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Report of the Task Force on
Clean Industry
INDUSTRY
ACTION PLAN FOR
CLEAN
‘Cleaner Air-Better Life Initiative’ Copyright © (2019) Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) and NITI Aayog. All rights reserved.
Without limiting the rights under the copyright reserved, this publication or any part of it may not be translated, reproduced, stored, transmitted in any form (electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, audio recording or otherwise) or circulated in any binding or cover without the prior written permission of CII and NITI Aayog.
All information, ideas, views, opinions, estimates, advice, suggestions, recommendations (hereinafter 'content') in this publication should neither be
understood as professional advice in any manner nor interpreted as policies, objectives, opinions or suggestions of CII and NITI Aayog. Readers are advised
to use their discretion and seek professional advice before taking any action or decision, based on the contents of this publication. The content in this
publication has been obtained or derived from sources believed by CII and NITI Aayog to be reliable but CII and NITI Aayog do not represent this information
to be accurate or complete. CII and NITI Aayog do not assume any responsibility and disclaim any liability for any loss, damages, caused due to any reason
whatsoever, towards any person (natural or legal) who uses this publication.
This publication cannot be sold for consideration, within or outside India, without express written permission of CII and NITI Aayog. Violation of this condition
of sale will lead to criminal and civil prosecution.
Published by
Confederation of Indian Industry (CII), The Mantosh Sondhi Centre; 23, Institutional Area, Lodhi Road, New Delhi, India 110003
Tel: +91-11-24629994-7, Fax: +91-11-24626149; Email: info@cii.in; Web: www.cii.in; and
NITI Aayog, Sansad Marg, New Delhi, India 110001 Research Team
Mohit Sharma
Kamal Sharma
CII-ITC Centre of Excellence
for Sustainable Development
Supported by:
Sandeep Sinha
Convenor (June 2018- August 2019)
Former Managing Director, Cummins India
Ashish Aggarwal
Convenor (November 2017 - June 2018)
Former Vice President, Cummins India
Anant J. Talaulicar
Convenor: (June 2017 - November 2017)
Former Chairman and MD, Cummins India
Task Force Convenor foreword CONTENTS
1.Background01
2.Inclusive Approach of Task Force04
3.Sources of Industrial Pollution in Delhi NCR05
3.1Fugitive Particulate Matter (PM) Emissions07
3.1.1 Building Construction07
3.1.2 Urban Infrastructure and Utilities09
3.1.3 Allied Construction Industry09
3.2 Energy-related Emissions12
3.2.1 Use of Diesel Generators in Buildings & Industry Subsectors13
3.2.2 Coal-based Thermal Power Plants14
3.3.3. Hotel and Restaurant Industry19
4.Recommended Action Plan for Clean Industry20
4.1Prevention and Control of Fugitive PM Emissions20
4.1.1 Promotion and Adoption of Clean Construction Practices20
4.1.2 Sustainable Supply Chains for Construction Materials23
4.2 Mitigation of Energy-related Emissions25
4.2.1 Prioritising Clean Fuels and Technologies25
4.2.2 Adoption of Best Available Technology for Emission Control28
References34
Annexures42 Annex 143
Emission Inventory for Delhi
Annex 244
Dust Control Regulation for Construction
Annex 348
Building Permits and Environmental Clearance
Annex 452
Buildings Codes and Green Buildings’ Rating Systems
Annex 555
Best Practices Guide for Prevention and Control Measures for Fugitive Emissions
A 5.1 Smart and Sustainable Construction Materials58
A 5.2 Modern Multi Utility Service Corridors60
A 5.3 Surface Improvement63
A 5.4 Site or Plant Layout and Design63
A 5.5Wet Suppression and Chemical Stabilisation of Particulate Matter64
A 5.6Best Management Practices67
A 5.7Best Available Technology for Dust Suppression69
Annex 6.73
Best Available Technologies for Diesel Generators
A 6.1End-of-Pipe Retrofit Technologies73
A 6.2Fuel Substitution74
A 6.3Energy Storage75
Annex 776
Emission Control in Coal Thermal Power Plants
Annex 877
Coal Thermal Power Plant Units within 300 km of Delhi
Annex 979
Business Case: Leapfrogging to 50% Biomass Co-firing in Existing Thermal Power Plants
Annex 1085
Biomass Potential Across India’s State
Annex 11
List of Stakeholders Consulted
86 1. BACKGROUND
Air pollution in Delhi has surged to crisis level in recent
years and has become a major concern for public
health. As shown in Figure 1, air pollution crisis in Delhi
National Capital Territory (NCT) and surrounding region
has become a crisis because of the large population
exposed to its health impacts. The recorded mean
3
concentration of PM in Delhi was 292 µg/m in 2016 to
10
which more than 25 million inhabitants were exposed
3
compared to 104 μg/m in Mumbai with 21 million (
3
inhabitants exposed or 92 μg/m in Beijing with
20 million inhabitants exposed (WHO, 2018).
With the aim of involving diverse stakeholders to
improve air quality in the airshed, the Confederation of
Indian Industry (CII) partnered with the National
Institution for Transforming India (NITI Aayog) under
the Cleaner Air Better Life Initiative in November 2016.
The first meeting of the initiative took place on 05 June
)
Figure 1. Exposure to Air Pollution in Regions of Asia as per Measured Data in the Year 2016
Source: WHO (2018)
REPORT OF THE
TASK FORCE ON
CLEAN INDUSTRY
01 2017. Subsequently, four task forces were constituted
by NITI Aayog to formulate appropriate strategies for
addressing the sources of air pollution. These task
forces were on: Biomass Management, Clean Fuel,
Clean Transportation and Clean Industry. Of these, the
task forces on Biomass Management, Clean Fuel and
Clean Transportation have submitted their reports
1
which are now in the public domain.
The report of this task force on clean industry addresses
sources of air pollution whose contribution is significant
but have received somewhat less attention such as
fugitive dust from construction and roads, fly ash from
coal use (both, in thermal power plants and other
establishments), and stack emissions from thermal
power plants.
A comprehensive source apportionment study for Delhi
(Sharma and Dikshit 2016) was carried out in 2013-14
and the results in terms of contribution (percentage) of
different sources to PM (for winter and summer) and
2.5
gas phase emissions (SOx and NOx) are shown in Figure
2 and Figure 3.
INDUSTRY
ACTION PLAN FOR
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02
1
Available at www.niti.gov.in/documents/reports Figure 3. Contribution of Identified Sources to SOx and NOx Emissions in Delhi
Source: Sharma and Dikshit (2016)
0.00
50.00
100.00
150.00
200.00
TONNE PER DAY (TPD)
Industrial
stacks
Vehicles
162.2
112.3
18.7
9.4
6.2
3.1
128.3
1.4
1.4
1.4
5.6
2.8
SOx[total 141 tonne/day]
NOx[total 312 tonne/day]
Aircrafts Industrial
areas
Hotels and
Restaurants
DG sets Domestic
REPORT OF THE
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03
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
WINTER SUMMER
30%
15%
26%
12%
25%
9%
8%
7%
5%
26%
4%
28%
2%
3%
PERCENTAGE
Construction Material
Soil & Road Dust
Coal & Fly Ash
Soild Waste Burning
Vehicles
Biomass Burning
Secondary Particles
Figure 2. Contribution of Identified Sources to in DelhiPM
2.5
Source: Sharma and Dikshit (2016) 2. INCLUSIVE APPROACH OF TASK FORCE
The task force attempts to bring together: government
agencies, industry, research organisations and thinks
tanks to design workable solutions addressing air
Box 1. Objectives of Cleaner Air Better Life Initiative
2
pollution in NCR airshed. The objectives of the Cleaner
Air Better Life initiative are shown in Box 1.
Developing an integrated
approach that brings
together policy makers,
industry and academia
Building consensus
amongst stakeholders on
the options for improving
air quality in NCR
Catalysing voluntary
commitments from
stakeholders towards
reducing air pollution
Promoting adherence
to existing polices
and advocating
better policies
Addressing air pollution in an airshed needs a
comprehensive strategy and coordinated action in the
entire region, involving multiple sectors and agencies.
Evolution of the task force’s activities since its
constitution and stakeholders involved are shown
in Figure 4.
Figure 4. Inclusive Approach Followed by the Task Force on Clean Industry
05 Jun 2017 20 Jul 201730 Jan 2018 26 Nov 2018
First meeting
of the Initiative
First meeting of
the Task Force
Second meeting
of the task force
Third meeting of
the Task force
Clean Industry Report finalised
based on feedback from task force
members and peer review received
from NEERI in August 2019
Constitution of four
task forces under the
initiative by NITI Aayog
Discussion on key
areas for actionable
solutions
Multi-stakeholder
consultation with focus
on construction sectorStakeholders' inputs on
draft report of the task
force
Final Action Plan for
Clean Industry
2
Air-shed is a common area where prevalent meteorological and geographical conditions limit dispersion of pollutants,
therefore requiring a comprehensive strategy for the entire area.
3
Refer to Annex. 11 for detailed list of stakeholders consulted
3
Stakeholders Consulted:
Government: Ministry of Environment Forest and Climate Change; Central Pollution Control Board; State Pollution Control
Boards in NCR; Urban Local bodies in NCR.
Industry: ACC; Ambuja; Cummins; CLP India; Federation of Hotels and Restaurant Association of India; Indian Green Business
Council; IL&FS; Nabha Power Limited (L&T); Tata Power; Supertech; Syntron Industries
Research institutes: Central Buildings Research Institute; Central Road Research Institute; The Energy and Resources Institute
INDUSTRY
ACTION PLAN FOR
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04
26 Aug 2019 3. SOURCES OF INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION
IN DELHI NCR
The Task Force considers three key air pollutants, (1)
road/soil dust (2) fly ash (3) secondary particles. An
analysis of source apportionment study (Sharma and
Dikshit, 2016) indicates that dust and fly ash, together,
contribute 19% (in winter) to 53% (in summer) of the total
PM load in Delhi while the secondary pollutants
2.5
contribute 15% (in summer) to 30% (in winter) throughout
the year (See Table 1). The relatively large contribution
from road/soil dust and fly ash in summer is because of
dry weather conditions and high wind speeds including
occasional dust storms which make dust and fly ash
particles airborne.
Coal or lignite based thermal power plants are significant
point sources (industries in the vicinity of Delhi and with a
stack height of more than 20 metres) for both, fly ash and
SO/NO gas emissions. SO/NO gas emissions
2 X2 X
contribute to secondary particulate matter, formed in the
atmosphere by the chemical transformation of their
precursors, i.e. SO and NOx. These secondary particles
2
contribute to particulate matter in Delhi consistently
throughout the year (25% PM, 30% PM in winter, and
102.5
10% PM,15% PM in summer).
102.5
The updated source apportionment for Delhi NCR, ARAI-
TERI (2018), is available at the time of finalising this
report. The broad findings of new source apportionment
are found to be consistent with the earlier study, Sharma
& Dikshit (2016), which is the scientific basis for designing
this action plan. As expected, the contribution of Industrial
sources of air pollution is found to be higher in NCR towns
compared to Delhi due to presence of Industry in
proximity (ARAI-TERI 2018). Further, the Task Force on
Clean Industry only focuses on the major contributors
and highly distributed sources such as crematoriums and
bakeries are not covered in this study.
Fly ash/coal dust
26
37
05
12
Road/soil dust
27
26
14
04
Table 1. Contribution of Sources to Particulate Matter in Different Seasons
Secondary particles
15
10
30
25
Summer
Winter
PM [%]
2.5
PM [%]
10
PM [%]
2.5
PM [%]
10
Percentage contribution
to Particulate matter
Source: Sharma and Dikshit (2016)
REPORT OF THE
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05 Figure 5. Typical Size Range of Airborne Particles Including Health-Related Ultrafine Fractions, PM, PM
2.5 10
and Major Constituents Considered by this Task Force
0.001
0.01
0.1
1.0
100
Ultrafine fraction
PM
25
PM
10
PM
25-10
Sulphate
Nitrates
Total Suspended Particulate
Particle diameter [μm]
Dust and Fly ash
Diesel smoke
Source: WHO (2006); Ghosal et al (1995); and Chatterjee (2010)
INDUSTRY
ACTION PLAN FOR
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06
The most significant contribution to SO emissions is
2
from industrial point sources (coal/lignite based
thermal power plants) located in NCR region. These
sources contribute about 90% of the total SO emissions
2
load in the city (~141 t/d) and are the single largest
contributor of SOx (Sharma and Dikshit, 2016). Nearly
52% of the total NOx emissions in Delhi (~312 t/d) are
attributed to the same source, followed by vehicular
emissions (occurring at ground level) contributing to
36% NOx loading. Two other significant contributors to
NOx emissions are DG sets (6%) and aircrafts (2%)
(Sharma and Dikshit, 2016).
Secondary particles (from conversion of SO and NO
2X
gases to particulate) and direct emissions from diesel
engines (soot) are most critical in terms of health
impact due to their ultrafine size (< 0.1 μm particle size).
Figure 5 shows the typical size range of particles (WHO
2006; Ghosal et al 1995; and Chatterjee 2010)
associated with different sources. It is evident from the
Figure 5 that SOx emissions and PM emissions from
diesel engines or generators contribute significantly to
PM as well as PM while NOx, fly ash and dust emissions
2.510
may contribute to PM more compared to PM.
102.5
Thermal power plants are the
single largest contributor of SOx:
of SOx emission load
in Delhi. They also contribute to
of the total NOx emissions
in Delhi, followed by vehicular
emissions at
.
90%
52%
36% In order to prepare a source-specific plan of action,
different industrial activities contributing to these (dust,
ash, and secondary particles) emissions are broadly
classified as-
1. Fugitive Particulate Matter (PM) Emissions:
Emissions originating from spatially distributed sources
and wide array of activities as opposed to specific
discharge point such as exhausts and stacks. Dust
emissions from construction (buildings and
infrastructure), utilities operations in NCR towns (waste
management, roads and highways, water, telecom),
material transportation, fly ash emissions from
concrete batching etc.
2. Energy-related Emissions: Emissions originating
from energy conversion and consumption in industry
subsectors. In Delhi NCR, these include: SOx, NOx and
PM emissions from thermal power plants within 300 km
of Delhi, PM emissions from brick kilns in NCR, PM and
NOx emissions from diesel generators’ use in buildings
and industry subsectors such as telecom, IT, real estate,
hospitality and healthcare in NCR.
3.1 Fugitive Particulate Matter
(PM) Emissions
Air pollutants originating from spatially distributed
sources and wide array of activities as opposed to
specific discharge point such as exhausts and stacks
are called fugitive emissions. Fugitive emissions have
the potential for much greater ground-level impact
since they are discharged and dispersed close to the
ground (IFC, 2007). The two main types of fugitive
emissions are Particulate Matter (PM) and Volatile
4
Organic Compounds (VOCs). As control strategies (See
Annex. 5) for addressing various fugitive emissions are
the same, the more comprehensive and umbrella term:
“fugitive emissions” is used in many places in the
following text while addressing the fugitive dust or
particulate matter emissions.
Road/soil dust, coal dust and fly ash emissions or so-
called fugitive particulate matter emission originate
from various economic activities in NCR towns and
peri-urban areas. These particles travel up to several
kilometres before settling down and at the same time,
they get re-suspended in the air due to vehicular
movement and resulting winds. An exhaustive list of
various sources of these emissions in the city is
presented in Table A5-2 (See Annex. 5). Sources include
various anthropogenic activities: building constructions
ranging from small building renovations to area
development projects, urban infrastructure projects,
operations of city-wide utilities (solid waste, electricity,
roads, and water) and resuspension due to vehicular
movement. Although dust storms occur frequently
during pre-monsoon season in Ganga Basin in North
India (Dey et al., 2004), these sources are outside the
purview of this report. Only local phenomena
contributing to generation and suspension of dust or
particulate matter in Delhi’s air are considered here.
3.1.1 Building Construction
Rampant construction activities across NCR towns and
rapidly expanding urban sprawl contribute to fugitive
dust emissions. These activities are either greenfield or
brownfield, accompanying huge amounts of
construction and demolition (C&D) waste produced
every day. It is estimated that 5000 tonnes of
5
construction and demolition debrisis generated in
Delhi NCT every day (IL&FS, 2018). This is projected to
grow rapidly in future with the high growth in residential
and commercial floorspace projected for the next
6
decade. Demolition activities contribute to the dust
emissions not only during the demolition of structures
but also during the improper transportation and
disposal of construction debris. As per the Construction
and Demolition (C&D) Waste Management Rules
(MoEFCC, 2016a), no government authority, contractor,
builder or person can store the construction and
4
VOCs are secondary aerosols which are important component of fugitive PM emissions and associated control strategies. VOCs have not been covered under the
latest source apportionment study available for Delhi (Sharma & Dikshit, 2016) and It is speculated that significant amount of VOCs are added to Delhi’s air every
day due to unregulated activities which are prevalent in industrial clusters and small enterprises throughout the city
5
90% of this is estimated to be generated from demolitions activities whereas 10% from new constructions activities
6
70% of the total floorspace by 2030 is yet to be constructed
REPORT OF THE
TASK FORCE ON
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07 demolitions waste outside the areas demarcated by
officers of concerned authority or corporation (NGT,
2014). Those generating C&D waste beyond this
threshold will pay a waste management fee to local
authorities for processing or disposal of their waste
whereas the generators who salvage, process and
recycle (preferably in-situ) their waste will be
incentivised. Local authorities are supposed to track the
C&D waste generated in their jurisdiction and maintain
an active database which is used for establishing and
reporting the yearly generation trends. The 2016 rules
also emphasise the need for maintaining a sustained
system of information, education and communication
by the local authority in collaboration with expert
institutions and civil society. As per the rules,
procurement of materials made from C&D waste should
be mandatory for a certain percentage (10-20%) in
municipal and government contracts. In addition, the
use of recycled products from C&D Waste needs to be
incentivised in construction activities as well as in non-
structural concrete, paving blocks, lower layers for road
pavements including the colony and village roads
(MoEFCC, 2016a).
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08
Demolition activities contribute
to the dust emissions not only
during the demolition of
structures but also during the
improper transportation and
disposal of construction debris. 3.1.2 Urban Infrastructure and
Utilities
Besides building construction, large infrastructure
projects (e.g. metro, roads, bridges, flyovers)
contributes to dust and fly ash emissions. Handling of
materials, i.e. transportation and storage (both onsite
and offsite) during construction, renovation and
demolition phases of different projects is a major focus
area of the interventions required for dust control and
management in construction/infrastructure industry.
Other control options for infrastructure projects are
similar to building construction, such as, paving the
access roads, providing vehicle wash down facilities at
site, and installing wind breakers.
Re-entrainment of dust from vehicular movement on
roads (paved or unpaved) is the largest source of dust
emissions in Delhi (See Annex 1 on emission inventory
for Delhi). Key factors which aggravate dust generation
and re-suspension include: poorly maintained road
stretches, frequent digging of roads/pavements by
public utilities, illegal dumping of construction debris
beside roads, dust emanating from exposed surfaces in
the proximity and improper (not conforming to
guidelines for load conditions and containing dust)
transportation of materials, and improper road/street
designs. Day-to-day maintenance activities of urban
utilities such as waste management, energy supply,
water, sewage and roads contribute to dust generation
due to frequent digging of roads and nearby surfaces.
These emissions can be avoided though properly
designed infrastructure, organisational behaviour
change (among civic agencies and public utilities) and
strict management practices. Identification of poorly
maintained road stretches can be undertaken
immediately by the concerned agencies in order to
implement the mitigation measures on priority basis.
3.1.3 Allied Construction Industry
All construction activities in the city including
infrastructure projects rely on allied industrial activities
for supply of raw and processed materials. Allied
construction industry is concentrated in the periphery of
Delhi NCT or so-called peri-urban areas. These include
mainly three allied sectors-
1.Ready-Mix Concrete (RMC) batching plants
2.Stone crushers
3.Brick kilns
Ready-Mix Concrete (RMC) Batching Plants
Rampant construction activities in the city require huge
amounts of concrete: a mix of sand, coarse aggregates,
cement and water. For small construction projects,
mixing is undertaken at site (in-situ) whereas large
construction projects are dependent on RMC sourced
from concrete batching plants. Concrete batching
plants can be located either onsite or offsite. The
concrete supplied from on-site batching would involve
trucks carrying different raw materials such sand,
aggregates, cement etc. to the site while sourcing
concrete from an off-site RMC plant avoids
transportation of material and associated emissions
within the control area. Concrete from RMC plant is
transported to site in wet form in enclosed containers.
Besides air quality benefit, RMC also provides
opportunity for use of pozzolans like fly ash and ground
slag in concrete while maintaining strict quality control
(BIS 2016). As per National Building Code of India,
preference may be given to use of RMC, if the RMC
manufacturing plant is nearby. However, due to lack of
monitoring and good practices, a large amount of fly ash
REPORT OF THE
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09
Construction activities in the
city including infrastructure
projects rely on allied construction
industry such as brick kilns, RMC
batching plants and stone crushers
for supply of raw and processed
materials. generation is expected from the RMC batching activities
(Sharma and Dikshit, 2016). It is estimated that there are
a few hundred concrete batching plants operating in
NCR region (Sharma and Dikshit, 2016). The pozzolan
cement used in the preparation of RMC contains 35% of
fly ash (Sharma and Dikshit, 2016), main cause of
fugitive emissions in the process. Although it is
advisable that RMC is utilised for construction projects
in order to curb dust emissions at site and promote
utilisation of fly ash, it is crucial that stringent control
measures are followed at RMC batching plants. These
control measures are detailed in the Annex 5.
Figure 6. Brick Kiln Units Located in the NCR, Represented by Black Dots on the Map
Source: Goel and Guttikunda (2015)
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ACTION PLAN FOR
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10 Stone Crushers
Aggregates for concrete are sourced from stone
crushers located in NCR or outside the region. These
plants crush stones to coarse aggregates to be used as
part of concrete in the construction projects. It is also
possible to use Recycled Concrete Aggregates (RCAs)
sourced from C&D waste processing plants and there is
a huge potential to replace the virgin materials used in
construction projects and avoid the transportation of
materials into the city. As noted by members during the
second meeting of the task force, illegal mining of virgin
materials for building and construction is the key factor
affecting uptake of sustainable building materials
despite their clear economic and environmental
advantages.
Brick Kilns
Emissions from brick kiln industry is another major area
requiring attention. Fly ash from brick kilns operating in
NCR contributes to the air pollution in Delhi (Sharma and
Dikshit, 2016). As per 2014-15 data, there were about
2,080 brick kilns in Delhi-NCR, predominantly located in
North Western and South Eastern peripherals of the city
as depicted in Figure 6 (Goel and Guttikunda 2015).
Majority of these brick kilns are based on old technology:
Fixed Chimney Bull Trench Kiln (FCBTK), having
chimneys emitting pollutants continuously during the
manufacturing season (January to June) every year.
Many of them do not have gravity settling chambers
which purify the effluent gas from the stacks.
Latest environmental standards propose a shift from
FCBTK type to zigzag type. Zigzag brick settings allow
sufficient time for heating of fuel to reach ignition
temperatures and result into near-complete
combustion of fuel (Kamyotra 2017). Due to more
efficient burning in zigzag kilns, SPM and unburnt
7
carbon emissions are reduced drasticallyby 60-75%
(EPCA 2017; CCAC 2018). Zigzag design also reduces
the specific energy consumption in kilns by almost 20%
due to proper hot air circulation. As a co-benefit, the
number of good quality bricks in the process are
increased by up to 25% (EPCA 2017; Kamyotra 2017).
