sources to
40% by 2030 which necessitates a demand
for flexibility in power systems. The ‘Power
for All’ target of 24x7 electricity for all by 2019
created an increase in power requirement and
a need to balance the supply and demand of 24Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Energy storage market in India witnessed a
demand of 23 GWh in 2018 with 56% of the
battery demand coming from power backup
inverter segment. During 2019-2025, the
cumulative potential for energy storage in
behind the meter and grid side applications
is estimated to be close to 190 GWh by India
Energy Storage Alliance. Interestingly, only
17% of energy storage is likely to be deployed
at grid scale. Majority of the deployment during
this period at grid scale will be driven by RE
integration, Fast Response Ancillary Service
(FRAS) market and T&D deferral. On the other
hand, electric vehicle industry, consumed over
5 GWh of batteries in 2018 in India. This number
is likely to be over 36 GWh by 2025. During 2019-
2025, the EV industry is forecasted to consume
over 110 GWh of batteries. Some of these can be
used through V2G (Vehicle to Grid) technology
to meet flexibility needs of the distribution grid.
Large requirement for storage and batteries
across the applications will help in reduction
of costs in the market. Lastly, new installations
of ESS for distribution grid and rooftop PV
integration can be reduced if the network
planning can be done around utilizing of V2G
and some of existing back-up battery base. 2.5 Energy Storage System (ESS)
Applications
Energy storage is a uniquely flexible type of
asset in terms of the diverse range of benefits
it can provide, locations where it may be sited,
and the large number of potential technologies
which may be suited to provide value to the
grid. Fundamentally, energy storage shifts
energy from one-time period to another time
period. However, the value of energy stored
by a resource varies highly based upon the
controllability, dispatch and use of that energy.
The electricity system has historically operated
on a “just-in-time” basis − with decisions about
electricity production based on real-time
demand and the availability of transmission
system to deliver it. Because of this, generation
and load must always be perfectly balanced to
ensure high power quality and reliability to end
customers. At very high penetrations of variable
wind and solar generation, energy storage can
be effective for storing excess energy at certain
times and moving it to other times, enhancing
reliability and providing both economic and
environmental benefits.
Figure 10:
2019-2025 Energy Storage Requirement, India
Source: CES analysis
Microgrids 0%
Fast Response AS 1%
HVAC/R 2%
Distribution Utility ESS 5%
Inverter 44%
Telecom 19%
BTM Rooftop Solar 3%
Grid-Scale
Solar 7%
UPS 15%
Diesel Replacement 1%
Grid-Scale Wind 3% 25Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Storage’s unique physical characteristics enable
it to perform multiple functions on the grid, at the
customer level and in transportation sector. The
ability to store energy when there is no demand
and deploy energy when load is needed can
be applied to all aspects of the energy systems.
In addition, storage systems can function like
a power plant, dispatching electricity. When
renewable resources such as solar, wind or
hydropower produce excess energy, ESS can
store it for later use, reducing energy waste.
2.5.1 EV Adoption
The automobile market in India is at the cusp
of paradigm shift from Internal Combustion
Engine (ICE) vehicles to zero emission vehicles.
India’s dependency on crude oil imports, rising
pollution levels in several cities, commitment
to reduce the carbon emissions, and the global
shift towards electric vehicles are the key
drivers for this paradigm shift towards zero
emission vehicles.
The current share of battery-operated electric
passenger vehicles is approximately 0.1%
whereas in case of electric 2 wheelers, it is
approximately 0.2% and there are only few
hundred electric buses. The EV Industry in
India is mainly dominated by electric 2 wheelers
and 3 wheelers; and now witnessing growth of
electric buses.
Vehicle to Grid
As electric vehicles have started gaining
momentum at a higher pace globally, the
utilities, system operators, and the policymakers
have started addressing the issues related
with the vehicle charging management to the
smooth integration of load coming from electric
vehicles on the grid.
Regular power cuts and high peak demand
tariffs could become a thing of past with the
use of vehicle to grid (V2G) concept. The V2G
concept acts (and looks) very similar to a
standard charging point. The difference is that
the energy flows both to and from the vehicle,
turning it to a portable battery bank.
18
There
are three basic system components involved
that actually defines the environment for
recharging a vehicle or discharging energy from
the vehicle to the electrical grid. i) The location
where the vehicle connects with the electrical
grid, ii) The electric vehicle supply equipment
(EVSE) to which a vehicle connects, and iii)
The electric vehicle (or more specifically the
battery management system) that manages the
battery’s charge-discharge cycle.
19
With respect to practical demonstration of the
concept, pilot projects have been carried out
so far in Denmark, Netherlands, Spain and
USA. V2G has been already commercialized in
Denmark and the Netherlands.
V2G concept could provide important services
to grid operators such as balancing renewables
peaks, balancing frequencies, providing
spinning reserves, providing excess energy and
bulk storage etc. But on the other hand, there
are lots of constraints associated with it such
as battery degradation, the need for intensive
communication between vehicles and the grid,
infrastructure changes, effects on distribution
grid equipment etc.
The results obtained from the pilot projects
carried out globally are indicating that the V2G
concept can play a key role in grid balancing.
For the implementation of V2G concept, a
thorough study of network at the local level
along with its impact on the local distribution
network and the techno-economic feasibility
from the vehicle’s owner perspective should be
done for framing appropriate policies.
18
www.cenex.co.uk/vehicle-to-grid/
19
Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) Power Flow Regulations and Building
Codes, INL, September 2012 26Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
2.5.2 Peak Shaving
The 19
th
Electric Power Survey (EPS)
20
estimates
that India’s electric energy requirement would
be 1566 BU in 2021-22 with a peak load demand
of 226GW. The reduction in demand forecast
between the 18
th
and 19
th
EPS is attributed to
the Demand Side Management (DSM), Energy
Conservation and Efficiency improvement
programmes, reduction in AT&C losses, and
low GDP growth than the forecast in 2011 when
the 18
th
EPS was published. The energy demand
and peak load demand is likely to grow by 6.18%
and 6.88% respectively as per the 19
th
EPS. The
estimates from the 19
th
Electricity Power Survey
and National Electricity Plan projects India’s
installed capacity to grow from 335GW to
479GW at a rate of 9% while the peak demand
is growing only at 6%. The contribution of
renewable energy in the mix is set to double
during the same period both in terms of added
capacity and as a percentage of peak demand.
In addition to the fundamental benefit of
storage being able to charge during low-cost
times, storage has other qualities that make it
competitive compared other peak generators.
Storage tends to be much more responsive than
generation-based peaking resources because,
for most types of storage:
a) Start-up is very quick (low response time)
b) Output can be varied rapidly
c) Can be operated at part load easily and
efficiently
2.5.3 Ancillary Services
The existing regulatory framework in India
permits floating of grid frequency within the
band of 49.90 – 50.05 Hz. The frequency is
observed to have remained within the specified
band for about 70-75% of the time since the
last revision to frequency band in 2014. The
frequency profile and fluctuations from 2004
onwards is shown in below Figure 12.
The Frequency Response Characteristics (FRC)
for All India Grid has improved from 6000 MW/
Hz to 9000MW/Hz over the last two years which
is still lower than comparable grid sizes in which
has FRC of the order of 20000MW/Hz. With
stricter framework including ancillary services
through FRAS and governance, the frequency
has come under control to a large extent. But
still, it remains over and above the upper limit
of 50.05 Hz for around 25% times.
The Indian Electricity Grid Code (IEGC) 2010
defines ancillary services in power system as
“services necessary to support the power system
(or grid) operation in maintaining power quality,
reliability and security of the grid, e.g. active
power support for load following, reactive power
support, black start etc.” Ancillary services
are integral to the electricity industry and
can be seen as complimentary to the primary
function of the grid – that is to transfer and
deliver electricity reliably and in appropriate
quality to the consumers. Such services are also
mandatory for security and reliability of the
overall grid system in its physical operation.
Primary frequency control refers to automatic
control of generating stations and consumption
of controllable loads (such as inductive loads)
which are able to adjust quickly to any imbalance
in the system. Such controls are inherent in the
20
Nineteenth Electric Power Survey of India, Jan 2017, CEA
Peak
Figure 11:
Storage as a Peaker Resource
Hours
Baseload Generation
Demand (MW)
Intermediate GenerationStorage 27Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
21
The role of energy storage with renewable energy generation,
NREL, 2010
system and are designed to stabilize it in case
of sudden outages. In generators synchronous
with the grid, the control is achieved by speed
governors whereas in loads, it is performed
through self-regulating aspects of frequency
sensitive loads such as induction motors or
through relays that connect or disconnect the
load from the system to maintain the frequency
thresholds. Secondary frequency control refers
to a centralized automatic control that adjusts
the active power production of the generating
units by changing the reference point of
generation or by starting or stopping the power
station to restore the frequency deviation and
interchanges with other systems following an
imbalance. Only the generating units that are
located in the area of imbalance participates
in this control. This type of control mechanism
is termed as load frequency control (LFC) or
automatic generation control (AGC). Tertiary
frequency control are manual changes in
dispatch of generating units and is used to
restore the primary and secondary frequency
control reserves, to manage congestions
in transmission network, and to bring the
frequency and the interchanges back to their
set values. 2.5.4 Transmission and Distribution
Grid Upgrade Deferral
The distribution networks are sized for the peak
demand of the consumers. As the consumer
demand grows, distribution infrastructure
have to be upgraded just to meet the peak
demand occurring for few hours in a year.
Building new distribution infrastructure will be
expensive and might not be feasible in certain
urban locations. Increase in the installation
of distributed solar rooftops will increase the
impact on distribution infrastructure and as
seen in recent developments, consumers are
barred from adding solar rooftop projects as
their local distribution transformer is capped for
a certain loading. ESS systems can be deployed
under such circumstances to avoid or defer new
distribution infrastructure. ESS can also reduce
high line-loss that occur during peak demand
21
and also avoid deviation penalties. India can
also think of innovative ways of using already
existing back-up inverter batteries to help with
peak demand issues in the last mile networks.
Figure 12:
Frequency Profile and Fluctuations of the Grid in India
(CERC-Technical Committee Report)
MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM FREQUENCY PATTERNS
51.0
50.8
50.6
50.4
50.2
50.0
49.8
49.6
49.4
49.2
49.0
48.8
48.6
48.4
Hz-->
Date-->Maximum
Apr-04
Oct-04
Apr-05
Oct-05
Apr-06
Oct-06
Apr-07
Oct-07
Apr-08
Oct-08
Apr-09
Oct-09
Apr-10
Oct-10
Apr-11
Oct-11
Apr-12
Oct-12
Apr-13
Oct-13
Apr-14
Oct-14
Apr-15
Oct-15
Apr-16
Oct-16
Apr-17
Oct-17
Minimum 28Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
The projected RE development is likely to be
concentrated in 8 Indian states accounting for
more than 77% of capacity addition by 2022.
22
The Southern Region (SR) is expected to double
its installed capacity of wind and solar power
plants to 60 GW by 2022. Similarly, the peak solar
power evacuation is projected to increase from
about 12,000 MW
23
in 2018 to about 31,000 MW
in 2022. The transmission network will have to
increase by the same measure to accommodate
the capacity addition. However, only for about
5% of the time in a year, the system is expected
to evacuate power between 26,000 MW to 31,000
MW and the additional 5,000 MW of transmission
infrastructure will be idle for the remaining 95%
of the time. According to the cost estimates from
the first phase of Green Energy Corridors, the
cost for building a 1MW transmission system is
about INR 12 million.
24
The option of building
large scale energy storage systems to offset the
investment in transmission network expansion
can be a better approach in future.
22
India Green Energy Corridors, GIZ, 2015
23
This is only for southern region
24
India Green Energy Corridors, GIZ, 2015 29Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
3.1 Issues at MV Level and LT
Level (3-Phase and 1-Phase)
In most of the states across India, Medium
Voltage (MV) is 33 kV and 11 kV for electrical
power distribution and Low Voltage (LV) is
set at 430 V/415 V. The rooftop solar PV
penetration is at both MV and LV level. At MV
level, generally HT consumer has rooftop PV
connected at 11 kV or 33 kV, depending upon
their load profile. Similarly, on LV distribution
network, generally small scale industrial,
commercial, domestic and rural consumers
have RTPV connected, where reverse power
flow occurs. As per planned target of 40 GW
RTPV, there will be an increase of PV penetration
level into the distribution systems. The more
and more PV injection in the system beyond
a limit will create situations where PV power
generation can exceed the load demand, and
hence can produce power flow from customers
to the grid. This is in opposite to the direction
of power flow in a traditional distribution grid.
Following are the main problems which can
occur at MV and LV levels due to high level of
injection of PV to the grid.
The impacts of the integration of solar PV in
clustered form may propagate to the upstream
networks. Hence, the changes produced by the
solar PV units in the LV networks may impact
the operation of the voltage control devices in
the MV networks. For example, tap operation
of voltage regulators may be influenced by
the change in voltage profile caused by solar
PV units.
Due to the potential impacts of PV integration,
distribution utilities are imposing network PV
penetration limits which refer to the maximum
amount of PV generation that can be connected
to a distribution feeder without violating
power quality and system security limits. The
permissible limit is yet to be analysed. In India,
most of the states are imposing a limit up to
25% of Distribution Transformer (DT) capacity.
Therefore, a comprehensive analysis of PV
impacts is required and, based on the results
from the analysis, new mitigation approaches
need to be developed to increase the PV
penetration level in the distribution networks.
Distribution systems, especially at the low
voltage level in modern distribution grids
are becoming more active due to integration
of distributed generation. Therefore, it has
become necessary to revisit the distribution
network analysis approaches to investigate the
solar PV impacts more accurately. Commercial
tools for distribution network analysis need
to be deployed for necessary analysis for PV
impact assessment.
Assessment of MV/LV Stabilization
and Optimization for 40 GW RTPV:
Technical Issues and Challenges
3 Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
30
Voltage rise
Lower power
factor
Change in tap operations
Effect of clouds
Variation of
feeder power loss
High neutral
current
Voltage
unbalance01 04 07 02 05 03 06
If the generation
from PV resources
are high enough
to offset the loads
on the feeder, the
surplus power will
create voltage rise.
With cluster-based
installation of PV, the
voltage rise impact
may propagate
to upstream MV
network.
Due to PV running near
at Unity Power Factor
(UPF), it is observed
that some LT circuits
produces active power.
This power factor
produces power quality
issues. So, along with
PV generation, reactive
power compensation
or power factor
improvement is
needed.
Voltage regulators may tap up or down their positions
to keep voltage at the load centre within a bandwidth
of voltage limits. Voltage rise caused by PV clusters may
require the regulators to operate during midday to keep
the voltage profile below the upper limit.
Due to the dependency
on the irradiation level,
PV output ramps up and
down at high rates. Weak
systems are vulnerable
to voltage fluctuations
created by such high
ramp-rate PV output.
At certain locations,
voltage at inverter end
may exceed beyond
a certain limit, which
may cause undesirable
tripping of inverters at
PV end.
Decrease in losses in
feeder as less amount of
power is imported from
the substation. However,
with a high penetration
of PV cluster, if the
reverse power flow is
higher than the power
flow without PV, an
increase in feeder power
loss maybe observed.
Power loss may vary due
to the variation of PV
output throughout the
day.
An unbalanced
allocation of PV units
at different phases of a
distribution feeder can
create a high neutral
current, particularly
in the mid-day, when
reverse power flow is
at the peak level. In
presence of neutral
grounding resistance,
this high neutral
current may produce
considerable neutral
potential.
As the allocation of
inverters of a feeder
are varied by the
category of customers,
the distribution of PV
generation may not be
equal at all the phases.
This may deteriorate the
existing voltage unbalance
factor of the network. The
unbalance factor may
vary from time to time
due to the variations of
solar irradiance and PV
output.
25
25
The DISCOMs giving RTPV connections must plan single phase connections in such a manner that the RTPV is equally distributed
on all three phases. 31Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
3.2 VRE on MV and LV
Coupled by Same Transformer
Load flow simulation study has been
conducted on different types of feeders across
selected utilities in India using CYMDIST
software. During load flow studies following
major issues are found when RTPV is increased
across LT side of a DT with different values of
connected loads.
Figure 13:
Single line diagram of TPDDL feeder
LT Lines
Source Feeder
Distribution Transformer
11 kV Feeder
The summary of Power Quality (PQ) issues
found during load flow studies are mentioned
in Table 5. These results are found during load
flow of Tata Power Delhi Distribution Limited
(TPDDL) 11 kV feeder. The major parameters of
feeder are:
l Distribution Transformer (DT): 630 kVA
l Voltage Level: 11 kV/433 V
l Length of Feeder: 5.38 km
26
l Number of consumers connected at
present: 181
l Number of RTPV: 3 customers with total
capacity 70 kWp
With different DT loading conditions following
scenarios are run in CYMDIST software:
l The time slots selected for study i.e. 11:00
AM to 07:00 PM on 03 May 2017 data
l In each scenario, the DT connected load is
increased (i.e. 50%, 75%, 100% and 120%)
l Then the RTPV connections are increased in
steps in every load flow study from existing
11% of DT capacity to 100% (i.e. 11%, 20%,
40%, 60%, 80%, 90% and 100%)
26
The HT feeder length is 5.38 km, while 6.3 km is the distributed length of the LT network. 32Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Scenario 1 Scenario 2 Scenario 3 Scenario 4
11% of DT Capacity
20% of DT Capacity
40% of DT Capacity
60% of DT Capacity
80% of DT Capacity
90% of DT Capacity
100% of DT Capacity
Time
8-11 AM
Time
11-1 PM
Time
1-4 PM
Time
4-7 PM
Already connected
70 kWP
Solar RTPV Capacity
Time Slots
120 kWP
240 kWP
360 kWP
480 kWP
540 kWP
600 kWP
70 kWP
120 kWP
240 kWP
360 kWP
480 kWP
540 kWP
600 kWP
70 kWP
120 kWP
240 kWP
360 kWP
480 kWP
540 kWP
600 kWP
70 kWP
120 kWP
240 kWP
360 kWP
480 kWP
540 kWP
600 kWP
Summary of PQ issues found during load flow studies are presented in Table 5:
Table 5:
Summary of PQ results found during load flow studies
DT loading
scenario
Over voltage
(V > = 1.06 PU)
Under voltage
(V <= 0.94 PU)
Observations
11% DT loading540 kWp
(90% RTPV)
NoneWhen DT is lightly loaded, RTPV insertion beyond 80%
can cause overvoltage at RTPV end. This may cause
undesirable tripping of inverters at RTPV.
20% DT loading540 kWp None
50% DT loadingNone 70 kWp and 120 kWp
(20% RTPV)
Undervoltage is removed by 50% of RTPV connections.
So, system becomes healthy.
On some sections of LT, lower power factor observed.
On some sections, overvoltage is observed, which may
cause tripping of inverter.
75% DT loadingNone 70 kWp, 120 kWp and
240 kWp (40% RTPV)
100% DT loadingNone 70 kWp, 120 kWp, 240
kWp, 360 kWp, 480
kWp, 540 kWp, 600
kWp and 620 kWp
(special case)
100%, 120% DT loading cases are not practically viable.
Moreover, with 100% and 120% RTPV connections,
undervoltage is still present.
120% DT loadingNone 70 kWp, 120 kWp, 240
kWp, 360 kWp, 480
kWp, 540 kWp, 600
kWp and 755 kWp
(special case) 33Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
3.3 RTPV on MV and LV on
Different Transformers
The main issue is grid stability on MV and
LV distribution network with the increase in
RTPV at LT and HT consumer side. The RTPV
generation will provide active power and
reactive compensation will be required from
grid side which will produce power quality
issues to other distribution transformers and
lines at MV and LV side. Moreover, harmonics
can affect to some extend whenever there is high
PV penetration. High voltage is also observed
in some sections during load flow study at MV
and LV side due to increase in RTPV on different
transformers on the LT side. In order to mitigate
all these issues, power factor improvement and
reactive power compensations are required
for which smart inverter and energy storage
devices can be used.
3.4 Power Quality (PQ) and
Harmonics
The PV panel is an array of PV modules either
in series or parallel. The output will depend
mainly on the solar intensity and cloud cover.
PQ problems will depend on irradiation and
the overall performance of the PV systems
including the module, inverters and
filters controlling mechanisms, etc. Good PQ
translates into a sinusoidal voltage and current
output from a PV system that avoids harmonics,
inter-harmonics and eventually voltage
distortion. Important point is the quality of
the electricity, namely the voltage and current
profiles, generated by the inverter, the element
in a PV system responsible for converting energy.
Voltage swells may occur when heavy loads are
removed from the connection or disturbances
affect the voltage causing the disconnection of
inverters from the grid and therefore resulting
in losses of energy and degradation of efficiency.
If a large number of PV systems are connected
to a branch of a LV distribution system, voltage
increases at the connection point and power
might flow backwards, and thus voltage levels
could increase during periods of small load and
high solar irradiance.
As photovoltaic systems incorporate power
converters, which are harmonic generating
devices, they will have an influence on the
power quality of the supply network. The most
cited PQ problems that may arise due to grid
connected PV generation are voltage dips and
fluctuations, harmonic distortions, transient
phenomena and reverse power flow. These
effects result in potential damaging of sensitive
electronic equipment and capacitor banks,
overheating of transformers, neutral conductors
and additional losses in the power system.
Degraded power quality entails additional
costs for both the electricity distributor and its
customers. The presence of harmonics in the
electrical system may lead to changes in line
impedances, imbalances in line voltages and
alterations in AC voltage values. Moreover, a
LV public grid must have a degree of quality in
electric power that may prevent the abnormal
operation of the PV generator. Consequently,
the abnormal operation of a PV generator can
lead to a shutdown.
Analysis of PQ issues:
l With increase in RTPV when DT is
lightly loaded, Undervoltage is found
in some of sections of DT, LT side
is removed. So, RTPV improves the
health of system
l When DT is more than 75% loaded i.e.
heavily loaded and RTPV is increased
more than 50% of DT capacity
overvoltage is found in some of LT
sections near to inverter end. This may
increase the voltage at inverter end.
This overvoltage is observed randomly
across different sections of LT
depending upon the solar irradiance
level, inverter and load present on
sections of conductor 34Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
The harmonic generation of a PV system
depends on the inverter technology, solar
irradiance, temperature, loads, and the
supply system characteristics. The harmonic
distortion generated in PV plants can occur as a
result of intrinsic and extrinsic effects. Intrinsic
harmonic distortions are related to inverter
deficiencies, e.g. components and control loop
nonlinearities, measurement inaccuracies,
and limited pulse-width modulation (PWM)
resolution. Connection to a weak and distorted
electrical grid can be considered an extrinsic
effect on the output waveform of a PV plant.
A distorted voltage acts like a disturbance in
the inverter control system, causing distortion
of the current waveform generated by the
inverter.
Several factors affect the power quality
characteristics of the PV inverter output current.
Both the current total harmonic distortion
(THD) and the output reactive power are related
to the output active power levels, which in turn
are strongly dependent on solar irradiance
levels. Most of the inverters consume or feed
reactive power into the network depending on
their output active power and their technology.
During operation at low solar irradiance levels
(e.g. sunrise, sunset, cloudy days), current THD
values can increase rapidly, since the THD factor
is inversely proportional to the output active
power of the PV inverters. Nevertheless, THD
is notably reduced as the output active power
of the PV Inverters increases and reaches its
nominal value. The intrinsic characteristics of
the control circuit and nonlinear components of
PV inverters may explain the current distortion
behaviour in the low power generation stages.
Varying power density of renewable energy
resources (i.e. irradiance level and temperature
in PV conversion) potentially cause voltage and
frequency variation or sag/swell patterns in
the grid. Also, application of power converters
as interfaces between energy sources and the
grid and their interaction with other system
components may cause high harmonics
distortion. The most important impacts of
harmonics are:
Overstressing and
resonant condition
on the capacitors
bank
Increased
transformer heating
and saturation
effects in the core
Figure 14:
Impact of harmonics on the power system
High harmonics
can cause
interference to
telecommunication
lines
Increased heating of
neutral conductors
caused by triple
current harmonics
Overloading of
power systems by
high frequencies
of currents and
voltages 35Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
There are two ways to mitigate the PQ problems,
either from the customer side or from the utility
side. One approach is loading conditioning and
another solution is to adopt power conditioning
system to avoid possible disturbance. Presently,
smart inverters are utilized which can improve
the power quality. Another arrangement is
to utilize Shunt Active Power Filter (SAPF) by
which harmonics can be proficiently wiped
out. The SAPF is a Voltage Source Inverter (VSI),
related to the load. SAPF can keep the current
adjusted and sinusoidal after compensation for
various burden conditions.
3.5 Comparison of Regular and
Smart Inverters (Autonomous
and SCADA Controlled)
The term “smart inverter” has become a
buzzword in the industry, but what does it really
mean? For an inverter to be considered smart,
it must have a digital architecture, bidirectional
communications capability and robust
software infrastructure. The system begins with
reliable, rugged and efficient silicon-centric
hardware, which can be controlled by a scalable
software platform incorporating a sophisticated
performance monitoring capability. A smart
inverter must be adaptive and able to send
and receive messages quickly, as well as share
granular data with the owner, utility and other
stakeholders. Such systems allow installers and
service technicians to diagnose operational
and maintenance issues, including predicting
possible inverter or module problems and
remotely upgrade certain parameters in
moments. These intelligent power electronics
devices must also include Applications
Programming Interface (API) functionality that
provides fleet owners and other partners a way
to tie in their own software to create powerful
enterprise level tools.
27
Figure 15:
Off Grid Inverter
27
An API is a set of programming instructions for accessing web software or a web-based tool. When a company releases its API, users
are able to have their own software interact with the company’s.
PV Module(s)
Breaker Sub-
Panel
Battery
Bank
Charge
Controller
Inverter 36Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Advantages of using Smart Micro
Inverters (SMI):
The increasing technical complexity and
enhanced capabilities of inverters show that
many manufacturers are well on their way to
meeting the smart inverter challenge, but not
all inverter topologies and software control
packages are created equal.
Micro inverter technology, in particular,
provides some advantages to residential,
commercial and (eventually) utility-scale solar
PV installations. This includes high redundancy
through a distributed AC architecture that
improves system cost and reduces operations
and maintenance complexity.
An integrated micro inverter package can help
lower the Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE),
facilitating higher energy production over
the life time of the system, unit reliability and
system uptime, all the while lowering systems
cost by reducing installation labour and
materials. Micro inverters are also capable of
providing a suite of Advanced Grid Functions
(AGF) required by some regulatory standards
for grid stability, such as ramp rate control,
power curtailment, fault ride-through and
voltage support through VARs.
The most advanced micro inverters are adaptive
and essentially constitute the core of what
could be called a fully networked, software
defined inverter. The benefits of such a software-
controlled system include the ability to provide
grid support services in an evolutionary manner
over the more than 20-year lifetime of the
inverter platform through software updates that
can be done without any hardware replacement
or truck-rolled, hands-on labour.
Utilities may encounter more noteworthy
voltage fluctuations and expected to make a
more extensive voltage window to make up for
the changeability on account of the developing
number of sun based establishments in its
administration region. So as to retrofit these
issues, the job of smart inverter becomes an
integral factor. In addition, presently, some of
the smart inverters are concentrating on new
reactive and on-demand communications
methodologies that will help deal with the
greater distributed generation load. While
the computerized engineering, bidirectional
correspondences and programming foundation
innovations that support smart inverters are
unquestionably significant, the organizations
that give such propelled frameworks should
likewise be advanced in the manner they team
up on new utility necessities and guidelines.
Figure 16:
Grid Connected Inverter 37Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
4.1 Methodology
In order to identify potential technical issues
and grid interconnection challenges that needs
to be addressed for enabling VRE integration
in distribution grid active and reactive power
compensations, the load flow analysis was to be
done on MV and LV distribution networks. The
distribution network issues and impact of RTPV
faced by the utilities across the country varies
according to their geographical locations and
MV/LV network topologies. In order to analyze
the details of the MV/LV network, six distribution
utilities were selected to conduct a detailed load
flow analysis of distribution feeders. A criterion
had been set each based on which the detailed
study was conducted. Utilities were requested
to select any two feeders each from two circles
i.e. 4 feeders; these feeders should have solar PV
injection at present or planned in the near future.
For each feeder, following data has been collected:
4.2 Selection of Samples per
DISCOMs
Following is the list of state DISCOMs that
provided feeder data for the load flow studies:
Load Flow Studies on MV/LV Lines
with RTPV
4
11 kV Feeder
Meter Load
Survey Data
11 kV
Feeder Single Line
Diagram (SLD)
Feeder
Current Carrying
Capacity and Load
Growth
0103
02
RTPV
connected to
the Feeder
Consumer
Details
Ratings of
Distribution
Transformers (DTs)/
Capacity and
Voltage Ratio
Conductor Data
04
07
06
05
Table 6:
List of DISCOMs that participated in the study
RegionSelected stateFeeder category DISCOM Name
North Delhi Urban lightly loadedTata Power Delhi Distribution Ltd. (TPDDL)
Haryana Agricultural Uttar Haryana Bijli Vitran Nigam Ltd. (UHBVN)
South Karnataka 11 kVBangalore Electricity Supply Company Ltd. (BESCOM)
Andhra Pradesh Semi urban heavily
loaded
Andhra Pradesh Southern Power Distribution
Company Ltd. (APSPDCL)
West Maharashtra Urban lightly loadedAdani Energy Mumbai Ltd. (AEML)
East West Bengal Urban heavily loadedCESC, Kolkata 38Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
4.3 Analysis of Varying
VRE Levels on Sample
Feeders (Without Energy
Storage)
The load flow study was conducted
on the feeders of the six DISCOMs
in order to estimate the impact of
increase in solar penetration at LT side,
DT and feeder without energy storage
devices. During load flow study, solar
penetration is increased in steps at
LT side for consumers (residential,
industrial, commercial and agriculture).
The solar penetration is increased in
percentage steps based on DT rated
capacity as most of DISCOMs allow user
to connect solar generation based on
DT capacity.
Estimated the maximum
permissible limit for RTPV
connected at LT side with
energy storage devices without
PQ and thermal issues
STEP
1
Load flow study of MV/LV
feeder, DT and LT Network
STEP
3
STEP
2 Conduct load flow with
different levels of RTPV
connected at LT side
without any energy
storage device and study
the PQ issues (low PF,
undesirable fluctuations
in voltages), thermal
issues (heating of
conductor, etc.)
Single line diagramMeter
Conductor rating
Load survey data
of Feeder/DT
RTPV connected
on the feeder
Solar irradiance
curve of the location
Conductor length
Voltage rating
of DT
Connected/
Sanctioned Load
Diagram of LT
network
Solar
4.3.1 Methodology of Work
Purpose of study: Maximum solar connection
is allowed at LT side in order to achieve 40 GW
targets of RTPV by 2022.
Before starting load flow, following data was collected: 39Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Let us assume DT capacity of 630 kVA, then
scenarios run during load flow are:
Report generation and analysis of load flow
study:
l Generate load flow report after running load
flow study for each scenario:
n Feeder loading report
n DT loading report
n Section loading report
n PV generation report
l Draw graph of feeder percentage loading
(kVA) V/S increase in RTPV capacities – it will
provide effect on feeder side w.r.t. increase
in RTPV
l Draw a graph for DT percentage loading
(kVA) w.r.t. increase in RTPV during each
scenario
l Analyze PQ issues and thermal issues in
section loading report for each section of
feeder side and LT side during each scenario:
n This report will display Undervoltage/
Preparation of network in CYMDIST for load flow study
28
:
Draw load point
end consumer
mentioning
connected/
sanctioned load
on LT side of
transformer
Draw complete
network diagram
upto LT consumer
end specifying
conductor size,
span length,
rating, transformer
voltage rating
Connect RTPV
generation
capacity
(existing if any)
on LT side of
network
Validate the
network diagram
and (remove
errors, if any)
Upload solar
irradiance curve
data on RTPV
connections
STEP
1
STEP
2
STEP
3
STEP
4
Run the load flow study of feeder load
current during the selected time slot
Select any specific time during each time slot for
which feeder is lightly or heavily loaded (in this
study, ISGF considered both conditions in order to
run load flow during severe conditions)
Perform load flow analysis for increasing
solar RTPV connection at consumer side (LT/
HT/agriculture/commercial etc.) in steps
w.r.t. percentage of transformer rating
Run load flow study:
Identify/select time slots for the load flow
study (Four time slots i.e. 8:00 AM -11:00
AM, 11:00 AM - 1:00 PM, 1:00PM - 4:00 PM,
4:00PM - 7:00PM)
28
TPDDL had provided CYMDIST ready files to ISGF. 40Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
overloading voltage sections in different
colours
n This report will display overcurrent in
section (if any)
n Analyze power factor violation in report
n Analyze voltage variation, kVA loading
n Analyze reverse power flow across DT
from LT side to MV side due to increase
in RTPV connections
n Analyze the effect on the network
Results of the study:
Analyze the
maximum limit
of percentage
increase in
RTPV up to
which there are
no PQ issues
Analyze the
maximum increases
in RTPV up to which
PQ issues can be
mitigated with energy
storage devices at LT
side/at DT/at MV
side
In every scenario during load flow studies,
RTPV connections are increased based on
percentage of DT capacity e.g. for 630 kVA DT,
percentage increase in RTPV.
Scenario 1 Scenario 2 Scenario 3 Scenario 4
11% of DT Capacity
20% of DT Capacity
40% of DT Capacity
60% of DT Capacity
80% of DT Capacity
90% of DT Capacity
100% of DT Capacity
Time
8-11 AM
Time
11-1 PM
Time
1-4 PM
Time
4-7 PM
Already connected
70 kWP
Solar RTPV Capacity
Time Slots
120 kWP
240 kWP
360 kWP
480 kWP
540 kWP
600 kWP
70 kWP
120 kWP
240 kWP
360 kWP
480 kWP
540 kWP
600 kWP
70 kWP
120 kWP
240 kWP
360 kWP
480 kWP
540 kWP
600 kWP
70 kWP
120 kWP
240 kWP
360 kWP
480 kWP
540 kWP
600 kWP 41Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Scenario 1 Scenario 2 Scenario 3 Scenario 4
AS-IS
Without Solar
20% of DT Capacity
40% of DT Capacity
60% of DT Capacity
80% of DT Capacity
100 % of DT Capacity
Time
8-11 AM
Time
11-1 PM
Time
1-4 PM
Time
4-7 PM
Already connected
0 kWP
–
Solar RTPV Capacity
Time Slots
20 kWP
40 kWP
60 kWP
80 kWP
100 kWP
0 kWP
–
20 kWP
40 kWP
60 kWP
80 kWP
100 kWP
0 kWP
–
20 kWP
40 kWP
60 kWP
80 kWP
100 kWP
0 kWP
–
20 kWP
40 kWP
60 kWP
80 kWP
100 kWP
4.3.2 Load Flow Studies
The result and summary of load flow studies are discussed below:
4.3.2.1 Load Flow Study Analysis – Urban Lightly Loaded Feeder (TPDDL) in Delhi
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
36.5
53.2
74.9
100.3
120.3
44.6
67.7
92.9
112.7
28.7
50.4
75
94.5
29.7
16.5
30.3
35.5
58.3
77
20.3
57.4
54.9
43.8
39.4
29.9
66.7
52.6
49
36.4
35.9
40% 60%100% 120%0% 20%
36.5% Load 50% DT Load 75% DT Load 100% DT Load 100% DT Load
Preferable with Active
DR (Demand Response)
Thermal Limit
PQ Limit
Preferable Limit
Percentage increase in RTPV connections (based on DT kVA) V/S percentage of DT Loading (kVA)
Percentage of DT Loading (kVA)
Figure 17:
TPDDL Feeder - Load Flow Analysis
29,30
48.3
63.2
45.9
28
35.2
80%
29
The choice of using LiB was done to showcase the best life cycle cost, effective use as well as better mix of power-energy needs given
today’s use. The other technologies such as advanced lead acid batteries may indeed suit niche applications.
30
For industrial and commercial feeders with weekly off days, there could be reverse power flows to 11 kV systems on off-days. Such
cases have not been studied in detail; which will be undertaken in the next phase of the study. Feeders with mixed loads that have 50%
load during daytime are ideal for 50-70% RTPV. 42Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Thermal Limit
Preferable Limit
Figure 18:
UHBVN Feeder Load Flow Analysis
4.3.2.2 Analysis of Agricultural Feeder (UHBVN)
4.3.2.3 Analysis of 11 kV Feeder (BESCOM)
Figure 19:
BESCOM Feeder Load Flow Analysis
45.00
40.00
35.00
30.00
25.00
20.00
15.00
10.00
5.00
08 AM - 11AM 11 AM - 01PM 01 PM - 04PM 04 AM - 07PM
Without
Solar
Analysis
As is Analysis
0kW
20%, 13kW40%, 25kW 60%, 38kW80%, 50kW100%, 63kW
Percentage of solar injection V/S DT % kVA loading during load flow
DT percentage of loading in kVA
Preferable with Active
DR (Demand Response)
Preferable LimitThermal Limit
Preferable with Active
DR (Demand Response)
937.12
532.45
451.55
548.46
466.94
642.29
409.30
464.00
437.66
403.60
427.94
649.01
1900.00
1700.00
1500.00
1300.00
1100.00
900.00
700.00
500.00
300.00
100.00
Feeder (kVA)
507.95
680.49
744
824.36
1102.06
1355.26
1546.06
908.37
568.96
08 AM -11 AM
Without Solar
11 AM-01 PM 01 PM-04 PM 04 PM-07 PM
20% 40% 60% 80% 100%0%
Percentage of solar injection (w.r.t. DT kVA capacity) V/S Feeder (kVA)
854.61
706.06
PQ Limit
35.36 35.36
32.04 32.04
29.71 29.71
26.23 26.23
23.89
20.76
18.56
15.33
11.41
16.34
14.13
12.81
41.10
38.77
37.30
35.34
18.60
17.38
16.88
16.67
PQ Limit 43Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Figure 20:
APSPDCL Feeder Load Flow Analysis
Figure 21:
CESC Feeder Load Flow Analysis
4.3.2.4 Analysis of Semi Urban Heavily Loaded Feeder (APSPDCL), Tirupati
4.3.2.5 Analysis of Urban Heavily Loaded Feeder (CESC), Kolkata
Preferable with Active
DR (Demand Response)
1900.00
1700.00
1500.00
1300.00
1100.00
900.00
700.00
500.00
300.00
100.00
Feeder (kVA)
649.01
08 AM -11 AM
Without Solar
11 AM-01 PM 01 PM-04 PM 04 PM-07 PM
PQ Limit
20% 40% 60% 80% 100%0%
Percentage of solar injection (w.r.t. DT kVA capacity) V/S Feeder (kVA)
Thermal Limit
854.61
532.45
451.55
548.46
642.29
568.96
908.37
1355.26
1546.06
1102.06
824.36
744
680.49
507.95
464.08
466.94
409.30
437.66427.94
403.60
937.12
706.08
Preferable Limit
Preferable with Active
DR (Demand Response)
100.00
90.00
80.00
70.00
60.00
50.00
40.00
30.00
20.00
DT percentage loading (KVA)
08 AM -11 AM
Without Solar
11 AM-01 PM 01 PM-04 PM 04 PM-07 PM
20% 40% 60% 80% 100%0%
Percentage of solar injection V/S DT % kVA Loading during Load Flow
Thermal Limit
86.6
73.7
80.0
83.49
73.7
55.3
66.09
71.6
66.4
56.2
55.76
80.0
86.6
Preferable Limit
83.49
49.6
39.0
36.0
46.0
46.94
57.6
57.89
59.1
63.4
42.9
50.0 48.1
47.28
PQ Limit 44Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
PQ Limit
4.3.2.6 Analysis of Urban Lightly Loaded Feeder (AEML), Mumbai
Figure 22:
AEML Feeder Load Flow Analysis
The details of load flow study of all the selected
DISCOMs are given in Annexure-2.
4.4 CYMDIST Library
of Modelling Tools for
Photovoltaic System Study
CYME library consists of equipment details
(as per actual data of feeders). DISCOMs using
CYMDIST Software with Long Term Dynamics
module can directly use this library for solar
studies. The library is based on the study
methodology using percentage increment
of solar injection per DT capacity. DISCOMs
utilizing the module will have to vary the
equipment’s technical parameters as per their
requirements. However, the DISCOMs will have
to model the feeders manually. If they have
400.00
350.00
300.00
250.00
200.00
150.00
100.00
50.00
0.00
08 AM - 11AM 11 AM - 01PM 01 PM - 04PM 04 AM - 07PM
252.32
154.13
129.80
76.85
91.84
52.27
80.67
84.87
169.27
178.73
276.45
285.91
300.32
343.16
232.88
191.67
113.76
74.79
96.49
199.14
207.29
180.69
205.37
232.22
223.86
304.27
322.87
331.77
Without
Solar
Analysis
As is
Analysis
100kW
20%
126Kw
40%
252Kw
60%
378Kw
80%
504Kw
100%
630Kw
Percentage of solar injection V/S DT % kVA loading during load flow
Preferable LimitThermal Limit
Preferable with Active
DR (Demand Response) 45Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
GIS data, it will benefit them for modelling the
feeders.
Network diagram: Feeder files are saved in. sxst
format in CYMDIST.
1. Equipment library creation: This document
will provide a guideline on how to create
equipment’s with the CYME Software. A self-
contained study file (.sxst) to use with this
document is provided. The explanations
below are based on the use of that file.
a) Source equivalent: Go to equipment >
source equivalent. The dialog box opens
where you can create new sources
and enter appropriate data values such
as the capacity (to flag overload), the
nominal and the operating voltage,
the configuration, and the equipment
impedance values.
b) Transformer: Go to equipment >
transformer in the menu. You have six
options:
l The two-winding transformer
l Two - winding auto - transformer
l Phase shifting transformer
l Three-winding transformer
l
Three - winding auto – transformer
and
l Grounding transformer
Select two – winding transformer. Fill in the
ratings of the transformer, its impedances, type
and connection. Should there be any grounding
impedance, they should be entered accordingly
too. If the transformer has a Load Tap Changer
(LTC), select the LTC tab, and check the load tap
changer option. 46Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032 47Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
c) Cable: Go to Equipment > Cable to
access the cable database. You can enter
the parameters in the General tab of the
cable if known. If the parameters are
not known, click on the details button
to enter cable construction details and
calculate the equivalent impedances. 48Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
d) Overhead Line: Go to Equipment >
Overhead Line > Balanced. The balanced
type uses the same conductor for all
phases, whereas the unbalanced type
uses different conductors for each of the
three phases. 49Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
e) Photovoltaic Panel: Go to Equipment
> Photovoltaic Panel. Fill up all the
required details as per the PV panel
specifications as per the manufacturer’s
standards.
Solar Insolation Curve: For the study of solar
variations throughout the day on CYME, solar
insolation curve is required. As the irradiance is
variable in nature, in this way, it has been thought
about. The PV Module uses this curve for certain
time intervals. 51Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
5.1 Description and Overview
Recent improvements in performance and
cost reduction of energy storage technologies
have generated a strong interest in evaluating
role of energy storage for helping with larger
penetration of solar PV at grid and rooftop levels.
However, often the optimum size of storage
and right type of technologies are debated.
Secondly, there is not a lot of information
available on techno-commercial feasibility
of integrating advanced energy storage with
RTPV for applications which can provide larger
savings and/or improve power quality and
reliability for consumers.
Hence, to answer, whether energy storage
can help RTPV penetration and to determine
optimal size and to assist with technology
selection, Energy Storage India Tool (ESIT) has
been developed as a part of this study. The basic
function of this tool is to take network load
data and optimize the energy storage capacity.
This tool is capable of dealing with distribution
feeder and customer level analysis. For given
inputs related to site and technical parameters
of a potential project, ESIT has the capability
to provide cost benefit assessment. The
value streams captured by ESIT include both
monetizable benefits and non-monetizable
benefits. Monetizable benefits could be system
peak shaving, diesel usage optimization for
back-up power, time shifting, demand response
etc. (details given in section 5.3). Whereas non-
monetizable benefits include prevention of
economic loss due to power cuts. ESIT has been
developed considering all the parameters used
by different utilities so that it can be universally
used in the Indian context. Moreover, it is
flexible to carry out analysis on some unknown
data or broken data like load data and includes
sample data which can be used by users without
in-depth knowledge of many storage, power
electronics and power quality equipment. This
model takes annual load data as input but can
also work with partial data. Any time interval
load data can be directly inserted to the existing
model for analysis. For ESIT inputs, there are
four major categories i.e. solar, grid, storage
and diesel genset (DG) for insertion of detailed
values shown in Figures 23-25. In addition,
grid segment has different levels like customer,
feeder and Distribution Transformer (DT) level.
Based on one’s need, user can easily perform
the analysis for different scenarios of solar PV
penetration at different levels, for multiple load
patterns, and load growth scenarios. Details on
each segment is presented in section 5.2.
Energy Storage India Tool (ESIT)
5 52Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Figure 23:
Load and Irradiance data dashboard
Figure 24:
Feeder and Supply side Parameter 53Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
5.2 Techno-Commercial
Evaluation of ESS Projects
The techno-commercial analysis for storage is
done on the basis of monetizable benefits which
an ESS asset can cater to at a particular level in
the network. The user does not need to think
or choose benefits, which are automatically
selected based on the state policies and based
on position of storage in the grid.
ESIT includes important features like choosing
a different rate plan based on a commercial,
industrial or residential customer segment.
The tool also allows the user to choose the year
in which they are planning to deploy energy
storage and accordingly choose the load curve
as per load growth estimates. Based on this
ESIT also determines electricity cost for that
particular year. After taking all the parameters
from user, it performs simulation for a fixed time
interval. The size of solar is taken as percentage
of Distribution Transformer (DT) size. In case
of DT side or feeder side installation of energy
storage, total electricity cost represents the cost
of procurement of energy. This cost is based on
Time of Day (ToD) based rates and has ability
to use monthly or 24-hour spot pricing. On the
other hand, when ESS is located in customer
premise, actual rate plan is considered as input.
This rate plan includes following parameters:
l Demand Charge
n Constraints such as minimum threshold
and penalty for crossing contract
demand
l Fixed charge
l Contract demand
l Slab based charge
l ToD based charges
l Value of lost load
Figure 25:
Storage Parameter Dashboard 54Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Cost of technical components such as
transformers, cables and cable laying have
been considered to calculate the actual cost of
upgradation of a distribution transformer.
Model is capable of analysing different types
of lithium ion battery chemistries as well as
storage technologies like Valve Regulated Lead
Acid (VRLA), Flooded Lead Acid batteries etc.
Apart from energy rating, other characteristics
such as power rating, state of charge, efficiency
for storage can be manually inserted if
someone wants to deep dive into a particular
energy storage technology. The model can also
recommend energy storage size based on solar
penetration level and grid characteristics.
Considering all the parameters, simulations can
be performed to get optimized energy storage
solution. Results of model can help to calculate
whether a system upgradation is required for future
and how energy storage can help to defer that.
One of the most interesting results from this
tool is its output with sensitivity analysis. It gives
numerical as well as visual output which make
this tool much more user friendly. Summary
tab (shown in Figure 26) of output helps the
user to understand the various value streams
as well as the implication of added solar and
storage on DT loading. Detailed output of non-
monetizable and monetizable benefits can be
visualized under this tab.
Figure 26:
Summary Tab of ESIT Model
Statistics tabs (shown in Figure 27) is also
provided to show cycling of energy storage
system and technical parameters such as
energy throughput, Avg State of Charge,
etc. The replacement year of ESS is also
shown here. 55Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
The financials tab (shown in Figure 28) on the
other side helps to quantify all the costs and
benefits for the user. The total cost of project
(Capex and Opex) can be seen from financial
tab. Income statement is generated to check
actual profit against various expenses. Finally,
cash flows section is shown from which IRR and
NPV of the project is calculated. In addition to
these sections, sensitivity section is also there
which perform sensitivities of loading v/s
different penetration levels of solar PV with and
without storage.
Figure 27:
Statistics Tab of ESIT
Figure 28:
Financial Tab of ESIT 56Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
5.3 Consideration of Multiple
Use-Cases
The ESIT is well suited for different levels of
analysis mentioned above. The monetizable
benefits are listed below:
l T&D Upgrade Deferral: The tool deploys
storage when feeder/DTs are heavily loaded
(local peak shaving and reverse power
flow absorption). This defers the T&D
upgradation for certain period. Benefits are
calculated considering savings on interest
payments on upgradation costs due to
deferral
l System Peak Shavings Benefits: System
wide peak shaving benefits can be captured
if a suitable program exists. Storage is
deployed to reduce utility loads during
system peaks (For most utilities in India this
could include evening time discharge of
energy storage)
l Time Shifting: The tool has capability to
examine the power procurement cost for
the utility. If energy arbitrage opportunity
exists, then storage is deployed to take
advantage of the price differential
l Penalty Savings: ESIT is able to quantify the
savings on penalty payments to consumers
during power cuts if storage is deployed to
serve the load
l DR Revenue: The tool can simulate a
Demand Response (DR) program. Utility DR
calls can be specified. If the customer sited
storage is capable of responding during
those calls, the benefits are calculated
l Energy Arbitrage: In the rate plan for the
consumer, if there exits an arbitrage, then
storage is dispatched to capture those
benefits
l Diesel Minimization: Tool can calculate
the benefits due reduction in diesel
consumption by DG sets if storage is utilized
during power cuts
5.4 Evaluation of Monetizable
and Non-Monetizable Benefits
ESIT classifies benefits from storage into two
categories namely monetizable and non-
monetizable benefits. The tool classifies the
benefits into the aforementioned categories
with respect to the current regulatory
scenarios at state and central levels, barring
few exceptions. For instance, in ESIT tool T&D
upgrade deferral benefit is basically a financial
benefit for utility by deferring the investment for
certain years. The benefit reflects in the savings
in interest payments for upgrade costs. Under
present payment mechanisms and regulatory
policies, a customer owned asset cannot realize
this benefit, however, the benefit for the grid
can be realized even if the asset is owned by
customer. Thus, T&D upgrade deferral benefit
has been considered as monetizable benefit
across all the placements in ESIT. Potential
benefits for different levels are captured in
Table 6. Electricity savings on the other hand
is also an important benefit for utility as well
as consumer (For Commercial and Industrial)
as storage can also perform arbitrage based
on utility energy procurement cost. However,
energy shifting is not a monetizable benefit for
residential customers as time of day tariff does
not apply to them. Acting as a customer asset
in the current scenario, utility needs to pay for
lost power to consumers. This can be reduced
by using storage.