High draft Zig-Zag technology was first developed by
the Central Building Research Institute (CSIR-CBRI),
Roorkee in 1987-88 to overcome the pollution from
brick kilns. The license of the technology has been
transferred by CBRI to three agencies for
implementation in brick kiln all over India. But the
technology has received renewed focus due to
concerns about air pollution from existing brick kilns.
Also, in recent years, some of the brick makers have
modified the brick setting and practices and have
successfully operated the kiln with natural draught
(Greentech-Enzen 2012).
Despite the significant advantages and very high return
on investment, zigzag kilns have not been an attractive
proposition for small scale brick kiln industry. The
capital expenditure for both types of kilns: FCBTK and
zigzag is found to be same, i.e. INR 40-50 lakh for a brick
kiln with a production capacity of 30,000-40,000 bricks
per day (Kamyotra 2017) but shift to new brick kiln
setting requires dismantling the existing kiln structure
and laying the bricks again in the zigzag setting.
International experience in moving towards zigzag
technology shows that imparting awareness and
training to brick makers is extremely important.
Specific training programmes are required to educate
brick makers on shortcomings of existing
technologies/practices and their impact on revenue,
climate, agriculture and health (CCAC 2018) vis-à-vis
various benefits of cleaner technology/practices such
as fuel saving, improved occupational health, better
product quality, increased revenues, and compliance to
environmental regulation. Also, the role of cleaner brick
firing practices, including practical training for fire
master on zig-zag kiln firing practices (CCAC 2018) is
very important for ensuring lower emissions in the long
7
As per observations by Central Pollution Control Board: SPM emissions decline from 517-1375 mg/Nm3 in FCBTK natural draft kiln setting to 155 mg/ Nm3 in
zigzag natural draft kiln setting whereas the black carbon emission decline from 1.18 mg/ kg-fired brick in FCBTK natural draft kiln setting to 0.22 mg/ kg-fired
brick in zigzag natural draft kiln setting.
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11
Due to more efficient
burning in zigzag kilns,
SPM and unburnt carbon
emissions are reduced
drastically by
60-75%. term once the right infrastructure is in place. After a
prolonged consultation with the brick kiln industry in
NCR, the CPCB has issued directives to all bricks kilns in
22 NCR districts: Uttar Pradesh (7 districts), Haryana (13
districts) and Rajasthan (2 districts). These directives
stipulate conversion of all brick kilns in NCR to zig-zag
technology by October 2018; units based on the old
technology will not be allowed to operate beyond July
2018 (CPCB 2018). As per the latest information, 35% of
the brick kilns (1835 out of total 5240 units in 2018) in
NCR lying in neighbouring states of Haryana, Rajasthan,
Uttar Pradesh have converted to zig-zag technology
while rest of the units; which haven’t switched to new
technology; are not allowed to operate (EPCA 2018).
3.2 Energy-related Emissions
Energy related emissions originate from diverse
industrial subsectors and are related to-
•Use of DG set in various subsectors such as
Telecom, IT, hospitality, real-estate, construction etc
•Gaseous (SOx and NOx) and particulate matter
emissions from Coal-based thermal power
generation units within 300 km of Delhi
•Use of coal and wood for firing tandoors in hotel and
restaurant industry
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12 0%20%40%60%80%100%
Share
number
of units
by
Share
capacity
by DG
69%
26%
29%
55%
2%
10%
1%
9%
3.2.1 Use of Diesel Generators in
Buildings & Industry Subsectors
Diesel generators are used for maintaining reliable
supply of power in various commercial and industrial
activities where 24x7 power supply is critical. They also
serve as source of primary power in locations where
modern energy infrastructure is missing. DG sets are
preferred option for power back up during outages
despite very high cost of electricity per unit: INR 16 per
unit from DG set compared to INR 3.5 per unit from coal
power plant. Roughly about 85-90 % of DG set demand
in India is for backup power whereas their demand for
primary power is significantly lower: less than 15%
(Oswal 2017). Major end-use sectors of DG sets are
telecom towers, hotels, commercial complexes,
hospitals, data centres, infrastructure (metro and road)
and large industry such as power plants for black start.
Diesel generators contribute significantly to NOx
emission in Delhi and their contribution to NOx within
Delhi NCT is observed to be 6% (Sharma and Dikshit,
2016). It is expected that this contribution is higher for
Delhi NCR as power outages are more frequent in peri-
urban and satellite towns of Delhi. Various studies
Key end-users across different size classes:
Telecom towers (56%), Hospitality (10%), Commercial complexes (10%), Small restaurants (6%), Small scale industry (5%),
Petrol stations (4.5%)
Real estate (25%), Large industries (24%), Healthcare (21%), Hospitality (20%), Infrastrcuture (3.5%)
Large industry (31%), Hospitality (30%), Healthcare (19%), IT/ITES sector (16%)
IT/ITES Sector including data centres (56%), large industry (34%)
15-75 kVA
75-375 kVA
375-750 kVA
>750 kVA
Source: Adapted from Oswal (2017)
Figure 7. Market Segmentation of DG Sets by Size Classes Including Major End-Users Across Size Classes
REPORT OF THE
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13
Diesel generators contribute
significantly to NOx emission
in Delhi and their contribution
to NOx within Delhi NCT is
observed to be 6%. highlight that contribution of DG sets can be as high as
16% in case of satellite towns of Delhi and exposure to
PM2.5 increases significantly within the residential areas
in event of power outages (SCAPHRI 2015; CSE 2018).
Although, Delhi NCR specific market data is not
available to our best knowledge, national level market
report (Oswal 2017) indicates that these high
horsepower DG sets (> 750 kVA) are merely 1% of total
number of DG units and 9% of total DG capacity installed
in India as shown in the Figure 7. It is found that large
stock of existing DG sets, which are not covered under
in-use emission norms need to be addressed on priority
basis for clean air action in Delhi. Although improved
reliability of power can lower the usage of DG sets for
predominant backup application and resulting
emissions, the usage of DG sets cannot be ruled out in
case of power contingencies. As per the Graded
response action plan (GRAP) for Delhi NCR, the DG sets
were banned in Delhi for a period from 18 October 2017-
28 February 2018 due to air quality slipping to very poor
level (DPCC 2017, NCTD 2017). While this ban was
executed in Delhi alone, it is not a permanent solution to
address emissions from diesel generators. Hence,
policy emphasis may be laid out at a national level on
using proven options for control of emissions from DG
set, which would ensure smooth running of economic
activities.
Emission Norms for DG sets
Under the Environment (Protection) (Third Amendment)
Rules, 2013, environmental standards exist in India for
new generator sets with capacity up to 800 kW and
specify emission limits for three different size classes:
up to 19 kW, 19-75 kW and 75-800 kW (MOEFCC 2013).
Emission limits for NOx + HC, CO and PM apply for type
approval and conformity of production. On the contrary,
in-use environmental standards apply to generators
with capacity above 800 kW or 0.8 MW (or 1000 kVA), as
applicable to diesel engines for application in power
plants generator set applications and other
requirements, under the Environment (Protection) Third
Amendment Rules 2002. It is observed that under the
current regulatory regime for control of in-use
emissions which is applicable only to high horsepower
capacity segment, load conditions are not mentioned
during the periodic emission testing of DG sets. DG sets
are installed to fulfil part load in building application and
in-use emission standards can be improved by considering
actual load conditions for testing of existing DG sets.
Currently the discussions for further reduction of
emissions through next level norms for DG sets are
underway. India needs to adopt stringent norms with
global references to derive long term benefits of change
rather than regular small step changes. The
introduction of one universal norm instead of split by
application, usage or territory is thus essential for ease
of enforcement through good governance.
3.2.2 Coal-based Thermal
Power Plants
There are fifteen existing coal-based thermal power
stations in NCR and its vicinity which contribute to
loading of SOx and NOx emissions in the city. Source
apportionment study for Delhi establishes that power
plants are largest sources of SOx and NOx emissions
which are blown over the NCR region by prevalent North
Western and South Eastern winds (Sharma and Dikshit,
2016). These emissions are eventually transformed into
secondary pollutants and contribute to ultrafine PM
range as given in the Figure 5. All thermal power stations
within a radial distance of 300 km from Delhi are
mapped in the Annex 8 along with details of individual
units. These installed generation capacities (total
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14
SOx and NOx emissions
from thermal power plants
are eventually transformed
into secondary pollutants and
contribute to ultrafine PM range. 16,465 MW) are also mapped in Figure 8 below. Size of
the bubble in Figure 8 indicates unit’s installed capacity.
Out of 15 existing coal-based power stations, two
located in Delhi: BTPC Badarpur and RPS Rajghat face
closure. Closure report for RPS Rajghat was submitted
by its operator IPGCL to Govt. of NCT of Delhi (GNCTD)
and decision of GNCTD is pending in this regard (CEA
2018). Units 1, 2 and 3 at BTPC Badarpur are going to be
phased out by June 2018 (CEA 2018) whereas units 4
and 5 face closure due to unviability of flue gas
desulphurisation for control of SOx emissions (NRPC
2017). All in all, there are total 56 coal-based thermal
units in the region out of which 15 are in the process of
being phased out and face closure in the near future due
to unavailability of space for Flue Gas Desulphurisation
(FGD) as described below. A total installed capacity of
3525 MW or 24 units are above the age of 25 years as
highlighted in the Figure 8.
Figure 8. Map Showing Existing Coal-Based Power Stations within 300 km of Delhi
Source: CII-CESD (2018) analysis
REPORT OF THE
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15 Table 2. Emission Norms for Power Plants as Amended by Government of India in December 2015
Emission Control at Coal Thermal
Power Plants
Government of India acknowledged the health hazards
from the coal based thermal power plants and informed
of certain steps in 2013 which included formulation of
new emission standards. Other proposed steps
included (GoI, 2013): use of beneficiated coal with ash
content below 34%, emphasis on cleaner coal
technologies such as supercritical and Circulating
Fluidised Bed Combustion (CFBC) while granting
environmental clearances to TPPs, pollution control
systems on case to case basis (on the basis of ambient
air quality and sensitivity of the area) and directive to
TPPs for 100% utilisation of fly ash.
The new emission standards were notified for the first
time in December 2015 with December 2017 as a
deadline to meet these standards. New emission
standards included standards for SOx and NOx
emission which were previously non-existent in the
country including more stringent standards for PM. All
power plants in the country were supposed to meet the
new emissions limits (as given in the Table 2) by December
2017 which in turn would have helped to improve the
ambient air quality. Ministry of Power (MoP) constituted
a committee under chairmanship of Central Electricity
Authority (CEA) in September 2016 to prepare action
plan for power plants to meet new emission norms.
8
CEA (2016)estimated that FGD units are required for
nearly 151 existing units (90 GW) and 73 new units
under construction (72 GW) to meet the new norms
whereas 430 units smaller than 500 MW in capacity
(including few older 500 MW units) face space
constraint for installation of FGD systems. Nearly, 302
existing units in the country would require modification
in combustion processes (low NOx burners) to meet the
3
targets of 600 mg/Nm. Denitrification systems such as
Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) systems are
required for 279 existing units (120 GW) and 73
upcoming units (72 GW) to meet the targets of 300 mg/
3 3
Nmand 100 mg/Nm (CEA, 2016). The globally
available SCR units are not proven for Indian coal with
high ash content (~40%) and demonstration projects
would be required for SCR system in India. MoP raised
concerns of various power plant in country for
compliance with new emission norms. It informed the
Installation Date Before 31.12.200301.01.2003 - 31.12.2016After 01.01.2017
3
Emissions limits [mg/ Nm]:
Particulate matter1005030
Sulphur Dioxide (SO)<500 MW: 600
2
100
>500 MW: 200
Oxides of Nitrogen (NO)600300100
X
Source: MoEFCC, 2015
8
As of 31 Mar 2016, installed capacity of coal based thermal power was 185 GW with 75 GW additional capacity under construction
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16 Ministry of Environment Forest and Climate Change
(MoEFCC) that retrofitting additional fields in ESP units
or replacement in existing units will require complete
shut down for 4-6 months, and asked for 30-36 months
required for arranging funds and implementing FGD in
phased manner to avoid any grid contingencies.
Following this, the MoEFCC undertook multiple
consultations with stakeholders including MoP, CEA and
NTPC in 2017. It was decided that action plan prepared
by MoP for compliance in 7 years (up to 2024) was too
long and should be implemented by 2022 considering
the health impact on general public. Based on the
revised action plan by MoP and prioritisation by
MoEFCC for plants close to urban areas, new directions
were issued to all coal-based thermal power plants by
MoEFCC and CPCB in December 2017. According to
these directions, the unit-wise phased plan for
installation of emission control devices is given in Annex
8 along with mapping of all TPP units in NCR and
surrounding region.
The revised unit-wise phase out schedule for
installation of FGD in power plant located in the
Northern regions, as shown in Annex 8, spans from year
2019 to year 2022. All power plants in this region are
supposed to retrofit FDG by 2019 in order to meet SOX
standards except RTPP, Shahjahanpur (Uttar Pradesh)
which is supposed to meet the timeline for FGD
installation in 2021. As recommended by MoP, same
timelines apply for meeting NOx standards as well
(MoEFCC 2017) whereas immediate upgradation of
ESP is planned in most of these plants. MoEFCC
directions prescribe immediate measures such as
installation of low-NOx burners, providing Over Fire Air
(OVA) etc. and achieving progressive reduction to
comply to NOx emission limit in the stipulated year. As
highlighted in the Figure A7-1 (See Annex 7), it is
technically feasible to achieve emission reductions on
par with combustion emission control options by
modifying the combustion process and implementing a
combination of in-situ abatement options such as low-
NOx burners, OVA and flue gas recirculation. In addition
to 15 old TPP units (1935 MW) which face closure,
additional 8 TPP units (1380 MW) face closure by 2022
as FGD installation is not viable in these TPP units due to
space constraint (MoEFCC 2017, NRPC 2017).
Coal and lignite used in these TPPs gives rise to fly ash
and safe utilisation of fly ash is essential, making sure
that ash does not become airborne (CEA, 2017b).
REPORT OF THE
TASK FORCE ON
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17 According to the latest notification, MoEFCC (2016b),
construction agencies (public or private) within 300 km
of the location of TPP are mandated to use products
9
based on fly ash . For first 100 km, 100% cost of fly ash
transportation is borne by TPP whereas beyond 100 km,
the cost of transportation is equally shared by TPP and
user. Since July 2016, all coal/ lignite TPPs are required
to update information about the stock of ash on their
website and update it every month (MoEFCC, 2016b). All
thermal power plants in India are required to have a
system in place for 100% management of fly ash in four
years from the date of commissioning. The information
on ash utilisation for power plant in NCR region is
captured in Annex 8. The management and control
options for fly ash are already covered under Annex 5.
Roughly, 20% of the total ash which gets generated
during combustion at TPP is bottom ash: coarse ash
that gets collected at the bottom of boiler. It has been
highlighted by task force members that there is limited
availability of viable options for utilising the bottom ash
from TPPs. As per member inputs, at least one global
technology player claims to have used the bottom ash
and fly ash in a ratio of 3:1 but the technology is yet to be
tested for Indian ash. More research and development
will be required in future to utilise bottom ash for value
added products besides its application for road
construction, mine filling and filling low lying areas.
Existing Policy for Utilisation of
Biomass in Thermal Power Plants
Surplus biomass is available in abundance in NW India.
A detailed list of state-wise biomass potential in India is
provided in Annex 10, which is based on the data from
National Biomass Atlas. Ministry of Power (MoP),
through its policy and advisory issued in November
10
2017 has urged all utilities and power plantsin the
country to utilise 5-10% blend of biomass pellets
through co-firing along with coal. The advisory issued
by MoP notes that biomass co-firing is a proven
technology and is recognised by UNFCC as a carbon
neutral technology for mitigation of carbon emissions
from coal-based power plants (MoP 2017a). It is
estimated from the open sources of data that nearly 230
plants across the globe, majority of which are located in
European and American countries, utilise biomass for
co-firing with coal. NTPC’s Dadri plant has successfully
demonstrated 7% co-firing with biomass pellets and the
advisory suggests that 5-10% co-firing with biomass
11
pellets can be replicated in- all coal fired TPP units
(fluidised bed or pulverised coal units) having bowl mills,
vertical roller mills, or beater mills (except those having
12
ball and tube mills ) (MoP 2017a; MoP 2017b). The
policy advises public/ private utilities to undertake
technical feasibility, especially for safety aspects, prior
to biomass co-firing.
Existing policy notes that paddy-straw that remain
unutilised and burnt in the North West India has
potential to generate about 6000-8000 MW or 45,000
million units (m-kWh) electricity annually (MoP 2017b).
The policy also highlights the decentralised
9
MoEFCC has established threshold for minimum fly ash content in order for construction materials to be classified as fly ash products such as 50% of raw
material for fly ash blocks/ tiles/ bricks; 15% of the raw material for cement etc.
10
fluidised bed or pulverised coal units having bowl mills
11
0.25-0.3 million tonne of biomass pellets are required for 7% blending in a 1,000 MW coal-based plant
12
Co-firing biomass pellets is deemed to be unfit for TPP units having ball and tube type mills due to higher risk of fire hazards (MoP 2017b)
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18
More research and
development will be required
in future to utilise the bottom
ash for value added products
besides its application for
road construction, mine
filling and filling low lying
areas. infrastructure for biomass conversion (bales to pellets)
as an opportunity for generating employment.
Following institutional arrangements, are
recommended in the policy-
1.Central Electricity Authority (CEA) will develop and
issue specification for pellets, and additionally, it will
provide technical assistance to public and private
utilities for blending biomass pellets with coal.
2.Responsibility of devising suitable mechanism lies
with the appropriate commission: The State
Electricity Regulatory Commissions (SERCs) in
respective states.
Existing policy suggests that appropriate commission
(SERC) will determine the compensation to power
13
utilities for any incremental cost on account of using
biomass pellets e.g. cost of pellets, increase in auxiliary
power consumption, and plant heat rate. It also
mentions explicitly that any increase in cost of
generation will not be taken into account for merit order
dispatch.
3.3.3. Hotel and Restaurant Industry
Hotel and restaurants among other eateries utilise
tandoor (traditional North Indian oven made of clay) for
cooking which are fired with solid fuels such as wood,
coal and charcoal. Large hotels and restaurants mainly
utilise charcoal as opposed to wood and coal. It is
estimated that there are roughly 9000 tandoors
(Sharma and Dikshit, 2016) in the city which contribute
to fly ash. This figure is based on the conservative
estimate that 25% of enterprises use tandoor for
cooking. Delhi is known for its street food. Due to large
number of unregistered enterprises, the actual
number of eateries using tandoors is expected to be
much higher.
The key reason for emission from these tandoors is not
simply the usage of polluting fuels but also the
inappropriate tandoor design which is not optimised for
efficient burning. The community/commercial
tandoors in India are unregulated with no standards,
guidelines or labelling for either efficiency or emissions.
The cleaner options for tandoors include gas, electricity,
and solid biofuels. Clean fuel options need to be
promoted across the eateries in Delhi NCR. Biomass is a
low sulphur option compared to coal (See Annex 9) and
appropriately designed tandoor for solid biofuels can
ensure significantly lower emissions compared to
conventional tandoors in use today. CSIR-NEERI has
developed a clean tandoor based on biomass pellets.
Improved combustion chamber design for better air-
fuel contact and heat transfer, reduced emissions as a
result of improved burning, higher thermal efficiency are
some of the proposed features of this efficient tandoor.
The tandoor is under fabrication, testing and
performance optimisation. It is reported to be available
for INR 20,000-30,000 per unit based on the capacity
and automatic pellet feeder option.
13
Except plants whose tariff has already been determined under the Section 62 of Electricity Act.
REPORT OF THE
TASK FORCE ON
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19 4. RECOMMENDED ACTION PLAN FOR
CLEAN INDUSTRY
Fugitive emissions (Dust, ash and VOCs) are generated
from wide array of activities spatially distributed in the
city as opposed to energy related emissions (PM, SOx
and NOx) from specific discharge points, that is,
exhausts or stacks. Therefore, two different sets of
strategies are required for tackling these two broad
categories of sources. Two sets of actions
recommended for addressing these emissions at
source are outlined below. A summary of recommended
actions, along with the timelines and priorities, is
presented in the Table 3.
4.1 Prevention and Control of
Fugitive PM Emissions
Based on the discussions during task force meetings
and review of best practices in India and internationally,
a detailed guide on best practices and technologies for
prevention and control of fugitive emissions (dust and
ash) is prepared as part of this study. This guide is
enclosed as Annex 5 along with the specific examples
of prevention and control measures. These
comprehensive measures are further summarised in
the Box A5-1 (See Annex 5).
A comprehensive strategy is accordingly recommended
to address particulate matter emissions from
concerned subsectors. It encompasses prevention and
control of fugitive emissions (dust and ash) across-
1.Construction activities at site (i.e. buildings and
infrastructure projects)
2.Operation of various utilities (waste management,
power, road/highways, water, electricity and gas)
within NCR cities and towns
3.Allied construction industry (brick kilns, concrete
batching plants, stone crusher etc.) predominantly
located beyond Delhi NCT in the NCR region.
4.1.1 Promotion and Adoption of Clean
Construction Practices
Organisational behaviour in NCR must shift in favour of
cleaner construction practices. Civic agencies and
construction industry need to proactively ensure
implementation of appropriate measures for prevention
and control of air pollution during construction and
maintenance of infrastructure. A comprehensive
strategy, involving multi-stakeholders is crucial in
addressing these. Wide scale adoption of clean
construction practices requires not only stringent
enforcement, but also appropriate incentives or
disincentives as recommended below.
a.Mandatory Contractual
Obligations on Clean Construction
for all Individuals/Organisations
Contractually binding obligations for clean construction
need to be specified for individuals or organisations
under the mechanism of ‘building permits/approvals’
by local bodies/authorities and ‘environmental
clearances’ by Ministry of Environment Forest and
Climate Change. To mitigate the impact of widely
dispersed construction activities across the city, these
contractually binding obligations need to apply to all
scales of construction projects as listed in the Table A3-
1 (See Annex 3). Comprehensive measures listed in the
Box A5-1 are usually applied in combination to achieve
desired control and it should be up to the
individual/organisation to choose appropriate
mitigation measures as per the site and local
conditions.
It is advised that, under these obligations, project
2
proponents of- (1) buildings with BUA >20,000 m and
(2) all urban infrastructure projects need to conduct
feasibility for using following in their projects and
accordingly source the materials.
INDUSTRY
ACTION PLAN FOR
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20 1.Conduct technical feasibility of using sustainable
building/construction materials. The guidelines set
forth in ‘Part 11: Approach to Sustainability’ of the
‘National building code of India’ (BIS 2016) can be
used as a reference for this.
2.Mandatory use of multi-utility service ducts/corridors,
along with ITC enabled platform for inter-agency
coordination, in all infrastructure, township and area
development/redevelopment projects
3.Technical feasibility of using prefabricated or
modular construction elements in the infrastructure
projects.
b.Linking of Green Incentives to
Clean Construction Practices
Currently there are multiple incentives which are
conferred to projects which are provisionally rated to be
green by buildings rating systems such as GRIHA, IGBC,
LEEDS etc. (See Annex 4.). It is recommended that
following incentives can be reconsidered by local
bodies/authorities/ state and union government
ministries for construction projects only when it is
demonstrated through obligatory contracts
requirements and project feasibility reports that
projects will follow clean construction practices in order
to achieve the mitigation of ambient air quality impacts
during the construction and end-of-life phase. These
incentives include-
I.10-20% reduction on permit fees by urban local
bodies
ii.Additional Floor Area Ratio (FAR) of 5-10% for
building projects
iii.Fast track environmental clearance by MoEFCC
iv.100 % exemption of building scrutiny fee for projects
by local bodies/authorities
v.Financial assistance offered to MSME sector
projects at concessional rates from Small Industries
Development Bank of India
vi.Capital subsidies on total fixed capital investment of
the project, if any
REPORT OF THE
TASK FORCE ON
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21 c.Mandatory Funds Allocation for
Ambient Air Quality Management
Under Corporate Environmentally
Responsibilities (CER) in Cities not
complying to Ambient Air Quality
Standards
It is recommended that for cities/towns which are
non-compliant to National Ambient Air Quality
Standards (102 cities as per CPCB in 2018), CER
funds are spent for air quality improvement in the
airshed. Fund allocation can be made towards the
following and can be expanded based on specific
requirements of the city/town.
i.Infrastructure with local bodies for random checks
(mobile monitoring devices or PEMS) in the air shed
ii.Real-time monitoring of air pollution hotspot in the
airshed
iii.Piloting and demonstrating technologies for
ambient air quality improvement
iv.Developing capacities and resource base of urban
local bodies
Also, it is suggested that for a city figuring as non-
compliant in any particular year, 40% of the CER funds
may be diverted toward indicative activities as listed
above, based on the local requirements. The proportionate
funding for the consecutive years, if the city is able to
meet the standards again, can be lowered by 10%.
d.Strengthened Building Code and
Building Byelaws for Ambient Air
Quality
Buildings in India are governed by National Building
code (NBC) and Energy Conservation Buildings Code
(ECBC) (See Annex 4). It is recommended that unified
building code is adopted at national level for addressing
various aspects of building and promoting adherence to
code across all commercial and urban residential
buildings. More importantly, the building code needs to
be strengthened in order to address the environmental
footprint of ‘construction’ and ‘end-of-life’ phase of
buildings. Environmental footprint during construction
phase (fugitive dust emissions and diesel emissions
from DG sets and construction equipment) receive a
relatively little focus in existing building codes and their
primary focus is use-phase of the building (building
energy, structural integrity, water conservation, indoor
air quality). Although the use-phase contributes to
majority of environmental footprint of the building over
its life cycle due to significant energy consumption over
building’s life, construction and demolition (end-of-life
stage) activities take major toll on ambient air quality of
local environment. Proposed unified code needs to have
separate provisions and guidelines for ambient air
quality management. Construction and demolition/end-
of-life phases of building need to be considered for
minimising environmental footprint of building. These
provisions can further be adapted by local bodies into
building byelaws as per their specific conditions. These
specific conditions may include the carrying capacity of
the local environment, population densities in in
receptor area and ambient air quality conditions of the
airshed. Specific action points under this
recommendation include-
i.Mandatory provisions under the National Building
Code for ambient air quality management during
construction and end-of-life phase of buildings in
accordance with specific criteria for population
density in receptor area and ambient air quality data.
Measures in the proposed building code need to
percolate down to the level of Buildings Bye Laws so
that they could be implemented by concerned Local
body and authority in their area of jurisdiction.
ii.Mandatory provisions for ambient air quality
management at construction sites in the Urban
Building Byelaws of all NCR cities/towns
iii.Unification of building codes: In order to ease
adherence to building code, it is recommended that
unified codes are adopted by bringing together all
concerns related to buildings such as building
structure, fire safety, building energy, ambient and
indoor air quality, water conservation etc.
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22 e.Developing Capacity of Urban
Local Bodies for Monitoring and
Enforcement
Capacity of urban local bodies in NCR towns need to be
developed for ensuring clean construction in their
respective jurisdiction areas. Environmental concerns
2
for construction projects above 20,000 m are now
integrated with the building permits/approvals (Annex
3). Therefore, the onus of ensuring clean construction
lies with the local bodies. As pointed out by task force
members, local bodies need the required resources and
equipment in order to stringently enforce the
environmental compliance in NCR. State legislation
should allow ULBs in NCR region to collect fees for
making their operations feasible. It is suggested that
local bodies can monitor local sources of air pollution by
using affordable infrastructure, such as-
I.Mobile monitoring devices for random checks such
as Portable Emission Measurement Systems (PEMS)
ii.Low cost sensors for monitoring key pollutants such
as PM, SOx and Nox.
f.Strengthened Monitoring
and Penalties for
Individuals/Organisations
It is recommended that monitoring for air pollution is
strengthened and individuals/organisations are
penalised for not complying to Ambient Air Quality
Standards. As below, two levels of monitoring and
enforcement mechanism is recommended.
i.Tier-1 monitoring and enforcement at local level
Random checks need to be conducted by local
bodies at local hotspots of air pollution such as
construction hotspots, poorly maintained road stretches,
landfills etc. Individuals/organisations/utilities
who own/service the building and any other
infrastructure in NCR cities and towns may be
penalised 5-10% of the project cost for not being
able to comply with the ambient air quality standard.
ii.Tier-2 monitoring and enforcement at state level
Real-time monitoring needs to be strengthened by
concerned SPCBs assisted by EPCA and CPCB. It is
recommended that competent authority (CPCB)
notifies under the Air (Prevention and Control of
Pollution) Act, 1981 that the civic agencies (local
bodies, authorities, landowning agencies etc) may
be penalised for non-compliance in their area. Such
sources include-
•Construction/demolition of urban infrastructure/
buildings
•Maintenance of urban infrastructure
•Operations of public/private utilities
In addition to penalties for individuals/organisations
as suggested earlier, civic or landowning agencies
may be penalised based on the direct correlation of
estimated health impact from air pollution and cost
to society. The proposed notification under the Air
(Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 may
suggest an appropriate mechanism for attributing
social and environmental cost to these activities.
4.1.2 Sustainable Supply Chains for
Construction Materials
Policies promoting circular economy, that is utilisation
of waste streams (such as fly ash, C&D waste, road dust
and surplus farm biomass) for sustainable buildings
materials will be crucial for addressing air pollution in
NCR. Several products from fly ash and C&D waste
REPORT OF THE
TASK FORCE ON
CLEAN INDUSTRY
23
As pointed out by task force
members, local bodies need
the required resources and
equipment in order to stringently
enforce the environmental
compliance in NCR. including finished and semi-finished products, are
summarised in Box A5-2 (See Annex. 5). Using these as
construction material or feeding them back into city’s
materials flows eliminates or significantly lowers the life
cycle emissions from construction activities.
Procurement of sustainable construction materials is
advised under the two categories, material
manufactured using-
•Finished or semi-finished products from waste
streams such as C&D waste, fly ash, recycled waste
aggregates, or agricultural waste
•Clean manufacturing practices, e.g. bricks
manufactured in zigzag-type kilns or aggregates
from stone crushers with proper dust suppression
equipment
a.Fiscal incentives for Sustainable
Building Materials
As per the inputs from task force members, key barriers
for adoption of sustainable building materials (despite
clear economic and environmental benefit) arise from
sourcing of virgin materials from illegal mining (such as
aggregates, sand etc.) Therefore, fiscal or tax incentives
are crucial to promote sustainable bulling materials.
GST can provide a level playing field for sustainable
building materials and favorable taxation is
recommended for all sustainable building materials.
b.Sustainable Public Procurement
It is recommended that sustainable public procurement
is made mandatory for all government tenders in Delhi
NCR and targets are set for public agencies to fulfil
stipulated part of their total requirement from recycled
products and products with lower environmental
footprint. City Development authorities in NCR such
as Delhi Development Authority (DDA), Haryana
Urban Development Authority (HUDA), Ghaziabad
Development Authority (GDA), New Okhla Industrial
Development Authority (NOIDA) etc. including public
utilities such as DMRC, NHAI, CPWD, PWD (Delhi,
Haryana, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh) etc. have been
identified as key public agencies which govern most of
the urban infrastructure development projects. Key
enablers would be-
•Building capacity of Small-Medium Enterprises
(SMEs) for remanufacturing and clean production
technologies
•Sectoral guidelines and best practices for setting up
and operating allied construction plants: Zigzag-
type brick kilns, ready-mix concrete batching plants
and stone crushers
•Promotion of existing rating systems for
construction/building materials (e.g. GRIHA, IGBC
and USGBC certified products/materials)
c.Sustainable Supply Chains for
Construction Materials
Initiatives can be taken by all large construction
industry/ infrastructure companies (to begin with) in
NCR for sustainable supply chain procurement and
disclosure as part of their corporate social and
environmental responsibilities. Following independent
reporting frameworks/platforms can be used by industry
to report progress on sustainable supply chains and
procurement-
i.Global Reporting Initiative (GRI)
ii.Sustainability Report
iii.U.N. Global Compact
iv.SDG reporting
v.Dow Jones Sustainability Index
INDUSTRY
ACTION PLAN FOR
CLEAN
24 4.2 Mitigation of Energy-
related Emissions
4.2.1 Prioritising Clean Fuels and
Technologies
Efforts need to be made for Fuel Switch in diesel
generators, brick kilns and thermal power plants. As
recommended in the CII-NITI Aayog’s Clean Fuel
Report, prioritisation of clean power is required in NCR
region and other dense urban areas suffering from
severely degraded air quality. Gas-based capacities are
under-utilised in NCR region. They can meet 50% of
Delhi’s power demand whereas they only cater to 20% of
the demand presently (CII-NITI, 2018b). Nationally,
gas-based generation suffers a huge economic loss and
average plant load factor for gas-based generation is
about 23% due to unviability of natural gas (CII-NITI,
2018b).
The dispatch of power from generation sources is
governed by merit dispatch order principle, where
generators of cheap power are prioritised over others,
14
except renewable power plantswhich are treated as
must-run power plants. Prioritisation of clean power
would require more comprehensive and conducive
fiscal policies for clean power. CII-NITI Aayog Clean Fuel
Report (2018) recommends priority dispatch of clean
power requiring amendment to Indian Grid Electricity
Code (2010) and other short-medium term actions (CII-
NITI 2018b). Similarly, in the areas with availability of
natural gas, use of fuel injection kits for existing DG sets,
gas-based generators, and other clean fuel-based
equipment need to be mandated by the competent
authority.
Thermal power plants are main source of SOx
emissions in the NCR region. Coal power units, in NCR
and beyond, need to comply with the latest environment
norms by 2019 and 2022 respectively. Environmental
standards are key instrument for cleaning thermal
power and certain control technologies have been
prescribed to power generators in order to meet these
standards.
Coal TPPs with latest emission controls are the most
economical choice for enhanced biomass co-firing.
Power industry can make a leapfrog from 5-10%
utilisation of biomass (Refer Section 3.2.2) to higher co-
firing (See Annex 9: Business case: leapfrogging to 50%
biomass co-firing in existing thermal power plants). As
REPORT OF THE
TASK FORCE ON
CLEAN INDUSTRY
25
Coal Thermal Power Plants
with latest emission controls
are most economical choice for
enhanced biomass co-firing.
14
excluding biomass power and cogeneration plants Figure 9. State-Wise Availability of Surplus Biomass in India in Million Tonnes Per Year
(Numbers Less Than 9 Million Tonne Per Year are Not Indicated in the Map)
mapped in Figure 9, biomass potential from surplus
biomass in Punjab, Haryana and Western U.P. can fulfil
the demand for 50% biomass co-firing in thermal power
units within 300 km of Delhi. New conversion
technologies need to be utilised for enhancing co-firing
in existing TPPs. As detailed out in Annex 9, multiple
benefits of using enhanced soil biofuel from
biomass include-
1.Enhanced fuel characteristics (energy density or
caloric value) similar to coal
2.Low-sulphur biomass as feedstock implies
reduction in SOx emissions and operational cost of
SOx control
3.Better handling and storage characteristics
compared to conventional pellets or straw bales
4.Avoided cost of coal transportation from pitheads
or ports
Due to significantly lower sulphur content in biomass
compared to coal, biomass as a feedstock is also an
opportunity to cost-effectively reduce SOx emissions
from coal-based thermal power plants (See Box A9-1,
Annex 9). It is a carbon neutral energy resource for
greening the coal power. Advanced biomass co-firing in
existing thermal power plants would require clear policy
signals and dedicated policy support to power generators
from Ministry of Power, Government of India.
Source: CII-CESD (2018) analysis based on MNRE-IISc (2004); MoA (2014) and Kumar et al (2015)
INDUSTRY
ACTION PLAN FOR
CLEAN
26 the coal supply to the cleaner power producing TPPs
to meet the priority dispatch order requirement.
v. Scheme for Harnessing and Allocating Koyala (Coal)
Transparently in India (SHAKTI); can be amended to
incorporate the prioritisation of coal allocation to the
greener power producers to meet the priority
dispatch order requirement.
b.Incentives for Co-firing Biomass in
Existing Coal Power Units:
Power generators need to be incentivised for burning low-
sulphur biomass which is also a renewable source of energy.
Incentives may include- renewable energy certificates
(RECs), tax benefits and priority dispatch based on the
proportionate power generated from co-firing biomass.
Existing policy from Ministry of Power recommends co-firing
up to 5-10% biomass in existing coal thermal power units.
Key Enablers for this would be the guidance document for
biomass co-firing in existing coal-based power plants which
is awaited from Central Electricity Authority (CEA) as per the
existing policy of Ministry of Power.
c.Leapfrogging to Advanced
Biomass Co-firing in Coal Power
Plants in North West Region:
Leapfrogging to advanced biomass co-firing (more
than 10% biomass) requires a long-term and
comprehensive policy for promotion of biomass co-
firing in thermal power plants. Commercial feasibility of
enhanced co-firing is still being evaluated at this stage.
However, in long term, this could potentially unlock a
cost-effective strategy for greening the coal power and
simultaneous reduction of emissions from stubble
burning in North West region.
Department of Science and Technology (DST) is
currently piloting torrefaction of rice-straw in Punjab in
partnership with a Swedish agency. Torrefied biomass,
once piloted and proved in existing coal power stations
in region, can pave way for large scale utilisation of Biomass
(up to 50% without significant cost to retrofit technology).
a.Priority Status to Clean Generation
As discussed, the dispatch of power from generation
sources is governed by merit order dispatch principle,
where generators of cheap power are prioritised over
the rest, except renewable power plants which are
treated as must-run power plants. Task force
recommends that power dispatch from thermal power
plants is prioritised based on the cleanliness of power so
that those using clean technologies are incentivised
over the rest. Accordingly, it is recommended that priority
for clean power is provided in the merit dispatch for-
•Gas-based thermal power generation units
•Coal-based thermal power generation units which
use advanced emission control technology for
meeting emission levels of PM, SOx and NOx as
prescribed in the latest emission norms
Prioritising clean power will entail following short-term
and long-term actions-
i.Notification to Northern Region Load Dispatch
Centre (NRLDC) to provide priority to clean power in
merit dispatch order. (Short-term)
ii.Amendment to the Indian Grid Electricity Code
(2010) giving priority to cleaner sources of power
generation (Long-term)
Additionally, the cleaner power producers are to be
allocated with the quantity of coal that can ensure the
plant to operate at full load. This is important, because,
even if a plant is high on merit order, without coal, it won’t
be able to operate, defeating the purpose. Specific
interventions needed for this purpose are-
iii. Inter-ministerial Sub Group constituted by the
Infrastructure Constraints Review Committee, headed
by Joint Secretary (Coal), to release a guideline to Rail
and Coal India to prioritise the allocation and
transportation of coal to the cleaner power producers
based on priority dispatch order requirement.
iv. Central Electricity Authority (CEA) may release an
advisory to Railways and Coal India for prioritising
REPORT OF THE
TASK FORCE ON
CLEAN INDUSTRY
27
Task force recommends that
power dispatch from thermal
power plants is prioritised
based on the cleanliness of
power so that those using clean
technologies are incentivised
over the rest. d.Fuel Switch for Diesel Generators
and Hotels/Restaurants industry:
Diesel engines are utilised in hospitality, healthcare, real
estate, IT and telecom sectors. As discussed in the
Clean Fuel Report, fuel injection kits or gas-powered
generator are commercially feasible option in places
with availability of gas, a clean fuel (CII-NITI 2018b).
Central Pollution Control Board or Concerned State
Pollution Control Board may issue a directive mandating
the use of gas kit at all such locations. Similar to
suggestion for DG use, gas or electricity-based
tandoors may be mandated at locations where
electricity and Piped Natural Gas (PNG) infrastructure is
available. Availability of natural gas and physical
infrastructure, benchmarking of available clean fuel
options (gas, electricity, solid-biofuels for tandoors) and
clean fuel pricing and taxation strategy are key enablers
for adoption of clean fuel options in these sectors.
4.2.2 Adoption of Best Available
Technology for Emission Control
Available abatement technologies or end-of-pipe
solutions need to be promoted across industry
subsectors. It is found that commercially proven
options are available for addressing emissions from DG
sets (See Annex 6 and Annex 7), but they are not being
utilised due to absence of in-use emission standards for
> 1000 kVA DGs, lack of proper inspection and
monitoring system for DG sets and lack of capacity with
the regulatory agencies for implementing DG set in-use
emission standards.
Available options need to be promoted equally by public
and private agencies through a combination of
appropriate policies, voluntary commitments, environmental
regulation, and emission standards. Diesel generators,
a major component of non-road engines, is an identified
source of health-related ultrafine PM fractions and NOx
emissions. Retrofit solutions for existing DG sets can
only thrive in presence of strictly enforced in-use
environmental standards for all DG sets.
Apart from comprehensive coverage of emission norms
for all DG sets, guidelines and minimum requirements
(e.g. technical life) for the end-of-pipe retrofit products
need to be formulated by the regulator. Due to inherent
technological challenges as discussed in Annex 6, it
needs to be ensured that retrofit devices perform up to
certain level for a minimum number of years (as
prescribed by regulator). Innovative retrofit technologies
can only thrive in presence of strict in-use emission
standards for DG sets and recommended actions
include- (1) Notification of appropriate environmental
standards and guidelines covering all DG sets and retrofit
products; (2) Certification of all retrofit devices by CPCB
recognised laboratories in line with the independent type
approvals and conformity of production requirements for
NG and LNG kits (See Annex 6). As highlighted earlier,
India needs to adopt stringent emission norms for DG
sets by considering global benchmarks to derive long
term benefits from imminent transition. Adoption of
suggested actions can pave way for the most advanced
regulations in the country.
a.Strict In-use Emission Norms for all
Diesel Generators
To ensure uptake of best available technology for
emission control in DG sets, regulation should also
include specification of minimum requirements for DG
retrofit device e.g. control efficiency and life of device. Key
enablers for this action are certification of available
retrofit options in the market by CPCB certified
laboratories; and benchmarking studies for control efficiency,
life and cost.
b.Extend and Adopt a Strengthened
Pollution-Under-Control System to
Non-Road Diesel Engines
Monitoring of in-use emissions from DG sets can be
initiated in line with the recommendations of Task force
for Clean Transportation. It recommends a
strengthened real-time Pollution-under-control (PUC)
regime involving innovative and cost-effective
monitoring/compliance measures such as random
checks using portable emission measurement system
(PEMS), standardised software, crowdsourcing of
compliance (citizen helpline for reporting visibly
polluting diesel equipment). Cost effective strategies for
monitoring existing DG sets include-
•Random checks for DGs and other non-road diesel
engines by using PEMS
•Citizen helpline to report visibly polluting DG sets or
other non-road equipment
INDUSTRY
ACTION PLAN FOR
CLEAN
28 Table 3. Summary of Actions Recommended by the Task Force on Clean Industry
Promotion
and Adoption
of Clean
Construction
Practices
Mandatory contractual
obligations on clean
construction for all individuals
or organisations
Additional mandatory
conditions to (1) buildings with
2
BUA >20,000 m and (2) all
urban infrastructure projects for-
•Technical feasibility for
sourcing smart and
sustainable
materials/infrastructure
•Mandatory use of multi-utility
service ducts/corridors,
along with ICT enabled
platform for inter-agency
coordination
•Technical feasibility of using
prefabricated or modular
construction elements
High ImmediateUrban local
bodies & Ministry
of Environment
Forest and
Climate Change
1.Refer to Annex 5 for guidelines on
comprehensive measures and
Table A5-1 (Annex 5) for overview
of these.
2.Refer to Part 11: National building
code (BIS 2016) and guidelines in
Annex 5 for sourcing sustainable
materials.
Linking of green incentives to
Clean Construction Practices:
incentives conferred to projects
which are provisionally rated as
green by building rating
systems such as GRIHA,
LEEDS, IGBC etc)
Low ImmediateUrban local
bodies,
Development
authorities &
State
Governments in
NCR; Ministry of
Environment
Forest and
Climate Change
List of incentives provided in Section
4.1.1 (b).
Mandatory funds allocation for
ambient air quality
management under CER in
cities not complying to Ambient
Air Quality Standards
High Long termMinistry of
Environment
Forest and
Climate Change
Indicative set of activities and
suggested allocation in Section 4.1.1 (C).
Action Area Recommended actions PriorityTimelineImplementation Supplementary Notes
REPORT OF THE
TASK FORCE ON
CLEAN INDUSTRY
29 Strengthened Building Code and
Building Byelaws for addressing
ambient air quality during
‘construction & end-of-life’
phase of projects-
I.Mandatory provisions under
the National Building Code
for ambient air quality
management during
construction and end-of-life
phase of
buildings/infrastructure in
accordance with specific
criteria for population
density in receptor area and
ambient air quality data.
ii.Mandatory provisions for
ambient air quality
management during
construction and end-of-life
phase of buildings/
infrastructure in the ‘Unified
Building Byelaws’ for NCT
Delhi and building byelaws
of other NCR cities/towns
iii.Unification of building
codes (NBC and ECBC)
High I. Immediate
ii. Immediate
iii. Long termI.Bureau of Indian
Standards, Ministry
of Consumer
Affairs, Food and
Public Distribution
ii.Development
authorities & ULBs
in NCR
iii.Bureau of Indian
Standards, Ministry
of Consumer
Affairs, Food and
Public Distribution;
Bureau of Energy
Efficiency, Ministry
of Power
Refer to Annex 4 for review of
building codes.
Developing capacity of urban
local bodies for monitoring and
enforcement: Monitoring local
sources using portable
emission monitoring devices
and low-cost sensors
High Long term Ministry of Housing
and Urban Affairs;
Ministry of
Environment Forest
and Climate Change
List of incentives provided in
Section 4.1.1 (b).
Strengthened Monitoring and
Penalties for
Individuals/Organisations-
I.Penalties by ULBs worth 5-
10% of the project cost to
individuals/organisations
ii.Penalties by SPCBs in NCR
to local bodies/authorities
in lieu of the estimated cost
of damage
High Immediate Central Pollution
Control Board; State
Pollution Control
Boards and Urban local
bodies in NCR
Refer Section 4.1.1 (f) for more
details.