ESIT can show different peak saving benefits i.e.
system and local. Storage can operate during
system peak events. However, under present
market structure storage can be only present at
utility side to monetize system peak reduction.
With Demand Response programs, end
customers can also get paid for responding to
DR signals. Storage being a flexible asset can 57Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
help in allowing consumers to participate in
DR programs without changing consumption
patterns. Moreover, with help of distributed
storage, as mentioned earlier, utility can save
by reducing local peak and thus can extend
the usability of current DT/Feeder/Line
configuration by deferring upgrades.
Under this study, it is felt that reliability of power
is still an issue with many customers reporting
almost daily short unscheduled interruptions
especially in rural and semi-urban centres.
Reliability and quality of power has often been
quoted as a barrier for economic growth in
India. There are many economic studies done in
different parts of world which claim that value
of voltage sags and power cuts to customers
range from as low as $5 to $50 per kWh (when
cost of electricity is rated close to 10-15 percent).
Semiconductor fabrication manufacturing units
have quoted losses of close to $500,000 per power
cut event. Hence as a tool, ESIT has defined
a non-monetizable benefit called economic
adder, which can be chosen by the user as a
multiple of tariff to quantify loss of business
due to reliability issues. However, in the Indian
scenario, the power outages can be monetized
well at customer end, as most of customers
are using diesel gensets, which is an expensive
backup option in terms of operating costs.
ESIT considers energy storage as a solution to
optimize the use of diesel gensets during power
cuts and reduction in diesel usage is considered
as a cost benefit of storage when placed at the
customer end. However, if the same asset is
placed at utility side and is able to address the
outage, there would be only partial benefit to
utility apart from recovery of the T&D portion
of the charges which the utility losses in case
of power cut. If there are regulations in place,
which can penalize the utility for loss of supply,
utility owned storage can have a monetizable
benefit for providing reliable supply by avoiding
penalties. However, apart from Delhi, no
other stated has introduced or has planned to
introduce such penalty so far. And even in case
of Delhi, the penalty payments are rated as
INR 50 for two hours of power cut. Apart from
these benefits, power quality (PF correction), is
also a monetizable benefit which smart storage
inverters can address. And the tool considers PF
correction as a monetizable benefits.
Table 7:
Different Monetizable and Non-Monetizable Benefits
Different BenefitsDT Feeder Customer
T & D Upgrade DeferralM M M
Electricity SavingsM M M*
System Peak ReductionM M NM
Penalty Payment SavingsM M M
Diesel SavingsNM NM M
Economic Adder NM NM NM
PF Correction/Reactive Power SupportM M M
M=Monetizable, NM=Non-Monetizable
M* = Monetizable only for commercial and industrial consumers 58Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
5.5 Testing of Different Policy
Incentives
While India is successfully progressing towards
achieving 175 GW renewable energy targets
by 2022, a few challenges still needs to be
addressed such as RE integration to distribution
grid, peak deficits, intermittency problems
owing to RE penetration etc. In order to achieve
Solar Mission objectives, interventions are still
required to bring down costs borne by the utility
and end user/consumer. The key challenge is to
provide an enabling framework and support for
entrepreneurs to develop markets.
On the other hand, many of the industrial
consumers, connected to 33kV and 11kV feeders
are facing severe losses during power cuts and
voltage fluctuations. These consumers spend
lot of amount on diesel/other sources during
power deficits which itself is an additional
burden on these consumers. The only demand
from the consumers connected to these voltage
levels is to receive uninterruptable quality
power supply. This is the same case for domestic
consumers as well.
For taking complete advantage of Storage
+ Solar PV integration, the need of the hour
is to formulate appropriate regulations for
successful implementation of the proposed
system. The best way to test the advantages
of this system is to implement a pilot project
in most load facing Discom in an urban area
and compare these results with only solar PV
installed regions. Although few of the benefits
of installing storage is not monetizable but
immediately yield positive results. Testing the
pilot project for a year or more can certainly
show the system improvement. Creating
market mechanism for demand response, ramp
controls, ancillary services and power quality
will definitely boost efficiency in the last mile
network and also increase the reliability. Such
mechanisms will also introduce flexible assets
in the system like energy storage systems and
smart inverters, which can bring a lot of value
to the grid apart from addressing issues due
to higher penetration of rooftop solar PV in
Low voltage and medium voltage distribution
networks. 59Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
6.1 Cost Benefit Analysis
for Energy Storage System at
Different Locations
Energy Storage India Tool (ESIT) developed
as the part of this study has the capability to
analyze penetration of storage and its benefits
at different level namely feeder, distribution
transformer (DT) and customer levels. The
tool has the capability to understand techno-
commercial benefits of using a storage at a
particular location through different cost
benefits, it can avail at a particular level in the
network. However, the tool does not analyze
voltage drop, voltage fluctuations and many
such load flow parameters to derive this
analysis. An introduction to the tool was made
in Chapter 5. This chapter will further help the
reader to understand quantitative assessment
conducted by ESIT through a particular case.
To understand benefits of energy storage at
different level, analysis for one of the feeders
of CESC Kolkata has been considered in our
study. The feeder covered in this study is of
capacity 2.9 MVA and feeding 11 distribution
transformers of 3.4 MVA cumulative capacity.
This feeder is currently loaded 85%, which is
high compared to other feeders. Such highly
loaded feeders that are likely candidate for
distribution upgrades in near future are good
candidates for deployment of energy storage to
capture maximum benefit. Lithium ion Nickel
Manganese Cobalt (NMC) and lead acid (LA)
batteries have been considered to understand
effect of technology on project feasibility. With
preliminary analysis of storage cycles, it was
found that LiB for this particular project could
last for 10 yrs. So, no replacement is required
for LiB during a 10 year project evaluation. But
in case of lead acid (LA) battery, it is expected
to last for 3 years thus needs to be replaced up
to 3 times during the 10 year evaluation period.
Feeder upgrade planning is assumed to be 30
years. Some general assumptions used in the
simulations are listed in Table 8.
Cost Benefit Analysis of Energy
Storage using ESIT
6
Table 8:
Assumptions for Analysing Feeder and DT Level Data
Assumption Parameter202020222025
Solar Penetration( Low case and High case) 20% & 50% 40% & 70% 70% & 90%
Load Scale
(Considering annual load growth is 3%)
106.6% 116%127%
Power Conversion System Cost trend($/kW)224-405 182-328 133-239
Storage cost($/kWh)220184150 60Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Apart from those parameters, some data like
transformer cost, switchgear cost, cabling cost
etc. have been taken from CESC and secondary
sources. Considering all these parameters,
CESC cases has been analyzed for 2020, 2022
and 2025. Table 9 is summary of all the cases
considering maximum level of penetration in
each level. The feasibility of the project can be
seen in different level. It has been found out
that for CESC, installation of storage in DT level
will help them to reduce peak load and also,
they will get monetizable benefits.
Table 9:
Summary of Different Level Analysis
Year Different
Level
Solar
Penetration
Individual
Storage
capacity
(KW)
Total
storage
capacity
(MW)
Storage
capacity
(MWh)
Project NPV IRR
2020 Feeder 50 % 290 0.29(10%
of Feeder
Capacity)
0.58 -0.772 6.01 %
DT 50 % 31.5 0.031(10%
of DT
Capacity)
0.031 0.076 *21.6 %
31
Consumer 50 % 31.5 0.031 0.031*-8.66 %
2022 Feeder 70 % 290 0.29 0.58 -0.621 6.20 %
DT70 % 31.5 0.031 0.031 0.081 *27.2 %
Consumer 70 % 31.5 0.031 0.031 -06061 *0 %
2025 Feeder 90 % 290 0.29 0.58 -0.244 8.30 *
DT90 % 63 0.031 0.031 0.076 *37.5 %
Consumer 90 % 31.5 0.031 0.031 -04169 *0 %
*IRR is for particular DT
6.2 Feeder Level Analysis
From the initial analysis it is found out that
although lead acid battery storage option is
cheaper compared to LiB; it is uneconomical
due to its short life as it needs to be replaced
after every 3 years. We have estimated that price
of LiB’s will go down below lead acid battery
price in coming years. In addition to that, LiB’s
are more ecofriendly and can be recycled totally.
This study has considered LiB as the storage
option for analyzing different cases. From Figure
29 it can be seen that LiB has the capability to
do more than 350 cycles each day at 80% depth
of discharge (DoD). This leads to deferment of
Lead-Acid battery replacement every 3 years.
For this study, the replacement year for a typical
DT level ESS is 15 years, which is economically
viable. For this study the replacement year
for DT level storage is 15 years which is quite
economically viable. Different size of storage
has been considered to optimize the storage
size according to feeder capacity and found
out different optimum storage size for different
years. To make the project more feasible, IESA
have considered constant storage size for every
year and various levels of solar penetration. In
that way, utility can think about one storage
option which has capability of taking load up to
2025 as well as beneficial for them.
31
Value benefits considered for this case are power factor
correction, T&D deferral and electricity savings. In this
particular case, value adds due to high local characteristics
enabling a good return on investment. 61Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Benefits in Figure 30 Different benefits captured
over different year are for maximum solar
penetration with the help of storage for the
above-mentioned year. Different monetizable
benefits assuming constant storage size are
depicted in Figure 30.
Figure 29:
Cycles at Different Depth of Discharge
Figure 30:
Different Benefits Captured Over Different Years
Among different benefits, penalty payment
savings has the least impact compared to other
benefits. T & D deferral benefits have increased
from 2020 to 2025 due to the low-cost of storage.
Electricity savings by considering arbitrage will
be almost similar for every year. On the other
hand, Power Factor (PF) penalty savings will
gradually go down due to the lower tariff of
electricity. Figure 31 describes how power factor
is increasing with the help of storage.
DoD Cycles
% DoD
400
300
200
100
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
0
# of cycles
2.00
Monetizable benefits
0
0.2
202020222025
0.0850.1340.22
0.0040.0070.009
0.7810.4880.307
0.8720.8880.89
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Rs. in Crore
T & D deferral benefits (Cr)
Penalty payment savings (Cr)
PF penalty savings (Cr)
Electricity Savings (Cr) 62Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
As per the data, feeder level load is having 0.9
PF but when solar comes into the grid, then PF
reduces to around 0.8. Reduction in PF happens
because solar is giving only active power instead
active and reactive power thus ratio of apparent
power to active power (i.e. PF) got reduced. With
the help of storage that ratio got increased and
back to its actual PF.
Figure 31:
Increment of PF by Using Storage
Figure 32:
Peak Shaving Operation
These graphs in Figure 32 shows yearly data
for CESC. Also, it clearly indicates the peak
shave operations. The evening peak get saved
by using storage. This will eventually defer the
transformer upgradation for long period.
0.92
0.9
0.88
0.86
0.84
0.82
0.8
0.78
0.76
0.74
PF of Actual load
PF of load with
Solar
PF of load with
Solar and storage
0.90.80.92020
2022
2025
0.9
0.9
0.81
0.83
0.9
0.89
Load
Evening peak shave
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
2
1
0
-1
Generation
MWMW
Lost Power
SOS
Storage
Grid
Solar
Load Net of Solar
Original Load 63Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
From Figure 33, it can be seen that the project is
not viable in the initial years (2020 & 2022) as net
present value (NPV) is negative. Battery in 2025
case is helping to reduce peak load with higher
PV penetration, also giving economic benefits.
But in rest of the years, storage is not helping
although solar PV penetration is helping to
reduce peak load. In 2025, at 90% solar PV in
penetration (1.3MWp), a 0.29 MW× 2hr (10%
of feeder capacity) LiB would be required to
provide 2 years of T&D upgrade deferral benefit
with energy time shifting. The tool has sized
the storage in order to maximize T&D deferral
benefits and then value from other applications
are assessed. The final size is different from the
recommended size for T&D upgrade benefit to
arrive at maximum ROI.
As per our analysis, installation of 0.29 MW ×2hr
battery in 2020 will help to reduce losses though
in this year project is not economically feasible.
But different monetizable benefits can be
obtained and thus leading to positive internal
rate of return (IRR).
6.3 Distribution Transformer
(DT) Level Analysis
DT level analysis is performed on a 315 kVA DT.
This DT is highly loaded among the 11 DTs on
a feeder. Rest of the assumptions are similar
to feeder level assumptions. Figure 34 shows
different monetizable benefits for particular DT.
Monetizable benefits are decreasing over the
year. This could be due to the advancement of
technology and low cost of storage. In addition
to that, this DT is highly loaded and can be
saturated after some years. Thus, installing
storage in coming year will help to reduce losses
with monetizable benefits. PF penalty savings
are the major contributor for the monetizable
benefit followed by electricity savings and T&D
deferral benefit.
On the other hand, IRR of the project is
increasing every year seen in Figure 33. Also, it
depicts that the project is economically viable as
NPV is positive. Capex of each year starting from
2020 to 2025 will reduce due to reduction in cost
of Li-ion battery and hence makes the project
feasible. Solar penetration in the year 2022
and 2025 also helps to reduce the original load
curve. As the DT is highly loaded and if storage
can be installed in 2020, then it will defer the
transformer upgradation for 2 years. But if the
storage is installed in 2025, then the transformer
upgradation deferment year will be 1 year
considering 3% growth every year. This is due to
the capacity of transformer reaching maximum
load. At 20% of DT capacity storage (i.e. 0.0315
MW for 1 hr) option is suitable for all the year to
get maximum IRR. This result is for considering
maximum solar penetration in each DT. As per
ESIT, maximum IRR is driven by low storage cost.
Figure 33:
Economic Viability of the Project During Different Years
NPV project (Cr) IRR
2025
0.2
0.1
0
-0.1
-0.2
-0.3
-0.4
2020 2022 64Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
6.4 Consumer Level Analysis
Under the 315 kVA DT, all the consumers are
residential. Approximately 198 consumers are
associated with this DT. Rest of the assumptions
are taken same as for the analysis of Feeder &
DT. The Table 10 shows results from consumer
Figure 34:
Break-up of Monetizable Benefits (INR)
Figure 35:
Economic Feasibility of the Project
level analysis. The NPV is negative for every
year and hence makes the project economically
unviable. Flat rate plan has been applied here
thus benefit of energy shifting is not there.
However, for commercial and industrial (C &
I) consumers’ energy shifting benefit will be
there due to the time of day tariff. Thus, energy
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
2025 2020
0.044
0.133
0.004
0.033
2022
Electricity Savings (Cr)
PF penalty savings (Cr)
Penalty payment savings (Cr)
T & D deferral benefits (Cr)
0.045
0.102
0.007
0.041
0.046
0.086
0.009
0.027
0.4
0.35
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
2025 2020 2022
0.0740.0810.076
21.6%
27.2%
37.5%
NPV project (Cr) IRR 65Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
storage will be beneficial for C&I consumers.
Moreover, CESC is having very low power
cut, thus diesel minimization is also very less.
Currently there is no Demand Response (DR)
program applicable in India. Implementation
of DR program would help them to incentivize
consumers for investment in energy storage.
ESIT recommends CESC to install storage at
DT level to minimize cost of the project and to
get maximum benefit. The above-mentioned
analysis is for one particular DT. This analysis
can be done for every DT for installation of
storage. Thus, help to reduce the peak load as
well as to defer the transformer upgradation.
Table 10:
Consumer Level Results
YearPower (MW) Duration (Hr)NPV project (Cr) IRR Deferral Years
20200.03151-0.083 -8.66%2
20220.0315 0.5 -0.0551 0%0
20250.0315 0.5 -0.0379 0%0 67Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Energy Storage represents a huge economic
opportunity for India. Ambitious goals,
concerted strategies, and a collaborative
approach could help India meet its emission
reduction targets while avoiding import
dependency for battery packs and cells. This
could help establish India as a hub for cutting-
edge research and innovation, boost its
manufacturing capabilities, create new jobs,
and foster economic growth. India’s strengths in
IT and manufacturing, its entrepreneurial and
dynamic private sector, and its visionary public
and private sector leadership will be key factors
in realizing these ambitions. Creation of a
conducive battery manufacturing ecosystem on
fast track could cement India’s opportunity for
radical economic and industrial transformation
in a critical and fast-growing global market.
This chapter presents the estimated Energy
Storage System (ESS) requirements in India for
the periods 2019-2022, 2022-2027 and 2027-2032
for different applications. We have examined
different ESS technologies such as batteries,
super capacitors, compressed air energy
storage system, fly wheels, pumped hydro
storage plants, etc with regard to technology
maturity and price trajectory. However, the
fast pace of developments taking place in the
battery technologies and the consequent price
competitiveness have put batteries as the first
choice for most applications. Few pumped
hydro storage (PHS) plants in India with total
capacity of 5.7GW have been identified long
time back, but these projects have not made
any progress in the past two decades owing to
variety of issues. Hence, the PHS plants are not
considered in this report. New form of gravity
storage involving large blocks of concrete/
stones is still in its infancy and not sure of
achieving commercial viability before 2032; and
hence, not considered in these estimates. Super
capacitors, fly wheels and compressed air energy
storage are far more expensive than the latest
range of lithium-ion batteries (LiB) and those
technologies have their own limitations with
regard to size, location, cost etc. Hence, we have
considered batteries as the ESS of choice for
various applications in the forecast period. We
have made separate projections for different ESS
applications such as:
1. Energy Storage for VRE Integration on MV/LV
Grid
2. Energy Storage for EHV Grid
3. Energy Storage for e-Mobility
4. Energy Storage for Telecom Towers
5. Energy Storage for Data Centres, UPS and
Inverters
6. Energy Storage for DG Replacement
7. Energy Storage for other > 1 MW Applications
It is pertinent to state here that we have conducted
detailed study and analysis only in the case of
ESS for VRE integration on MV/LV grid. Other
estimates are from best available data in the
public domain. Although we have attempted
to make projected ESS requirements, primarily
batteries until 2032, technological breakthroughs
making different ESS technologies more attractive
in the forecast period is not ruled out. As in the
case of any long-term roadmaps, this roadmap
also should be reviewed and updated periodically
considering the changes taking place both on the
supply and demand sides.
Energy Storage Roadmap for India –
2019, 2022, 2027 and 2032
7 68Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
7.1 Energy Storage for VRE
Integration on MV/LV Grid
This estimate has been developed assuming 40
GW solar penetration connected to Medium
Voltage (MV) and Low Voltage (LV) grid by 2022.
In our calculations, we have split the 40 GW
solar penetration into different states based
on the solar potential in the state. To make
it further precise, the states are divided into
different segment namely Metro-Saturated,
Metro-Growing, Peri-Urban and Rural. As per
our analysis, maximum solar installations will
be happening in Peri-Urban (80%) followed
by Rural (17%) and Metro (3%) states. Further,
we have analysed that Metro-Saturated have
30% potential whereas Metro-Growing has 70%
potential of the total Metro potential of 3% for
solar penetration. We have considered only 12
major metros in Metro segment. Rest of the
Tier 2 cities have been considered under Peri-
Urban category. Thus, for every state, analysis
is different based on different assumptions.
These segments are further divided among
commercial, industrial and residential
consumers. We have found out that the solar
penetration for residential consumers varies
between 10% and 40% whereas for commercial
and industrial consumers it varies between 20%
to 70% and 20% to 90% depending upon place
to place.
After splitting the rooftop solar target, we have
optimized the energy storage requirement
based on different levels of solar penetration.
To optimize the storage requirement for
each state/segment, we have considered two
scenarios. In one scenario, it is assumed that
the solar penetration will be distributed among
the grid of a particular state thus the battery
requirement will be higher for the state (known
as Base Case Scenario). On the other scenario,
it is assumed that solar penetration will be
concentrated in few feeders thus requirement of
storage will be less for that (Best Case Scenario).
As per our analysis, the storage requirements
for best case scenario will be around 9.4 GWh
by 2022 whereas for the base case scenario, total
storage requirement will be around 21 GWh.
7.1.1 ESS Requirement for 40 GW
RTPV Integration by 2022
While presenting the scenario for energy storage
market in the country, this chapter attempts at
answering the preliminary question, that is,
how much energy storage will be required to
integrate 40 GW of rooftop solar PV in India by
2022. It also separates the requirement as per the
type of consumer – residential, commercial and
industrial; as per the area or the demography
– metro cities, villages or Tier 2 cities, town
centres.
To establish these results at all India level,
scenario analysis was done as per utilities
data and as per the effect of major parameters
on storage selection. For example, high load
growth scenarios allowed substation/feeder
expansion deferral for less than two years, with
deployment of ESS. However, a load growth of
3-5% meant that network expansion deferral is
possible for close to 4 years with a commercially
viable ESS. Similarly, high municipal charges
for cable laying in metros, further strengthen
the case for distribution asset deferral. On the
other side, frequent power cuts scenario which
is witnessed in rural networks, makes a really
good case for diesel saving at customer end with
2 hours of ESS back-up. Based on the categories
defined in the target of 40 GW of rooftop PV is
split across the states.
In the estimations made, 40 GW of RTPV targets
were split across different states and union
territories as projected by MNRE. Split of 40
GW RTPV targets, as per customer category, is
presented in the Table 12. 69Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Table 11:
Split of Distribution Network and Solar PV Penetration into Different Categories
CategoryNetwork
Expansion
Costs
Feeder/
DT
Loading
Load
Growth
ToD
Tariff
Power Cuts
(hours/year)
Connected
at
Estimated
PV
Penetration
Metros-Saturated Residential High 80% 3-5% No < 100 415 V 20%-50%
Metros-Saturated Commercial High 80% 3-5% Yes < 100 11 kV 20%-50%
Metros-Saturated Industrial High 80% 3-5% Yes < 100 11 kV 20%-90%
Metros-Growing -Residential High 50% 5-7% No < 100 415 V 20%-50%
Metros-Growing -Commercial High 80% 5-7% Yes < 100 400 V 20%-70%
Metros-Growing-industrial High 80% 5-7% Yes < 100 11 kV 20%-90%
Rural Residential Low 80% 7-9% No < 1000 415 V 20%-70%
Rural Commercial Low 80% 7-9% No < 1000 415 V 20%-70%
Rural 11 kVLow 80% 7-9% No < 1000 11 kV 20%-90%
Peri-Urban/Tier2 Centres R*Medium 50% 5-7% Yes < 300 415 V 20%-70%
Peri-Urban/Tier2 Centres C*Medium 50% 5-7% Yes < 300 415 V 20%-70%
Peri-Urban/Tier2 Centres I*Medium 50% 5-7% Yes < 300 11 kV 20%-90%
(* R-Residential, C-Commercial, I-Industrial; ~Distribution Transformer)
Source: IESA Analysis
Table 12:
40 GW Rooftop Target Split for Different Types of States
RTPV Split - Categories Commercial (MW) Industrial (MW) Residential (MW) Total (MW)
Metros-Saturated850680170
32
1,700
Metros-Growing1,7202,1504304,300
Rural Residential 3,4004,2508508,500
Peri-Urban/Tier2 Centres 7,65015,3002,550 25,500
TOTAL13,62022,3804,000 40,000
32
To accommodate 170 MW of rooftop solar PV, network capacity required will be 850 MW as this scenario considers 20% penetration
of RTPV (as explained in Figure 36). Hence, as ESS is sized 10% of the network capacity, the requirement for ESS will be 85 MW (10%
of network capacity) and as 1 hour storage is considered, requirement in MWh will be 85 MWh. 70Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Further to the bifurcation of rooftop solar
across different areas in the country, this report
highlights an interesting observation, that is the
requirement for ESS for integration for 40 GW
RTPV will also depend on concentration of solar
PV across the distribution networks. Higher
concentration of RTPV in distribution network
can lead to lesser requirement for ESS, while
the requirement for storage will be higher if
RTPV installation is more spread out. Hence, it
is important to identify feeders where RTPV can
be integrated easily and penetration of solar
PV can be much higher than 50%. Installation
of storage can be done predominantly in those
feeders to support the higher penetration and
capturing those values.
Using the Energy Storage India Tool (ESIT),
the requirement for ESS was determined
for rooftop PV integration. Rooftop Solar PV
integration is estimated to have only 8% share
of the total energy storage during 2019-2027
in India. Over 2/3
rd
of the deployments in this
case will be required at the grid scale, which can
capture many of the network issues like power
quality, peak shaving, and distribution asset
deferral apart from rooftop PV integration. Rest
of the installations will make commercial sense
at behind the meter as it can save electricity
cost using ToD tariff and save diesel for backup
generation in rural and peri-urban areas which
are still affected by frequent power cuts.
On the other hand, according to data compiled
by IESA, electric vehicle industry, consumed
over 5 GWh of batteries in 2018 in India. This
number is likely to be over 36 GWh by 2025.