Action AreaRecommended actions PriorityTimeline Implementation Supplementary Notes
INDUSTRY
ACTION PLAN FOR
CLEAN
30 Sustainable
Supply Chains
for
Construction
Materials
Fiscal incentives for
Sustainable Building Materials
High ImmediateGST Council,
Ministry of
Finance
Refer to Box A5-2 under Annex 5 for
different waste streams which can be
utilised for sustainable building/
construction materials
Mandatory sustainable public
procurement for
construction/building materials
in all government
projects/tenders in NCR
High ImmediateMinistry of
Housing and
Urban Affairs and
public agencies
such as DMRC,
NHAI & CPWD;
State
Governments in
NCR and its
agencies; local
bodies/developm-
ent authorities in
NCR
Refer to Part 11: National building
code (BIS 2016) and guidelines in
Annex 5 for sourcing sustainable
materials.
Sustainable supply chains
for building materials: third-
party verification or
independent reporting
frameworks/ platforms to be
used by large
construction/infrastructure
companies in NCR to report
progress on sustainable supply
chains and procurement
High ImmediateLarge
construction and
infrastructure
companies in
NCRList of reporting frameworks/platforms
is available in the section 4.1.2 (c).
Prioritising
Clean Fuels
and
Technologies
Priority status to cleaner
generation- (1) Gas-based
thermal power units & (2) coal-
based thermal power units with
advanced emission controls for
SOx, NOx and PM, in order to
incentivise/disincentivise clean
power:
High ImmediateMinistry of
Power; Central
Electricity
Regulatory
Commission; and
Ministry of Coal
Action Area Recommended actions PriorityTimelineImplementation Supplementary Notes
REPORT OF THE
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CLEAN INDUSTRY
31 Action Area Recommended actions PriorityTimelineImplementation Supplementary Notes
INDUSTRY
ACTION PLAN FOR
CLEAN
32
i.Notification to Northern
Region Load Dispatch
Centre (NRLDC) to provide
priority to clean power in
merit dispatch order.
(Short-term)
ii.Amendment to the Indian
Grid Electricity Code (2010)
giving priority to cleaner
sources of power
generation (Long-term)
iii. Inter-ministerial Sub Group
constituted by the
Infrastructure Constraints
Review Committee, headed
by Joint Secretary (Coal), to
release a guideline to Rail
and Coal India to prioritise
the allocation and
transportation of coal to the
cleaner power producers
based on priority dispatch
order requirement
(immediate)
iv. Central Electricity Authority
(CEA) may release an
advisory to Railways and
Coal India for prioritising
the coal supply to the
cleaner power producing
TPPs to meet the priority
dispatch order requirement
(immediate)
v. Scheme for Harnessing and
Allocating Koyala (Coal)
Transparently in India
(SHAKTI); can be amended
to incorporate the
prioritisation of coal
allocation to the greener
power producers to meet
the priority dispatch order
requirement (immediate)
Incentives for biomass co-firing
in existing coal power units
High ImmediateMinistry of Power;
Central Electricity
Regulatory
Commission &
State Electricity
Regulatory
Commissions in
North Western
StatesRefer to Section 3.2.2 for existing
policy from Ministry of Power Leapfrogging to advanced (up
to 50%) biomass co-firing in
coal power plants in North West
region
High Long-termMinistry of PowerRefer to Annex 9 for business case
on leapfrogging to 50% Biomass
Co-firing in Existing Thermal Power
Plants
Fuel switch in diesel generators,
hotels & restaurants
High ImmediateCentral Pollution
Control Board;
State Pollution
Control Boards
and Urban local
bodies in NCR
Refer to Section 3.2.1 and Annex 6 on
existing regulation and control options
for DG sets
Adoption of
Best Available
technology
and Emission
StandardsStrict in-use emission norms
for all diesel generators along
with minimum performance
requirements (for instance life
and efficiency) for retrofit
devices
High ImmediateCentral Pollution
Control Board
Refer to Section 3.2.1 and Annex 6 on
existing regulation and control options
for DG sets
Adoption of a strengthened
Pollution-under-control system
to non-road diesel engines
High Medium-
term
Central Pollution
Control Board;
State Pollution
Control Boards
and Urban local
bodies in NCR
Refer to Section 3.2.1 and Annex 6 on
existing regulation and control options
for DG sets
Action Area Recommended actions PriorityTimelineImplementation Supplementary Notes
REPORT OF THE
TASK FORCE ON
CLEAN INDUSTRY
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REPORT OF THE
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41 ANNEXURES
Annex 1
Emission Inventory for Delhi
Annex 2
Dust Control Regulation for Construction
Annex 3
Building Permits and Environmental Clearance
Annex 4
Buildings Codes and Green Buildings’ Rating Systems
Annex 5
Best Practices Guide for Prevention and Control Measures for Fugitive Emissions
Annex 6
Best Available Technologies for Diesel Generators
Annex 7
Emission Control in Coal Thermal Power Plants
Annex 8
Coal Thermal Power Plant Units within 300 km of Delhi
Annex 9
Business Case: Leapfrogging to 50% Biomass Co-firing in Existing Thermal Power Plants
Annex 10
Biomass Potential Across India’s State
INDUSTRY
ACTION PLAN FOR
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42 ANNEXURE 1
Emission Inventory for Delhi
Emissions [tonne/ day]
Sources PM10 PM2.5 NOx SO2 CO
Industrial Stack 13.76.6161.8 128.8 11.6
Vehicle 12.911.6113.41.2 322.4
Road Dust 79.622.20.00.0 0.0
Hotels/Restaurants 3.51.81.12.7 6.2
Domestic 7.46.97.71.2 25.4
Aircraft 0.10.15.40.4 4.1
Industries Area 1.61.41.95.6 0.2
DG Set 1.41.219.61.3 4.2
MSW Burning 2.01.80.70.1 10.3
Cremation 0.30.30.10.0 2.1
Construction/Demolition 5.21.30.00.0 0.0
Concrete Batching 14.43.60.00.0 0.0
Agricultural Soil Dust 1.40.00.00.0 0.0
Medical Incinerators 0.00.00.10.3 0.0
Source: Sharma and Dikshit (2016)
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43 Box A2-1 National Green Tribunal Directions in 2014 and 2015
ANNEXURE 2
Dust Control Regulation for Construction
Construction activities happening rampantly and in an
unregulated manner are main causes of concern in
Delhi NCR (NGT, 2015). The National Green Tribunal
(NGT) issued guidelines for dust control in Delhi NCR in
the years 2014 and 2015 covering construction
activities and road/soil dust. In January 2018, the
Ministry of Environment Forest and Climate Change
(MoEFCC) issued the Environment (Protection)
Amendment Rules, 2018 which apply to cities and
towns where level of PM10/PM2.5 exceeds the limits
prescribed in the National Ambient Air Quality
Standards. Overview of these directions, along with
guidelines by Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) in
December 2017, is enclosed in subsequent boxes (Box
A2-1, Box A2-2, Box A2-3). It is worth noting that
multiple violations have been reported by public and
private agencies alike in NCR such as Delhi
Development Authority (DDA), Delhi Jal Board (DJB),
Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC), National Highway
Authority of India (NHAI), NBCC, Public works
Department (PWD), Central Public Works Department
(CPWD), and Tata Power Delhi Distribution Limited
(TPDDL) (NGT 2016; GNCTD 2016; GoI 2018). There is
an urgent need for organisational behaviour changes
across public and private organisations working in NCR.
1. It is the responsibility of every builder, contractor or owner (NGT, 2014) to cover the construction materials and install
wind breakers on all sides of plot or area so dust does not get dispersed during the construction activity or storage of
materials.
2. Use of wet-jet in grinding/cutting operation is compulsory as per NGT guidelines (NGT, 2015)
3. Storage of construction material on the roads or streets is prohibited (NGT, 2015).
4. Every builder and owner is mandated to use tarpaulin on the scaffolding around the building or area of construction
(NGT, 2015)
5. During the transportation of construction material, proper coverage precautions are required. The vehicles or trucks
carrying the construction materials like cement, sand and allied materials are required by NGT to be fully covered.
6. After the unloading operation, the vehicles need to be properly cleaned before they are permitted to ply on the road
7. Vehicles not complying to these directions are not permitted to enter NCR Delhi (NGT, 2014)
8. NGT demands strict vigilance of the stone crushers by all concerned State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs) and
Environment Departments of State
9. All builders, building commercial or residential complexes, covered under the EIA notification 2006, are mandated to
provide green belt cover around the constructed buildings. Compliance is to be ensured by respective authorities before
issuing the occupancy certificate.
Construction
INDUSTRY
ACTION PLAN FOR
CLEAN
44 Box A2-2. Environment (Protection) Amendment Rules (2018) for Dust Mitigation in Construction and Demolition Activities
1. Executive engineer of each PWD in NCR is personally responsible for compliance of NGT guidelines for construction and
demolition activities which equally applies to construction of roads and highways and is required to report to chief
engineer every week.
2. The city corporations/ councils (MCDs, NMDC, DCB, MCG etc.) and development authorities (DDA, HUDA, NOIDA, Greater
Noida Authority etc.) including the state departments are expected to make efforts of increasing the tree-cover in NCR by
planting the right kind of plants/trees species depending on the soil quality and other natural settings.
3. During the maintenance of roads, it is required from DDA, PWDs and other concerned agencies that coal-tar, bitumen or
asphalt mix is brought in molten condition without the fire to melt these materials on the open road.
4. All the concerned utilities or service providers are required to formulate comprehensive waste management plans for
C&D waste generated within their jurisdiction. Plan should cover segregation, storage, collection, reuse, recycling,
transportation, and disposal of this waste.
Road/soil dust
Mandatory Implementation of Dust Mitigation in projects requiring
Environmental Clearance
Mandatory Implementation of Dust Mitigation Measures for all
Construction and Demolition Activities
1.No building or infrastructure project requiring Environmental
Clearance shall be implemented without approved Environmental
Management Plan inclusive of dust mitigation measures.
2.Roads leading to or at construction sites must be paved and
blacktopped (i.e. metallic roads).
3.No excavation of soil shall be carried out without adequate dust
mitigation measures in place.
4.No loose soil or sand or Construction & Demolition Waste or any
other construction material that causes dust shall be left
uncovered.
5.Wind-breaker of appropriate height i.e. one third of the building
height and maximum up to 10 meters shall be provided.
6.Water sprinkling system shall be put in place.
7.Dust mitigation measures shall be displayed prominently at the
construction site for easy public viewing.
1.Grinding and cutting of building materials in open area shall
be prohibited.
2.Construction material and waste should be stored only
within earmarked area and road side storage of
construction material and waste shall be prohibited.
3.No uncovered vehicles carrying construction material and
waste shall be permitted.
4.Construction and Demolition Waste processing and
disposal site shall be identified and required dust
mitigation measures be notified at the site.
Source: Adapted from NGT (2014; 2015)
Source: Adapted from MoEFCC (2018)
REPORT OF THE
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45 Box A2-3. Central Pollution Control Board Guidelines for Dust Control (2017)
1. Transportation routes to be identified for avoiding sensitive receptors
2. Proper covering of materials
3. No overloading of vehicles to avoid overflow of materials
4. Transportation to be generally during night, transport permit to include details on material type, quantity and transfer points
5. Location of all temporary/intermediate C&D storage sites to be placed in public domain
6. Dampening of dust by water spray or wind breakers at all temporary/intermediate C&D storage sites
7. All construction material loading/ unloading activities at on-site or off site to ensure dust suppression using location,
water spraying and proper cover
8. Road surfaces to be maintained well to avoid spillage from transport vehicles
9. Regular sweeping of roads to avoid resuspension of dust on roads
1. Off-site: Prohibition from storing/ dumping material on metalled roads
2. On-site:
a.location of sites should be such that dispersal of dust is minimum during handling
b.Contractor/ builder to synchronise availability of material with its utilisation so that storage period is minimum
c.Site of demolition to be cordoned off and adequate measures to prevent dust beyond site limits
d.Reducing dust particles in air by storing the fine materials such as sand, gravel and cement in demarcated area with
cover (cement bags in enclosed areas, loose cement to be stored in silos)
1. Raise barricade along the perimeter depending on the nature of adjoining area (alternate to wet suppression)
2. Mount dust barrier sheet on scaffolding around the construction/ construction building- particularly side facing
residential building
3. Selective mechanisation of handling material/ waste helps in better management and reduction of dust generation at site
Transportation of construction,
and C&D waste materials
Storage of construction
and C&D waste materials
Dust control measures at site-
Construction/ demolition/ renovation
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46 1. Operations of equipment / machineries include transporting (conveyor belt) crushing / hammering etc. deployed at site
generate dust - these areas need to be bounded (enclosed) and use of water sprinklers to suppress dust emissions
2. DG sets to be well maintained to ensure low emissions
3. The transport vehicles engaged be well maintained (PUC compliance)
4. Routes of transport vehicles within construction site be damped by water (preferably treated waste water) sprinklers
5. Dry sweeping of work areas to be prohibited
6. For construction activities, simultaneous development of green buffer would assist in arresting dispersal of dust
(preferably shrubs & trees that have low uptake of water)
7. All builders / contractors engaged in construction & demolition activities to submit an undertaking to the concerned
government department on measures adopted to control dust
8. Sale of construction material from road sides to be prohibited
9. Dumping (unloading) and storage of construction material for use in ongoing projects on public road sides is prohibited
10. Construction projects to be encouraged to utilize products manufactured from C&D waste processing– this step
improves organised collection of C&D wastes, stops indiscriminate dumping of C&D wastes thereby reducing dust load
escaping into the atmosphere during dry weather
11. Inclusion of condition(s) by concerned agencies for adoption of dust mitigation measures in approvals / permits /
consent provisions / environmental clearances for construction projects
Additional measures mentioned in CPCB guidelines
Source: Adapted from CPCB (2017)
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47 ANNEXURE 3
Building Permits and Environmental Clearance
Besides existing regulation discussed above, provisions
in buildings byelaws and codes check environmental
pollution over the course of construction. A risk-based
classification is used by Delhi Development Authority
(DDA) for approval of building plans in Delhi. Different
types of approvals and environmental clearances for
building projects are summarised in Table A3-1. Model
building Bye-Laws by the Ministry of Housing and Urban
Affairs (MoUD 2016) stipulate specific conditions to be
met for environmental safeguard before and during the
course of building construction. These conditions now
apply to building projects with total built up area (BUA)
between 5,000-50,000 square metre which do not
require separate environmental clearances from Expert
Appraisal Committee (EAC) of the Ministry of
Environment (MoEFCC) or the State Expert Appraisal
Committees (SEACs). MoEFCC has integrated the
environmental concerns into building plan approval
process, empowering the concerned local body or
development authority to approve and certify
compliance of stipulated requirements (MoUD 2016,
DDA 2016). Depending on the size of project, specific
conditions require project proponents plan mitigation
measures. As per the Unified Building Byelaws notified
by DDA on March 2016 and subsequent notification by
MoEFCC in 2018, project proponents under all
categories of building projects need to meet stipulated
environmental conditions (DDA 2016; MoEFCC 2018b).
As per the latest notification, these environmental
conditions for all building categories with BUA above
2
20,000 m include-
1.Roads leading to or at construction sites must be
paved and blacktopped (i.e. metallic roads). No
uncovered vehicles carrying construction material
and waste shall be permitted.
2.No excavation of soil shall be carried out without
adequate dust mitigation measures in place. Water
sprinkling system shall be put in place. Unpaved
surfaces and loose soil shall be adequately sprinkled
with water to suppress dust.
3.No loose soil or sand or Construction & Demolition
Waste or any other construction material that
causes dust shall be left uncovered. Construction
material and waste should be stored only within
earmarked area and road side storage of
construction material and waste shall be prohibited.
4.Wind-breaker of appropriate height i.e. 1/3rd of the
building height and maximum up to 10 meters shall
be provided.
5.C&D waste processing and disposal site shall be
identified and required dust mitigation measures be
notified at the site.
6.Grinding and cutting of building materials in open
area shall be prohibited. Wet jet shall be provided for
grinding and stone cutting.
7.Dust, smoke and other air pollution prevention measures
shall be provided for the building as well as the site.
8.Dust mitigation measures shall be displayed
prominently at the construction site for easy public
viewing.
9.Exhaust pipe of the DG set, if installed, must be, at
least 10 metres away from the building, or else an
exhaust pipe must be provided at least 3 metres
above the building.
10.A minimum of one tree for every 80 sqm of land to be
planted and maintained, with preference to native
species. Wherever the existing trees need to be cut,
compensatory plantation in the ratio of 1:3 (i.e.
planting of three trees for every one tree that is cut)
to be done with the obligation to provide continued
maintenance for such plantations.
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48 Additionally, use of fly ash bricks as per the latest Fly ash
notification by MoEFCC is mandatory for all
2
construction projects with BAU >20,000 m (DDA 2016).
According to latest amendment by MoEFCC, all
construction agencies within a radius of 300 km from
thermal power plants (TPPs) need to utilise fly ash
products (MoEFCC 2016b). In addition, the state
authorities have been asked by MoEFCC to amend the
building byelaws of the cities (with population 1 million)
to ensure mandatory use of fly ash-based bricks.
Further, the use of fly ash in infrastructure projects is
emphasised in the latest notification. Concerned
authorities are advised to link the payment to contractor
with certification of supply of fly ash or fly ash based
products. Cost of fly ash transportation to the user is to
be borne by TPPs within a distance of 100 km and
shared equally between them for transportation
between 100 km to 300 km.
2
All construction projects with BAU > 20,000 m also need
to prepare and implement an Environment
Management Plan (EMP) for addressing environmental
concerns (DDA 2016). EMP ensures that mitigation
measures specified in EIA (or stipulated as
environmental conditions to be met for buildings
permission by local authority), are actually complied
with during implementation of projects. It covers the
mitigation measures and monitoring undertaken by
project proponent at the site and nearby receptors. EMP
applies to all environment infrastructure which is kept
operational through administration of Environment
Monitoring Committee with defined functions and
responsibility.
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49 Table A3-1. Overview of the Building Approvals and Environmental Clearance
Type of approval Building categories Built up area (BAU)Approval Process
Risk-based fast
track procedure for
building approvals
by local bodies/
authorities
Very-low risk residential
buildings
2
105 m
height < 15 m
•Owner gives an undertaking for intimation of
construction start & completion to the concerned
1
authority or local body along with building permit fee
•Approval in accordance with the ‘General Building
Requirements’ of building byelaws and ‘Development
Control Regulation’ by the development authority
Low risk residential
buildings
2
105-500 m
height < 15 m
•Qualified engineer/architect provides building permit
upon submitting permit fees to local body or owner can
apply for sanction from local body
•Permit from local body is provided within 10 days
Moderate risk
residential buildings
2
> 500 m
height < 15 m
•Qualified engineer/architect to submit building plans for
approval from local body along with requisite
documents and fees
•Permit from local body is provided within 20 days.
High risk residential
buildings
2
3000 m
height > 15 m
•Mandatory clearance from Delhi Fire Service
•Qualified engineer/architect submits building plans for
approval from local body along with requisite
documents and fees
•Permit from local body is provided within 30 days
Building projects
not requiring
Environmental
clearances
Category ‘A’ building
projects
2
5,000-20,000 m •Local bodies to ensure compliance of the stipulated
conditions to address environmental concerns
Category ‘B’ building
projects
2
20,000-50,000 m
Category ‘C’ building
projects
50,000-1,50,000 m
2
•Local bodies to ensure compliance of the stipulated
conditions to address environmental concerns
•Mandatory Environment Management Plan (EMP)
Building projects
requiring
Environmental
clearances
Townships & area
development projects
2
> 1,50,000 m •Mandatory conditions for environmental safeguard
•Mandatory Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) &
Environment Management Plan (EMP)
•Development of green belt around the site
12
Buildings permit fee levied in Delhi NCT varies from Rs.1500-5000 per m depending on localities.
Source: DDA (2016), MoEFCC (2018b)
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50 All major infrastructure and building projects with built
up area more than 1,50,000 square metre require
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) for
environmental clearance and approvals. EIA addresses
the impact of project on the environment by drawing up
an Environmental Management Plan (EMP) and
integrating it with the any measures proposed by the
government (See Annex 2 and Annex 3). From May 2018
onward, project proponents are also required to submit
a plan for Corporate Environment Responsibility (CER)
along with the EIA report as specified by the MoEFCC in
May 2018. CER is only required in greenfield or
brownfield projects where the pollution load is expected
to increase. Cost of CER is in addition to the cost of
control measures envisaged under EIA/EMP. The actual
fund allocation under CER will be decided in the EAC,
SEAC or District-level Expert Appraisal Committee
(DEAC). The maximum percentage of CER, as
prescribed by MoEFCC is 0.25%-2% for greenfield
projects and 0.125%-1% for brownfield projects
depending on the capital investment (MoEFCC 2018a).
EAC based on appraisal, can suggest the activities to be
carried out under CER, restricted to the affected area
around the project.
It is mandatory for project proponents to submit half-
yearly compliance reports with respect to the stipulated
terms and conditions of the environmental clearance
granted to them. Specific motoring reports may also be
required from the project proponents as part of any
specific environmental conditions mentioned in the EC
letter. These reports are public documents and the
latest compliance/monitoring reports are uploaded at
MoEFCC website.
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51 ANNEXURE 4
Buildings Codes and Green Buildings’ Rating Systems
There are two different building codes which govern the
residential and commercial buildings in India-
1.National Building Code (NBC) of India by Bureau of
Indian Standards (BIS) under the Ministry of
Consumer Affairs, Government of India
2.Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC) by
Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE), a statutory body
under the Ministry of Power, Government of India.
The National Building Code (NBC) is a model code for
adoption by all agencies involved in building
construction. The focus of NBC is primarily the
structural integrity, material sustainability, fire safety,
facility/asset management and building services.
Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC) is a building
energy code. It deals primarily with the energy efficiency
of the building envelope and building energy services
such as lighting, thermal comfort and water heating.
Literature review of NBC indicates that there are two
ways in which ambient air quality concerns are
addressed under the NBC and these are briefly
described below.
1.Sourcing of buildings materials with low embodied
energies
2.Construction practices and environmental
management
National Building Code of India (2016) notes that
construction in busy localities of cities need special
considerations and meticulous planning due to
restricted space, adjoining structures, underground
utilities, traffic restrictions, noise and environmental
pollution and other specific site constraints (BIS 2016).
To address the environmental footprint of construction,
considering the whole lifecycle of building materials is
crucial. Lifecycle also encompasses the extraction of
virgin materials, allied construction activities for
manufacturing of building materials and transportation
of materials to the site which contribute to total
embodied energy of building material. NBC
recommends minimising environmental footprint of
building construction by considering construction
materials with low embodied energies. Embodied
energy of recycled materials from C&D waste, fly ash
and agricultural waste are typically in the range of 1-5
GJ/ tonne compared to high embodied energy (5-50
GJ/ tonne) for cement, steel, glass etc (BIS 2016). In
addition to environmental footprint during the
construction phase, there are other frequently used
building materials like reconstituted wood products,
paints, glues, paints, carpets and upholstery, which may
release gases/fumes commonly classified as volatile
organic compounds (VOCs) from the chemical
composition used, even long after installation (BIS 2016).
NBC (2016) also stresses the role of contractual
obligations towards sustainable construction. It notes
that use of materials and technologies deployed at site
may impact the environment, especially the ambient air
quality. Such scenarios include (BIS 2016)-
•Use of inefficient construction equipment/
technologies
•Suboptimal use of equipment/technologies and
suboptimal transportation of materials
•Processing of materials such as cutting, mixing, and
fabrication.
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52 As per the building code, such materials and
technologies need to be identified and procedures need
to be planned accordingly to mitigate their impact (BIS
2016). Contracts determine obligations of individuals
and organisations. Therefore, contracts shall make it
obligatory on the part of suppliers of materials and
equipment/services to follow sustainable processes
and practices. Contractually binding obligations ensure
system-wide responsibilities so that necessary
mitigation resources may be budgeted within the
project scope (BIS 2016). Responsibilities for
sustainability practices during construction may be
clearly assigned, explicitly assigning liabilities (including
contingencies for risks known as well as management
reserves towards unknown risks) that may accrue on
account of lapses (BIS 2016).
Building code also specifies the requirement for
ambient air quality monitoring depending on the project
size, location and type of activities. SPM, SO2, NOx and
CO need to be monitored twice a week at representative
locations at site and study area adopting a schedule of
24 hours. The monitoring locations need to be
considered on the basis of predominant wind directions,
land use patterns and height of proposed stacks. At
least one monitoring locations needs to be at maximum
pollution deposition area due to proposed deposition of
stacks of generators. The number of air quality
monitoring locations should be at least five including at
least one at project site (BIS 2016).
In addition to buildings codes, there are independent
building rating systems which are voluntarily adopted
by owner or developers. These rating systems assess
how green the buildings are and have their own set of
requirements for doing so. Prevalent rating systems in
India include-
1Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment
(GRIHA)
2Indian Green Building Council (IGBC)
3Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design
(LEED)
These rating systems focus on various aspects of
building systems, mainly-
1.Energy efficiency of building envelope and
associated energy services
2.Sustainability of building architecture and design
3.Sustainability of building materials and resource
efficiency
4.Quality of indoor environment
5.Water efficiency and conservation
A comparison of different rating systems and their
focus on management of ambient air quality is provided
in the Table A4-1. Although use of sustainable building
materials is covered well under all rating systems,
footprint of construction activities on the ambient air
quality is not emphasised enough. It is observed that
the focus of existing rating systems is dominantly the
post-construction use or operational phase of the
building system.
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53 Table A4-1. A Comparison of Focus on Ambient Air Quality Management During
Construction Across Different Building Rating Systems in India
Building Rating
Systems
Specific Criteria Linked to Ambient Air Quality ImprovementRemarks
GRIHA
(Maximum
104 points)1.Reduce air pollution during construction as per GRIHA clauses
(Mandatory- 2 points)
2.Proper stabilization of soil & topsoil laying for vegetative growth
(Mandatory- 1 point; Optional- 4 points)
3.Preserve and protect landscape during construction
(Mandatory- 1 point)
4.Consolidation of utility corridors (Optional- 1 point)
5.Utilization of fly ash in building structure (Optional- 6 points)
6.Reduce volume, weight, and construction time by adopting
efficient technologies such as pre-cast (Optional- 4 points)
7.Reduction in waste during construction (Optional- 1 point)
•GRIHA requires provision in the contract
document that the contractor will
undertake the responsibility to prevent
air pollution
•It also requires a narrative explaining the
air pollution preventive measures (site
photographs showing different stages of
construction along with preventive
measures to support the claim).
IGBC
(Maximum
100 points)1.Indoor air quality management during construction’
(Optional- 1 point)
2.Preservation or transplantation of trees (Optional- 1 point)
3.Natural topography or vegetation (Optional- 2 points)
4.Sustainable building materials (Optional- 8 points)
5.Handling of waste materials during construction
(Optional- 1 point)
6.Use of certified green building materials, products & equipment
(Optional- 5 points)
•Ambient air quality is partially addressed
under the ‘Indoor air quality
management during construction’
•Credit for air quality management is not
eligible for exemplary performance
USGBC/LEED
(Maximum
149 points)1.Construction indoor air quality management plan (1 point)
2.Building life-cycle impact reduction (5 points)
3.Environment product declarations (2 points)
4.Building product disclosure and optimization: sourcing of raw
materials (2 point)
5.C&D waste management planning (2 points)
6.On-site restoration using native or adapted vegetation
(2 points)
•Ambient air quality is partially addressed
under the ‘Construction indoor air quality
management plan
Source: GRIHA (2010), IGBC (2016), USGBC (2018)
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54 ANNEXURE 5
Best Practices Guide: Prevention and Control Measures
for Fugitive Emissions
Introduction
Depending on the nature of source and local conditions,
technological and management options are available
for keeping fugitive PM emissions under check or
eliminating them altogether. Particularly, the dust
suppression techniques can be broadly classified into-
the dry suppression and the wet suppression. Wet
suppression requires water to neutralise the dust. Fresh
water is a scarce resource and wet suppression can
only be applied in areas with sufficient availability of
treated water. Prevention of dust generation at the first
place and dry suppression techniques are therefore
preferable to wet suppression as they do not require
water to suppress dust. Having said that, wet
suppression is the only practical choice for many
activities/sources generating dust e.g. unpaved roads
and large stockpiles. Different options for control of dust
are outlined and briefly described in the following text
along with their advantages and limitations in Delhi-
NCR’s context. These control options are broadly
classified as- (1) Smart construction materials, (2)
Modern multi-service utility corridors, (3) Surface
improvements, (4) Site/plant layout and design (5) Wet
suppression and chemical stabilisation, (6) Best
management practices for control of emissions, and (7)
Best available technology for dust suppression. Dust
prevention combines those techniques and
management practices which eliminate dust
generation. These options need to be considered at the
early stages of the project, i.e. the planning and design stages.
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55 Box A5-1 Comprehensive Measures for Prevention and Control of Fugitive Emissions in Delhi NCR
S.N.CategoryMeasures
1Smart and Sustainable
Construction Materials
Prefabricated, pre-casted and modular construction elements
Building materials with low-embodied energy: finished or semi-finished products
from waste streams including C&D waste, fly ash, road dust and rice straw
2Multi-utility service
corridors/ducts with ITC
enabled system for
inter-agency coordination
Multi-utility service corridors/ducts
ITC enabled system for inter-agency coordination for minimal disturbance during
utility maintenance operations
3Surface improvements Revegetation on road edges using industrial techniques (geo-textiles,
hydro-seeing etc)
Flexible/open grid paving and gravelling on exposed surfaces around roads/sites
Vegetation drives in abandoned fly ash pounds (decorative and aromatic plants)
4
Site or plant layout and
design features
Tree-lines for dust/ash interception at existing fly ash ponds or various other
sites/plants
wheel-wash facilities for transportation vehicles
Optimal location of plants/sites with respect to transportation of construction
materials
Paved access roads at sites/plants
Hoods and other enclosures around conveyers and hoppers
Conveyers or chutes with adjustable height
Hopper load systems with a good match for truck sizes
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56 S.N.CategoryMeasures
5Wet suppressionSimple wet suppression techniques including gravity and mechanical sprinklers
which are relatively inefficient and require more water (treated water)
More efficient techniques including dry fog suppression system (covering
relatively larger area for the same amount of water), chemically-aided wet
suppression (more efficient agglomeration of particles) or combinations of these
6Best management
practices
Monitoring and housekeeping for all potential leakages points of dust/ash (Refer
Annex 5)
Best practices for handling materials at site/storage facilities/plants
(Refer Annex 5)
Best practices for transportation e.g. load size limitations, speed limits etc. (Refer
Annex 5)
Planning and optimising transportation of construction materials
7Dust/ash Suppression
Systems
Construction equipment with dust suppression technology: cyclone separators,
bag filters, ESP etc. for capturing dust/ash
Vacuum cleaning of roads/streets with ‘segregation and binding’ of dust into fine
aggregates
Source: CII-CESD (2019) analysis
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57 A 5.1 Smart and Sustainable
Construction Materials
Smart construction and building materials eliminate
fugitive dust emissions during the construction phase
at site and are therefore one of the most effective
strategies for dust control. Smart construction
materials include pre-fabricated modular construction
materials, recycled building materials, flexible
pavements and advanced road construction materials
such as recycled plastics and geopolymer concrete.
Smart and pre-fabricated modular constructions
reduce pollution at the construction site caused by
transportation and handling of raw material. Fugitive
dust emissions can be controlled more effectively in
industrial environments where these modular units are
fabricated. Pre-fabricated modular constructions are
already common in urban infrastructure projects. These
modules (precast/prefabricated/partially prefabricated
concrete elements) are used in construction in the form
of building elements which are assembled at site and
made monolithic by pouring in-situ concrete. They
break the structural elements down into smaller
segments resulting in ease and economy in
construction (BIS 2016).
Recycling C&D waste ensures that waste materials feed
back into the material flows in the city and are utilised in
new construction projects. Re-utilisation of C&D waste
is expected to curb illegal dumping of C&D waste and
dust generation as a result. Currently, the installed C&D
processing plants can process the C&D waste at 2500
tonne per day (GNCTD 2018a) and can handle 50% of
the C&D waste generated within NCT Delhi.
Enhancement in capacities of C&D waste recycling
plants is required in Delhi NCT and other NCR towns
where such infrastructure is non-existing. The Burari
plant by IL&FS was set up under the Public-private
partnership (PPP) model and recycles 2000 tonne C&D
waste per day into construction-grade aggregates (with
recycling rate of 95%). These aggregates are further
converted into products such as RMC, cement bricks,
hollow bricks, pavement blocks, kerb stones, concrete
bricks and manufactured sand, thereby reducing the
consumption of virgin materials such as fresh stones
and sand, and mitigating pollution arising in the
processes of quarrying and mining (IL&FS 2018).
Similar to C&D waste, fly ash is another major waste
stream which can feed back into the material flows to
the city. Low cost fly ash based permeable concrete
provides hard surface (for moving heavy vehicles etc.)
and can seep water. It also has the added advantage of
significantly lower cost as compared to the
conventional bitumen roads. 100% recycled materials
can be promoted for urban infrastructure projects and
civic authorities can be mandated to source 100%
recycled materials. The various commercially
established products and applications of fly ash are
summarised in Box A5-2.
NTPC has recently demonstrated use of fly ash from its
coal thermal power plant in Dadri (NCR Delhi) for road
construction (NTPC 2017). This specific use case
demonstrates use of fly ash in the form of high strength
geopolymer concrete (meeting IRC specifications for
road construction) and it was implemented by NTPC
Energy Technology Research Alliance (NETRA) and
CSIR laboratory- Central Buildings Research Institute
(CBRI). Geopolymer concrete is typically made up of
waste products such as fly ash, granulated blast
furnace slag (GGBS), fine/coarse aggregates and
catalytic liquid system (BIS 2016). As per NTPC,
geopolymer road does not need water curing as
required by cement concrete road and paves the way for
bulk fly ash utilization. NTPC is now inviting expression
of interest from Indian firms and contractors for building
geopolymer concrete based roads at NTPC projects or
stations across India (NTPC 2018d).
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58 Box A5-2. Finished & Semi-Finished Recycled Products from Different Waste Streams
C&D Waste1.Recycled Concrete Aggregates (RCA)
2.Ready Mix Concrete (RMC)
3.Cement bricks
4.Hollow bricks
5.Pavement blocks
6.Kerb stones
7.Concrete bricks
8.Manufactured sand
Road/street Dust 1.Road paving blocks using road dust as fine aggregate
2.Road paving bricks using road dust as fine aggregate
3.Road paving tiles using road dust as fine aggregate
Fly Ash1.Light-weight Aggregates (LWAs)
2.Geopolymer concrete
3.Clay-fly ash bricks, blocks, tiles, roofing tiles
(manual 60% fly ash; mechanised 85% fly ash)
4.Fly ash-lime-gypsum-cement bricks and blocks (50% fly ash)
5.Fly ash bricks (90% fly ash)
6.Manufacturing of Cement
7.Part substitution of cement in concretes including RMC, SCC, high strength & structural
concretes (up to 50% fly ash)
8.Construction of roads, embankments & bridges including pavement interlocking block, kerb stones etc.
9.Stowing in underground mines, backfilling of open cast mines
10.Construction of haul roads & other construction / development activities in mine sector
11.Construction of dams & water management structures
Rice straw1.Straw-bales for building insulation in alternate building designs
2.Eco-panels made from rice-straw for building indoors
Source: CBRI (2018), CFARM (2018); IL&FS (2018), BIS (2016), NTPC (2017, 2018d) and other stakeholder inputs
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59 Recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) is the primary
product of C&D waste recycling plant which is further
processed into products as shown in box A5-2. The
production of concrete for buildings and roads in India is
governed by BIS (IS 456, IS 1343) and IRC codes (IRC
112) respectively (CPWD 2014). All these codes further
conform to BIS code: IS 383 for use of aggregates in
concrete. This standard has been revised for use of RCA
in concrete in the year 2016. As per the revised
specifications (IS 383, 2016), maximum allowable RCA
content in concrete is-
a.Plain cement concrete (PCC): 25% coarse & fine
RCAs
b.Reinforced cement concrete (RCC): 20% coarse &
fine RCAs
c.Lean concrete: 100% RCAs for non-load bearing
structures using lean concrete
As per the National Building Code of India, recycled
aggregates may be used in concrete for bulk fills, bank
protection, base/fills of drainage structures, pavements,
sidewalks, kerbs and gutters etc. (BIS 2016). Up to 30%
of the natural coarse aggregate can be replaced by the
coarse recycled aggregate, in fresh concrete. This
percentage can be further increased up to 50% for
pavements and other areas which are under pure
compression (BIS 2016).
In addition to above standards and codes, there are
specific mandates for utilisation of C&D waste in new
projects in Delhi. The Government of National Capital
Territory of Delhi (GNCTD) has issued advisory to all its
Departments for a mandatory clause in their tenders
requiring use of 2% and 10% of recycled C&D waste
products in building and road projects respectively
(GNCTD, 2018b). It also categorically mentions that
C&D waste should be reutilised in-situ for all big
redevelopment projects of government worth more
than INR 500 Crores. GNCTD notice also advises 500
tonne per day processing units to be set up across the
city with one such unit by a major government
stakeholder. A similar notice was also issued by Central
government agencies: Ministry of Urban and Housing
Affairs (MoHUA) and Central Public Works Department
(CPWD) in March 2016.
A 5.2 Modern Multi Utility Service
Corridors
Multiple agencies and departments are involved in
maintaining the utility lines (gas, sewage, fresh water,
electricity, telecommunications etc.) along the roads.
Actions of different departments or utilities are not
synchronised, and this leads to dust generation on
roads which is further suspended in the air due to
vehicular movement. Modern utility corridors are
essential for curbing emissions from day-to-day
activities of utilities across the city.
Separate utilities corridors and demarcations are
required across NCR (on the lines of ongoing project
under smart cities) so that only relevant utility lines are
disturbed during renovation work and dust generation is
minimum. Table A5-1 shows ongoing smart city
projects (above INR 100 Crore) under the category of
utility works. 13 out of total 17 cities have opted for
multi-utility ducts, trenches or tunnels. This indicates
significant interest among cities for implementing
common utility corridors. But it must be noted that all
projects under smart cities are area-based development
and do not cover the entire city. As clear from Table A5-
1, cost for project varies from INR few crores to INR few
hundred crores per kilometre depending on the type and
number of utility lines. It will therefore be a good idea
for NCR towns to learn from implementation of
smart cities projects and accordingly implement a
cost-effective model after assimilating the learnings
from ongoing projects.
Advanced Information and Communications
Technology (ICT) system can be deployed at common
utility corridors to ensure inter-departmental or inter-
agency coordination. ICT system ensures that
information is shared with all the relevant departments
or agencies whenever a particular activity is undertaken.
It can be seen in Table A5-1 that few cities have opted for
advanced ICT systems to integrate utility operations.
ICT system may include advanced metering
infrastructure for urban utilities such as water and energy.
The only operation utility corridor in the country is a 1.25
km long underground utility tunnel (Figure A5-1) at
Connaught Circle, New Delhi developed as part NDMC’s
city redevelopment plan.
INDUSTRY
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60 Figure A5-1. Common Utility Tunnel in Connaught Place, New Delhi
Image source: Mail Today (2016)
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61 1. AgartalaUtility Trench333.95
2. AhmedabadUtility Network (Water, sewerage, drainage, roads, street lighting etc.) 385.00
3. BelagaviCity Gas Distribution (CGD)150.00
4. BhopalMiscellaneous (Landscaping, Flyovers to approach site, 627.00
5. Dharamshala Underground cabling111.00
6. FaridabadUnderground cabling276.00
7. JalandharWater, Waste Water, Power and Utility Ducting262.51
8. KanpurUtility Duct (Electricity, Water, Sewer, OFC, Telecom, PNG)147.15
9. KohimaMulti services utility duct112.99
10. NDMCSensor based Common Service Utility Duct150.00
11. Port Blair Service core trench175.00
12. Shivamogga Underground ducting264.00
13. ThanjavurUnderground utility trunk - 27 km108.17
14. TumakuruUnderground Ducting196.00
15. UdaipurDrains, Relaying road & utility duct148.00
16. VadodaraMulti utility duct122.50
17. VaranasiUnderground wiring to reduce unwanted clutter on 431.96
Development of public utilities)
the streets through and implementation of smart metering
Table A5-1. Smart City Projects Worth INR 100 Crore and Above Being Implemented Under
Utility Works as per the Smart City Proposals
Source: Information extracted from smart cities project database (GoI, 2018)
S.
No.
CityProject details in the smart city proposalCost [INR, Crore]
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62 A 5.3 Surface Improvement
Surface improvement includes various techniques like
revegetation, gravelling or flexible pavements on
exposed surfaces. Revegetation can be implemented by
developing green covers around road stretches. To
ensure efficient implementation of revegetation wide
scale, industrial techniques such as hydro-seeding,
geo-textiles can be used to stabilise road sides and
edges. Green covers are one of the most effective ways
to control dust from exposed surfaces and permanently
addresses the fugitive dust emissions along roads,
highways and streets where dust control is very
important from the perspective of exposure on the
roads and road safety.
Different paving options including flexible pavements,
gravelling, open grid or grass pavers etc. can be
considered for exposed surfaces. An important
consideration for paving materials is their durability so
as to minimise the repairs and disturbances to paved
surface.
Surface improvements are also crucial for curbing the
fly ash emissions discussed in Section 3.2.2. The most
effective and permanent control method is growing
vegetation in the fly ash pond. Nutrient rich soil is
normally required for growing grass and plants in fly
ash. As fly ash is laden with toxic metals, growing fruits
and medicinal plants is not advisable. Only the flowering
or decorative plants can be grown in the fly ash pond,
supplemented by nutrients/soil.
A 5.4 Site or Plant Layout and Design
Design strategies are important for curbing air pollution
during construction phase of various projects (buildings
or infrastructure). Transportation and handling of
materials is a major source of dust at the project site
during the construction phase. Therefore, minimising
travel distances through appropriate plant/site layout
and design is an important strategy for preventing
fugitive dust emissions. One of the most common
practices at the construction site is to prepare an
unpaved road for transportation of construction
materials to and from the site. This leads to majority of
fugitive dust emissions during construction phase.
Paving the access roads at construction sites is an
important strategy for control of PM emissions. Other
design approaches that can be integrated into layout
and design include- concrete bunding and using natural
features of the land or local topography. To ensure
effectiveness, bund walls need to be at least one third
higher the stockpile height.
Wind breakers can also be built at the site using
horticulture cloth supported on poles, or by planting
trees, that provide green cover around the site
(considering prevailing wind conditions). Besides
control of dust from road, green covers are also very
effective for containing dust originating at construction
sites. It is estimated that a single row of trees may bring
about a 25 percent reduction in airborne particulates
and complete dust interception can be achieved by a
30-metre belt of trees (ASCI 2010). Growing dense
green-covers around the fly ash ponds prevents
blowing of ash by wind to the surrounding area. It should
be noted that certain species of trees may be chosen for
their pollution abatement qualities including dust
trapping. To avoid reliance on a single species, a
combination of trees, shrubs, grass should be grown
(MoUD 2014). Choice of tree is important and evergreen
trees are a preferred choice for an effective windbreaker
(BIS 2016). The building code GRIHA (GRIHA 2018)
provides a reference list of native or naturalised species
of flora which can be grown in accordance with different
agro-climatic zones (climatic conditions and soil types)
prevalent in India.
REPORT OF THE
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63 A comprehensive set of design measures for
construction sites including waste management
facilities and allied construction industry include-
1.Optimal location of plants/sites with respect to
transportation of various finished/semi-finished
construction/demolition materials
2.Paving the access road for transportation of
construction/demolition materials to and from the
site/plant
3.Integrating natural features into the building layout
and design e.g. tree lines around site/plant.
Consideration should be paid to the prevailing wind
conditions and tree species.
4.Enclosures around conveyers and hoppers (hoods
and other enclosures) for transferring fine materials.
In absence of enclosures, wet suppression using
water sprinklers is required and might not be
suitable for all materials and processes.
Figure A5-2. Wet Suppression on Road Using
Water Tanker and Mechanical Sprinkler
Figure A5-3. Dust Suppression Nozzle Used in Dry
Fog Systems for Suppression of Airborne Particles
Source: manufacturer’s website
5.Use of adjustable conveyors that can be raised and
lowered in order to minimise drop heights and avoid
spillage of materials
6.Hopper load systems should be designed to ensure
a good match with truck size and should be fully
enclosed on the sides
A 5.5 Wet Suppression and Chemical
Stabilisation of Particulate
Matter
Wet suppression involves applying water onto road
surfaces, material stockpiles, transportation vehicles
and other vulnerable locations for supressing dust. Wet
suppression techniques can be broadly classified into
three types- (1) Simple wet suppression using gravity or
mechanical sprinklers, (2) Dry fog suppression (3)
Chemical stabilisation of particulate matter during wet
suppression.
INDUSTRY
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64 Simple wet suppression can be achieved by using
gravity or mechanical sprinklers as shown in the Figure
A5-2. Applications include paved/unpaved road,
pavement, exposed surfaces and unused
material/waste stockpiles, landfills, wet jet in
grinding/cutting operations and wash down facilities for
transportation vehicles. Water sprays/ sprinklers are
also used at conveyors and other transfer points in allied
construction industry and waste management facilities,
depending on the process and materials. Before using
wet suppression technique, assessment of dust
suppression water demand and supply is important in
the locality. Water demand depends on the surface area
for treatment, and rate and frequency of application
required at the location. Application rates are in turn
based on inputs such as local meteorological forecasts
and traffic volumes in case of application on the roads.
Water conservation strategies are important to reduce
water footprint of dust suppression activities.
Dry fog suppression systems can be used to enhance
water use efficiency of wet suppression. Dry
suppression nozzles as shown in the Figure A5-3 can be
designed for suppressing PM of particular size range.
Dry fog suppression is also utilised to cover large control
areas as opposed to simple mechanical means which
are attached to diesel operated vehicles for providing
coverage to large areas. High frequency applications by
mechanical means or simple wet suppression,
therefore need to be carefully planned considering the
emissions from diesel vehicles. Application of dry
suppression technique has limited utility for
suppression of fugitive PM due to wide range of ultrafine
particles suspended in urban airshed. This would
otherwise require custom designed dry suppression
nozzles for ultrafine PM ranges and might be practically
2
impossible to implement. Additionally, wet particles are
hydrophobic (water repellent) and resist agglomeration
of finer particles in air. Both of these techniques are
therefore not effective for supressing fugitive PM unless
targeted surfaces are fully covered with water and are
ineffective for controlling air borne PM. Also, local
climatic conditions (high temperature and dry weather)
render the wet suppression ineffective as water
evaporates quickly from surfaces under high
temperature conditions.