During 2019-2027, the EV sector is estimated
to consume about 257 GWh of batteries. Some
of these can be used through V2G (Vehicle to
Grid) technologies to meet flexibility needs
of the electricity distribution network. Large
requirement for ESS across the applications
will help in reduction of costs. Lastly, new
installations of ESS for distribution grid and
rooftop PV integration can be reduced if
the network planning can be done around
leveraging V2G and some of existing back-up
battery systems.
In the following four scenarios of RTPV
installations, a potential requirement for ESS
has been derived.
Metro-Saturated Scenario: In this particular
case, where load is growing less than 5% year on
year, networks are saturated, power reliability is
quite good, power factor penalties are high, ESS
support of around 10% of feeder/distribution
transformer (DT) capacity will be required if
RTPV penetration is up to 50% of the feeder/DT
capacity. As RTPV penetration exceeds 20%, ESS
requirement will be doubled in terms of MW/
MVA for this scenario, as power factor issues and
possibility of reverse power flow might demand
larger size ESS. Requirement of duration of
ESS will be 1-2 hours depending upon different
cases.
In this scenario, power factor penalty savings,
especially for industrial customers would be the
biggest savings. Increase of solar PV penetration
has created a marked decline in power factor
across low and medium voltage levels, often
leading to solar PV curtailment in states where
PF penalties are high.
Electricity savings and T&D deferral will also
be substantial in some of these metros where
a decent time-of-day (ToD) tariff has been
introduced and distribution infrastructure
upgrade deferral savings were also high in cases
where a long stretch (over 1 km) of distribution
cable laying is required for an upgrade. These
savings can be really substantial for top four
metros where municipal charges for excavation
are in the range of INR 10,000-15,000 per
meter. As evaluated in ESIT, ESS of over 10% of
substation/feeder capacity is required for 20%
of RTPV penetration in the particular feeder or
substation. In case of a higher penetration like
above 50% RTPV capacity, ESS of size of 20%
of network capacity will be required. As it can
be observed, for higher penetration of RTPV, 71Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
the increase in requirement of ESS is marginal
(Figure 36). Hence, it can be inferred that if
RTPV’s installations are more concentrated,
requirement of storage in this scenario level
will be higher than the case of a more spread
out installations of RTPV. At All India level,
for low case and high case penetrations, ESS
requirement estimation is provided in chart
below (Figure 37).
Figure 36:
ESS requirement (as percentage of DT capacity) in Metro Saturated Scenario
with different solar PV penetration (IESA Analysis)
33
Figure 37:
ESS required for different RTPV scenario at Metro Saturated Segment
ESS (MWh) distributed RTPV
ESS (MW) distributed RTPV
ESS (MWh) concentrated RTPV
ESS (MW) concentrated RTPV
MW and MWh
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
ESS required for 1700 MW RTPV penetration in Metro Saturated Scenario
Low Case and High Case
Residential Commercial Industrial
Distribution Transformer
RTPV = 20% DT capacity
RTPV = 70% of DT capacity
ESS = 10% of DT capacity
ESS = 20% of DT capacity
33
The sizing of BESS has been done on the basis of monetizable economic value of the BESS functions (cut-off/near NPV neutral) using
the ESIT tool. Should battery prices drastically reduce further, or if ancillary services market improve, or if tariffs rise dramatically, this
equation for BESS sizing will grow larger relative to DT ratings. 72Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Metro-Growing Scenario:
In Metro Growing Scenario, load growth is
comparatively higher (around 5-7% year on
year) compared to saturated scenario. Power
reliability is better in this area than in case of tier
2 cities. ESS support of around 10% of feeder/
distribution transformer (DT) capacity will be
required only if RTPV penetration approach 40%.
As RTPV penetration exceeds 40% and beyond,
ESS requirement will be doubled in terms of MW/
MVA for this scenario, as power factor issues and
possibility of reverse power flow might demand
a larger size battery. To make it economically
Figure 38:
ESS requirement (as percentage of DT capacity) in Metro Growing Scenario with
different solar PV penetration (IESA Analysis)
Figure 39:
ESS required for different RTPV Scenario at Metro Growing Segment
ESS (MW) distributed RTPV
ESS (MWh) distributed RTPV
ESS (MW) concentrated RTPV
Low Case and High Case
ESS (MWh) concentrated RTPV
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
ESS requirement for 4300 MW RTPV penetration in Metro Growing Scenario
Low Case and High Case
Residential Commercial Industrial
Distribution Transformer
RTPV = 20% DT capacity
RTPV = 90% of DT capacity
ESS = 10% of DT capacity
ESS = 20% of DT capacity 73Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
feasible, requirement of ESS is recommended for
1 hour for most of these cases.
Electricity savings and T&D deferral savings
in the case will be similar to that of Metro-
Saturated category. As evaluated in ESIT, ESS
of over 10% of substation/feeder capacity is
required for 40% of RTPV penetration in the
particular feeder or substation (Figure 38). In
case of a higher penetration over 40% of RTPV
penetration, ESS size of 20% of network capacity
will be required. As it can be again observed in
Figure 39, for higher penetration of RTPV, the
increase in requirement of ESS is marginal.
Tier 2 Urban/Peri-Urban Scenario:
Tier 2 cities and their Peri-urban centres
are heavy load pockets of the country as the
industrialization and population density in
these areas are quite high. As per CES analysis,
load growth in this sector is high as these areas
are developing rapidly. The annual load growth
is around 5-7% in most of the cases and in some
places, it goes even in the range of 8-10%.
Power reliability is not good in this area as both
short and long power cuts are witnessed in Tier 2
cities with generally power cuts causing over 300
hours of interruptions in a year. ESS support of
around 10% of feeder/distribution transformer
(DT) capacity will be required from 20% to up to
90% of solar PV penetration for the given feeders.
T & D deferral benefit in these areas can be a
weaker case, due to lower cost of upgrade and
high growth rate. On the other hand, power
factor penalties are generally high in the
southern and western states for commercial
and industrial customers. However, utilities
have realized need for power factor correction
in residential feeders too as there has been
recently a dip in the power factor in these
feeders, due to increase in electronics and LED
usage, which is further going to be affected due
to penetration of solar PV in the feeders.
Figure 40:
Requirement of ESS in Peri- Urban Scenario with low solar PV penetration
(IESA Analysis)
Distribution Transformer
RTPV = 20% DT capacity
RTPV = 90% of DT capacity
ESS = 10% of DT capacity
ESS = 20% of DT capacity 74Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Rural Feeder Scenario:
The annual load growth in most of the rural
feeders studied was in range of 7-9%. Power
reliability in this area is a major concern. As
witnessed through utility data, there are over 100
hours of power cuts per month during several
months in a year, especially in the northern and
eastern regions. ESS support of around 10% of
feeder/distribution transformer (DT) capacity
will be required for RTPV penetration up to 40%.
As RTPV penetration exceeds 40% and beyond,
ESS requirement will be double in terms of MW/
MVA for this scenario, (Figure 42). To make it
economically feasible, requirement of ESS will
be for 2 hours for most of these cases which will
give benefits from avoided diesel usage.
Electricity savings for industrial consumer are
high here compared to other benefits as these
areas experiencing highest number of power
cuts in a year.
Figure 41:
ESS required for different RTPV Scenario at Peri-Urban Segment
ESS (MW) distributed RTPV
ESS (MWh) distributed RTPV
ESS (MW) concentrated RTPV
ESS (MWh) concentrated RTPV
0 2000 4000 8000 10000 12000 14000
ESS requirement for 25,000 MW RTPV penetration in Peri Urban Scenario for
both Low Case and High Case
Residential Commercial Industrial 75Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Figure 42:
Requirement in Rural with Low Solar PV Penetration (IESA Analysis)
Figure 43:
ESS required for different RTPV Scenario in the Rural Segment
ESS (MW) distributed RTPV
ESS (MWh) distributed RTPV
ESS (MW) concentrated RTPV
ESS (MWh) concentrated RTPV
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 6000 7000 8000 9000
ESS requirement for RTPV penetration at Rural (8,500 MW)
Residential Commercial Industrial
Distribution Transformer
RTPV = 20% DT capacity
RTPV = 90% of DT capacity
ESS = 10% of DT capacity
ESS = 20% of DT capacity 76Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Figure 44:
Energy storage roadmap for India: Rooftop solar penetration and
requirement of energy storage 2019-22
Total ESS estimated for Integration of 40 GW RTPV by 2022 is 9.4 GWh. State
wise break up given in the Figure 44.
Total rooftop solar (MWP):450
Total ESS(MW):71.5
Total ESS(MWh):119
Jammu &
Kashmir
Total rooftop solar(MWp):2,300
Total ESS(MW):365.5
Total ESS(MWh):610
Rajasthan
Total rooftop
solar(MWp):2,000
Total ESS(MW):317.8
Total ESS(MWh):531
Punjab
Total rooftop solar(MWp):1,600
Total ESS(MW):257.8
Total ESS(MWh):315
Haryana
Total rooftop so lar(MWp):3,200
Total ESS(MW):510.1
Total ESS(MWh):737
Gujarat
Total rooftop solar(MWp):2,200
Total ESS(MW):349.6
Total ESS(MWh):584
Madhya
Pradesh
Total rooftop solar(MWp):4,700
Total ESS(MW):810.5
Total ESS(MWh):1,061
Maharashtra
Total rooftop solar(MWp):2,700
Total ESS(MW):465.6
Total ESS(MWh):609
Karnataka
Goa
Total rooftop solar(MWp):800
Total ESS(MW):127.1
Total ESS(MWh):212
Kerala
Total rooftop solar(MWp):150
Total ESS(MW):23.8
Total ESS(MWh):40
7.1.2 40 GW RTPV on MV/LV Grid by 2022 77Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Total rooftop solar
(MWp):4,300
Total ESS(MW):631.0
Total ESS(MWh):891
Uttar
Pradesh
Total rooftop solar(MWp):350
Total ESS(MW):55.6
Total ESS(MWh):93
Uttarkhand
Total rooftop solar(MWp): 1,000
Total ESS(MW):158.9
Total ESS(MWh): 265
Bihar
Total rooftop solar(MWp):700
Total ESS(MW):111.2
Total ESS(MWh): 186
Chattisgarh
Total rooftop solar(MWp):50
Total ESS(MW):8.6
Total ESS(MWh): 16
Arunachal
Pradesh
Total rooftop
solar(MWp):3,500
Total ESS(MW):626.0
Total ESS(MWh):812
Tamil Nadu
Total rooftop solar(MWp):2,000
Total ESS(MW):317.8
Total ESS(MWh):531
Andhra
Pradesh
Total rooftop solar(MWp):2,000
Total ESS(MW):370.0
Total ESS(MWh):512
Telangana
Total rooftop solar(MWp):1,000
Total ESS(MW):158.9
Total ESS(MWh):265
Odisha
Total rooftop solar(MWp):800
Total ESS(MW):127.1
Total ESS(MWh):212
Total rooftop so lar(MWp):2,100
Total ESS(MW):388.5
Total ESS(MWh):538
West
Bengal
Jharkhand 78Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Figure 45:
Energy storage roadmap for India: Rooftop solar penetration and
requirement of energy storage 2022-27
Total rooftop solar(MWp): 1,860
Total ESS(MW): 296
Total ESS(MWh): 494
Jammu &
Kashmir
Total rooftop solar(MWp): 5,000
Total ESS(MW): 795
Total ESS(MWh): 1,327
Rajasthan
Delhi
Total rooftop
solar(MWp): 5,000
Total ESS MW): 795
Total ESS(MWh): 1,327
Punjab
Total rooftop solar(MWp): 9,100
Total ESS(MW): 1,451
Total ESS(MWh): 2,097
Gujarat
Total rooftop solar(MWp): 7,100
Total ESS(MW): 1,128
Total ESS(MWh): 1,884
Madhya
Pradesh
Total rooftop solar(MWp); 10,000
Total ESS(MW): 1,725
Total ESS(MWh): 2,257
Maharashtra
Total rooftop solar(MWp): 5,400
Total ESS(MW): 931
Total ESS(MWh): 1,219
Karnataka
Goa
Total rooftop solar(MWp): 2,600
Total ESS(MW): 413
Total ESS(MWh): 690
Kerala
Total rooftop solar(MWp): 290
Total ESS(MW): 46
Total ESS(MWh): 77
Total rooftop solar(MWp): 5,000
Total ESS(MW): 1,250
Total ESS(MWh): 1,250
Total rooftop solar(MWp): 200
Total ESS(MW): 50
Total ESS(MWh): 50
Total rooftop solar(MWp): 4,100
Total ESS(MW): 661
Total ESS(MWh): 806
Haryana
Chandigarh
Total ESS estimated for Integration of 100 GW RTPV by 2027 is 23.01 GWh.
State wise distribution is presented in the Figure 45.
7.1.3 100 GW RTPV on MV/LV Grid by 2027 79Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Total rooftop
solar(MWp): 9,300
Total ESS(MW): 1,365
Total ESS(MWh): 1,926
Uttar
Pradesh
Total rooftop solar(MWp): 660
Total ESS(MW): 105
Total ESS(MWh): 175
Uttarkhand
Total rooftop solar(MWp): 2,100
Total ESS(MW): 334
Total ESS(MWh): 557
Bihar
Total rooftop solar(MWp): 2,400
Total ESS(MW): 381
Total ESS(MWh): 637
Chattisgarh
Total rooftop solar(MWp): 90
Total ESS(MW): 15
Total ESS(MWh): 28
Arunachal
Pradesh
Total rooftop
solar(MWp): 8,600
Total ESS(MW): 1,538
Total ESS(MWh): 1,996
Tamil Nadu Puducherry
Total rooftop solar(MWp): 5,800
Total ESS(MW): 922
Total ESS(MWh): 1,539
Andhra
Pradesh
Total rooftop solar(MWp): 6,800
Total ESS(MW): 1,258
Total ESS(MWh): 1,741
Telangana
Total rooftop
solar(MWp): 2,000
Total ESS(MW): 318
Total ESS(MWh): 531
Odisha
Total rooftop solar(MWp): 1,600
Total ESS(MW): 254
Total ESS(MWh): 425
Total rooftop solar(MWp): 3,900
Total ESS(MW): 722
Total ESS(MWh): 998
West
Bengal
Jharkhand
Sikkim
Total rooftop solar(MWp): 700
Total ESS(MW): 120
Total ESS(MWh): 219
Himachal
Pradesh
Total rooftop solar(MWp): 500
Total ESS(MW): 79
Total ESS(MWh): 133
Total rooftop solar(MWp): 200
Total ESS(MW): 32
Total ESS(MWh): 53
Total rooftop solar(MWp): 40
Total ESS(MW): 6
Total ESS(MWh): 11
Assam
Total rooftop solar(MWp): 80
Total ESS(MW): 14
Total ESS(MWh): 25
Andaman &
Nicobar 80Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Figure 46:
Energy storage roadmap for India: Rooftop solar penetration and
requirement of energy storage 2027-32
Total Rooftop solar(MWp): 2,250
Total ESS(MW): 358
Total ESS(MWh): 597
Jammu &
Kashmir
Total Rooftop
solar(MWp): 6,000
Total ESS(MW): 953
Total ESS(MWh): 1,592
Punjab
Total Rooftop solar(MWp): 5,000
Total ESS(MW): 806
Total ESS(MWh): 983
Gujarat
Total Rooftop solar(MWp): 15,900
Total ESS(MW): 2,742
Total ESS(MWh): 3,589
Maharashtra
Total Rooftop solar(MWp): 9,700
Total ESS(MW): 1,673
Total ESS(MWh): 2,189
Karnataka
Goa
Total Rooftop solar(MWp): 5,000
Total ESS(MW): 795
Total ESS(MWh): 1,327
Kerala
Total Rooftop solar(MWp): 440
Total ESS(MW): 70
Total ESS(MWh): 117
Total Rooftop solar(MWp): 310
Total ESS(MW): 78
Total ESS(MWh): 78
Total Rooftop solar(MWp): 6,700
Total ESS(MW): 1,065
Total ESS(MWh): 1,778
Rajasthan
Total Rooftop solar(MWp): 13,200
Total ESS(MW): 2,104
Total ESS(MWh): 3,041
Gujarat
Total Rooftop solar(MWp): 11,200
Total ESS(MW): 1,780
Total ESS(MWh): 2,972
Madhya
Pradesh
Delhi
Total Rooftop solar(MWp): 7,400
Total ESS(MW): 1,850
Total ESS(MWh): 1,850
Haryana
Chandigarh
7.1.4 150 GW RTPV on MV/LV Grid by 2032
Total ESS estimated for Integration of 150 GW RTPV by 2032 is 32.675 GWh.
State wise details presented in the Figure 46. 81Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Total Rooftop
solar(MWp): 12,000
Total ESS(MW): 1,761
Total ESS(MWh): 2,485
Uttar
Pradesh
Total Rooftop solar(MWp): 1,000
Total ESS(MW): 159
Total ESS(MWh): 265
Uttarkhand
Total Rooftop solar(MWp): 3,300
Total ESS(MW): 524
Total ESS(MWh): 876
Bihar
Total Rooftop solar(MWp): 140
Total ESS(MW): 24
Total ESS(MWh): 44
Arunachal
Pradesh
Total Rooftop
solar(MWp): 11,900
Total ESS(MW): 2,128
Total ESS(MWh): 2,762
Tamil Nadu
Total Rooftop solar(MWp): 960
Total ESS(MW): 164
Total ESS(MWh): 301
Himachal
Pradesh
Sikkim
Total Rooftop solar(MWp): 100
Total ESS(MW): 17
Total ESS(MWh): 31
Total Rooftop solar(MWp): 740
Total ESS(MW): 118
Total ESS(MWh): 196
Assam
Total Rooftop solar(MWp): 5,700
Total ESS(MW): 1,055
Total ESS(MWh): 1,459
West
Bengal
Total Rooftop
solar(MWp): 160
Total ESS(MW): 27
Total ESS(MWh): 50
Puducherry
Total Rooftop solar(MWp): 410
Total ESS(MW): 65
Total ESS(MWh): 109
Total Rooftop solar(MWp): 9,800
Total ESS(MW): 1,557
Total ESS(MWh): 2,601
Andhra
Pradesh
Total Rooftop solar(MWp): 4,000
Total ESS(MW): 636
Total ESS(MWh): 1,062
Chattisgarh
Total Rooftop solar(MWp): 8,000
Total ESS(MW): 1,480
Total ESS(MWh): 2,048
Telangana
Total Rooftop solar(MWp): 75
Total ESS(MW): 12
Total ESS(MWh): 20
Andaman &
Nicobar
Total Rooftop
solar(MWp): 3,200
Total ESS(MW): 508
Total ESS(MWh): 849
Odisha
Total Rooftop solar(MWp): 2,500
Total ESS(MW): 397
Total ESS(MWh): 664
JharkhandMizoram 82Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Battery market in India for renewable energy
applications has been growing steadily with
increasing renewable penetration across
different segments. Adoption of batteries in
solar segment is largely restricted due to high
cost of generation of power from solar plus
battery system. As the grid tariff surpasses
cost of generation from solar plus battery
system, consumers tend to be captive user of
solar electricity with battery backup instead
of feeding the excess power to grid. This
shift is expected to begin in as early as 2020.
Industries and commercial consumers will
be early adopters of batteries under this shift.
These early adopters of batteries in industrial
segment will be from the states of Maharashtra,
Odisha, Delhi, West Bengal, Tamil Nadu, Uttar
Pradesh and Karnataka. The adoption of solar
PV with batteries, in residential segment will
be primarily in Uttar Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil
Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Jharkhand
and Kerala. Though the solar segment offers a
huge market opportunity for advanced battery
technologies, manufacturers have some ground
to cover in addressing technical limitations
of batteries such as charging characteristics,
thermal performance and requirement of boost
current to charge deep cycle batteries. Also,
since solar companies may directly procure
batteries from manufacturers and require after
sale services and technical support, battery
companies should have wider presence to
address these expectations.
Table 13 presents the ESS requirement for MV/
LV grid based on estimated penetration of solar
PV (both Ground Mounted and Rooftop) likely
to be connected to the MV and LV grid.
Table 13:
Energy Storage Estimations for MV/LV Grid
Estimations2019202220272032
Generation (GW)
Thermal209NANANA
Hydro43NANANA
Nuclear6NANANA
Solar26107244349
Ground Mounted Solar2468148206
RTPV1.54098144
Connected to EHV14346694
Connected to MV113584112
Connected to LV24098144
Wind35NANANA
Small Hydro4.5NANANA
Biomass & Biopower10NANANA
Peak Load (GW)192333479658
Energy (BUs)
Annual Energy1192190527103710
Storage Recommended (MWh)
Battery (LV)24159081461721484
Battery (MV)10543482839311191
Total (MWh)129593902301032675
Approximate (GWh)1 GWh 10 GWh 24 GWh 33 GWh
Note: In congruence with the RE target of 175 GW by 2022, the calculations were done on the basis of 100 GW Solar, out of which 40 GW is
RTPV, 20 GW is medium size installations and 40 GW is from large solar parks. Similarly, for 2027 and 2032, the ratio of RTPV was taken in
accordance with the 2022 targets constituting of 40% RTPV of the total solar installed capacity. All the values for 2027 and 2032 have been
forecasted using the best available data in public domain. 83Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
7.2 Energy Storage for EHV Grid
Large solar and wind farms are connected
to the extra high voltage (EHV) transmission
grid. In the Green Corridor Report prepared by
POWERGRID in 2013, it was recommended to
have 500 MWh energy storage for integration
of 31,000 MW of renewable energy. Thereafter,
no detailed studies have been conducted by
POWERGRID or CEA on ESS requirements at
EHV grid level. IESA estimates ESS for EHV grid
support is presented in Table 14.
Table 14:
Energy Storage e-Mobility Applications (IESA Estimates)
YearRenewable Energy Generation connected
to EHV Transmission Grid (GW)
ESS Requirements (Estimate) (GWh)
20221207
202715038
203220097
Total upto 2032470142
Note: No detailed modelling studies have been conducted yet for this segment.
7.3 Energy Storage for
Electric Mobility
With the launch of National Mission for
Transformative Mobility, India is anticipated to
witness significant growth in EV penetration in
next decade. Already, the market is witnessing
significant penetration of Electric 3W vehicles
in Tier 2 and Tier 3 cities as they offer greater
economic returns to the commercial vehicle
operators. India has also in past couple of years
started to see growing interest in commercial
electric 2W and 4W operations for segments
such as employee transport and logistics.
Till 2022, E3W segment driven by e-Rickshaws
will lead the demand for batteries for EVs in India.
With the rapid cost reductions anticipated due to
global scaling up of LiB manufacturing capacity
as well as anticipated launch of Giga-scale LiB
factories in India, it is expected that this trend
will accelerate from 2023 as the reduced total cost
of ownership for most user segments will drive
adoption of EVs in the country. If the current trend
continues, then beyond 2025, even the upfront
cost of the new EVs for 4W category might match
or beat the cost of ICE vehicles. Table 15 presents
projections developed by IESA for various EV
categories. The market projections are done with
respect to various policy uncertainties.
Table 15:
Energy Storage for Electric Mobility Applications
34
(IESA Estimates)
ApplicationsBattery Requirement for EV (GWh)
2019-2022 2022-2027 2027-2032 Total by 2032
E2W451 441 496
E3W2643 67 136
E4W8102 615 725
Electric Bus211 44 57
Total Electric Vehicles (GWh)40207 1167 1414
34
Different electric vehicles were presumed to penetrate sales for 2030 and 2032. For E2W, it is presumed that sales will penetrate by 40%
by 2030, while the penetration by 2032 will be around 60%. The penetration of sales in the event of E3W is presumed to be 45% by 2030.
The sales penetration will be comparable for the E4W and e-Bus instances, i.e. 50%. Sales penetration for E3W, E4W and Buses will rise
up to 70 percent as a result of advancing technology and consciousness among individuals, according to the CES analysis. 84Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
7.4 Energy Storage for Telecom
Towers
India is the second largest wireless phone market
with over 1.19 billion users in the country as per
data released by Telecom Regulatory Authority
of India (TRAI) in 2018. Total telecom towers
installed in the country crossed 550,000 in 2018.
Indian government intends to improve the tele-
density in the rural areas to over 70%. Telecom
companies are planning to expand their services
in rural areas, where the dependence on DG
sets for power backup is a significant cost for
the telecom companies. With the growing grid
availability in rural areas, telecom companies
are expected to rely more on the ESS installations
and use DG sets only for extended outages.
Telecom market will also witness mixed growth
scenarios with reducing the size of the backup
batteries through introduction of advanced
ESS systems as well as due to improving grid
availability in urban and semi urban areas.
At the same time, the growing tele densities
and move for more data services will require
higher number of 4G and 5G telecom tower
deployment, thus increasing the number of ESS
units sold to the telecom sector.
Table 16 provides projections developed by
IESA on the expected market size for telecom
tower segment.