Chemical stabilisation of particulate matter during wet
suppression ensures much higher control efficacy,
which can be further enhanced in combination with dry
fog suppression. This can significantly reduce
requirement of water and are more effective than wet
suppression or dry fog suppression systems used in
isolation. In this technique, control agents are added to
water for facilitating binding of particulate matter
through particle agglomeration. Chemical stabilisation
also has an added advantage of improving visibility and
safety conditions on the road. Calcium chloride (CaCl),
2
Magnesium chloride (MgCl) and Organic Polymer-
2
plus-Binders (OPBs) are common dust suppressants
used traditionally around the world but are not advisable
due to corrosion of vehicle parts and environmental
impacts caused by run off from the road after excessive
application. A new family of chemical stabilisers have
been developed that consist of long-chain
hydrocarbons which are biodegradable and have no
reported environmental impact. This solution has been
developed indigenously by Syntron Industries in India in
collaboration with the Central Institute for Mining and
Fuel Research (CIMFR). These stabilisers have only
been used for dust control in the mining industry so far
and there is a huge potential to use them in urban
environment. Additives not only lower the water surface
tension to create the smaller droplets of water, they also
produce interfacial tension between particles. This
permits dust to penetrate the surface of water droplets
and form agglomerates, making the suppression more
effective with less moisture requirement.
2
Dry fog suppression system was recently tried by Delhi government and DPCC at Anand Vihar in the form of fog guns but it had limited or very little impact for
control of PM (HT, 2017) due to possible reasons explained in text but no documented data or information on the same is available in the public domain
REPORT OF THE
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65 In an example provided under the Box A5-3, three
different applications of chemically assisted wet
suppression technique are described: (A) road dust, (B)
material stockpiles and (3) airborne PM, based on the
inputs provided by the solution provider. Interventions
below can achieve PM suppression with control
efficiency of 90-95% as opposed to simple suppression
with water which is resource intensive and can only
achieve a control efficiency up to 20%. Key
3
Based on interview with three applications of chemical additives are suggested for
pilots in city environment to suppress fugitive PM-
A.Application on the roads with vehicular movement
Chemical stabilisation can be used for wet suppression during road maintenance and for application on unpaved
roads/surfaces. Recommended mixing ratio is 1 kg compound for 2500 litres of water. One litre of water and additive
22
can cover up to 3-4 m and 1.5-2.5 m area for mechanical and manual gravity spray pattern respectively. Cost of
2
chemicals is estimated to be INR 0.39 per m. To begin with, solution provider recommends three applications in a 24
hour period.
B.Application on loose materials with no movement
Potential applications under this category could include- inactive fly ash ponds, illegal dumps of C&D waste, landfills
and stockpiles of loose and fine materials including construction materials at project sites or plant locations.
Recommended mixing ratio for these applications is higher: 1 kg compound for 50 litres of water. Application rate for
this category is recommended at 3-4 litres of water and additive per square metre. The suppressant is applied using a
mechanical sprayer to which water is pumped from a stationary water tank at the site. Recommended frequency of
2
application is once per month, costing up to INR 20 per m.
C.Control of airborne PM in pollution hotspots
In addition to above applications, the technique can be adapted for PM control in specific areas which suffer from
critically polluted air due to rampant construction activities, rapid vehicular movement on roads, illegal
dumping/burning of waste etc. Mixing ration of 1 kg chemical for 10,000-15,000 litres of water is suggested for this
application. The dry fog suppression system with high jet pump is recommended for this category to cover wide areas
for suppression of fugitive dust and PM. Recommended application rate is once in 24 hours with midnight being the
most suitable time for its application.
one of the solution providers
3
conducted on 24 April 2018, New Delhi
considerations for application (time, rate and
frequency) of chemical stabilisers include: local
meteorology, traffic volumes on the road, aggregate or
unpaved road (binder content is higher for gravelled
roads). Application can be optimised based on the
experience in the city environment. Evidence for control
efficacy of these agents can be established in NCR
through pilots and demonstrations.
Box A5-3. Example of a Proposed Pilot for Chemically Assisted Wet Suppression of
Particulate Matter in NCR Under Three Different Conditions
INDUSTRY
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66 A 5.6 Best Management Practices
Role of management options and best practices is
extremely important for PM suppression. Adopting best
practices requires a fundamental shift in behaviour of
organisations/industry. Ensuring best practices
therefore would require sensitisation of stakeholders in
NCR region and high level of inter-departmental
coordination.
1.Best practices for moving sources: material
transportation-
a.Restricting transportation vehicles to specified
roads and time of the day
b.Speed limits for vehicles in designated areas
(say, up to 10-15 km/ hour)
c.Load size limitations for avoiding material
spillages
d.Proper covering of transportation vehicles e.g.
with tarpaulin/bins
e.Monitoring traffic for transportation vehicles
carrying construction and demolition material
2.Best practices for stationary sources: sites, plants
and storage facilities-
a.Limitation on stockpiles’ size: height & slope. For
instance, flat and shallow stockpile is preferred
over tall conical stockpiles in order to reduce
wind entrainment.
b.Wind breakers, shelter belts or temporary
screening at construction site
c.Location of wind breakers from stockpile is
critical (at a least distance which is equal to the
height of pile)
d.Proper cover (tarpaulin/ bins) for fine materials
such as sand, gypsum & cement
e.Maintaining minimum drop heights for
equipment transferring materials to/ from
stockpiles
f.Regular clean-up of spillages and covering of
potential spillage areas
g.Regular maintenance of hydraulic grabs to
ensure complete closure
h.Operating plants/facility at times when
meteorological conditions are not conducive to
producing large dust plumes (for plants which do
not run 24x7)
i.ITC enabled systems and protocols for inter-
departmental and inter-agency coordination
among utility operators to ensure minimal dust
generation during regular maintenance
operations
j.In-situ utilisation of excavated soil at
construction projects
REPORT OF THE
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67 Control measures need to be designed considering features of local area and accordingly implemented across urban
settlements in the NCR region. Availability of treated water is one of the deciding factors for achieving dust control via
wet suppression. Road traffic conditions, such as traffic volumes and time of day are important for deciding the best
time of the day for application of chemical aided wet suppression. Dust control is crucial in construction hot spots which
are in close proximity to sensitive receptors such as schools, hospitals and residential areas. Low-cost sensor-based
monitoring can be used in such areas which are critical from the perspective of exposure and would require monitoring
in order to design suitable local interventions.
Figure below illustrates variables and parameters related to sources of air pollution, local area, environment and control
measures. Optimising these using available information is crucial for achieving desired reductions in air pollution.
Instead of applying arbitrary control measures in an ad-hoc manner and temporarily suspending activities, evidence
needs to be generated continuously though action and it needs to feed into management and planning processes. This
requires a comprehensive management and control programme involving multiple stakeholders. Control strategies
need to be improved though an iterative process as shown below and standard operating procedures (SOPs) need to be
established based on tested efficacy of control measures under local conditions.
Location of key sources e.g. construction hotspots,
identified highway/road stretches
Location of sensitive receptors e.g. hospitals, schools
and residential areas
Local meteorological factors e.g. predominant wind
directions
Frequency and time of activities
Availability of treated water at site
Type of control measure (e.g. wet or dry suppression)
Rate & frequency of application
Best time of day for application
Control efficiency
Capital cost of equipment/ infrastrcuture
Operational cost: fuel, chemicals, and maintenance of
infrastructure
PlanPre-PlanPlan
Implement
& Monitor
Implement
& Monitor
Implement
& Monitor
Final
Plan
12N
EvaluateEvaluateEvaluate
CONTROL VARIABLESCONTROL STRATEGY
key parameters for devising air quality management strategies vis-s-vis area specific control variables
Source: CII-CESD (2018) analysis
Framework for Continuous Improvement of Management and Control Strategies at Local Level Through Evidence
Box A5-4. Suggested Air Quality Monitoring and Implementation Framework
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68 At the evaluation stage, the tested efficiency of control measures under given conditions can be established with the
help of a transparent monitoring and data ecosystem. This not only helps choosing or discarding options based on
concrete evidence, it also scientifically ascertains and helps understanding why specific control measure failed under
given conditions and how it can be improved in the next planning stage by adjusting few variables or discarded
particular measure due to unsuitability in certain location.
Monitoring and robust data ecosystem is essential for controlling dust emissions. Testing efficacy of control options
would require regular inspection, sampling and monitoring of sites with high generation of dust and other fine
particulate matter emissions, for instance, the construction hotspots, landfills, stone crushers etc. Monitoring of SPM
and PM using low cost infrastructure can be mandated at such sites. Emphasis should be on continuous improvement
of management practices and control strategies based on these findings as illustrated by Figure 9. Random
monitoring of different sources responsible for fugitive emissions, as in listed table A4.2, is prescribed, along with the
online monitoring by industry, utilities and civic agencies along key locations in NCR cities. Online monitoring for SPM,
PM and local meteorological conditions can be set up voluntarily by public and private agencies across region and
would supplement the existing monitoring capabilities.
A 5.7 Best Available Technology for
Dust Suppression
Dust can be collected from hard surfaces, such as
roads, streets and pavements, by mechanised/vacuum
sweeping but it is ineffective compared to other options
discussed above due to inherent problems with
municipal solid waste management system in NCR. As
of now, a fraction of road dust is being collected by
mechanical sweepers employed by local bodies and
PWD (Government of Delhi). Dust is predominantly
collected by manual sweeping of the roads or streets by
sanitation workers of municipality. Sweeping the roads
itself generates a lot of dust. Besides this, segregation
does not take place at source in Delhi NCR. Unless
collected dust and other fine particulate matter are
bound using an agent and disposed using scientific
methods, mechanised or vacuum cleaning is not
advisable for addressing air pollution. It could in turn
lead to higher ultrafine PM emissions from diesel
engines if emissions from these vehicles are not
monitored and controlled properly.
With the initiative of Department of Environment
(GNCTD), Central Building Research Institute (CBRI) has
carried out investigation on the utilization of road dust,
also called silt, for development of building components.
Various value-added building components like road
paving blocks, bricks and tiles have been developed
using road dust as fine aggregate and this option may
reduce burden of road dust on Delhi’s airshed.
Containment of particulate matter and other air
emission such as VOCs is especially relevant for
construction and small-scale industry in Delhi NCT and
other NCR towns. Some of these air emissions can be
contained at the source using mechanical extraction
and collection. Depending on the intensity and scale of
these processes, extracted air can be routed to one of
the emission control devices (for containment of PM):
(1) Cyclone separator, (2) Bag/ fabric filter, (3)
Electrostatic precipitator, and (4) Wet scrubber. The
relative advantages and disadvantages which might
help the user choosing the right emission control device
are summarised in the Box A5-5.
REPORT OF THE
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69 Box A5-5 Proven Technologies for Containment of Particulate Matter Emissions
Cyclone separator (~70% collection efficiency)
•Low cost
•No moving parts
•Relatively lower efficiency
•Wide temperature/pressure applications
•Low space requirement
•Dry operation
•Efficient operation requires high pressure drops
Bag/ fabric filters (~95% collection efficiency)
•Higher efficiency with use
•Up to 99.9% collection efficiency
•High collection of coarse and fine PM
•Multiple configurations and wide capacity rang
O
•Limited to temperatures below 290C
•Maintenance against corrosion
•Lower efficiency after cleaning filters
Electrostatic precipitators (ESP) (60-90% collection efficiency)
•High capital and low operational cost
•Dry and wet types
•Multiple fields
•High efficiencies achievable
•very low pressure drop
•Minimal maintenance (non-corrosive materials)
•Large space requirement
•Sensitive to fluctuations in gas flow
Wet scrubbers (40-99% collection efficiency)
•Moderate pressure drop
•Can handle corrosive and acidic gases/mists
O
•Limited to gas inlet temperatures < 50-85C
•Relatively low capital cost
•Small space requirement
•Wet collection
Source: EPA (2008)
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70 Table A5-2 Example of Prevention and Control Options for Various Sources of Fugitive PM Emissions in NCR
S.
No.
Key Sources Description of Sources Area of intervention Prevention and control options
1 Building
construction
a.Township or area
development projects
b.Large building construction
projects for which
environmental clearance is
required including
commercial/public buildings
and residential complexes
c.Building construction projects
including renovation of
existing buildings where
environmental clearances are
not required
•Construction hotspots in
NCR region
•Material handling during
construction and
demolition
•Best practices for dust preventions
and minimisation during material
handling at site
•Chemically assisted wet
suppression methods
•Site layout and design e.g.
Integrating natural features in
design for dust prevention and
minimisation of travel distances
through proper site layout
•Green covers and wind screens
•Paving the access road
2 Urban
infrastructure
projects
Urban infrastructure projects
including construction of roads,
flyovers, intersections, bridges,
footpaths, lighting poles etc.
•Large infrastructure
projects e.g. DMRC
•Construction and
demolition of
roads/highways,
pavements, bridges,
flyovers etc.
•Best practices for dust preventions
and minimisation during material
handling at site
•Chemically assisted wet
suppression methods
•Re-vegetation on exposed
surfaces, paving the access road
and other surface improvements
3 Utility
operations
Utility operations across the city
involving digging on/along the
roads. Utilities include electricity,
gas, water, roads, municipal solid
waste etc.
•Day-to-day activities
carried out by utilities such
as NHAI, PWD, IGL, BSES,
DJB and urban local bodies
•Inter-departmental
coordination among
different
agencies/departments
•Modern multi-utility service
corridors along roads with a
provision for inter-departmental
coordination
4 Demolition Various demolition activities
across the city including buildings
demolition
•Demolition of buildings
•Demolition of roads,
bridges, pavements etc.
in city
•100% recycling of C&D waste
•Best practices for dust preventions
and minimisation (during storage,
transportation and use at site)
•Chemically assisted wet
suppression methods
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71 S.
No.
Key Sources Description of Sources Area of intervention Prevention and control options
5 Material
Transportation
Transportation of materials •Transportation of
construction materials
•Transportation of C&D
waste
•Speed limits in designated areas
•Best practices for vehicle loading
and transfer of materials
•Wash down facilities at
sites/plants
6 Vehicular
movement
on roads
Resuspension of dust due to
vehicular movement on paved/
unpaved roads, especially due to
poorly maintained road/ highway
stretches
•Roads and highways,
especially poorly
maintained road stretches
in NCR
•Repair/maintenance of
roads/ highways stretches
•Chemically assisted wet
suppression using
mechanical/gravity/fog
suppression spray systems
•Monitoring and management of
road traffic, especially for heavy-
duty vehicles: speed limits on
designated roads
•Re-vegetation on exposed
surfaces along roads, paving roads
and other surface improvements
•Mechanised sweeping with proper
disposal of collected dust from
paved roads
7 Soil and
other
exposed
surfaces
Wind erosion from exposed
surfaces and loose soil
Unpaved roads and exposed
surfaces along
roads/highways
•Surface improvement: paving,
gravelling, re-vegetation on
exposed surfaces etc.
•Chemically assisted wet
suppression using
mechanical/gravity/fog
suppression spray systems
8 Waste
handling and
disposalCollection and handling of
Construction and Demolition
(C&D) waste, Municipal Solid
waste (MSW), and fly ash Landfills
and fly ash pond in NCR•MSW collection from
streets/roads
•Management of landfills,
fly ash ponds and illegal
dumping sites in NCR
•Waste handling units (C&D
waste and MSW)
•Plant design and layout
•Best practices for dust preventions
and minimisation during waste
handling
•Chemically assisted wet
suppression
9
Allied
construction
industrya.Bricks kilns (fly ash)
b.Stone crushers
c.Ready mix concrete (RMC)
batching plants
•Material handling
•Improved Kiln designs
•Fuel switch at these plants
•Plant design and layout
•Best practices for preventions and
minimisation of dust/fly ash
•Chemically assisted wet suppression
Source: CII-CESD (2018) analysis
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72
0.E+00 5.E+05 1.E+06 2.E+06 2.E+06 3.E+06 3.E+06
Cost [INR]
Diesel Generator Wet Scrubber
6,00,000
12,00,000
4,30,800
4,90,000
125 kVA 250 kVA 500 kVA
DG Capacity
2,500,000 5,50,000
ANNEXURE 6
Best Available Technologies for Diesel Generators
A 6.1 End-of-Pipe Retrofit Technologies
Emission control devices for DGs work on the same
principle as in the diesel engines. Emission control
methods for these are broadly classified as- wet
scrubbers, diesel particulate filters (DPF), continuous
regenerative trap (CRT). Low-cost retrofit options at
approximately 10% of the DG’s capex are available in the
market with a minimum collection efficiency of 70%,
Available options in the market can be classified as-
1.End-of-Pipe Retrofit
2.Fuel Substitution in Diesel Generators
3.Energy Storage
although the auxiliary energy consumption is observed
to be significant. Hospitality sector in India utilises wet
scrubbers in order to keep the PM emissions from DG
sets under check. The Figure A6-1 below gives a
comparison of wet scrubber options for three different
size classes available with an equipment vendor in
Delhi. Three key components of wet scrubber: stainless
steel ducting, water cooler and venture scrubber
constitute about 8%, 27% and 65% of the total cost
respectively. As evident from Figure A6-1, wet scrubber
is cost-effective retrofit option for mid to high capacity
segments. For a 500-kVA diesel generator, wet scrubber
constitutes about 18% of the total capex. Although
options are available in the Indian market, they need to
be benchmarked to understand their relative
advantages/disadvantages (collection efficiency, back
pressure impact, energy requirement etc.) for different
capacity segments.
Figure A6-1. Cost of Indigenous Wet Scrubber of Different Capacities Available Commercially in the Indian Market
Source: CII-CESD (2018) analysis from market brochures
REPORT OF THE
TASK FORCE ON
CLEAN INDUSTRY
73 In addition to the above said technologies for retrofit
options for DGs, on-road original equipment
manufacturers (OEMs) currently have experience on
other low cost proven solutions like Diesel Oxidation
Catalyst (DOC) and Partial Flow Filters (PFF). The
technology has capability to reduce PM between 30-
60% depending on the organic fraction of diesel
particulates: soluble organic fractions (SOF) or insoluble
organic fractions (IOF) observed at the engine outlet
conditions. The DOC on its own can be used as a retrofit
solution having the ability to oxidize CO, HC and SOF
(PM). When combined with downstream PFF, the Partial
Oxidation Catalyst (POC) architecture can reduce PM
4
close to 50-60%.The key driver for this technology to
perform is engine exhaust temperature. One should
O
maintain temperature higher than 250C at minimum
50% duty cycle on periodic basis to aid the passive soot
oxidation. PFF traps soot within and on the walls,
converting trapped carbon to form CO up on reaction
2
with incoming NO (from DOC). This technology has
2
been in practice in commercial vehicles in India and
China since the introduction of BS-IV and NS-IV norms
respectively. As per the inputs received from
stakeholders, the product quality and reliability has been
good with the right level of integration measures. The
product cost of this solution is around INR 30-100
thousand depending on the product requirement. The
industry experience of this technology has been on
electronic architecture which would be able to react if
there are any choking or plugging issues. For DG retrofit,
the engines currently in the field are primarily based on
mechanical architecture. These engines have their own
set of limitations in terms how they would be able to
react if technologies are deployed downstream.
Backpressure, vibration, noise and durability should be
well understood before this could be mass deployed.
Furthermore, several indigenously designed end-of-
pipe retrofit devices that capture PM and that turn it into
useful products (such as ink, paint) are currently under
development in India. These options are currently being
piloted at sites for large corporates, real estate players,
oil and gas companies, etc. in Delhi NCR and other
metropolitan areas; but are yet to be certified by CPCB
approved laboratories. Such devices are able to capture
significant amount of particulate matter emissions
from diesel generators based on age and condition of
the generator. The cost of such retrofit options is
fractional as compared to the capital expenditure on
diesel generator and varies with capacity (12-16% of the
DG capex). The devices work by cooling the exhaust in
most optimized manner to cause rapid agglomeration
of soot particles. Capturing of soot particles is realised
by slowly passing the exhaust gases through contours
and meshes while interacting with solution, that traps
the soot. The solution ensures continuous cleaning of
the meshes and contours in real time, collecting soot at
the bottom of collection bin.
A 6.2 Fuel Substitution
Dual fuel injection kits are readily available for existing
DG sets (CII-NITI 2018b). Gas injection kits may be
mandated by competent authority to existing DG sets in
areas with availability of CNG and piped natural gas
(PNG) infrastructure. Additionally, efforts maybe
ramped up to improve availability of cleaner fuels in
commercial segment. Recommendations for the same
have been made in CII-NITI Aayog task force report on
Clean Fuel (CII-NITI 2018b). Existing and new DGs in
commercial sector: 82%, 65-70% and 56% of the low,
med-high and high-horsepower capacity segments
4
Data based on certified commercial products by ARAI India & MIC China for light duty vehicles.
INDUSTRY
ACTION PLAN FOR
CLEAN
74 respectively (contribution of different sectors as shown
in Figure 6) can be prioritised for retrofit in this regard. All
major manufacturers have gas-based DGs or multi-fuel
injection models available in the market. Similar to gas,
other clean fuel options such as liquid bio-fuels and bio-
CNG can also be explored in Delhi NCR based on the
availability of bio-fuels and by promoting waste-to-energy.
A 6.3 Energy Storage
Using electric batteries/ invertors for energy storage
can partially address the emissions from diesel
generators in urban areas. Inverters or battery storage
can only fulfil the energy requirements for small
appliances: lighting, fan etc. Standalone electric storage
is therefore a long-term measure currently available in
market and can fulfil the energy requirements for energy
intensive applications such as air conditioning for
thermal comfort.
Thermal energy storage is a separate set of solutions
available to fulfil the needs for thermal comfort in the
buildings in case of power outages. In addition to
providing back up power during power contingencies,
TES enables businesses to manage peak electricity
demand by storing electricity as thermal energy during
5
non-peak hours and utilising it during peak hours. This
is especially relevant in case of the commercial and
industrial users of electricity for whom time of day tariffs
are applicable. While invertor backs up small appliances
such as lights, TV and computer; TES backs up the
installed cooling system. TES options available in the
6
market today utilise- (1) Chilled water, (2) Ice storage,
(3) Phase changing material (PCM), and (4) Molten salt
energy storage. Most thermal energy storage systems
are partial storage systems. This implies that thermal
storage capacity accounts for about 30% of the total
cooling required. This reduces the required floor space
to about 0.25% of the conditioned space (Bijli Bachao
2015). TES is commercially established in India and is
utilised as a demand side management (DSM) tool by
Tata Power. Tata power offers its commercial and
industrial consumers incentives for using TES and
launched the first of its kind TES incentive programme
under its DSM Initiative in 2014 (AICHE 2014; IIFL 2014).
It not only helps large consumers meet their peak
cooling demand cost-effectively but also enables the
utility to manage peak power. TES has been widely
adopted in cities, including Delhi. It is reported that
installed capacity of TES is about 12 MW in major
metropolitans such as Bangalore, New Delhi and
Chennai (Calmac 2015). This constitutes only a fraction
of peak power demand in Delhi which was all time high
at 6934 MW on 08 June 2018 (6% higher from the
previous year). As per the information available for the
year 2015, that is peak power of 5925 MW (BSES 2015),
installed capacity of TES was just 0.2% of the total peak
power.