7.5 Energy Storage for Data
Centers UPS and Inverters
The market for inverter back-up power
witnessed a consistent growth from 2013 till
2017. In 2018, this segment held the highest
market share of nearly 13 GWh of energy storage
in India. With urban market getting stagnant
mainly on the residential front, major market
growth is expected in Tier 2 and Tier 3 cities as
well as rural areas. Small commercial activities
and residential demand, which is not big at
present but is surely making the major battery
players divide their attention towards rural and
remote areas. This market segment is currently
dominated by various lead acid technologies
and its growth is attributed to the power deficit/
unreliability scenario in the country.
The market for UPS back-up power has witnessed
a consistent growth of around 8% per year in
the last decade and held a market share of 2.7
GWh in 2018. During the past year, grid supply
reliability has improved which has affected the
rate of growth of this market segment but has not
dwindled the size. The UPS is mainly considered
for critical situations where a miss of micro-
second in supply could cause larger losses. IT
enabled and Data Center segment continue to
be the largest user for UPS. Increasing use of IOT
in the manufacturing sector is booming, and
this is contributing to the increased application
of UPS back up, besides, the introduction new
manufacturing technologies in the evolving
Industry 4.0 era.
Recent and anticipated cost reduction of
advanced storage technologies as well as
improved energy densities is opening up
opportunities for advanced energy storage
technologies for particularly UPS applications
in C&I segment. We anticipate that overall this
market will remain a steady market for ESS
as the growing user base will be balanced by
Table 16:
Energy Storage Telecom Applications (IESA Estimates)
ApplicationsEnergy Storage (GWh)
2019-22 2022-2027 2027-2032 Total by 2032
Telecom Towers255178154 85Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
reduction in the backup duration and also the
size of ESS systems due to abilities of newer ESS
technologies for deeper cycling (thus reducing
the effective size of the system required for
backup). Also, improved cycle life of newer
technologies can also result in reducing the
market for replacement of batteries by allowing
UPS batteries to last for 5-10 years versus the
life of 3 to 5 years for lead acid battery.
Table 17 provides summary of the projections
made by IESA for ESS applications in data
centers, UPS and Inverters segments.
Table 17:
Energy Storage for Data Centres, UPS and Inverters Applications
(IESA Estimates)
ApplicationsEnergy Storage (GWh)
2019-22 2022-2027 2027-2032 Total by 2032
Data Centres, UPS
and inverters
80160234474
7.6 Energy Storage for DG Set
Replacement
With the growing concern about rising cost of
power from diesel generating sets (DG sets) as
well as associated air pollution, Commercial &
industrial (C&I) customers depending on DG
sets for reliability can switch over to renewables
with storage. Falling solar module and battery
storage prices can accelerate this decision
making. Presently, ATM booths, petrol bunks,
road toll plaza’s and off grid industrial units are
considered as the potential users who are likely
to switchover to the storage technology in the
short term.
Although growing reliability of electricity
distribution networks due to increased supply
can reduce usage of DG sets, there are other
opportunities emerging for ESS for C&I
customers. The Levelized Cost of Electricity
(LCOE) from RE + Storage for C&I customers is
expected to become lower than the grid tariff
for C&I electricity tariffs in many states in the
country in coming 5-10 years.
We anticipate that in most cases, customers may
still retain the DG set for backup for unforeseen
longer duration outage, but the usage of these
assets can reduce substantially from the current
levels of 500-1000+ hours/year for many users.
Table 18 provides summary of projections
developed by IESA for ESS potential for DG
Usage Minimization.
If new policies ban usage of DG sets in urban
areas and enforce its implementation strictly,
there will be huge opportunities for ESS which
will be in excess of 100 GWh.
Table 18:
Energy Storage DG Applications (IESA Estimates)
ApplicationsEnergy Storage (GWh)
2019-22 2022-2027 2027-2032 Total by 2032
DG Usage
Minimization
0.53.510.514.5 86Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
7.7 Energy Storage for Other
>1MW Applications
Apart from the key applications discussed, there
are various additional user segments such as
Railways, Rural Electrification that will generate
additional demand for energy storage in India.
We also anticipate need for thermal storage
solutions to meet the growing usage of Heating
Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) in
India, particularly for urban areas as well as for
cold storage facilities around the country.
Below is a summary of anticipated demand for
ESS for these segments as estimated by IESA.
Table 19:
Energy Storage Miscellaneous Applications (Railways, Rural Electrification, and
HVAC applications)
ApplicationsEnergy Storage (GWh)
2019-2022 2022-2027 2027-2032 Total by
2032
Miscellaneous Applications (Railways, rural
electrification, HVAC application)
16 45 90 151
7.8 Consolidated Energy Storage Roadmap for India
Table 20:
Consolidated Energy Storage Roadmap
Consolidated Energy Storage Roadmap
Applications
2019-2022
Energy Storage (GWh)
2019-2022 2022-2027 2027-2032 Total by 2032
Stationary Storage
Grid SupportMV/LV 10 24 33 67
EHV 7 38 97 142
Telecom Towers25 51 78 154
Data Centres, UPS and inverters80 160 234 474
Miscellaneous Applications (Railways, rural
electrification, HVAC application)
16 45 90 151
DG Usage Minimization- 4 11 14
Total Stationary (GWh)138 322 543 1,002
Electric Vehicles
E2W4 51 441 496
E3W26 43 67 136
E4W8 102 615 725
Electric Bus2 11 44 57
Total Electric Vehicles (GWh)40 207 1,167 1,414
Total Energy Storage Demand (GWh)178 529 1710 2416 87Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
The benefits of grid-level energy storage
cover a wide gamut of services—energy time-
shift, ancillary services, making renewable
energy dispatchable, deferring transmission
and distribution upgrades, and others. These
benefits cannot be realized unless investments
in energy storage can yield returns that are
commensurate with similar investments in
the power sector. Return on investments can
be obtained only if policies related to tariff,
licensing, and other aspects of the power sector
are in place.
Tariffs
Sustainable development of energy storage will
not occur unless tariffs for the various services
provided by energy storage are established,
and the tariffs are sufficient for energy storage
investors to recover cost and make an acceptable
return on investment. Each type of service
provided by energy storage should have a tariff.
Setting tariff is a difficult problem requiring the
balance between the quantifiable benefit of a
service and the cost of the service. For example,
the benefit of peak-shaving can be quantified in
terms of the following factors:
l Tariff for electricity hour-by-hour at peak
time, amount of energy supplied to grid by
energy storage hour-by-hour at peak time
l Tariff for electricity hour-by-hour at off-peak
time, amount of energy used for charging
of energy storage hour-by-hour at off-peak
time
If an energy storage project can provide reactive
power (voltage support) services and frequency
support services, in addition to peak-shaving
service, then the benefits-based tariff approach
to energy storage projects may be financially
feasible. Since the number of hours each service
is provided is different and tariffs of each service
are different, the financial model is complex.
The intention of this benefits-based tariff
approach is to demonstrate that policy makers
must consider the totality of services that
energy storage can provide and assign tariffs
for each service because an energy storage tariff
for a single service is unlikely to make projects
feasible.
An approach to determining the value of energy
storage as a sum of operational and capacity
values is proposed by the National Renewable
Energy Laboratory, USA. The operational value
is determined by comparing the difference in
production costs with and without storage,
which is done by using production simulation
software like PLEXOS, PROMOD or PROSYM.
There are three components to the operational
value of energy storage: regulation reserves,
spinning reserves, and load levelling (energy
price arbitrage). In general, regulation reserve
has highest value followed by spinning reserves,
while load levelling has the lowest value;
however, the relative value is grid-specific.
Although in general, regulation reserve has the
highest value, the market potential is smaller
because the need is for fewer hours.
Capacity value, the second component of the
value of energy storage, on the other hand, cannot
be estimated using simulation because the value
of providing firm system capacity cannot be
accounted for in a simulation. Note that capacity
value depends on the need for additional
capacity to provide adequate planning reserve
Policy and Tariff Design Recommendations
8 88Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
margin: If a system has sufficient planning
reserve margin, then the capacity value of energy
storage would be zero. However, this is rarely
the case in developing markets, where demand
exceeds supply during peak hours. In such
cases, energy storage provides an alternative to
construction of new peaking resource. Overall,
the National Renewable Energy Laboratory
report concludes that the value of energy storage
is largely dependent on it obtaining a capacity
value, even if the device is providing higher-
value reserve services.
Table 21:
Components of Benefits of Energy Storage
Benefit of Energy StorageMethod of Estimation
Operational Value
Load Levelling (Energy Arbitrage)Use dispatch simulation to calculate operational savings—
fuel cost and avoid unit starts. Subtract cost of energy used
to charge energy storage and losses
Spinning Reserve
Regulation Reserve
Capacity ValueAvoided cost of adding reserve capacity
This approach would set the tariff for storage
based on accounting of the benefits (sum of
operational and capacity values) to the grid of
the services provided by energy storage. The
following benefits should also be added to
compute the overall benefits:
l Avoided cost of greenhouse gas emissions,
which would be in grids with renewable
energy. The accounting of this would need
to be done with care to avoid counting
the benefits twice—renewable energy
generation and energy storage. One
approach is to assign a benefit to energy
storage only when there is curtailment of
renewable energy generation
l Local environmental benefit, which would
be in grids with renewable energy. Same
considerations apply as the avoided cost of
greenhouse gas emissions
l Energy security, when energy storage
enables a grid to use the energy source with
the lowest marginal cost of production and
avoid use of the highest marginal cost source.
For this reason, energy storage cushions
the grid from increases in fuel prices that
contribute to the highest marginal cost of
production
A tariff for energy storage that is less than or
equal to the sum of the benefits would be
economically prudent.
It is worth noting that there is a lack of research
and data related to value of energy storage in
grids with a large penetration of renewable
energy.
Role of Government and Regulators
Often there is resistance among traditional
utilities to transition to new technologies and
new methods of operating and managing the
grid, which is required with high penetration
of variable generation. The push therefore has
to come from policy makers and regulators.
The imperative for push is further accentuated
by the fact that although there are substantial
benefits of energy storage to the grid, they
are often difficult to quantify; For example,
improvement to power quality, reliability,
resiliency, energy security, and efficiency gains.
The case for governments and regulators to
play a leading role in development of policies is
therefore clear. 89Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Guidelines for Policies
The following policy prescriptions are
recommended for encouraging deployment of
energy storage:
i. Integrate energy storage into overall energy
master plan and energy strategy. This
clarifies the role of energy storage and begins
the conversation about competing methods
to provide the multitude of services required
by the grid
ii. Enable energy storage to qualify for multiple
streams of revenue for the individual
services it provides to the grid
iii. Introduce time-of-use tariffs, pay-for-
services tariff, and others to eliminate price
distortions and increase price transparency
iv. Incentivize development and financing of
energy storage and distributed renewable
energy projects
v. Support in a targeted manner, demonstration
projects and first movers with loan
guarantees, low interest loans, grants, and
others. A note of caution: policies and
incentives should not be technology-specific
8.1 Power Factor Correction
PF correction has been a challenge so far as
all the RTPV are injecting power at 1 PF (unity
power factor), which accounts for lowering of
real net load (only in terms of kW, with reactive
load remaining constant). Allowing offsetting
of power factor for rooftop PV can help both in
reduction of losses and voltage control.
Germany, California and Australia – have
introduced requirements for RTPV to be able to
operate at offset power factors. In Germany, for
example, units above 3.68 kWp must be able to
realize power factors between 0.95 capacitive
and 0.95 inductive and adhere to a Q(U)
characteristic which is set by the grid operator
based on the grid characteristic.
35
Requirement of reactive power from ESS can
be much lesser in case RTPV is allowed to inject
power at 0.95 or 0.9 lag power factor. The effect
of injection of solar generation at unity power
factory can be seen in Figure 47. As seen in Figure
48, the requirement for MVAR is almost halved
35
Analysis of Indian Electricity Distribution Systems for the Integration of High Shares of Rooftop PV report (by GIZ)
Figure 47:
Solar Injection at Unity Power Factor (Source: CES analysis) 90Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
from 0.2 MVAR to 0.1 MVAR as the injection of
RTPV is changed from unity power factory to
0.95 lagging power factor. In the following cases
the size of solar RTPV is considered as 70% of
the peak load.
In India, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Gujarat
and Karnataka are paying a large amount for
PF penalty as these states strict mandate on PF.
It can be observed from Table 22 that how much
PF penalty customers in these particular states
are paying .The PF penalty charges are either
linked to per unit electricity charges at different
power factor slabs or are linked to kVAR
consumed by customers if the power factor is
lower than a specific target. Thus, installation
of storage can help these states to maintain a
constant PF after penetration of solar.
Figure 48:
Solar Injection at 0.95 Power Factor (Source: CES analysis)
Table 22:
Savings on PF penalty
Peri-Urban
industrial
Penalty per 0.01
change in PF *
Assumed
Feeder
Capacity
(MVA)
Assumed RTPV (in
MW) 20% of feeder
capacity#
Target
PF
ESS
Required as
% of Feeder
capacity
PF penalty
savings
(INR Cr)
Maharashtra 1% of per unit tariff 2.90.58 0.9 10% 0.979
Gujrat 1% of per unit tariff 2.90.5810% 0.428
Tamil Nadu 1% of per unit tariff 2.90.5810% 0.823
Karnataka 3 Paise per kVARh 2.90.5810% 0.027
*If PF is less than 0.9; #RTPV injection is assumed at unity power factor
As seen from Table 22, PF penalty is highest
in industrial states of Maharashtra, Gujarat
and Tamil Nadu. Hence, as most of the other
states would experience reduction in PF with
increase in inductive and electronic load, they
would need to adopted similar power factor
penalties. Increment in penetration of RTPV
would only make the case worse in all these
states. Hence, a review of power factor at which
RTPV is generating is very much required
which can be followed by adoption of smart
inverters and ESS. 91Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Figure 49:
India roadmap for solar and storage for concentrated penetration
of solar PV
ESS MW, ESS MWh
104,700
RTPV Penetration
Jammu &
Kashmir
70, 120
Himachal
Pradesh
50, 100
Madhya
Pradesh
350, 580
Daman
& Diu
20, 30
Gujarat
510, 740
Rajasthan
370, 610
Maharashtra
810, 1,060
Karnataka
470, 610
Kerala
130, 210
Uttarkhand
60, 90
Uttar
Pradesh
630, 890
Bihar
160, 270
Sikkim
10, 20
Assam
40, 70
Arunachal
Pradesh
10, 20
Jharkhand
130, 210
Meghalaya
10, 20
Manipur
10, 20
West
Bengal
390, 540
Tamil Nadu
630, 810
Andhra
Pradesh
320, 530
Chattisgarh
110, 190
Telangana
370, 510
Andaman
& Nicobar
2, 10
Odisha
160, 270
Chandigarh
320, 530
Haryana
260, 310 92Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
8.2 Energy Storage Roadmap
for 40 GW RTPV Integration
Achieving RTPV targets will have a lot of
challenges across the nation. However, with a
little planning and defining right feeders which
can take higher penetration of RTPV, a lot of the
challenges can be tackled. Germany on its way
to 43 GW solar PV by end of 2017, had 98% of
the capacity connected to distribution grid
36
,
a similar story will be witnessed by India on
its way to 40 GW RTPV installation. As the grid
was seeing effects of high solar PV penetration
in distribution grid in Germany, many
interventions had to be made like derating of
generation below 10 kW to 70% of the rated
capacity, firmware upgrade of over 10 GW of
inverters to respond to new grid codes, which
had budget implications of over 300 million
Euros on the country and lastly introduction of
smart inverters. It is understood that one out
every second house to install RTPV in Germany
in Q1 2019, also installed energy storage.
As per Government target, Maharashtra has
highest percentage of solar penetration followed
by Uttar Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. This study has
assumed that solar penetration for residential
feeder or DT will vary in 10%-40%, due to rooftop
space constraints whereas for commercial and
industrial consumer it can vary between 20%-
70% and 20%-90% depending upon metro or
non-metro scenarios, considering lower FSI
and low peak power to roof space ratio in non-
metro spaces allowing possibility of higher
penetration in these rooftops.
After splitting the rooftop solar target, the report
has optimized the energy storage requirement
based on low and high feeder penetration of
solar penetration in all the different cases.
(Figure 50). On the other scenario, it is assumed
that solar penetration will be concentrating to
one place thus requirement of storage will be
more for that. As per CES analysis, the storage
requirement for base case scenario will be
around 6 MW/9MWh whereas for best case
scenario, total storage requirement will be
around 19 MW/21 MWh.
8.3 Regulatory Changes and
Suggestions to Maximize RTPV
The availability and usage (and hence value)
of rooftops differ widely between industrial,
commercial and residential consumers. The
following variables impact RTPV investments
(with or without storage) on a given rooftop:
l Economic benefits (tariffs) to self-consume,
shave peaks, time-shift or sell to grid
l Available free rooftop space (potential RTPV
capacity)
l Other uses of the rooftop (e.g. multifamily
and social uses in residential rooftops)
l Consumer load pattern
l Grid power quality requirements
l Capital cost of investments
l Operating costs of investments
The industrial sector which has the largest
unencumbered rooftop space and coupled
with a strong focus on profitability/economic
benefits, becomes the best candidate to
maximize RTPV. Further, given their light steel
structures, the rooftop cannot be used for most
alternatives/secondary uses. This bodes well
for RTPV.
The commercial sector has large rooftop space
as well, but sees competing economic benefits
for its use. For example, malls have outdoor
rooftop restaurants, hotels have pools/bars/
outdoor cafes on their rooftop. In hospitals, the
many HVAC units, breaks up contiguous space
for RTPV. Others have rooftop parking. So, while
the commercial segment has large rooftop space
and is strongly focused on economic benefits,
the RTPV needs to show them a better ROI.
36
Recent Facts about Photovoltaics in Germany by Fraunhofer ISE 93Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
The residential sector has the scarcest
rooftop space and hence values its “barsati”
as premium outdoor space for social/family
uses (cool summer evenings and warm winter
daytime). Only a minimal area is occupied by
water tanks (a key household requirement).
The rest is free open social space. The RTPV
has to compete (both qualitatively and
economically) against this value stream.
Also, its design features need to incorporate
“movability” (when not needed), so that
the open social space can be enjoyed. The
residential sector is the most challenging
for RTPV penetration/incentivization for
this reason and other power quality issues
outlined in earlier sections.
Any and all regulatory changes to incentivize
RTPV (with or without storage) must recognize
these aspects and provide sectoral incentives if
RTPV is to me maximized. No one-size fits all
approach will work is required.
The regulatory incentives (just merely from an
electricity tariff perspective) leaves much more
work to be done. The alignment between (1) Tariff
structures (industrial, commercial, residential);
(2) The structure (Feed-in-tariff, Net Metering,
Demand Charge, Time-of-Use, Peak Pricing, other);
(3) The available country solar resource; (4) Urban
concentration; and (4) The per capita consumptions
(by State) are not aligned to maximize RTPV.
The following graphs illustrate these.
Figure 50:
Global Horizontal Irradiance of India 94Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
The high industrial tariff is not high enough to attract RTPV except in a few states and certainly non
commensurate with available solar resources.
Case 1:
Industrial Consumers-Utility Tariff & Rooftop Solar Energy Tariff
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Industrial tariffSolar tariff Solar tariff
New Delhi
West Bengal
Maharashtra
Haryana
Rajasthan
Tripura
Karnataka
Madhya Pradesh
Tamil Nadu
Andhra Pradesh
Gujrat
Nagaland
Assam
Uttar Pradesh
Punjab
Sikkim
Bihar
Meghalaya
Odisha
Manipur
Telangana
Kerala
Jharkhand
Himachal Pradesh
Chhattisgarh
Goa
Mizoram
Arunachal Pradesh
Uttarakhand
Jammu & Kashmir
Case 2:
Commercial Consumers-Utility Tariff & Rooftop Solar Energy Tariff
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
Commercial tariff Solar tariff Solar tariff
New Delhi
West Bengal
Maharashtra
Haryana
Rajasthan
Tripura
Karnataka
Madhya Pradesh
Tamil Nadu
Andhra Pradesh
Gujrat
Nagaland
Assam
Uttar Pradesh
Punjab
Sikkim
Bihar
Meghalaya
Odisha
Manipur
Telangana
Kerala
Jharkhand
Himachal Pradesh
Chhattisgarh
Goa
Mizoram
Arunachal Pradesh
Uttarakhand
Jammu & Kashmir 95Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
The high commercial tariff offers the best incentives for net metering, load displacement and time-
shifting but Maharashtra and Gujarat are not incentivized enough despite having excellent solar
resources.
Case 3:
Residential Consumers<1000 units-Utility Tariff & Rooftop Solar Energy Tariff
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Industrial tariffSolar tariff Solar tariff
Maharashtra
Haryana
Kerala
New Delhi
West Bengal
Andhra Pradesh
Telangana
Punjab
Tripura
Assam
Karnataka
Rajasthan
Nagaland
Uttar Pradesh
Madhya Pradesh
Tamil Nadu
Gujrat
Odisha
Bihar
Manipur
Sikkim
Himachal
Pradesh
Meghalaya
Mizoram
Uttarakhand
Chhattisgarh
Arunachal
Pradesh
Goa
Jammu &
Kashmir
Jharkhand
Case 4:
Residential Consumers<500 units-Utility Tariff & Rooftop Solar Energy Tariff
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Residential tariff Solar tariffSolar tariff
Maharashtra
Kerala
Haryana
West Bengal
Punjab
Assam
New Delhi
Karnataka
Telangana
Andhra Pradesh
Tripura
Rajasthan
Nagaland
Madhya Pradesh
Uttar Pradesh
Gujrat
Odisha
Manipur
Bihar
Himachal Pradesh
Meghalaya
Sikkim
Mizoram
Uttarakhand
Arunachal Pradesh
Chhattisgarh
Jammu & Kashmir
Tamil Nadu
Goa
Jharkhand 96Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Case 5:
Per Capita Consumption of Electricity (kWh)
Haryana
Himachal Pradesh
Jammu & Kashmir
Punjab
Rajasthan
Uttar Pradesh
Uttarakhand
Chandigarh
Delhi
Sub-Total (NR)
Gujrat
Madhya Pradesh
Chhattisgarh
Maharashtra
Goa
Sub-Total (WR)
Andhra Pradesh
Karnataka
Kerala
Tamil Nadu
Lakshadweep
Puducherry
Sub-Total (SR)
Bihar
Jharkhand
Odisha
West Bengal
A&N, Island
Sikkim
Sub-Total (ER)
Assam
Manipur
Meghalaya
Nagaland
Tripura
Arunachal Pradesh
Mizoram
Sub-Total (NER)
All India average
National Average
1491.37
1144.94
968.47
811.12
930.41
1238.51
1447.72
1558.58
386.93
618.1
921.14
1054.1
1061.41
1013.74
873.05
536.78
428.81
1210.81
1864.5
971.55
117.48
750.40
837.55
515.08
506.13
845.4
446.14
209
207.15
613.36
242.39
223.78
503.27
429.31
249.65
778.63
2004.77
739.44
1663.01
The residential sector offers tremendous
room for innovative regulatory reforms for
incentivizing RTPV.
The high per capita consuming states/union
territories that coincide with high solar resource
are Goa, Puducherry, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra,
Gujarat, Chandigarh and Delhi. Except for
Delhi and Maharashtra, all the others have
lower energy tariffs than solar tariffs thereby
offering no incentives for self-consumption (or
net metering). The best incentive in such cases
is perhaps to offer feed-in-tariff incentives (to
sell all their RTPV solar power at a higher price).
In majority of these categories of RTPV, across
period of 2020-2025, adding energy storage
is making sense commercially, as it is able to
capture multiple value benefits namely:
l Distribution deferral,
l Power factor correction,
l Electricity savings and
l Diesel optimization/Penalty savings
(as there is a likelihood of distribution
companies getting penalized for reliability
issues).
However, only Li ion technologies like Lithium
NMC and Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP) are
making commercial sense as they are available
at competitive prices in the Indian market along
with promising warranties and performance
parameters. 97Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Figure 51:
India roadmap for solar and storage for distributed penetration
of solar PV
ESS MW, ESS MWh
104,700
RTPV Penetration
Jammu &
Kashmir
72, 119
Himachal
Pradesh
160, 220
Madhya
Pradesh
1,080,
1,400
Daman
& Diu
50, 60
Gujarat
1,570, 1,890
Rajasthan
1,130, 1,470
Maharashtra
2,310, 2,660
Karnataka
1,330,
1,530
Lakshadweep
10, 10
Kerala
390, 510
Uttarkhand
170, 220 Uttar
Pradesh
2,110,
2,470
Bihar
490, 640
Sikkim
30, 30
Meghalaya
30, 30
Arunachal
Pradesh
30, 30
Jharkhand
390, 510
Mizoram
30, 30
Manipur
30, 30
West
Bengal
1,030,
1,240
Tamil Nadu
1,720,
1,980
Andhra
Pradesh
980, 1,280
Chattisgarh
340,450
Telangana
980, 1,180
Andaman
& Nicobar
10, 10
Odisha
490, 640
Punjab
980, 1,280
Haryana
790, 870
Puducherry
50, 60 98Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
8.4 Business Models for ESS
Operations (Regulated and
Non-Regulated Behind the
Meter Applications)
Asset Owner/Operator/Service business
models have been around in power systems
for some time now. These include both within
the regulated utility area as well as in the non-
regulated industrial/commercial (behind the
meter).
For example, the utilities regulated area
include Meter Service Providers (MSP),
Station Maintenance, energy aggregators,
DSM providers, and merchant transmission
line owners/operators. Examples in the
non-regulated area include industrial plant
maintenance, independent power producers,
ESCOs, energy efficiency providers, etc.
In each of the above business models, one or
more of the following chain-link relationship
is offered with the rest de-risked through
partnerships:
In the past, all these functions (except
equipment manufacturing) was all in the
sole hands of vertically integrated utilities.
This was true for large conglomerates as well.
This all-inclusive control allowed for better
management of these assets. All these changed
in the late nineties with the rise of specialist
businesses who were able to offer better value
streams on a disaggregated basis than before.
It began with asset-based lending and quickly
moved to services as well.
The regulatory system has come to recognize
and accept these newer business models and
have framed rules since the early 2000s for the
active participation of these player. The Meter
Service Providers (MSP), Field O&M services,
Energy Aggregators, DSM Aggregators, and
Energy Efficiency (ESCO services) are some of
the largest areas in the regulated space. The
non-regulated (behind the meter assets), have
traditionally outsourced O&M services for
captive industrial plants.
Regulated ESS Business Models:
Energy Storage Systems (ESS) is just one more
power class asset added to the list, but it comes
with a few twists:
l It requires both Generation and Consumer
licenses (charge-discharge functions)
to own/operate these in generation,
transmission and distribution
l Operate under a two-part tariff system to
discharge (generator) and charge (load)
l Get paid only when they are discharged for
energy/ancillary functions (no insurance
premiums)
l Not being able to recover their investment
in 8-10 years but over 20-25 years
l Be at the whim of regulatory rate-setting
and revenue recovery time cycles
l Be patiently waiting till existing 20-25-year
contracts reach end-of-life
Asset
Manufacturing
Operating
Financing
Ownership
EPC
Servicing 99Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
The above challenges are still winding its way
through regulatory acceptance globally to
recognize a “new class of assets (ESS)” and
recognizes them for what value streams they
bring. But this pace is dismally slow. Thus, given
the higher price of the ESS technology (albeit it
falling rapidly), the market penetration of ESS is
very low in utility scale sizes. Most are deployed
as a part of pilot scale utility projects.
However good progress is being made in
congested transmission (i.e. PJM) and older
ancillary markets in the developed countries
(USA, EU, Canada) which are willing to pay
a premium for a much faster ramp-rate than
traditional gas turbines (thereby requiring a
lower capacity reserve).
The challenge lies in the dis-aggregated,
distributed and disparate value streams that
ESS bring, that cannot be easily quantified
particularly in the T&D verticals (where carriage
and content is separate) during regulatory
assessment.
The most business models in this regulated
space takes the form of a developer-owner who
finances the ESS equipment and outsources the
EPC and O&M to third party entities.
Non-Regulated (Behind the Meter) ESS
Business Models:
These offer the best growth prospects albeit
a retail model targeting the industrial,
commercial and residential segments. The
ESS value propositions can be targeted to suit
the customer (as opposed to a generic utility
functions) and such solutions bring about quick
returns in savings to the customer as:
l Reducing or eliminating demand charge
and associated penalties
l Store RTPV power for time-shifting based
on TOU rates arbitrage
l React to dynamic pricing models
l EV charging during best low tariff hours
l Battery swapping opportunity in a few
segmented EV markets
l Fast charging stations that require ESS
support
l Enable participation in subscription-based
(paid) DSM and DM offers by utilities
l Standby Insurance against frequent power
outages
The best opportunities are likely to come when
the ESS assets are deployed on a fully asset-
leased basis, i.e. fully financed to align with the
attractiveness to the business owner, and then
fully O&M managed for their entire asset life.
This de-risks the owner from adopting new and
sophisticated ESS asset class.
Since the capex and O&M costs of the ESS
systems are quite high (compared to RTPV),
their purchase, installation, and serviced
by a third-party service provider (much like
industrial/commercial HVAC, Industrial DM/
RO Water and in the residential sector ISP
internet service providers and residential RO
water systems for the kitchens).
For this model to work well, banks and non-
banking financial institutions (NBFI) as well
as backend maintenance service providers
need to be well established with trust worthy
credentials. So, a brand building effort (much
like internet service and RO water service) will
need to be built.
Asset
Financing
O&M
Service
ESS
ESCO 101Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Annexure 1: 175 GW RE: Status and
Estimates
Annexure 1.1: RE Penetration in States as Percentage
of Demand
Figure 52:
RE penetration as percentage of Generation and Load
Average RE Penetration
as Percent of Load
as Percent of Generation
Annual RE penetration exceeds 50% of load in 3 states
Gujarat
Rajasthan
Maharashtra
Karnataka
Tamil Nadu
40%
50%
57%
18%
36%
50%
52%
20%
36%
51%
48%
40%
Andhra
Pradesh
Source: Bridge To India 102Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Annexure 1.2: State and UT Wise Targets and Installed Capacities
of Renewable Energy
Table 23:
State and UT wise Targets and Installed Capacity
S. NoStateRE Targets
2022Installed Capacity as of Feb 2019 (MW)
State PrivateCentral Total
1 Delhi2,762 - 176.21 - 176.21
2 Haryana4,376 69.30 340.19 5.00 14.49
3 Himachal Pradesh 2,276 256.61 608.50 - 865.11
4 Jammu & Kashmir 1,305 129.03 64.38 - 193.41
5 Punjab5,066 127.80 1154.62 - 1282.42
6 Rajasthan14,362 23.85 7216.91 344.00 7584.76
7 Uttar Pradesh 14,221 25.10 2829.83 30.00 2884.93
8 Uttarakhand 1,797 67.87 523.72 - 591.59
9 Chandigarh153 - 32.40- 32.40
Northern Region Total 46,318 699.56 12946.76379.00 14025.32
10 Goa358 0.05 1.69 - 1.74
11 Gujarat17,133 49.10 7787.50 243.30 8079.90
12 Chhattisgarh 1,808 11.05 524.30 - 535.35
13 Madhya Pradesh 12,018 83.96 3990.13 300.00 4374.09
14 Maharashtra 22,045 388.13 8790.43 123.00 9301.55
15 D&N Haveli449 - 5.46 - 5.46
16 Daman & Diu199 - 14.47- 14.47
Western Region Total 54,010 532.29 21113.98666.30 22312.56
17 Andhra Pradesh 18,477 56.18 7223.03 250.0 7529.21
18 Telangana2,000 41.22 3927.96 10.00 3979.18
19 Karnataka14,817 193.89 12833.06 - 13026.94
20 Kerala1,970 172.90 190.11 50.00 413.01
21 Tamil Nadu 21,508 122.70 11717.83 231.90 12072.43
22 Puducherry246 - 1.80- 1.80
Southern Region Total 59,018 586.88 35893.79541.90 37022.57
23 Bihar2,762 70.70 255.45 - 326.15
24 Jharkhand2,005 4.05 32.41 - 36.46
25 Odisha2,377 26.30 469.00 10.00 505.30
26 West Bengal 5,386 121.95 346.11 - 468.06
27 Sikkim86 52.11 0.01- 52.12
Eastern Region Total 12,616 275.11 1102.9810.00 1388.09 103Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
S. NoStateRE Targets
2022Installed Capacity as of Feb 2019 (MW)
State PrivateCentral Total
28 Assam688 5.01 22.75 25.00 52.76
29 Manipur105 5.45 3.23 0.00 8.68
30 Meghalaya211 31.03 0.12 0.00 31.15
31 Nagaland76 30.67 1.00 0.00 31.67
32 Tripura105 16.01 0.09 5.00 21.10
33 Arunachal539 107.10 5.39 0.00 112.49
34 Mizoram97 36.47 0.50- 36.97
North Eastern Region Total 1,821 231.74 33.0830.00 294.82
35 Andaman & Nicobar 27 5.25 1.46 5.10 11.81
36 Lakshadweep4 - 0.75- 0.75
Islands Total31.0 5.25 2.215.10 12.56
37 Others720
All India Total 174,534.0 4661.67 142185.63264.6 149711.8
Source: MNRE
Annexure 1.3: 175 GW Targets Year-Wise and Technology-Wise
Capacity Addition till 2022
Table 24:
175 GW targets Year-Wise and Technology-Wise Capacity Addition till 2022Year Rooftop
Solar
(GW)
Ground-
Mounted
Solar
(GW)
Solar
(GW)
Wind
(GW)
Small
Hydro
(GW)
Biomass
(GW)
Total
(GW)
Cumulative
installed
capacity by
2014-15
3 24 4.1 4.4 35.5
2015-16 0.2 1.8 2 3.2 0.14 0 5.3
2016-17 4.8 7.2 12 3.6 0.14 0.9 16.7
2017-18 5 10 15 4.1 0.14 0.9 20.2
2018-19 6 10 16 4.7 0.14 0.9 21.8
2019-20 7 10 17 5.4 0.14 0.9 23.5
2020-21 8 9.5 17.5 6.1 0.14 0.9 24.7
2021-22 9 8.5 17.5 8.9 0.14 0.9 27.5
Total40 60 100 60 5.08 9.98 175
Source: MNRE 104Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Annexure 1.4: 175 GW Break-up of Targets
Table 25:
175 GW Break-up of Targets
State/UT’sSolar (MW) Wind (MW) SHP (MW) Biomass (MW)
Delhi2,762
Haryana4,14225209
Himachal Pradesh7761,500
Jammu and Kashmir 1,155150
Punjab4,77250244
Rajasthan5,762 8,600
Uttar Pradesh10,69725 3,499
Uttarakhand900700197
Chandigarh153
Northern Region 31,120 8,600 2,450 4,149
Goa358
Gujarat8,020 8,800 25288
Chhattisgarh1,78325
Madhya Pradesh5,675 6,200 25118
Maharashtra11,926 7,600 50 2,469
D &N Haveli449
Daman & Diu199
Western Region 28,410 22,600 125 2,875
Andhra Pradesh9,834 8,100543
Telangana5490 2,000
Karnataka5,697 6,200 1,500 1,420
Kerala1,870100
Tamil Nadu8,884 11,900 75649
Pondicherry246
Southern Region 26,531 28,200 1,675 2,612
Bihar2,49325244
Jharkhand1,99510
Orissa2,377
West Bengal5,33650
Sikkim3650
Eastern Region 12,237135244
Assam66325
Manipur105 105Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
State/UT’sSolar (MW) Wind (MW) SHP (MW) Biomass (MW)
Meghalaya16150
Nagaland6115
Tripura105
Arunachal Pradesh39500
Mizoram7225
North Eastern Region 1,205615
Andaman & Nicobar
Islands
27
Lakshadweep4
Other (New States)600120
All India99,533 60,000 5,000 10,000
Source: MNRE 106Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Annexure 1.5: 40 GW RTPV Break up of Targets
Table 26:
State-Wise Cumulative RTPV Installation Target (MW)
State 2015-162016-172017-182018-192019-202020-212021-22Total Target
Capacity
under
Proposed
Scheme
(Indicative
only)
Andhra
Pradesh
10 240 250 300 350 400 4502,000 68
Bihar5 120 125 150 175 200 2251,000 34
Chhattisgarh 4 84 88 104 120 140 160 700 24
Delhi5 132 138 165 190 220 2501,100 37
Gujarat 15 385 400 480 560 640 7203,200 108
Haryana 5 200 200 235 280 320 3601,600 54
Himachal
Pradesh
2 38 40 48 56 64 72 320 10
Jammu &
Kashmir
2 54 55 74 80 90 95 450 15
Jharkhand 4 96 100 120 140 160 180 800 27
Karnataka 10 275 290 344 403 460 5182,300 78
Kerala 4 96 100 120 140 160 180 800 27
Madhya
Pradesh
10 265 275 330 385 440 4952,200 74
Maharashtra 20 565 588 704 823 94010604,700 160
Orissa 5 120 125 150 175 200 2251,000 34
Punjab 10 240 250 300 350 400 4502,000 68
Rajasthan 10 275 288 344 403 460 5202,300 78
Tamil Nadu 15 420 438 524 613 700 7903,500 118
Telangana 10 240 250 300 350 400 4502,000 68
Uttarakhand 2 42 44 52 60 70 80 350 12
Uttar Pradesh 20 510 538 650 752 860 9704,300 145
West Bengal 10 252 263 315 370 420 4702,100 70
Arunachal
Pradesh
2 5 5 8 10 10 10 50 2
Assam4 30 30 38 42 50 56 250 8
Manipur 4 3 6 8 9 10 10 50 2
Meghalaya 1 6 6 8 9 10 10 50 2
Mizoram 1 6 6 8 9 10 10 50 2 107Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
State 2015-162016-172017-182018-192019-202020-212021-22Total Target
Capacity
under
Proposed
Scheme
(Indicative
only)
Nagaland 1 6 6 8 9 10 10 50 2
Sikkim 1 6 6 8 9 10 10 50 2
Tripura 1 6 6 8 9 10 10 50 2
Chandigarh 1 12 12 14 18 20 23 100 3
Goa1 20 20 22 23 30 34 150 5
Dadra &
Nagar Haveli
1 24 25 30 35 40 45 200 7
Daman & Diu 1 12 12 14 18 20 23 100 3
Pondicherry 1 12 12 14 18 20 23 100 3
Andaman &
Nicobar
1 2 2 2 5 4 4 20 1
Lakshadweep 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 10 1
Total 2004,8005,0006,0007,0008,0009,00040,000 1350
Source: MNRE 108Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Annexure 1.6: List of Solar Parks Sanctioned under the Solar Park
Scheme
Table 27:
List of Solar Parks Sanctioned under the Solar Park Scheme
S.
No
State Name of the Solar
Park
Capacity
(MW)
Name of the
Solar Park
Developers
Name of the Area
1 Andhra
Pradesh
Ananthapuramu-I
Solar Park
1500
AP Solar Power
Corporation
Pvt.Ltd.,
JVC of SECI,
APGENCO and
NREDCAP
NP Kunta of
Ananthapuramu &
Galiveedu of Kadapa
Districts
2Kurnool Solar Park 1000Gani and Sakunal village
of Kurnool District
3Kadapa Solar Park 1000Vaddirala, Thalamnchi,
Pannampalli,
Ramachandrayapalli,
Konna Ananthapuramu
and Dhidium villages
in Mylavaram Mandal,
Kadapa District
4Ananthapuramu-II
Solar Park
500Talarichruvu & Aluru
Villages, Tadipathri
Mandal, Ananthapuramu
District
5Solar Wind Hybrid
Park
160Kanaganapalli Mandal,
Ananthapuramu District
6 Arunachal
Pradesh
Lohit Solar Park 30Arunachal
Pradesh Energy
Development
Agency (APDEA)
Tezu Township in Lohit
District
7 Assam Solar Park in
Assam
80APGCL Amguri in Sibsagar
District 109Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
S.
No
State Name of the Solar
Park
Capacity
(MW)
Name of the
Solar Park
Developers
Name of the Area
8 ChhattisgarhRajnandgaon Solar
Park
250Chhattisgarh
Renewable
Development
Agency
Dhaba Rengakathera,
Amlidih, Dundera and
Kohka villages of (100
MW) and Tolagaon,
Odarband, Gatatola,
Girgaon, Gugwa, Salhe
villages of Dongargadh
Tehsil, Rajnandgaon Dist.
9 Gujarat Radhnesada Solar
Park
700Gujarat Power
Corporation
Ltd.
Radhnesada, Vav, District
Banaskantha
10Harsad Solar Park 500Gujarat Power
Corporation
Limited
Villages-Harsad and
Navapara, Taluka-
Suigam, District-
Banaskatha
11Haryana Solar Park in
Haryana
500Saur Urja
Nigam Haryana
Ltd (SUN
Haryana)
Bugan in Hisar district,
Baralu and Singhani
in Bhiwani district
and Daukhera in
Mahindergarh district
12Himachal
Pradesh
Solar Park in
Himachal Pradesh
1000HP State
Electricity
Board Ltd.
Spiti Valley of Lahaul &
Spiti District
13Jammu &
Kashmir
Solar Park in J & K 100Jammu and
Kashmir Energy
Development
Agency
Mohagarh and Badla
Brahmana, District-
Samba
14Karnataka Pavagada Solar
Park
2000Karnataka
Solar Power
Development
Corporation
Pvt. Ltd.
Villages- Valluru,
Rayacharlu, Balasamudra,
Kyathaganacharlu,
Thirumani of Pavagada
Taluk, Tumkuru dist.
15Kerala Kasargod Solar
Park
200Renewable
Power
Corporation of
Kerala Limited
Paivalike, Meenja,
Kinanoor, Kraindalam
and Ambalathara villages
of Kasargode district 110Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
S.
No
State Name of the Solar
Park
Capacity
(MW)
Name of the
Solar Park
Developers
Name of the Area
16Madhya
Pradesh
Rewa Solar Park 750Rewa Ultra
Mega Solar
Limited
Gurh tehsil, District
Rewa, MP
17Neemuch-
Madsaur Solar Park
700Rewa Ultra
Mega Solar
Limited
Neemuch site: Under
identification; and
Mandsaur site: Runija
and Gujjarkhedi villages
in Suwasra Tehsil,
Mandsaur district
18Agar-Shajapur-
Rajghar Solar Park
1050Rewa Ultra
Mega Solar
Limited
Agar, Shajapur and
Rajgarh district
19Morena (Chambal)
Solar Park
250Rewa Ultra
Mega Solar
Limited
Morena, (Chambal)
20MaharashtraSai Guru Solar Park 500M/s Sai Guru
Mega Solar
Park Pvt. Ltd.
(formerly M/s
Pragat Akshay
Urja Ltd.)
Bhamer Village, Taluka-
Sakri, Dhule District
21Dondaicha Solar
Park
500Maharashtra
State Electricity
Generating
Company Ltd.
(MAHAGENCO)
Villages- Vikhran & Methi,
Taluka-Dondaicha,
district Dhule,
Maharashtra
22Patoda Solar Park 500M/s Paramount
Solar Power Pvt.
Ltd. (formerly
M/s K. P. Power
Pvt. Ltd.)
Villages Tambarajuri, and
Wadzari, Taluka Patoda,
Dist. Beed
23Manipur Bukpi Solar Park 20Manipur Tribal
Development
Corp. Ltd.
Bukpi Village, Pherzawl
District in Manipur
24Meghalaya Solar Park
Meghalaya
20Meghalaya
Power
Generation
Corporation Ltd
(MEPGCL)
Thamar, West Jaintia Hills
& Suchen, East Jaintia
Hills districts 111Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
S.
No
State Name of the Solar
Park
Capacity
(MW)
Name of the
Solar Park
Developers
Name of the Area
25Mizoram Vankal Solar Park 20Zoram Energy
Development
Agency (ZEDA)
Vankal, Mizoram
26Nagaland Solar Park
Nagaland
23Directorate
of New &
Renewable
Energy,
Nagaland
Ganeshnagar (12 MW) of
Dimapur and Jalukie (11
MW) of Peren districts
27Odisha Solar Park Odisha 1000Green Energy
Development
Corporation of
Odisha Limited
Balasore, Keonjhar,
Deogarh, Boudh,
Kalahandi and Angul
28Rajasthan Bhadla-II Solar
Park
680Rajasthan
Solar Park
Development
Company Ltd.
Village-Bhadla, Jodhpur
Dist., Rajasthan
29Rajasthan Bhadla-III Solar
Park
1000Surya Urja
Company of
Rajasthan Ltd
Village-Bhadla, Jodhpur
Dist., Rajasthan
30Phalodi- Pokaran
Solar Park
750M/s Essel Surya
Urja Company
of Rajasthan
Limited
Villages Ugraas,
Nagnechinagar &
Dandhu, tehsil Phalodi,
dist. Jodhpur (450 MW)
and villages Lavan
& Purohitsar, tehsil
Pokaran, dist. Jaisalmer
(300 MW)
31Bhadla-IV Solar
Park
500M/s Adani
Renewable
Energy Park
Rajasthan
Limited
Village-Bhadla, Jodhpur
Dist., Rajasthan
32Fatehgarh Phase –
IB Solar Park
421M/s Adani
Renewable
Energy Park
Rajasthan
Limited
Fatehgarh & Pokaran,
Jaisalmer, Rajasthan
33Nokh solar Park 1000Rajasthan
Solar Park
Development
Company Ltd.
Village-Nokh, Pokaran,
Jaisalmer, Rajasthan 112Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
S.
No
State Name of the Solar
Park
Capacity
(MW)
Name of the
Solar Park
Developers
Name of the Area
34Tamil NaduSolar Park in Tamil
Nadu
500To be finalized Initially proposed in
Ramanathapuram
district. Site under
revision
35Kadaladi Solar Park 500Tamil Nadu
Electricity
Board (TNEB)
Ltd
Narippaiyur and nearby
villages, Kadaladi Taluk
in Ramanathapuram
District
36Uttar
Pradesh
Solar Park in UP 440Lucknow
Solar Power
Development
Corporation
Ltd.
Orai & kalpi Tehsils of
Jalaun, Meja tehsil of
Allahabad, Chaanbe
tehsil of Mirzapur and
Akbarpur tehsil in Kanpur
Dehat districts
37Uttarakhand Solar Park in
Uttarakhand
50State Industrial
Development
Corporation
Uttarakhand
Limited
(SIDCUL)
Sitarganj and Khurpia
farm in US Nagar district
38West BengalSolar Park in West
Bengal
500West Bengal
State Electricity
Distribution
Company Ltd.
East Mednipur, West
Mednipur, Bankura
Total21,194
Source: MNRE 113Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Annexure 2.1: Load Flow Analysis of Tata Power Delhi Distribution
Limited (TPDDL) Feeder
Feeder details:
l Distribution Transformer (DT): 630 kVA
l Voltage level: 11 kV/433 V
l Length of feeder: 5.38 km
l Number of consumers: 181
l Number of solar rooftop PV: 3 (Solar PV: 70 kWp)
Annexure 2: Load Flow Studies and
Analysis of RTPV Integration 114Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Solar Irradiance Curve:
The Solar Insolation (W/m
2
) with respect to time, this data is collected from National Institute of
Wind Energy for Minute & Hourly basis for 03 May 2017.
Load Flow Scenarios:
Scenario 1:
In every scenario solar rooftop connection is increased to observe the behaviour of 11 kV Feeder
and LT network.