From discussion above it is clear that energy storage
has huge potential to solve energy management
challenges but also to address air quality to the extent
DG set are used in commercial and large residential
complexes for thermal comfort. It is proposed that
integrated solutions/services, combining electric and
thermal energy storage, can be provided by
utilities/DISCOMs, energy service companies (ESCOs)
etc. with the focus on energy management as well as air
quality.
5
Time of Day (TOD) tariffs are applicable to industrial and commercial users with differentiated tariff structures for peak and non-peak hours
6
latent heat of fusion of water is used to store energy, with the help of charging fluids/anti-freeze agents added to water
REPORT OF THE
TASK FORCE ON
CLEAN INDUSTRY
75 ANNEXURE 7
Emission Control in Coal Thermal Power Plants
An overview of different emission control technologies
available to TPPs is presented in the Figure A7-1 listing
two types of technologies: (1) in-situ abatemnt
technologies and (2) post-combustion abatement
technologies. In-situ abatement technologies involve
plant modifications in order to ensure more efficient
burning of fuel and include change in boiler deisgn, e.g.
Fluidised Bed Combustion (FBC), limestone injection,
Over Fire Air (OFA), low-NOx burners, flue gas
recirculation. Post-combustion abatement
technologies include Flue Gas Desulphurisation (FGD);
selective catalytic/non-catalytic process for NOx
reduction; and PM control options (ESP, bag filter and
wet scrubber). High upfront capital requirement has
been a major impediment for installation of emission
control systems in addition to other factors described
below. It has been established that health benefit far
overweighs these investments in clean technology
(CSTEP 2018). Industry experts agree that Incremental
cost of emission control is comparatively low and is
speculated to be INR 5/ bag for cement industry and INR
0.50-0.60/ unit for the power industry.
Figure A7-1. Available Technologies for Control of SOx, NOx and PM Emissions
in Coal-Based Thermal Power Plants with Respective Control Efficiencies
Post-combustion abatement In-situ abatement
Bubbling FBC
Wet FGD
(Limestone-based)
Semi-dry FGD
(Lime-based)
94%
98%
Low-NOx Burner
Over Fire Air
Flue Gas
Recirculation
30-40%
20-50%
20-50%
Selective Catalytic
Reduction (SCR)
Selective
Non-Catalytic
Reduction (SNCR)
80-95%
30-50%
50-70-% (FBC)
Wet Scrubber
Fabric Filter
Electrostatic
Precipitator (ESP)
70-90%
Dry Sorbent
Injection
55-60%
96.5%
99.6%
98.5%
Circulating FBC
Seawater FGD
(Seawater-based)
90%
90-95%
Fluidised Bed
Combustion (FBC)
Flue Gas
Desulphurisation (FGD)
SO Control
2
Technologies
NO Control
X
Technologies
PM Control
Technologies
Source: Adapted from CSTEP (2018), Tata Power (2017), CPCB (2012), IFC (2008) and Word Bank (1998)
“Industry experts agree that incremental cost
of emission control is comparatively low and
is speculated to be INR 5/ bag for cement
industry and INR 0.50-0.60/ unit for the
power industry”.
INDUSTRY
ACTION PLAN FOR
CLEAN
76 ANNEXURE 8
Coal Thermal Power Plant Units within 300 km of Delhi
1BTPS Badarpur, 1 95 1973Jul-2018... ... ... 100%
2Rajghat TPS, 1 67.51989 ... ... ... N.A.
3NTPC Dadri, Dist.1 210 1991... Dec-2019Dec-2019Immediate100%
4Harduaganj Thermal 7*110 1978Dec-2022... ... ...
5Rosa Thermal Power 1 300 2010... Dec-2021Dec-2022... 71%
6Panipat Thermal 1 110 1979Closed ... ... ... 100%
7Rajiv Gandhi Thermal 1 600 2010... Dec-2019Dec-2019Dec-201992%
NTPC
New Delhi2 95 1974Jul-2018... ... ...
3 110 1975Jul-2018... ... ...
4*210 1978Jul-2018... ... ...
720Subcritical5*210 1981Jul-2018... ... ...
IPGCL
Delhi135Subcritical2 67.51990... ... ...
NTPC
Gautam Budh Nagar2 210 1992... Dec-2019Dec-2019Immediate
3 210 1993... Dec-2019Dec-2019Immediate
4 210 1994... Dec-2019Dec-2019Immediate
5 490 2010... Dec-2019Dec-2019Immediate
1820Subcritical6 490 2010... Dec-2019Dec-2019Immediate
UPRVUNL
Power Station (HTPS), 8 250 2012... Dec-2019Dec-2019Immediate
Harduaganj, Aligarh610Subcritical9 250 2013... Dec-2019Dec-2019Immediate
RPSCL;
Plant (RTPP),Reliance2 300 2010... Dec-2021Dec-2022Dec-2021
ShahjahanpurPower3 300 2011... Oct-2021Dec-2022Dec-2021
1200Subcritical4 300 2012... Oct-2021Dec-2022...
HPGCL
Power Station 2 110 1980Closed ... ... ...
(PTPS), Panipat3 110 1985Closed ... ... ...
4 110 1987Closed ... ... ...
5*210 1989Dec-2018... ... ...
6 210 2001... Dec-2019Dec-2019...
7 250 2004... Dec-2019Dec-2019Dec-2019
920Subcritical8 250 2005... Dec-2019Dec-2019Dec-2019
HPGCL
Power Project 1200Subcritical2 600 2011... Dec-2019Dec-2019Dec-2019
(RGTPP), Khedar, Hisar
Closure
report
submitted
Delhi
Uttar Pradesh
Haryana
StatePlant operator
& owner
Installed
Capacity [MW]Thermal Power
Station
S.NoTechnologyUnit number
Installed
Capacity [MW]
Year of
commissioningPhase
out date
FGD
upgradation
NOx
upgradation
ESP
upgradation
Fly ash
utilisation
MOEFCC Directions (December 2017)
7
APC is 50% NTPC, 25% HPGCL and 25% IPGCL
REPORT OF THE
TASK FORCE ON
CLEAN INDUSTRY
77 8Indira Gandhi Super Aravalli 1 500 2010... Dec-2019Dec-2019Dec-201976%
9Jhajjar Power Plant Jhajjar 1 660 2012... Jan-2019Dec-2019Immediate80%
10Deenbandhu Chhotu 1 300 2008... Dec-2019Dec-2019Dec-2019
11Guru Gobind Singh PSPCL1 210 1984Dec-2017... ... ... 167%
12Guru Hargobind Singh PSPCL1 210 1999... Dec-2019Dec-2019Dec-2019100%
13Guru Nanak Dev PSPCL1 110 1974Dec-2017... ... ... 100%
14Rajpura Thermal NPL, L&T1400Supercritical1 700 2013... Dec-2019Dec-2019Immediate
15Talwandi Sabo TSPL 1980Supercritical1 660 2014... Dec-2019Dec-2019Immediate
Thermal Power Project Power2 500 2011... Dec-2019Dec-2019Dec-2019
(IGSTPP), Jharli, Corporation 1500Subcritical3 500 2013... Dec-2019Dec-2019Dec-2019
7
Dist. Jhajjar(APC)
(JPP), Khanpur, Power, 1320Supercritical2 660 2012... Jan-2019Dec-2019Immediate
Dist. JhajjarCLP India
HPGCL
Ram Thermal Power 600Subcritical2 300 2008... Dec-2019Dec-2019Dec-2019
Plant (DCRTPP),
Yamuna Nagar
Super Thermal Power 2 210 1985Dec-2017... ... ...
Plant (GGSSTPP),3 210 1988Dec-2022... ... ...
Roopnagar4 210 1989Dec-2022... ... ...
5*210 1992Dec-2022... ... ...
1260Subcritical6*210 1993Dec-2022... ... ...
Thermal Power Station 2 210 1999... Dec-2019Dec-2019Dec-2019
(GHTP), Lehra 3 250 2008... Dec-2019Dec-2019Dec-2019
Mohabbat920subcritical4 250 1010... Dec-2019Dec-2019Dec-2019
Thermal Plant 2 110 1975Dec-2017... ... ...
(GNDTP), Bathinda3*110 1978Dec-2017... ... ...
440subcritical4*110 1979Dec-2017... ... ...
Power Plant (RTPP), 2 700 2014... Dec-2019Dec-2019Immediate
Patiala
Power (TSP), Mansa (Vedanta)2 660 2015... Dec-2019Dec-2019Immediate
3 660 2016... Dec-2019Dec-2019Immediate
Haryana
Punjab
StatePlant operator
& owner
Installed
Capacity [MW]Thermal Power
Station
S.NoTechnologyUnit number
Installed
Capacity [MW]
Year of
commissioningPhase
out date
FGD
upgradation
NOx
upgradation
ESP
upgradation
Fly ash
utilisation
MOEFCC Directions (December 2017)
Source: Operators’ websites (APCPL 2018, CLP 2018, HPGCL 2018, IPGCL 2018, L&T 2018, NTPC 2018a, NTPC 2018b, PSPCL 2018, Reliance Power 2018, TSPL 2018, UPRVUNL
2018); NRPC (2017); MoEFCC (2017); and CEA (2018)
Notes:
1. MoEFCC (2017) prescribes immediate measures such as installation of low-NOx burners, providing Over Fire Air (OVA) etc. and achieve progressive reduction to comply to
NOx emission limit in the stipulated year.
2. Thermal power plant units, marked with asterisk (*) in the table, face the space constraints for installing FGD system and are required to be phased out by 2022.
3. Near-term additional capacity of 2.12 GW is expected in this region. There is a provision of 1320 MW (2x660 MW) under stage –II of HTPS, Harduaganj, including 800 MW
capacity high efficiency supercritical thermal power unit is planned by way of simultaneous phasing out of old and less efficient units (unit 1 to 4) at PTPS, Panipat.
INDUSTRY
ACTION PLAN FOR
CLEAN
78 ANNEXURE 9
Business Case: Leapfrogging to 50% Biomass Co-firing in Existing
Thermal Power Plants
Besides air pollution emanating from large thermal
power plants in NW India, a huge quantity of surplus
biomass is currently burnt in open fields by farmers as
its extraction is not an economically attractive value
proposition to farmers. Open burning of surplus
biomass is responsible for large scale impact on
regional air quality in North India and this issue has been
the focus of the CII-NITI Aayog task force report on
biomass management. The report (CII-NITI 2018a)
suggest a multipronged strategy for managing paddy
straw in North West region, including use of biomass in
the field for enhancing crop productivity and outside the
field for waste-to-energy applications.
A large part of this biomass, especially paddy straw is
burnt in fields along with the standing stubble. The
practice of stubble burning is not only limited to paddy
straw. Significant number of fire incidents are reported
this year for burning of wheat straw in April-May across
the country, especially in the North-Western region
(NASA, 2018). It has, in fact, been estimated that more
than 80% of paddy straw (18.4 million tonnes) and
almost 50% wheat straw (8.5 million tonnes) produced
in the state of Punjab is being burnt in fields (Sidhu and
Beri, 2005; kumar et al, 2015). As mapped in Figure 9, a
huge amount of surplus biomass is available across
North Western states which presents a lost opportunity
for improving environmental performance of coal power
plants in the region as farm waste is a carbon neutral
source of energy. It is estimated that total biomass
power potential from surplus biomass in Punjab,
Haryana and Uttar Pradesh can fulfil the demand for
50% biomass co-firing in power plants located in a radial
distance of 300 km from Delhi. Total 6.375 GWe
biomass potential against 50 million tonne surplus
biomass in a year is estimated in these three states
whereas total installed capacity of active TPP units as
mapped in Figure 8 is 14.53 GW. Out of this, 13.15 GW is
planned to continue operations after installation of
advanced emission controls for SOx, NOx and PM
whereas an additional capacity of 2.12 GW is planned to
be expanded in near future at two of the existing
locations (PTPC Panipat and HTPS, Harduaganj).
Pelletisation is simple densification of biomass
involving- shredding, hammering, drying and
densification. Final product is compressed biomass in
6:1 ratio compared to original biomass (in the form of
bales). Pelletisation enables biomass to be easily
transported to the end-users. The surplus biomass
needs to be baled in order to be transported cost-
effectively to biomass conversion units. Extraction and
collection of biomass into bales at the farm requires
employing- (1) chopper/shredder or superSMS
(attached to combine harvesters for chopping standing
stubble), (2) rakers (for collecting straw) and (3) balers
(for baling the raked straw). Farmers can offer fields for
clearing to the Farmer Producer Organisations (FPOs)
or private collection agencies engaged by businesses.
To prevent the incidents of stubble burning, Government
of India formulated a special scheme on air pollution in
2018 (GoI 2018). The central government scheme
subsidises the farm equipment required by farmers in
this region for chopping the standing stubble and
mulching/collection of surplus biomass/ crop-
residues. Under this scheme individual farmers and
farmer groups (farmer producer organisations, farmer
co-operatives etc.) can avail a capital subsidy of 50%
and 80% respectively towards farm equipment for crop-
residue management. There are two proven
technologies available for energy densification of
biomass so that it could be utilised in industry boilers-
(1) pelletisation/briquetting of biomass (2) torrefaction
of biomass. Surplus biomass is picked from fields and
baled for transportation to biomass conversion units
where it undergoes physical transformation to more
suitable energy carriers. Transformation of biomass
bales to two different energy carriers is highlighted in
the Figure A9-1.
REPORT OF THE
TASK FORCE ON
CLEAN INDUSTRY
79 Co-firing biomass is competitive for plants located in
North Western States due to their proximity to origin of
surplus biomass from agricultural activities. Major
challenge highlighted by various experts and
stakeholder in the utilisation of surplus biomass for
power generation are- (1) high operational cost of
dedicated bio-power plants and (2) the low calorific
value of biomass feedstock available for co-firing,
especially the paddy-straw 80% of which is currently
burnt by farmers in NW India. Based on the inputs
provided by solution providers, it is estimated that an
equivalent of 18% of the total capital required for setting
up dedicated bio-power plants need to be pumped every
year in the form of operational subsidies to make the
plant operations viable (CII-NITI 2018a). Although, the
capital expenditure for torrefaction is much higher, the
operational cost is lower compared to pelletisation,
mainly because modern torrefaction reactors have
been designed to utilise the waste heat (in the form of
torrefaction gas) and it is near net zero energy process.
Torrefaction is a thermochemical process involving
heating of biomass in the absence of air at 200 to 300° C
temperature (Acharya et al 2012). As the volatilisation of
biomass takes place in this temperature range, 30%
mass of the original biomass is reduced. Torrefaction is
near net zero energy process where 10% energy
released in the form of a combustible gas (torrefaction
gas) is re-utilised in the process for pre-drying the
biomass feedstock. In the pre-drying step, free water is
evaporated from biomass at a constant temperature of
100 ° C using the torrefaction gas (DTI 2012). Global
experience shows us that efficiency of co-firing
biomass in large coal-based thermal power plants is
much higher than utilising the same biomass in the
dedicated bio-power plant with 100% energy supply
from biomass (IEA 2013, IEA 2017). Also, incremental
investment required for co-fired plants are lower than
dedicated bio-power plants which are designed for
100% firing of biomass. As per International Energy
Agency, the capacity of biomass co-fired power plants
in OECD countries already exceeds the dedicated
biomass power plants (IEA 2017). Various benefits of
torrefied biomass over traditional biomass pellets are
highlighted in Box 4.
TPP units in the region are located far away from
pitheads and ports. This leads to very high cost of raw
material transportation to these plants. Landed price of
domestic and imported coal at TPP in Punjab is as high
8
as INR 4500/ tonne and INR 9000/ tonne. Clean energy
cess is charged on coal purchase for power
consumption and it has increased eightfold from INR
50/ tonne to INR 400/ tonne presently. It is estimated
that the most recent hike in the Clean energy cess from
INR 200 per tonne to INR 400 per tonne in 2016 has
increased power tariffs by 10-12 paisa / unit (BCG-CII
2017). Also, the freight charges for coal are among the
highest in the world. It constitutes about 20-30% of total
landed cost of coal for TPPs and rail freight has
increased by ~50% over the last 5 years (BCG-CII 2017).
Based on simple energy-mass balance of torrefaction
process (i.e. 10% energy reduction and 30%mass
reduction), the energy density of biomass increases by
~1.3 in the process. This implies that torrefied paddy
9
straw (GCV=4500 Kcal/kg) nearly exceeds the energy
density of domestic bituminous coal used in power
plants (~ 4000 Kcal/ kg). Torrefied biomass therefore
overcomes challenges of the low energy value
associated with traditional paddy straw pellets. Based
on estimated capital and operational cost for a typical
10
200 thousand tonne biomass torrefaction unit, the
cost comparison of torrefied biomass, biomass pellets
including domestic and imported coal based on their
energy value is presented in Figure A9-2. Although the
capital cost of torrefaction is as much as 3 times higher
than traditional pellets, it is cost effective mainly due to
high energy value of finished product and near net zero
11
energy process.
8
Based on consultations with power generators in the region
9
Similarly, the energy value of torrefied wheat straw is estimated to be 4886 Kcal/ kg
10
The capex for torrefaction unit is INR 207.5 Crore (14% for collection infrastructure) and opex is estimated to be INR 39 Crore out of which 38% is operational
expenditure towards biomass collection. The reminder opex is mainly for procurement of the biomass feedstock.
11
The opex for wheat straw torrefied biomass and pellets is comparatively higher due to higher market value of wheat straw compared to paddy
INDUSTRY
ACTION PLAN FOR
CLEAN
80 12
The release of chloride in low-temperature torrefaction reactor is less problematic than inside high-temperature boilers.
Torrefied biomass has greater bulk density and is more homogenous compared to biomass pellets/ briquettes.
Torrefied biomass has combustion characteristics similar to coal and it also looks exactly like coal (is therefore termed
as bio-coal alternately) but offers significant environmental advantages over coal and traditional solid bio-fuels due to
its improved fuel characteristics such as high energy density, low moisture content, near-zero sulphur content.
Additionally, it has water repelling properties which address the storage issues inherent with farm waste. Standard
pellet press is utilised to compact the torrefied biomass. Energy requirement for grinding and compacting biomass
feedstock reduces significantly (~80%) as a result of torrefaction of biomass. Salient features of bio-coal vis-à-vis coal
and conventional solid biofuels are described as below.
•Enhanced Fuel characteristics
Due to partial thermal decomposition in torrefaction reactor, energy density of torrefied biomass is higher than
conventional solid biofuels i.e. pellets/briquettes (25-30% higher energy density than conventional biomass pellets)
(IEA 2013) and is found to be comparable to high grade coal. In a typical torrefaction process, the energy content of
biomass is reduced by 10% whereas the mass is reduced by nearly 70% (Acharya et al, 2012). Net effect of this energy
conversion is energy densification of torrefied biomass by nearly 1.3 times the original biomass. Also, the moisture
content in torrefied coal is lower compared to conventional pellets and briquettes. Torrefaction additionally improves the
grindability of biomass rendering it more suitable to co-firing (Rokni et al 2017). Due to these favourable characteristics, up
to 50% co-firing with torrefied biomass is possible in thermal power plants.
•Improved emission characteristics
SOx emissions from power plants occur as a result of high sulphur content of coal. Co-firing biomass in general leads
to beneficial synergies for SO, NOx and HCl emissions depending on the characteristics of individual biomass.
2
12
Torrefaction process additionally reduces the sulphur (30-80%) and chloride (20-70%) contentof the biomass (Rokni
et al 2017). An addition to the evident effect of co-firing low-sulphur biomass feedstock with high-sulphur coal, SOx
emissions further reduce due to high alkali metal content of biomass that can capture the gas-phase SO
2
heterogeneously in the ash (Rokni et al 2017). Sum effect of all these in turn leads to lower operating cost (lime stone
for FGD units) at thermal power plants.
•Better handling and storage characteristics
Material characteristics of biomass improve significantly in the torrefaction process. Torrefied coal particles are
hydrophobic in nature (i.e. they repel water) compared to biomass pellets/bales which are hydrophilic (Thrän et al
2016). Therefore, unlike straw bales, they are far less prone to degradation from longer storage periods and weather
conditions. It is observed that in case of torrefied coal, energy content remains stable even after longer storage periods.
Transport and material handling is less expensive and torrefied biomass had longer storage life without fuel
degradation.
Box A9-1. Favourable Properties of Torrefied Biomass over Traditional Biomass Pellets
REPORT OF THE
TASK FORCE ON
CLEAN INDUSTRY
81 Figure A9-1. Pelletisation and Torrefaction Processes Enabling Densification of Biomass
for Co-Firing in Existing Power Plants
Cooling &
Storage
Densification
(Pellet press)
DryingHammering
Shredding
Densification
(Pellet press)
Finished product: Torrefied
biomass/bio-coal
Co-firing range: up to 50%
Finished product: Pellets
Co-firing range: 5-10%
Feedstock: Farm biomass (baled)
Torrefaction gas:
0.3 x mass
0.1 x energy
Torrefied biomass:
0.7 x mass
0.9 x energy
Torrefaction
250-350 OC
(30-60 minutes)
Pre-drying
& feeding
Source: CII-CESD (2018) analysis based on inputs from solution providers
INDUSTRY
ACTION PLAN FOR
CLEAN
82 Figure A9-2. Cost Comparison of Different Energy Carriers for Co-Firing in
Thermal Power Plants Based on Their Inherent Energy Value
Price at Pithead
Price at Port
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Torrefied paddy straw
Torrefied wheat straw
Paddy straw pellets
Wheat straw pellets
Domestic coal
Imported coal
[INR/ MJ-Energy Carrier]
Source: CII-CESD (2018) analysis based on secondary information and consultation with solution providers
Notes on keys assumptions:
1.Cost of feedstock or farm biomass is assumed to be: INR 1200 / tonne-paddy straw and INR 2000/ tonne-wheat straw. This forms a key component of
operational expenditure of biomass conversion units.
2.Capex includes capital cost of collection equipment, torrefaction and densification units
3.Opex includes recurring cost of feedstock, fuel, labour and maintenance
4.Landed price for coal at TPP located in Punjab is used for above calculations: INR 4500/ tonne for domestic coal and INR 9000/ tonne for imported coal. The
price of domestic and imported coal in the spot market was found to be INR 1700/ tonne and INR 5376/ tonne respectively. (ET 2017; OGI 2018)
5.Thermal coal with Gross calorific value (GCV) ranging 3400-4600 k Cal/ kg constitutes about 69% of India’s domestic coal supply (Coal India, 2018) whereas
calorific value (GCV) for imported coal is assumed to be 6300 kCal/ kg.
6.Calorific value of biomass feedstock: paddy straw and wheat straw is assumed to be 3500 and 4000 Kcal/kg respectively
Capital cost for conversion
Capital cost for collection
Landed Price in NW IndiaOperational cost for conversion
Operational cost for Collection
Price at Pithead/Port
Landed Price in NW India
Landed Price in NW India
REPORT OF THE
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83 India can leapfrog from 5-10% biomass co-firing to up
to 50% biomass co-firing by using proven technology
which is commercially established. For this, surplus
biomass needs to be seen an opportunity rather than a
burden. Opportunity for power generators to utilise low-
sulphur biomass feedstock enhancing environmental
performance and image of coal power needs to be
tapped by a set of more comprehensive policies
promoting biomass in existing TPPs. There are multiple
benefits of co-firing biomass in existing TPPS units in
NW region including-
1.Improved environmental performance and image of
TPPs units as biomass is a renewable and carbon-
neutral source of energy. Additionally, compared to
bituminous coal from domestic sources and high-
Sulphur imported coal, torrefied biomass is low-
Sulphur fuel. Also, it is established that co-firing
leads to positive synergies for NOx reduction in TPPs.