Objective of Study:
l To analyze the effect of11 kV feeder & LT network by increasing RTPV injection
Software Tool:
l CYME (CYMDIST) 115Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Time slots and % incease in DT capacity:
Day Time slot11 kV feeder
Time R-Phase
current
Y-Phase
current
B-Phase
current
Average
currentMax
03-05-2017Slot 2 08:15:00 63.030 59.790 66.930 63.25
100.81
08:30:0063.030 69.490 66.930 66.48
08:45:0067.420 69.540 66.930 67.96
09:00:0072.150 69.540 69.470 70.39
09:15:0073.760 77.880 76.050 75.90
09:30:0084.190 81.970 81.990 82.72
09:45:0090.990 89.040 91.930 90.65
10:00:00990.330 97.430 95.550 97.44
10:15:00100.080 99.450 95.550 98.36
10:30:00100.080 99.450 95.550 98.36
10:45:00100.080 99.450 95.550 98.36
11:00:00100.080 99.450102.890 100.81
Observations:
Effect on 11 kV feeder:
l The load on feeder continuously decreased in every scenario as solar rooftop connection is
increased from 11% to 100% of DT capacity
Observations on 11 kV Feeder:
l No thermal issues
l No PQ issues
l Voltage & PF are within permissible limits 116Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Effect on DT:
l Loading on DT first decreased when generation in consumed at DT end
l The loading on DT again increased when there is excess power available and reverse power flow
starts back to DT and Feeder
l It is observed with more initial loading on DT graph shifts towards right for reverse power flow 117Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Effect on LT Side:
l No Thermal issues
l Power Quality Issues: Per unit voltage of each LT circuit is within permissible limit (i.e. +/- 6 %
voltage variation) i.e. 0.94pu <V<1.06. But at RTPV, voltage increases as more solar connection
are increased
Scenario 2:
l Time slot selected for study i.e. 11 AM to 01 PM on 03 May 2017 data and time 11.15 AM
l In each scenario first DT connected load is increased (i.e. 50%, 750%, 100% and 120% kW)
l Then RTPV connections are increased in steps in every load flow study from 11 % existing to
100% (i.e. 11%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, 90% & 100%)
Effect on 11 kV Feeder:
l The load on feeder continuously decreased in every scenario as solar rooftop connection is
increased from 11% to 100% for different scenarios of DT Loading
l No thermal and PQ (Power Quality) issues are observed 118Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Effect on DT (630 kVA, 11 kV/433 V):
l Loading on DT first relieved when solar generation in consumed at DT end
l Then loading on DT again increased when there is excess power available and reverse power
flow starts back to DT and Feeder
l Reverse power flow comes if DT is more heavily loaded i.e. graph shifts towards right 119Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Effect on LT Network:
Thermal effect:
l When DT is heavily loaded i.e. beyond 80%, very high current at DT side observed but as RTPV
connections are increased DT load and current are reduced and system becomes healthy. But
in case at 80% of solar RTPV connection, due to sudden cloudy weather RTPV solar injection
becomes very low, then in that case it will burden DT
Observation:
l Hight RTPV injection (i.e. more than 80 %) when DT connected load is low can cause high reverse
current in some LT section. So solar injection more than 80 % at light DT load should be avoided
Summary of Power Quality (PQ) Issues:
DT loading
scenarios
Over voltage
(V > = 1.06 PU)
Under voltage
(V <= 0.94 PU)
Observations
10% DT loading 540 kWp (90% RTPV) None
20% DT loading 540 kWpNoneWhen DT is lightly
loaded, RTPV insertion
beyond 80% can cause
overvoltage at RTPV
end. Which may cause
undesirable tripping of
Inverts at RTPV
50% DT loading None70 kWp & 120 kWp
(20% RTPV)
Up to 75% of DT
loading undervoltage is
removed by 50% of RTPV
connections. So, system
becomes healthy
75% DT loading None70 kWp, 120 kWp &
240 kWp ( 40% RTPV)
100% DT loading None70 kWp, 120 kWp,
240 kWp, 360 kWp,
480 kWp, 540 kWp,
600 kWp & 620 kWp
(special case)
100%, 120% DT loading
cases are not practically
viable. Moreover, with
100% & 120% RTPV
connection undervoltage
still present
120% DT loading None70 kWp, 120 kWp,
240 kWp, 360 kWp,
480 kWp, 540 kWp,
600 kWp & 755 kWp
(special case) 120Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Power Quality Issues:
l High voltage at RTPV source end: (V> 1.06 PU)
l In some rooftop connection over voltage is observed when RTPV connection are increased more
than 480 kWp (i.e. 80% of DT capacity)
RTPV connection: 80% (i.e. 480 kWp) 121Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Case -1: 20% of DT loading, RTPV connection 80 % (480 kWp)
RTPV connection: 90% (i.e. 540 kWp) 122Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Power Quality Issues:
l Undervoltage at High DT Loading: (V< 0.94 PU)
l AT 50% of DT loading: Undervoltage was observed in some portions but when RTPV connection
is increased beyond 120 kWp (20% RTPV) and 240 kWp (50% RTPV), this undervoltage is removed
and system becomes healthy
AT RTPV connection: 11% (i.e. 70 kWp)
AT RTPV connection: 20% (i.e. 120 kWp)
AT RTPV connection: 50% (i.e. 240 kWp) 123Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Power Quality Issues:
l Under voltage at High DT loading: (V< 0.94 PU)
l Similarly, at 75% of DT loading: Undervoltage observed up to 240 kWp (i.e. 50% of RTPV) and
completely removed at 360 kWp (i.e. 60% RTPV)
l Similarly, at 100% of DT loading: undervoltage observed in all the cases when RTPV connections
are increased from up to 100% RTPV (i.e. 620 kWp)
75 % DT loading: RTPV connections: 50% (i.e. 240 kWp)
75% DT loading: RTPV connection: 60% (i.e. 360 kWp) 124Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Annexure 2.2: Load Flow Analysis of UHBVN Feeder
Feeder details:
l Substation: 66/11 kV
l Distribution Transformers: DT-38 (100 kVA, 11KV/433V) & DT-35 (63 kVA, 11 kV/433 V)
l Length of feeder: 42.954 km
l Number of consumers: DT-38 are 8 (112.5 HP) DT- 35 are 5 (75 HP)
l Length of LT circuit: 2.645 km
l Number of solar RTPV: There is no RTPV connected to consumers
LT Circuits of DTs:
Solar Irradiance Curve:
The solar insolation (W/m
2
) with respect to time is collected from National Institute of
Wind Energy for minute and hourly basis for 21 November 2018. 125Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Load Flow Scenario:
In every scenario solar rooftop connection are increased to observe the behaviour on 11 kV Feeder
and LT network at both DT’s. For DT 11KV/433 V, 63 kVA) following scenario:
Objective of Study:
l To analyze the effect on 11 kV Feeder and LT network by increasing RTPV injection
Software Tool: CYME (CYMDIST)
Time slots and % increase in DT capacity:
S. No Time slot Load flow run at time when DT is max loaded
1 8:00 AM - 11:00 AM 11:00 AM
2 11:00 AM-01:00 PM 11:30 PM
3 01:00 PM -04:00 PM 04:00 PM
4 04:00 PM -07:00 PM 5:00 PM 126Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
DT-35 (63 kVA, 11 kV/433 V):
DT-38 (11 kV/433 V, 100 kVA):
Effect on 11 kV Feeder:
l There is no reverse power flow observed at feeder level even RTPV at 100% of DT capacity in both
LT circuits
l Loading on feeders decreased as more RTPV are connected
Observation:
l No abnormality observed at feeder level even at 100% RTPV 127Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Effect on DT -35 (11 kV/433 V, 63 kVA):
l Loading on DT first decreased with increase in RTPV
l Then loading on DT again increased when there is excess power available and reverse power
flow starts back to DT
l It is observed with more initial loading on DT graph shifts towards right for reverse power flow
l Undervoltage observed on some LT circuit at 20% and 40% in all the scenarios but when RTPV
increased beyond 40%, system becomes healthy 128Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Effect on DT-38 (11 kV/433V, 100 kVA):
l In AS-IS RTPV connected was 200 kWp which is approximately 57% of DT capacity, so during
load flow the RTPV connected kept constant at 200 kWp at 20% and 40%
l Reverse power flow observed even at As-Is and further increase in RTPV
l At 60% of DT capacity RTPV connected is 210 kWp, so there is slight increase in HT DT loading
observed
l With further increase in RTPV, loading on HT consumer DT increased
Summary of Power Quality (PQ) Issues:
Time Slots Over voltage
(V > = 1.06 PU)
Under Voltage
(V <= 0.94 PU)
Observations
08AM - 11AMNONE 0 %, 20%, 40%Undervoltage observed: For DT at 0%, 20 %, 40 % and
for DT at 0 %, 20 %, 40 % of solar generation. After that
as RTPV increased undervoltage disappear
11AM - 01PMNONE 0 %, 20 %, 40 %Undervoltage observed: For DT at 0%, 20 % and for
DT at 0 %, 20 %, 40 % of solar generation. After that as
RTPV increased undervoltage disappear
01PM - 04PMNONE 0 %, 20 %, 40 %Undervoltage observed: for Mahender Singh DT at 0%,
20 % and for SHEO RAM at 0 %, 20 %, 40 % of Solar
Generation. After that as RTPV increased undervoltage
disappear
04PM - 07PMNONE 0 %, 20 %, 40 %Undervoltage observed: for Mahender Singh DT at 0%,
20 % and for SHEO RAM at 0 %, 20 %, 40 % of Solar
Generation. After that as RTPV increased undervoltage
disappear. These have 8 hours supply only in day time
that’s why there is no use of RTPV 129Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032 130Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Annexure 2.3: Load Flow Analysis of BESCOM Feeder
Feeder details:
l Substation: 66/11 kV
l Total number of DTs on feeders: 36
l The study is done on: DT-32
l Length of feeder: 2.65 km
l Length of LT circuit: 600 m
l Number of solar RTPV at present: 2 connections (30 kWp and 7.2 kWp)
l Only one HT consumer with RTPV connected: 30 kWp
LT Circuit: 131Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Solar Irradiance Curve: The solar insolation (W/m
2
) with respect to time is collected from National
Institute of Wind Energy for Minute & Hourly basis for 24 December 2016.
Load Flow Scenario:
In every scenario solar rooftop connection are increased to observe the behaviour on 11 kV feeder
and LT network at both DT’s. For DT-32 (11 kV/440 V, 63 kVA) following scenarios are run:
Objective of Study:
l To analyze the effect on 11 kV feeder & LT network by increasing RTPV injection
Software Tool: CYME (CYMDIST)
S. NoTime slot Load flow run at time when DT is max loaded
1 8:00- 11 AM 10 AM
2 11:00 -01:00 PM 11 :00 AM
3 01:00-04:00 PM 04:00 PM
4 04:00-07:00 PM 5:00 PM 132Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Effect on 11 kV feeder:
l There is no reverse power flow observed at feeder level even RTPV at 100% of DT capacity in
both LT circuits. Loading on feeders decreased as more RTPV are connected
Observation:
l No abnormality observed at feeder level even at 100% RTPV
Effect on DT-32 (11 kV/440 V, 63 kVA):
l Loading on DT first decreased with increase in RTPV
l Then loading on DT again increased when there is excess power available and reverse power
flow starts back to DT
Power Quality (PQ) Issues:
l Power factor found low on some LT sections during 40% - 80% solar injection, when reverse
power flow occurs
l No thermal issue is found
l Voltage near solar end increases but within permissible limit 133Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Effect on LT side of DT:
l Loading on DT first decreased with increase in RTPV
l Then loading on DT again increased when there is excess power available and reverse power
flow starts back to DT
l It is observed with more initial loading on DT graph shifts towards right for reverse power flow
Power Quality (PQ) Issues:
l Power factor found low during 40% -80% solar injection on some of LT sections, when reverse
power flow occurs at DT side. These LT sections are near to Solar generating loads. E.g. at 2354
XLPE cable, pf found low between 40% and 80% solar injection during 1 to 4 pm
l Similarly, lower power factor is observed in some LT section near solar generation RTPV in
between 40 % to 80% RTPV increase during time interval 8 to 11 am, 11:00 to 01 :00 pm and 4 :00
to 07 :00 pm
l It is observed that during all time interval reverse power flow occurs between 40 to 60% RTPV
solar generation and this reverse power flow occurs first if loading is less and later if loading is
more at DT end. But during reverse power flow active power becomes less and power factor
becomes low beyond limit, so reactive power compensation is needed. This is section where
smart inverter and power factor capacitor bank is needed 134Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Summary of Power Quality (PQ) Issues:
Time Slots Over Voltage
(V > = 1.06 pu)
Under Voltage
( V <= 0.94 pu)
Power factor
(0.85 to 0.99)
Observations
08 AM – 11 AMNONE NONE Section 2354,
2345 and also
on DT
Undervoltage observed: No
undervoltage is observed
beyond permissible limit,
but it improves as RTPV is
increased.
Overvoltage: No
overvoltage is observed
on any section as oversize
conductor of 90 mm2 were
used in LT side.
Power factor:
l Lower power is
observed on DT
when loading on DT
decreased due to
increased RTPV in each
scenario i.e. at 20%, to
60%. After 60% power
factor improves on DT
due to more reverse
power flow as loading
on DT increased
l In sections near to
RTPV generation e.g.
2354, 2345 XLPE cables,
lower power factor is
observed between 40 to
80% increase in RTPV
11 AM – 01 PMNONE NONE
01 PM – 04 PMNONE NONE
04 PM – 07 PMNONE NONE 135Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Annexure 2.4: Load Flow Analysis of APSPDCL Feeder
Feeder details:
l Substation: 33/11 kV
l Total number of DTs on feeder: 36
l Distribution Transformer (DT): 100 KVA
l Voltage Level: 11 kV/415 V
l Length of feeder: 15.64 km
l Number of consumers connected to DT: 379
l Length of LT circuit: 2.645 km
l Number of solar RTPV at present: Number of solar RTPV at DT level but 4 HT consumers
(out of 5 HT consumers) have total RTPV connected 1 MW
LT circuit: 136Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Solar Irradiance Curve: The solar insolation (W/m
2
) with respect to time is collected from National
Institute of Wind Energy for Minute & Hourly basis for 21 June 2018.
Load Flow Scenario:
In every scenario solar rooftop connection are increased to observe the behaviour on 11 kV feeder
and LT network at DT (100 kVA) & HT consumer level.
Objective of Study:
l To analyze the effect on 11 kV Feeder & LT network by increasing RTPV injection
Software Tool: CYME (CYMDIST)
Time Slots:
S. NoTime Slot Load Flow run at Time when DT is max Loaded
1 8:00 AM - 11:00 AM11:00 AM
2 11:00 AM - 01:00 PM12:30 PM
3 01:00 PM - 04:00 PM04:00 PM
4 04:00 PM - 07:00 PM04:30 PM 137Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Scenarios run for HT consumer:
l HT consumer 1: DT-33
l HT DT rating: 350 kVA
l HT consumer 2: DT-32
l DT rating: 630 kVA 138Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
l HT consumer 3: DT-35
l DT rating: 350 kVA
l HT consumer 4: DT-34
l DT rating: 950 kVA 139Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Effect on 11 kV feeder:
l Reverse power flow is observed at feeder level even in As-Is scenarios because HT consumer
l Loading on feeders increased as more RTPV are connected
Observation:
l Overloading observed on HT consumer DT when RTPV increased beyond 60%
l Voltage rise on 11 KV feeder is also found on some section but within 2% limit
l No overloading observed in any section of feeder even at 100% loading 140Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Effect on DT (11 kV/415 V, 100 kVA):
l Loading on DT first decreased when generation in consumed at DT end
l The loading on DT again increased when there is excess power available and reverse power flow
starts back to DT and Feeder
l It is observed with more initial loading on DT graph shifts towards right for reverse power flow
Effect on HT consumer 1, DT Name: HT consumer 1, DT name: DT-33-HT, 11 KV/415V, 350 kVA
l In As-Is RTPV connected was 200 kWp which is approximately 57% of DT capacity, so during
load flow the RTPV connected kept constant at 200 kWp at 20% and 40%.
l Reverse power flow observed even at As-is and further increase in RTPV
l At 60% of DT capacity RTPV connected is 210 kWp so there is slight increase in HT DT loading
observed
l With further increase in RTPV, loading on HT consumer DT increased 141Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Effect on HT consumer 2, DT name: DT-32-HT, 11 kV/415 V, 630 kVA:
l In As-Is RTPV connected was 200 kWp which was approximately more than 31% of DT capacity,
so during load flow the RTPV connected kept constant at 200 kWp at 20%.
l Reverse power flow observed even at As-is and further increase in RTPV
l At 40% RTPV connected was 252 kWp so there is slight increase in HT DT loading observed
l With further increase in RTPV, loading on HT consumer DT increased
Effect on HT consumer 3, DT name: DT-35 HT, 11 kV/415 V, 350 kVA:
l In AS-IS RTPV connected was 100 kWp which was approximately more than 28% of DT capacity,
so during load flow the RTPV connected kept constant at 200 kWp up to 20%
l Reverse power flow observed even at As-Is and further increase in RTPV
l At 40% RTPV connected was 140 kWp so there is slight increase in HT DT loading observed
l With further increase in RTPV, loading on HT consumer DT increased 142Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Effect on HT consumer 4, DT name: DT-34-HT, 11 kV/415 V, 950 kVA:
l In AS-IS RTPV connected was 500 kWp which was approximately more than 52 % of DT capacity,
so during load flow the RTPV connected kept constant at 200 kWp up to 20% & 40%
l Reverse power flow observed even at As-Is and further increase in RTPV
l At 60% RTPV connected was 570 kWp so there is slight increase in HT DT loading observed
l With further increase in RTPV, loading on HT consumer DT increased 143Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Summary of Power Quality (PQ) Issues:
Time SlotsOver Voltage
(V > = 1.06 PU)
Under Voltage
( V <= 0.94 PU)
Observations
08:00 AM –
11:00 AM
NONE NONEAt 100% RTPV, overloading observed at all the
HT consumers
11:00 AM –
01:00 PM
NONE NONEAt 100% RTPV, overloading observed at all
the HT consumers. Power factor decreased at
higher RTPV. There should be power.
01:00 PM –
04:00 PM
NONE 0% Solar, 1002
kWp (AS-IS), 1022
kWp (20% RTPV)
Under voltage observed on some LT section
of DT and after 20% RTPV under voltage
removed due to more injection of RTPV. At
100 % RTPV, overloading observed at all the
HT consumers DT.
04:00 PM –
07:00 PM
NONE 0% Solar, 1002
kWp (AS-IS)
Under voltage observed on some LT section
of DT and after 20% RTPV under voltage
removed due to more injection of RTPV. At
100% RTPV, overloading observed at all the
HT consumers DT. 144Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032 145Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Annexure 2.5: Load Flow Analysis of CESC Feeder
l Distribution Transformer (DT): 315 kVA
l Voltage level: 6 kV/400 V
l Length of feeder: 7.593 km
l Number of consumers: 198
l Length of LT circuit: 4.146 km
l Number of solar RTPV at present: No solar RTPV was present at DT
l In As-Is scenarios: DT (315 kVA) with 46 kWp solar injection
LT circuit: 146Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Solar irradiance Curve: The solar insolation (W/m
2
) with respect to time is collected from National
Institute of Wind Energy for Minute & Hourly basis for 31 May 2018.
Load Flow Scenario:
In every scenario solar rooftop connection are increased to observe the behaviour on 6 kV Feeder
and LT network.
Objective of Study:
l To analyze the effect on 6 kV Feeder & LT network by increasing RTPV injection
Software Tool: CYME (CYMDIST)
Time Slots:
S. NoTime SlotLoad flow run at time when DT is
maximum loaded
1 8:00 AM - 11:00 AM 11:00 AM
2 11:00 AM - 01:00 PM 12:30 PM
3 01:00 PM - 04:00 PM 01:30 PM
4 04:00 PM - 07:00 PM 4:30 PM 147Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Effect on 6 kV feeder:
l The load on feeder continuously decreased in every scenario as solar roof top connection are
increased from 0% to 100% of DT capacity
Observations on 6 kV feeder side:
l In 0% solar and As-Is scenarios (46 kWp) two sections on 6 kV feeder are overloaded, this got
cleared with 20% of solar injection (106 kWp) 148Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Time SlotOverloading observed at Solar
injection
Overloading cleared with
solar injection
8:00 AM - 11:00 AM As-Is (46 kWp)20% (106 kWp)
11:00 PM - 01:00 PM As-Is (46 kWp)20% (106 kWp)
01:00 PM -04:00 PM As-Is (46 kWp)20% (106 kWp)
04:00 PM -07:00 PM No overloading
Effect on DT:
l Loading on DT first decreased when generation in consumed at DT end
l The loading on DT again increased when there is excess power available and reverse power flow
starts back to DT and feeder
l It is observed with more initial loading on DT graph shifts towards right for reverse power flow 149Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Time SlotsOvervoltage
(V > = 1.06 PU)
Undervoltage
(V <= 0.94 PU)
Observations
08:00 AM –
11:00 AM
286kWp (80%
RTPV) & 346
kWp (100%
RTPV)
0% Solar, 46 kWp
(As-Is), 106 kWp (20%
RTPV), 166 kWp (40%
RTPV), 226 kWp (60%
RTPV), 286 kWp (80%
RTPV)
Overvoltage - Observed on some RTPV
connection after increasing RTPV
more than or equal to 80 %.
Undervoltage – Undervoltage on many
sections of LT feeder observed up to
80% RTPV. But it gets cleared after 80
% RTPV. This is due to more loading at
LT end.
11:00 AM –
01:00 PM
286 kWp (80 %
RTPV) & 346
kWp (100%
RTPV)
0% Solar, 46 kWp
(As-Is), 106 kWp (20%
RTPV), 166 kWp (40%
RTPV), 226 kWp (60%
RTPV), 286 kWp (80%
RTPV)
01:00 PM –
04:00 PM
226 kWp (60%
RTPV), 286 kWp
(80% RTPV) &
346 kWp (100%
RTPV)
0% Solar, 46 kWp
(As-Is), 106 kWp (20%
RTPV), 166 kWp (40%
RTPV), 226 kWp (60%
RTPV), 286 kWp (80%
RTPV)
Overvoltage - Observed on some RTPV
connection after increasing RTPV
more than or equal to 60%.
Undervoltage - On many sections of LT
feeder observed when RTPV increased
from As-Is to 80 % RTPV. But it gets
cleared after 80% RTPV. This is due to
more loading at LT end.
04:00 PM –
07:00 PM
226 kWp (60%
RTPV), 286 kWp
(80% RTPV) &
346 kWp (100%
RTPV)
0% Solar, 46 kWp
(As-Is), 106 kWp (20%
RTPV), 166 kWp (40%
RTPV), 226 kWp (60%
RTPV), 286 kWp (80%
RTPV) 150Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032 151Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Annexure 2.6: Load Flow Analysis of AEML Feeder
Feeder details:
l Substation: 33/11kV
l Total number of DTs on feeder: 8 DTs and 1 HT consumer
l Distribution Transformer (DT): DT-30 kVA
l Voltage level: 11 kV/433 V
l Length of feeder: 5.871 km
l Number of consumers on DT: 492 (approx.)
l Length of LT circuit: 1.6 km
l Solar RTPV at present: Total 100 kWp RTPV
l In AS-IS scenarios: DT (630 kVA) with 100kWp solar injection
LT circuit:
Solar Irradiance Curve: The Solar Insolation (W/m
2
) with respect to time is collected from National
Institute of Wind Energy for Minute & Hourly basis for 19
th
November 2016. 152Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Load Flow Scenarios:
In every scenario, Solar Roof Top Connections are increased to observe the behaviour on 11kV
Feeder and LT network.
Objective of Study:
l To analyze the effect on 11 kV feeder & LT network by increasing RTPV injection
Software Tool: CYME (CYMDIST)
S. NoTime slotLoad flow run at time when DT is
maximum loaded
18:00 AM – 11:00 AM10:30 AM
211:00 AM -01:00 PM11:00 AM
301:00 PM - 04:00 PM02:30 PM
404:00 PM - 07:00 PM04:15 PM 153Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Effect on DT- 630 kVA:
l Loading on DT first decreased when generation in consumed at DT end
l The loading on DT again increased when there is excess power available and reverse power flow
starts back to DT and feeder
l It is observed with more initial loading on DT graph shifts towards right for reverse power flow
l Under voltage and overvoltage observed on some sections of LT during increased solar
penetration
Time slotsOvervoltage
(V > = 1.06 PU)
Undervoltage
(V <= 0.94 PU)
Observations
08:00 AM –
11:00 AM
60% PV, 80% PV,
100% PV
No Solar, As-Is, 20%
PV, 40% PV, 60% PV
Overvoltage - Observed on some RTPV
connection after increasing RTPV more
than or equal to 60%.
Undervoltage – Undervoltage on many
sections of LT feeder observed up to 60%
RTPV. But it gets cleared after 80% RTPV.
This is due to more loading at LT end.
Overloading – Up to 40% RTPV,
overloading has decreased significantly.
However, after 60% RTPV injection, it
increased again.
11:00 AM –
01:00 PM
60% PV, 80% PV,
100% PV
No Solar, As-Is, 20%
PV, 40% PV, 60% PV
01:00 PM –
04:00 PM
60% PV, 80% PV,
100% PV
No Solar, As-Is, 20%
PV, 40% PV, 60% PV
04:00 PM –
07:00 PM
60% PV, 80% PV,
100% PV
No Solar, As-Is, 20%
PV, 40% PV, 60% PV 154Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032 155Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Southern Region
State - Karnataka 2019 2022 2027 2032
Generation (MW)
Thermal9961 15121
Hydro3586
Nuclear698
Solar 5329 8500 13497 22297
Ground Mounted
Solar
5175 6200 8097 12597
RTPV154 2300 5400 9700
Connected to EHV 3105 3720 4858 7558
Connected to MV 2070 2480 3239 5039
Connected to LV 154 2300 5400 9700
Wind4683 6200
Small Hydro1231 1500
Biomass & Biopower 1800 1420
Peak Load (MW) 10857 18403 25396 34720
Energy (MUs)
Annual Energy 67869 108012 147941 200736
Storage Recommended (MWh)
Battery (LV)23 345 810 1455
Battery (MV)207 248 324 504
Annexure 3: State Wise ESS Estimations
2019-2032 156Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
State –
Andhra Pradesh
2019 2022 2027 2032
Generation (MW)
Thermal14644 16525 18525NA
Hydro1674 1764NANA
Nuclear128NANANA
Solar2890 9834 21503 28503
Ground Mounted
Solar
2841 7834 15703 18703
RTPV49 2000 5800 9800
Connected to EHV 1704 4700 9422 10862
Connected to MV 1137 3134 6281 7841
Connected to LV49 2000 5800 9800
Wind4076 8100
Small Hydro162-- 409
Biomass & Biopower 500 543NANA
Peak Load (MW) 8983 33194 51601 74818
Energy (MUs)
Annual Energy 58384 191912 284776 412903
Storage Recommended (MWh)
Battery (LV)7 300 870 1470
Battery (MV)114 313 628 784
State – Tamil Nadu 2019 2022 2027 2032
Generation (MW)
Thermal14786 20647NANA
Hydro2178 2733NANA
Nuclear1448 1500
Solar2233 8884 19884 26000
Ground Mounted
Solar
2098 5384 11284 14100
RTPV135 3500 8600 11900
Connected to EHV 1259 3230 6770 8460
Connected to MV 839 2154 4515 5640
Connected to LV 135 3500 8600 11900
Wind8764 11900NANA
Small Hydro12375NA604
Biomass & Biopower 1004 649NANA
Peak Load (MW) 14975 29975 43044 59827
Energy (MUs)
Annual Energy 106006 171718 244703 337491
Storage Recommended (MWh)
Battery (LV)20 525 1290 1785
Battery (MV)84 215 451 564 157Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
State – Kerala 2019 2022 2027 2032
Generation (MW)
Thermal2452NANANA
Hydro1882 2556NANA
Nuclear362NANA
Solar139 1870 5582 10082
Ground Mounted
Solar
100 1070 2982 5082
RTPV39 800 2600 5000
Connected to EHV 60 642 1789 3049
Connected to MV40 428 1193 2033
Connected to LV39 800 2600 5000
Wind53-
Small Hydro222 100647
Biomass & Biopower 0.72-- NA
Peak Load (MW) 3870 6093 8150 10903
Energy (MUs)
Annual Energy 25004 34691 46049 61125
Storage Recommended (MWh)
Battery (LV)6 120 390 750
Battery (MV)443 119 203
UT – Puducherry 2019 2022 2027 2032
Generation (MW)
Thermal281NANANA
Hydro0NANANA
Nuclear86NANANA
Solar19246646 1200
Ground Mounted
Solar
5146446790
RTPV14100200410
Connected to EHV ----
Connected to MV 14146446790
Connected to LV 5100200410
Wind--
Small Hydro----
Biomass &
Biopower
----
Peak Load (MW) 387782787940
Energy (MUs)
Annual Energy 2669 4452 4444 5271
Storage Recommended (MWh)
Battery (LV)1153061
Battery (MV)1.5154579 158Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
State – Telangana 2019 2022 2027 2032
Generation (MW)
Thermal8829 14909NANA
Hydro2450NANANA
Nuclear149236NANA
Solar3583 6990 11990 17990
Ground Mounted
Solar
3519 4990 5190 9990
RTPV64 2000 6800 8000
Connected to EHV 2111 2994 3114 5994
Connected to MV 1408 1996 2076 3996
Connected to LV 64 2000 6800 8000
Wind128 2000NANA
Small Hydro91-- 102
Biomass &
Biopower
178---
Peak Load (MW) 10284---
Energy (MUs)
Annual Energy 60318NANANA
Storage Recommended (MWh)
Battery (LV) 0.96 300 1020 1200
Battery (MV) 141200208400 159Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Western Region
State – Goa2019 2022 2027 2032
Generation (MW)
Thermal523 NANANA
Hydro0 NANANA
Nuclear26 NANANA
Solar2 358 1000 1500
Ground Mounted
Solar
1 208 710 1060
RTPV1 150 290 440
Connected to EHV ----
Connected to MV1 208 710 1060
Connected to LV1 150 290 440
Wind--
Small Hydro0.05-- 4.7
Biomass & Biopower ----
Peak Load (MW) 558 1192 1658 2216
Energy (MUs)
Annual Energy 4117 6837 9442 12617
Storage Recommended (MWh)
Battery (LV)0.15 22.5 43.566
Battery (MV)0.1 2171 106
UT – Daman
& Diu
2019 2022 2027 2032
Generation (MW)
Thermal170 NANANA
Hydro0 NANANA
Nuclear7 NANANA
Solar14.4 199 500 850
Ground Mounted
Solar
1099 300 540
RTPV4.4 100 200 310
Connected to EHV ----
Connected to MV 1099 300 540
Connected to LV 4.4 100 200 310
Wind----
Small Hydro----
Biomass & Biopower ----
Peak Load (MW) 362 605 818 1082
Energy (MUs)
Annual Energy 2533 3706 4980 6536
Storage Recommended (MWh)
Battery (LV) 0.645 153046
Battery (MV)1103054 160Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
State – Gujarat 2019 2022 2027 2032
Generation (MW)
Thermal22168 22968NANA
Hydro772 NANANA
Nuclear559 1400NANA
Solar2003 8020 23500 35500
Ground Mounted
Solar
1836 4820 14400 22300
RTPV167 3200 9100 13200
Connected to EHV 1012 2892 8640 13380
Connected to MV 734 1928 5760 8920
Connected to LV 257 3200 9100 13200
Wind5967 8800NANA
Small Hydro4625NANA
Biomass & Biopower 77 288NA
Peak Load (MW) 16590 26973 38691 53301
Energy (MUs)
Annual Energy 109985 153582 218610 301160
Storage Recommended (MWh)
Battery (LV)39 480 1365 1980
Battery (MV)73 193576892
State –
Madhya Pradesh
2019 2022 2027 2032
Generation (MW)
Thermal12806 15826NANA
Hydro3224 NANANA
Nuclear273 NANANA
Solar1650 5675 17000 22500
Ground Mounted
Solar
1619 3475 9900 11300
RTPV31 2200 7100 11200
Connected to EHV 971 2085 5940 6780
Connected to MV 648 1390 3960 4520
Connected to LV 31 2200 7100 11200
Wind2520 6200NANA
Small Hydro9625NANA
Biomass & Biopower 121 118NA820
Peak Load (MW) 12301 18802 27519 38088
Energy (MUs)
Annual Energy 69925 107060 155489 213539
Storage Recommended (MWh)
Battery (LV)4.65 330 1065 1680
Battery (MV)65 140396452 161Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
State – Chhattisgarh 2019 2022 2027 2032
Generation (MW)
Thermal12724 26864NANA
Hydro120 NANANA
Nuclear48 NANANA
Solar232 1783 5000 8000
Ground Mounted
Solar
216 1083 3600 4000
RTPV16 700 2400 4000
Connected to EHV ----
Connected to MV 216 1083 3600 4000
Connected to LV 16 700 2400 4000
Wind----
Small Hydro7625
Biomass & Biopower 231-- 1098
Peak Load (MW) 3887 6599 9090 12116
Energy (MUs)
Annual Energy 25915 34106 46979 62620
Storage Recommended (MWh)
Battery (LV)2.4 105360600
Battery (MV)22 108360400
Battery (MV)58 289600764
State – Maharashtra 2019 2022 2027 2032
Generation (MW)
Thermal30474 34434NANA
Hydro3332 NANANA
Nuclear690 2430NANA
Solar1619 11924 25000 35000
Ground Mounted
Solar
1447 7224 15000 19100
RTPV172 4700 10000 15900
Connected to EHV 868 4334 9000 11460
Connected to MV 579 2890 6000 7640
Connected to LV 172 4700 10000 15900
Wind4795 7600NANA
Small Hydro37650NA786
Biomass & Biopower 2529 2469NANA
Peak Load (MW) 22494 39622 54982 74528
Energy (MUs)
Annual Energy 149759 225606 310654 417826
Storage Recommended (MWh)
Battery (LV)25.8 705 1500 2385
Battery (MV)58 289600764 162Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
UT – Dadra & Nagar
Naveli
2019 2022 2027 2032
Generation (MW)
Thermal241 NANANA
Hydro0 NANANA
Nuclear9 NANANA
Solar6 449 1000 1500
Ground Mounted
Solar
3 249620930
RTPV3 200380570
Connected to EHV ----
Connected to MV 3 249620930
Connected to LV 3 200380570
Wind--NANA
Small Hydro----
Biomass & Biopower ----
Peak Load (MW) 790 1297 1733 2294
Energy (MUs)
Annual Energy 6166 8413 11164 14676
Storage Recommended (MWh)
Battery (LV)0.45 3057 85.5
Battery (MV)0.3 256293 163Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Northern Region
State – Delhi 2019 2022 2027 2032
Generation (MW)
Thermal6938 NANANA
Hydro723 NANANA
Nuclear103 NANANA
Solar124 500 1000 2050
Ground Mounted
Solar
9203050
RTPV115 480 970 2000
Connected to EHV----
Connected to MV9203050
Connected to LV 115 480 970 2000
Wind----
Small Hydro----
Biomass & Biopower 52---
Peak Load (MW) 6526 9024 12681 17246
Energy (MUs)
Annual Energy 31825 52930 73827 99649
Storage Recommended (MWh)
Battery (LV)17.25 72 146 300
Battery (MV)1235
State – Haryana 2019 2022 2027 2032
Generation (MW)
Thermal8781 NANANA
Hydro663 NANANA
Nuclear101 1501NANA
Solar220 4142 8000 12500
Ground Mounted
Solar
131 2542 3900 7500
RTPV89 1600 4100 5000
Connected to EHV 79 1525 2260 4500
Connected to MV52 1017 1640 3000
Connected to LV89 1600 4100 5000
Wind----
Small Hydro7425- 107
Biomass & Biopower 206 209NANA
Peak Load (MW) 9539 14244 20103 27202
Energy (MUs)
Annual Energy 50775 78586 110915 150083
Storage Recommended (MWh)
Battery (LV)13.35 240 615 750
Battery (MV)5 102 164 300 State –
Himachal Pradesh
2019 2022 2027 2032
Generation (MW)
Thermal245 NANANA
Hydro2910 5386NANA
Nuclear29 NANANA
Solar22.7 776 1500 1800
Ground Mounted
Solar
17 456800 840
RTPV5.7 320700 960
Connected to EHV----
Connected to MV9 456800 840
Connected to LV6 320700 960
Wind----
Small Hydro861 15003460
Biomass & Biopower 7---
Peak Load (MW) 1594 2589 3424 4476
Energy (MUs)
Annual Energy 9399 14514 19198 25096
Storage Recommended (MWh)
Battery (LV)148 105 144
Battery (MV)2468084
State –
Jammu & Kashmir
2019 2022 2027 2032
Generation (MW)
Thermal810 NANANA
Hydro2369 3744NANA
Nuclear68 NANANA
Solar15 1155 11000 15000
Ground Mounted
Solar
9 705 9140 12750
RTPV6 450 1860 2250
Connected to EHV----
Connected to MV9 705 9140 12750
Connected to LV6 450 1860 2250
Wind----
Small Hydro180 1501707
Biomass & Biopower ----
Peak Load (MW) 2319 4217 5996 8302
Energy (MUs)
Annual Energy 18808 21884 31110 43075
Storage Recommended (MWh)
Battery (LV)168 279 337
Battery (MV)171 914 1275 165Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
State – Punjab 2019 2022 2027 2032
Generation (MW)
Thermal9004 10204NANA
Hydro3781 4061NANA
Nuclear197 NANANA
Solar905 4772 8500 11000
Ground Mounted
Solar
828 2772 3500 5000
RTPV77 2000 5000 6000
Connected to EHV 497 1664 2100 3000
Connected to MV 331 1108 1400 2000
Connected to LV77 2000 5000 6000
Wind----
Small Hydro17450NA578
Biomass & Biopower 326 244NANA
Peak Load (MW) 11705 14552 18352 23144
Energy (MUs)
Annual Energy 54812 86941 108835 136243
Storage Recommended (MWh)
Battery (LV)12 300 750 900
Battery (MV)33 110 140 200
State – Rajasthan 2019 2022 2027 2032
Generation (MW)
Thermal11763 14403NANA
Hydro1931 NANANA
Nuclear556 NANANA
Solar3227 5762 13500 22500
Ground Mounted
Solar
3072 3462 8500 15800
RTPV155 2300 5000 6700
Connected to EHV 1854 2077 5100 9480
Connected to MV 1218 1385 3400 6320
Connected to LV 155 2300 5000 6700
Wind4300 8600NANA
Small Hydro24--51
Biomass & Biopower 121---
Peak Load (MW) 11564 19692 28828 40284
Energy (MUs)
Annual Energy 71193 110483 161741 226014
Storage Recommended (MWh)
Battery (LV)23 345 750 1005
Battery (MV)122 139 340 632 166Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
State – Uttar Pradesh 2019 2022 2027 2032
Generation (MW)
Thermal18623 26163NANA
Hydro3421 3497NANA
Nuclear289 NANANA
Solar902 10697 20000 27500
Ground Mounted
Solar
834 6397 10700 15500
RTPV68 4300 9300 12000
Connected to EHV 500 3838 6420 9300
Connected to MV 334 2559 4280 6200
Connected to LV68 4300 9300 12000
Wind----
Small Hydro25 25NA460
Biomass & Biopower 2118 3499NANA
Peak Load (MW) 18061 36061 53690 73708
Energy (MUs)
Annual Energy 120051 209046 308887 420829
Storage Recommended (MWh)
Battery (LV)10 645 1395 1800
Battery (MV)33 256 429 620
State – Uttarakhand 2019 2022 2027 2032
Generation (MW)
Thermal962 NANANA
Hydro1815 4341NANA
Nuclear31 NANANA
Solar305 800 1500 1950
Ground Mounted
Solar
240 450 840 950
RTPV65 350 660 1000
Connected to EHV----
Connected to MV 240 450 840 950
Connected to LV65 350 660 1000
Wind----
Small Hydro214 700NA 1664
Biomass & Biopower 131 197NANA
Peak Load (MW) 2149 2901 3911 5222
Energy (MUs)
Annual Energy 13457 16774 22438 29733
Storage Recommended (MWh)
Battery (LV)105399 150
Battery (MV)24458495 167Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
UT – Chandigarh 2019 2022 2027 2032
Generation (MW)
Thermal53NANANA
Hydro102NANANA
Nuclear8NANANA
Solar35 153650 1000
Ground Mounted
Solar
653 450690
RTPV29 100200310
Connected to EHV ----
Connected to MV 653 450690
Connected to LV 29 100200310
Wind----
Small Hydro----
Biomass & Biopower ----
Peak Load (MW) 363 559732948
Energy (Mus)
Annual Energy 1610 2842 3719 4821
Storage Recommended (MWh)
Battery (LV)41530 46.5
Battery (MV)0.654569 168Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Eastern Region
State – Bihar 2019 2022 2027 2032
Generation (MW)
Thermal3905 9365NANA
Hydro110NANANA
Nuclear0---
Solar142.5 2493 6500 8500
Ground Mounted
Solar
139 1493 4400 5200
RTPV3.5 1000 2100 3300
Connected to EHV----
Connected to MV 139 1493 4400 5200
Connected to LV 3.5 1000 2100 3300
Wind----
Small Hydro7125- 526
Biomass & Biopower 121 244NANA
Peak Load (MW) 4515 9306 16239 23411
Energy (MUs)
Annual Energy 27018 52975 91733 131219
Storage Recommended (MWh)
Battery (LV)0.5 150 315 495
Battery (MV)14 150 440 520
State – Jharkhand 2019 2022 2027 2032
Generation (MW)
Thermal1543 4723NANA
Hydro191NANANA
Nuclear0---
Solar32.3 1995 5500 8000
Ground Mounted
Solar
19 1195 3900 5500
RTPV13.3 800 1600 2500
Connected to EHV----
Connected to MV 19 1995 5500 5500
Connected to LV 13.3 800 1600 2500
Wind----
Small Hydro410- 227
Biomass & Biopower 4.3---
Peak Load (MW) 1260 6341 8780 11930
Energy (Mus)
Annual Energy 7906 37482 51512 69475
Storage Recommended (MWh)
Battery (LV)2 120 240 375
Battery (MV)2 200 550 550 169Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
State – West Bengal 2019 2022 2027 2032
Generation (MW)
Thermal8805 14145NANA
Hydro1396 3126NANA
Nuclear----
Solar70 5336 10500 13000
Ground Mounted
Solar
50 3236 6600 7300
RTPV20 2100 3900 5700
Connected to EHV----
Connected to MV 50 3236 6600 7300
Connected to LV 20 2100 3900 5700
Wind----
Small Hydro9950- 392
Biomass & Biopower 320---
Peak Load (MW) 8114 17703 26027 36187
Energy (MUs)
Annual Energy 50760 103283 150704 207948
Storage Recommended (MWh)
Battery (LV)3 315 585 855
Battery (MV)5 324 660 730
State – Odisha 2019 2022 2027 2032
Generation (MW)
Thermal4992 14042NANA
Hydro2150NANANA
Nuclear0NANANA
Solar391 2377 6500 8500
Ground Mounted
Solar
384 1377 4500 5300
RTPV7 1000 2000 3200
Connected to EHV----
Connected to MV 384 1377 4500 5300
Connected to LV7 1000 2000 3200
Wind----
Small Hydro65-- 286
Biomass & Biopower 59---
Peak Load (MW) 4402 6749 8712 11280
Energy (MUs)
Annual Energy 28801 42566 54565 70154
Storage Recommended (MWh)
Battery (LV)1.05 150 300 480
Battery (MV)38 138 450 530 170Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
State – Sikkim 2019 2022 2027 2032
Generation (MW)
Thermal87NANANA
Hydro823 944 2056NA
Nuclear0---
Solar0.0176 200 250
Ground Mounted
Solar
026 120 150
RTPV0.015080 100
Connected to EHV----
Connected to MV026 120 150
Connected to LV 0.015080 100
Wind----
Small Hydro52-- 266
Biomass & Biopower ----
Peak Load (MW)96 176 245 341
Energy (MUs)
Annual Energy486 645 898 1250
Storage Recommended (MWh)
Battery (LV)07.51215
Battery (MV)031215 171Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
North-Eastern Region
State – Assam 2019 2022 2027 2032
Generation (MW)
Thermal1027 1777NANA
Hydro431NANANA
Nuclear0---
Solar18 663 1500 1800
Ground Mounted
Solar
10 413 1000 1060
RTPV8 250 500 740
Connected to EHV ----
Connected to MV 10 413 1000 1060
Connected to LV8 250 500 740
Wind----
Small Hydro3436- 201
Biomass & Biopower ----
Peak Load (MW) 1745 2534 3613 5033
Energy (MUs)
Annual Energy 9094 12699 18107 25224
Storage Recommended (MWh)
Battery (LV)1.2 37.575 111
Battery (MV)141 100 106
State – Arunachal
Pradesh
2019 2022 2027 2032
Generation (MW)
Thermal72NANANA
Hydro97 4816NANA
Nuclear0NANA
Solar5.471 120 190
Ground Mounted
Solar
1.3213050
RTPV4.15090 140
Connected to EHV ----
Connected to MV 1.3213050
Connected to LV 4.15090 140
Wind----
Small Hydro107 500- 2064
Biomass & Biopower ----
Peak Load (MW) 145 177 266 365
Energy (MUs)
Annual Energy798 721 1085 1489
Storage Recommended (MWh)
Battery (LV)0.6 7.5 13.521
Battery (MV)0235 172Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
State – Meghalaya 2019 2022 2027 2032
Generation (MW)
Thermal140 300NANA
Hydro387NANANA
Nuclear0NANANA
Solar0.12 161 450 600
Ground Mounted
Solar
0 111 360 440
RTPV0.125090 160
Connected to EHV ----
Connected to MV0 111 360 440
Connected to LV 0.125090 160
Wind----
Small Hydro3155- 230
Biomass & Biopower 14---
Peak Load (MW) 368 596 828 1112
Energy (MUs)
Annual Energy 1555 3029 4206 5651
Storage Recommended (MWh)
Battery (LV)07.5 13.524
Battery (MV)0113644
State – Tripura 2019 2022 2027 2032
Generation (MW)
Thermal644NANANA
Hydro62NANANA
Nuclear0NANANA
Solar5.1 105 350 550
Ground Mounted
Solar
555 260 390
RTPV0.015090 160
Connected to EHV ----
Connected to MV555 260 390
Connected to LV 0.095090 160
Wind----
Small Hydro16--46
Biomass & Biopower ----
Peak Load (MW) 342 472 674 913
Energy (MUs)
Annual Energy 2599 2026 2892 3921
Storage Recommended (MWh)
Battery (LV)07.5 13.524
Battery (MV)0.5 5.52639 173Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
State – Manipur 2019 2022 2027 2032
Generation (MW)
Thermal139NANANA
Hydro89NANANA
Nuclear0NANANA
Solar3.2 105 250 400
Ground Mounted
Solar
055 160 240
RTPV3.25090 160
Connected to EHV ----
Connected to MV055 160 240
Connected to LV 3.25090 160
Wind--
Small Hydro5.5--99
Biomass & Biopower ----
Peak Load (MW) 195 497 869 1212
Energy (MUs)
Annual Energy871 2219 3881 5416
Storage Recommended (MWh)
Battery (LV)0.5 7.5 13.524
Battery (MV)05.51624
State – Nagaland 2019 2022 2027 2032
Generation (MW)
Thermal70NANANA
Hydro53 239NANA
Nuclear0NANANA
Solar161 200 350
Ground Mounted
Solar
011 110 190
RTPV15090 160
Connected to EHV ----
Connected to MV011 110 190
Connected to LV85090 160
Wind----
Small Hydro3132- 182
Biomass & Biopower ----
Peak Load (MW) 146 271 403 554
Energy (MUs)
Annual Energy794 1163 1728 2373
Storage Recommended (MWh)
Battery (LV)07.5 13.524
Battery (MV)011119 174Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
State – Mizoram 2019 2022 2027 2032
Generation (MW)
Thermal61NANANA
Hydro94NANANA
Nuclear0NANANA
Solar0.572 200 350
Ground Mounted
Solar
0.122 110 190
RTPV0.45090 160
Connected to EHV ----
Connected to MV 0.122 110 190
Connected to LV 0.45090 160
Wind----
Small Hydro3749- 168
Biomass & Biopower ----
Peak Load (MW)96 352 521 723
Energy (MUs)
Annual Energy497 1388 2053 2847
Storage Recommended (MWh)
Battery (LV)07.5 13.524
Battery (MV)02.21119 175Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
UTs
UT –
Andaman & Nicobar
2019 2022 2027 2032
Generation (MW)
Thermal40 NANANA
Hydro0 NANANA
Nuclear0 NANANA
Solar7 27 100 150
Ground Mounted
Solar
5 156075
RTPV2 124075
Connected to EHV----
Connected to MV5 156075
Connected to LV2 124075
Wind-- NA
Small Hydro5---
Biomass & Biopower ----
Peak Load (MW)5489 125 172
Energy (MUs)
Annual Energy329 505 709 963
Storage Recommended (MWh)
Battery (LV)0.32611
Battery (MV)0.5 1.567.5
UT – Lakshadweep 2019 2022 2027 2032
Generation (MW)
Thermal0 NANANA
Hydro0 NANANA
Nuclear0 NANANA
Solar0.75 2050 100
Ground Mounted
Solar
0.75 103068
RTPV0 102032
Connected to EHV----
Connected to MV 0.75 103068
Connected to LV0 102032
Wind----
Small Hydro----
Biomass & Biopower ----
Peak Load (MW)9 182330
Energy (MUs)
Annual Energy486584 110
Storage Recommended (MWh)
Battery (LV)0135
Battery (MV)0137 176Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Source:
http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/annual/lgbr/lgbr-2018.pdf
http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/committee/nep/nep_jan_2018.pdf
http://allaboutrenewables.com/capacity-addition
http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/monthly/executivesummary/2018/exe_summary-03.pdf
NOTE: Assumptions done by considering the following
1. 100 GW Solar Target by 2022, out of which 40 GW is RTPV, 20 GW Medium Size Installations and
40 GW Solar Parks
2. 250 GW Solar Target by 2027, ratio taken in accordance with 2022 targets
3. 360 GW Solar Target by 2032, ratio taken in accordance with 2022 targets
4. All values post 2022 have been forecasted using best estimates methodology devised by ISGF 177Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
The issues and impact of RTPV faced by
utilities across India varies according to their
geographical location, their feeder loads and
their MV/LV network topologies. Thus, the RTPV
hosting capacity varies for different feeders. This
is particularly more sensitive in the lower MV
voltages with maximum sensitivity in the 415V
and 230V secondary voltages. The most impact
is on power quality aspects particularly with
respect to “low or high permissible voltages”
in select parts of the network. A second aspect
is the imbalance of VAR requirements/flows
due to the addition of the RTPV which typically
operate at unity power factor. It is however not
possible to do an in-depth feeder analysis for
Annexure 4: CYMDIST Library Files
every RTPV addition. Thus, a qualitative set
of limits must be arrived at after performing
sample quantitative studies of typical feeders,
together with the RTPV connections, feeder
loads (both MV and LV), the network line
parameters and DT capacities.
In order to analyze the details of the MV/LV
network, six distribution utilities were selected
to conduct a detailed load flow analysis of
distribution feeders. We have carried out
detailed load flow analysis of the six feeders
mentioned below. DISCOMs falling under
any of the (below mentioned) categories can
contact ISGF for the detailed study.
RegionSelected StateFeeder Category DISCOM Name
NorthDelhi Urban Lightly LoadedTata Power Delhi Distribution Ltd. (TPDDL)
Haryana Agricultural Uttar Haryana Bijli Vitran Nigam Ltd. (UHBVN)
SouthKarnataka 11 kVBangalore Electricity Supply Company Ltd.
(BESCOM)
Andhra
Pradesh
Semi Urban Heavily
Loaded
Andhra Pradesh Southern Power Distribution
Company Ltd. (APSPDCL)
West Maharashtra Urban Lightly LoadedAdani Energy Mumbai Ltd. (AEML)
East West Bengal Urban Heavily
Loaded
Calcutta Electric Supply Corporation (CESC),
Kolkata
Note: The CYMDIST Library files of aforementioned DISCOMs are available with ISGF for study on
a request basis. 178Energy Storage System
Roadmap for India: 2019-2032
Note: India Smart Grid Forum
CBIP Building, Malcha Marg, Chanakyapuri
New Delhi 110021
Tel: +91-11-41030398
Email: contactus@indiasmartgrid.org
www.indiasmartgrid.org