2.It reduced power generators’ supply risks
associated with the imported coal. Reduced
operational cost of compliance to SOx and NOx
standards, especially in the case of FDG units for
SOx control.
3.India is second largest importer of coal after China
and imported about 200 million tonne coal in 2016
(World Coal Association, 2018). Reduced
dependence on imported coal is important for
national energy security and reducing government’s
import bill.
4.There are significant costs and emissions involved
in transporting the coal from pithead and ports in
case of domestic and imported coal respectively.
Emission reduction from avoided transportation of
domestic and imported coal from pitheads and
ports respectively to TPP units in NW India.
5.Coal prices are bound to increase in future whereas
in case of torrefied biomass the cost of conversion is
only going to come down in future. Investment in
torrefied coal technology therefore presents
significant opportunities for power generators to
reduce the cost of fuel supply.
6.Utilisation of biomass by power producers will result
in reduced instances of stubble burning in NW India
through utilisation of surplus biomass and
associated air quality/health benefits in the region. It
will also lead to significant job opportunities in rural NW.
INDUSTRY
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84 Table A9-1. Biomass Generation, Surplus and Biomass-to-Power Potential Across India’s States
ANNEXURE 10
Biomass Potential Across India’s State
StateBiomass Generation
[million tonne/year]
Biomass Surplus
[million tonne/year]
Potential [MWe]
Source: Adapted from MNRE-IISc (2004), MoA (2014) and Kumar et al 2015
Punjab50.8524.843172.20
Maharashtra47.6214.791983.70
Uttar Pradesh60.3213.741746.20
Haryana29.0311.341456.90
Madhya Pradesh33.3410.331373.30
Gujarat29.009.091224.80
Karnataka34.179.031195.70
Tamil Nadu22.518.901160.00
Rajasthan29.858.651126.70
Kerala11.646.35864.40
Andhra Pradesh and Telangana 43.896.96863.30
Bihar25.765.15641.10
West Bengal35.994.30529.30
Orissa20.073.68429.30
Assam11.442.35283.90
Chhattisgarh11.272.13248.50
Himachal Pradesh2.901.03132.60
Jharkhand3.640.89106.70
Uttaranchal2.900.6480.90
Jammu & Kashmir1.590.2837.10
Goa0.670.1620.90
Manipur0.910.1114.30
Meghalaya0.510.0911.30
Nagaland0.490.0910.00
Arunachal Pradesh0.400.079.20
Tripura0.040.022.94
Sikkim0.150.022.29
Mizoram0.060.011.12
REPORT OF THE
TASK FORCE ON
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85 ANNEXURE 11
List of Stakeholders Consulted
INDUSTRY
ACTION PLAN FOR
CLEAN
86
S.N. CategoryName Organisation
1 Government & Regulators Jitendra KumarNITI Aayog
2Sanjay KumarNITI Aayog
3L GopinathNITI Aayog
4Harendra Kharkwal Ministry of Environment Forest & Climate Change
5S K PaliwalCentral Pollution Control Board
6NazimuddinCentral Pollution Control Board
7R K RatraPunjab Pollution Control Board
8Vivek Kumar Tripathi South Delhi Municipal Corporation
9Vikas GautamSouth Delhi Municipal Corporation
10Sandeep KumarSouth Delhi Municipal Corporation
11Shashi B KumarSouth Delhi Municipal Corporation
12Izhar AhmedNorth Delhi Municipal Corporation
13R.K MehtaNorth Delhi Municipal Corporation
14BirenderPahilMunicipal Corporation, Faridabad
15ChanderDutt Sharma Municipal Corporation, Faridabad
16Dinesh YadavNational Highways Authority of India
17 Scientific BodiesMukesh SharmaIndian Institute of Technology, Kanpur
18N. Gopalakrishnan CSIR- Central Building Research Institute
19Anuradha ShuklaCSIR- Central Road Research Institute
20SoumitraMaitiCSIR- Central Building Research Institute
21Neeraj JainCSIR- Central Building Research Institute
22 Civil SocietyR Suresh The Energy Research Institute
23 IndustrySandeep Shrivastava Ambuja Cement
24Taruna SaxenaTata Power
25K N RaoACC Cement
26Asha SharmaShvaas Consulting
27Gaurav BhatianiIL&FS
28Shantanu Satapathy CLP India
29Devendra Mahajan Supertech
30Shrenik M Trivedi Syntron Industries
31Ajay KumarSyntron Industries
32Anant J Talaulicar Cummins India
33Sandeep SinhaCummins India
34Ashish AggarwalCummins India
35Harsh DoshiCummins India
36Khagender KumarCummins India
37 Confederation of Indian Industry Seema AroraConfederation of Indian Industry
38Sachin JoshiConfederation of Indian Industry
39Kamal SharmaConfederation of Indian Industry
40Mohit SharmaConfederation of Indian Industry
41Priyanka YadavConfederation of Indian Industry
42Punit AgarwalIndian Green Building Council CII-ITC Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Development is a not-for-profit, industry-led institution that helps
business become sustainable organisations. It is on a mission to catalyse innovative ideas and solutions, in
India, and globally, to enable business, and its stakeholders, in sustainable value creation. It’s knowledge,
action and recognition activities enable companies to be future ready, improve footprints profiles, and
advocate policymakers and legislators to improve standards of sustainable business through domestic and
global policy interventions.
CESD leverages its role of all-inclusive ecosystem player, partnering industry, government, and civil society. It
has been a pioneer of environment management systems, biodiversity mapping, sustainability reporting,
integrated reporting, and social & natural capital valuation in India, thus upgrading business in India to
sustainable competitiveness.
With three locations in India, CESD operates across the country and has also been active in parts of South and
South East Asia, Middle East, and Africa. It has held institutional partnerships and memberships of the United
Nations Global Compact, Global Reporting Initiative, International Integrated Reporting Council, Carbon
Disclosure Project, development agencies of Canada, the USA, the UK, and Germany.
The Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) works to create and sustain an environment conducive to the
development of India, partnering industry, Government, and civil society, through advisory and consultative
processes.
CII is a non-government, not-for-profit, industry-led and industry-managed organization, playing a proactive
role in India's development process. Founded in 1895, India's premier business association has more than
9100 members, from the private as well as public sectors, including SMEs and MNCs, and an indirect
membership of over 300,000 enterprises from 291 national and regional sectoral industry bodies.
CII charts change by working closely with Government on policy issues, interfacing with thought leaders, and
enhancing efficiency, competitiveness and business opportunities for industry through a range of specialized
services and strategic global linkages. It also provides a platform for consensus-building and networking on
key issues.
Extending its agenda beyond business, CII assists industry to identify and execute corporate citizenship
programmes. Partnerships with civil society organizations carry forward corporate initiatives for integrated
and inclusive development across diverse domains including affirmative action, healthcare, education,
livelihood, diversity management, skill development, empowerment of women, and water, to name a few.
India is now set to become a US$ 5 trillion economy in the next five years and Indian industry will remain the
principal growth engine for achieving this target. With the theme for 2019-20 as ‘Competitiveness of India Inc -
India@75: Forging Ahead’, CII will focus on five priority areas which would enable the country to stay on a solid
growth track. These are - employment generation, rural-urban connect, energy security, environmental
sustainability and governance.
With 68 offices, including 9 Centres of Excellence, in India, and 11 overseas offices in Australia, China, Egypt,
France, Germany, Indonesia, Singapore, South Africa, UAE, UK, and USA, as well as institutional partnerships
with 394 counterpart organizations in 133 countries, CII serves as a reference point for Indian industry and the
international business community. Reach us via our Membership Helpline: 00-91-124-4592966 / 00-91-99104 46244
CII Helpline Toll free No: 1800-103-1244
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Clean Industry
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‘Cleaner Air-Better Life Initiative’ Copyright © (2019) Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) and NITI Aayog. All rights reserved.
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Published by
Confederation of Indian Industry (CII), The Mantosh Sondhi Centre; 23, Institutional Area, Lodhi Road, New Delhi, India 110003
Tel: +91-11-24629994-7, Fax: +91-11-24626149; Email: info@cii.in; Web: www.cii.in; and
NITI Aayog, Sansad Marg, New Delhi, India 110001 Research Team
Mohit Sharma
Kamal Sharma
CII-ITC Centre of Excellence
for Sustainable Development
Supported by:
Sandeep Sinha
Convenor (June 2018- August 2019)
Former Managing Director, Cummins India
Ashish Aggarwal
Convenor (November 2017 - June 2018)
Former Vice President, Cummins India
Anant J. Talaulicar
Convenor: (June 2017 - November 2017)
Former Chairman and MD, Cummins India
Task Force Convenor foreword CONTENTS
1.Background01
2.Inclusive Approach of Task Force04
3.Sources of Industrial Pollution in Delhi NCR05
3.1Fugitive Particulate Matter (PM) Emissions07
3.1.1 Building Construction07
3.1.2 Urban Infrastructure and Utilities09
3.1.3 Allied Construction Industry09
3.2 Energy-related Emissions12
3.2.1 Use of Diesel Generators in Buildings & Industry Subsectors13
3.2.2 Coal-based Thermal Power Plants14
3.3.3. Hotel and Restaurant Industry19
4.Recommended Action Plan for Clean Industry20
4.1Prevention and Control of Fugitive PM Emissions20
4.1.1 Promotion and Adoption of Clean Construction Practices20
4.1.2 Sustainable Supply Chains for Construction Materials23
4.2 Mitigation of Energy-related Emissions25
4.2.1 Prioritising Clean Fuels and Technologies25
4.2.2 Adoption of Best Available Technology for Emission Control28
References34
Annexures42 Annex 143
Emission Inventory for Delhi
Annex 244
Dust Control Regulation for Construction
Annex 348
Building Permits and Environmental Clearance
Annex 452
Buildings Codes and Green Buildings’ Rating Systems
Annex 555
Best Practices Guide for Prevention and Control Measures for Fugitive Emissions
A 5.1 Smart and Sustainable Construction Materials58
A 5.2 Modern Multi Utility Service Corridors60
A 5.3 Surface Improvement63
A 5.4 Site or Plant Layout and Design63
A 5.5Wet Suppression and Chemical Stabilisation of Particulate Matter64
A 5.6Best Management Practices67
A 5.7Best Available Technology for Dust Suppression69
Annex 6.73
Best Available Technologies for Diesel Generators
A 6.1End-of-Pipe Retrofit Technologies73
A 6.2Fuel Substitution74
A 6.3Energy Storage75
Annex 776
Emission Control in Coal Thermal Power Plants
Annex 877
Coal Thermal Power Plant Units within 300 km of Delhi
Annex 979
Business Case: Leapfrogging to 50% Biomass Co-firing in Existing Thermal Power Plants
Annex 1085
Biomass Potential Across India’s State
Annex 11
List of Stakeholders Consulted
86 1. BACKGROUND
Air pollution in Delhi has surged to crisis level in recent
years and has become a major concern for public
health. As shown in Figure 1, air pollution crisis in Delhi
National Capital Territory (NCT) and surrounding region
has become a crisis because of the large population
exposed to its health impacts. The recorded mean
3
concentration of PM in Delhi was 292 µg/m in 2016 to
10
which more than 25 million inhabitants were exposed
3
compared to 104 μg/m in Mumbai with 21 million (
3
inhabitants exposed or 92 μg/m in Beijing with
20 million inhabitants exposed (WHO, 2018).
With the aim of involving diverse stakeholders to
improve air quality in the airshed, the Confederation of
Indian Industry (CII) partnered with the National
Institution for Transforming India (NITI Aayog) under
the Cleaner Air Better Life Initiative in November 2016.
The first meeting of the initiative took place on 05 June
)
Figure 1. Exposure to Air Pollution in Regions of Asia as per Measured Data in the Year 2016
Source: WHO (2018)
REPORT OF THE
TASK FORCE ON
CLEAN INDUSTRY
01 2017. Subsequently, four task forces were constituted
by NITI Aayog to formulate appropriate strategies for
addressing the sources of air pollution. These task
forces were on: Biomass Management, Clean Fuel,
Clean Transportation and Clean Industry. Of these, the
task forces on Biomass Management, Clean Fuel and
Clean Transportation have submitted their reports
1
which are now in the public domain.
The report of this task force on clean industry addresses
sources of air pollution whose contribution is significant
but have received somewhat less attention such as
fugitive dust from construction and roads, fly ash from
coal use (both, in thermal power plants and other
establishments), and stack emissions from thermal
power plants.
A comprehensive source apportionment study for Delhi
(Sharma and Dikshit 2016) was carried out in 2013-14
and the results in terms of contribution (percentage) of
different sources to PM (for winter and summer) and
2.5
gas phase emissions (SOx and NOx) are shown in Figure
2 and Figure 3.
INDUSTRY
ACTION PLAN FOR
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02
1
Available at www.niti.gov.in/documents/reports Figure 3. Contribution of Identified Sources to SOx and NOx Emissions in Delhi
Source: Sharma and Dikshit (2016)
0.00
50.00
100.00
150.00
200.00
TONNE PER DAY (TPD)
Industrial
stacks
Vehicles
162.2
112.3
18.7
9.4
6.2
3.1
128.3
1.4
1.4
1.4
5.6
2.8
SOx[total 141 tonne/day]
NOx[total 312 tonne/day]
Aircrafts Industrial
areas
Hotels and
Restaurants
DG sets Domestic
REPORT OF THE
TASK FORCE ON
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03
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
WINTER SUMMER
30%
15%
26%
12%
25%
9%
8%
7%
5%
26%
4%
28%
2%
3%
PERCENTAGE
Construction Material
Soil & Road Dust
Coal & Fly Ash
Soild Waste Burning
Vehicles
Biomass Burning
Secondary Particles
Figure 2. Contribution of Identified Sources to in DelhiPM
2.5
Source: Sharma and Dikshit (2016) 2. INCLUSIVE APPROACH OF TASK FORCE
The task force attempts to bring together: government
agencies, industry, research organisations and thinks
tanks to design workable solutions addressing air
Box 1. Objectives of Cleaner Air Better Life Initiative
2
pollution in NCR airshed. The objectives of the Cleaner
Air Better Life initiative are shown in Box 1.
Developing an integrated
approach that brings
together policy makers,
industry and academia
Building consensus
amongst stakeholders on
the options for improving
air quality in NCR
Catalysing voluntary
commitments from
stakeholders towards
reducing air pollution
Promoting adherence
to existing polices
and advocating
better policies
Addressing air pollution in an airshed needs a
comprehensive strategy and coordinated action in the
entire region, involving multiple sectors and agencies.
Evolution of the task force’s activities since its
constitution and stakeholders involved are shown
in Figure 4.
Figure 4. Inclusive Approach Followed by the Task Force on Clean Industry
05 Jun 2017 20 Jul 201730 Jan 2018 26 Nov 2018
First meeting
of the Initiative
First meeting of
the Task Force
Second meeting
of the task force
Third meeting of
the Task force
Clean Industry Report finalised
based on feedback from task force
members and peer review received
from NEERI in August 2019
Constitution of four
task forces under the
initiative by NITI Aayog
Discussion on key
areas for actionable
solutions
Multi-stakeholder
consultation with focus
on construction sectorStakeholders' inputs on
draft report of the task
force
Final Action Plan for
Clean Industry
2
Air-shed is a common area where prevalent meteorological and geographical conditions limit dispersion of pollutants,
therefore requiring a comprehensive strategy for the entire area.
3
Refer to Annex. 11 for detailed list of stakeholders consulted
3
Stakeholders Consulted:
Government: Ministry of Environment Forest and Climate Change; Central Pollution Control Board; State Pollution Control
Boards in NCR; Urban Local bodies in NCR.
Industry: ACC; Ambuja; Cummins; CLP India; Federation of Hotels and Restaurant Association of India; Indian Green Business
Council; IL&FS; Nabha Power Limited (L&T); Tata Power; Supertech; Syntron Industries
Research institutes: Central Buildings Research Institute; Central Road Research Institute; The Energy and Resources Institute
INDUSTRY
ACTION PLAN FOR
CLEAN
04
26 Aug 2019 3. SOURCES OF INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION
IN DELHI NCR
The Task Force considers three key air pollutants, (1)
road/soil dust (2) fly ash (3) secondary particles. An
analysis of source apportionment study (Sharma and
Dikshit, 2016) indicates that dust and fly ash, together,
contribute 19% (in winter) to 53% (in summer) of the total
PM load in Delhi while the secondary pollutants
2.5
contribute 15% (in summer) to 30% (in winter) throughout
the year (See Table 1). The relatively large contribution
from road/soil dust and fly ash in summer is because of
dry weather conditions and high wind speeds including
occasional dust storms which make dust and fly ash
particles airborne.
Coal or lignite based thermal power plants are significant
point sources (industries in the vicinity of Delhi and with a
stack height of more than 20 metres) for both, fly ash and
SO/NO gas emissions. SO/NO gas emissions
2 X2 X
contribute to secondary particulate matter, formed in the
atmosphere by the chemical transformation of their
precursors, i.e. SO and NOx. These secondary particles
2
contribute to particulate matter in Delhi consistently
throughout the year (25% PM, 30% PM in winter, and
102.5
10% PM,15% PM in summer).
102.5
The updated source apportionment for Delhi NCR, ARAI-
TERI (2018), is available at the time of finalising this
report. The broad findings of new source apportionment
are found to be consistent with the earlier study, Sharma
& Dikshit (2016), which is the scientific basis for designing
this action plan. As expected, the contribution of Industrial
sources of air pollution is found to be higher in NCR towns
compared to Delhi due to presence of Industry in
proximity (ARAI-TERI 2018). Further, the Task Force on
Clean Industry only focuses on the major contributors
and highly distributed sources such as crematoriums and
bakeries are not covered in this study.
Fly ash/coal dust
26
37
05
12
Road/soil dust
27
26
14
04
Table 1. Contribution of Sources to Particulate Matter in Different Seasons
Secondary particles
15
10
30
25
Summer
Winter
PM [%]
2.5
PM [%]
10
PM [%]
2.5
PM [%]
10
Percentage contribution
to Particulate matter
Source: Sharma and Dikshit (2016)
REPORT OF THE
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CLEAN INDUSTRY
05 Figure 5. Typical Size Range of Airborne Particles Including Health-Related Ultrafine Fractions, PM, PM
2.5 10
and Major Constituents Considered by this Task Force
0.001
0.01
0.1
1.0
100
Ultrafine fraction
PM
25
PM
10
PM
25-10
Sulphate
Nitrates
Total Suspended Particulate
Particle diameter [μm]
Dust and Fly ash
Diesel smoke
Source: WHO (2006); Ghosal et al (1995); and Chatterjee (2010)
INDUSTRY
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06
The most significant contribution to SO emissions is
2
from industrial point sources (coal/lignite based
thermal power plants) located in NCR region. These
sources contribute about 90% of the total SO emissions
2
load in the city (~141 t/d) and are the single largest
contributor of SOx (Sharma and Dikshit, 2016). Nearly
52% of the total NOx emissions in Delhi (~312 t/d) are
attributed to the same source, followed by vehicular
emissions (occurring at ground level) contributing to
36% NOx loading. Two other significant contributors to
NOx emissions are DG sets (6%) and aircrafts (2%)
(Sharma and Dikshit, 2016).
Secondary particles (from conversion of SO and NO
2X
gases to particulate) and direct emissions from diesel
engines (soot) are most critical in terms of health
impact due to their ultrafine size (< 0.1 μm particle size).
Figure 5 shows the typical size range of particles (WHO
2006; Ghosal et al 1995; and Chatterjee 2010)
associated with different sources. It is evident from the
Figure 5 that SOx emissions and PM emissions from
diesel engines or generators contribute significantly to
PM as well as PM while NOx, fly ash and dust emissions
2.510
may contribute to PM more compared to PM.
102.5
Thermal power plants are the
single largest contributor of SOx:
of SOx emission load
in Delhi. They also contribute to
of the total NOx emissions
in Delhi, followed by vehicular
emissions at
.
90%
52%
36% In order to prepare a source-specific plan of action,
different industrial activities contributing to these (dust,
ash, and secondary particles) emissions are broadly
classified as-
1. Fugitive Particulate Matter (PM) Emissions:
Emissions originating from spatially distributed sources
and wide array of activities as opposed to specific
discharge point such as exhausts and stacks. Dust
emissions from construction (buildings and
infrastructure), utilities operations in NCR towns (waste
management, roads and highways, water, telecom),
material transportation, fly ash emissions from
concrete batching etc.
2. Energy-related Emissions: Emissions originating
from energy conversion and consumption in industry
subsectors. In Delhi NCR, these include: SOx, NOx and
PM emissions from thermal power plants within 300 km
of Delhi, PM emissions from brick kilns in NCR, PM and
NOx emissions from diesel generators’ use in buildings
and industry subsectors such as telecom, IT, real estate,
hospitality and healthcare in NCR.
3.1 Fugitive Particulate Matter
(PM) Emissions
Air pollutants originating from spatially distributed
sources and wide array of activities as opposed to
specific discharge point such as exhausts and stacks
are called fugitive emissions. Fugitive emissions have
the potential for much greater ground-level impact
since they are discharged and dispersed close to the
ground (IFC, 2007). The two main types of fugitive
emissions are Particulate Matter (PM) and Volatile
4
Organic Compounds (VOCs). As control strategies (See
Annex. 5) for addressing various fugitive emissions are
the same, the more comprehensive and umbrella term:
“fugitive emissions” is used in many places in the
following text while addressing the fugitive dust or
particulate matter emissions.
Road/soil dust, coal dust and fly ash emissions or so-
called fugitive particulate matter emission originate
from various economic activities in NCR towns and
peri-urban areas. These particles travel up to several
kilometres before settling down and at the same time,
they get re-suspended in the air due to vehicular
movement and resulting winds. An exhaustive list of
various sources of these emissions in the city is
presented in Table A5-2 (See Annex. 5). Sources include
various anthropogenic activities: building constructions
ranging from small building renovations to area
development projects, urban infrastructure projects,
operations of city-wide utilities (solid waste, electricity,
roads, and water) and resuspension due to vehicular
movement. Although dust storms occur frequently
during pre-monsoon season in Ganga Basin in North
India (Dey et al., 2004), these sources are outside the
purview of this report. Only local phenomena
contributing to generation and suspension of dust or
particulate matter in Delhi’s air are considered here.
3.1.1 Building Construction
Rampant construction activities across NCR towns and
rapidly expanding urban sprawl contribute to fugitive
dust emissions. These activities are either greenfield or
brownfield, accompanying huge amounts of
construction and demolition (C&D) waste produced
every day. It is estimated that 5000 tonnes of
5
construction and demolition debrisis generated in
Delhi NCT every day (IL&FS, 2018). This is projected to
grow rapidly in future with the high growth in residential
and commercial floorspace projected for the next
6
decade. Demolition activities contribute to the dust
emissions not only during the demolition of structures
but also during the improper transportation and
disposal of construction debris. As per the Construction
and Demolition (C&D) Waste Management Rules
(MoEFCC, 2016a), no government authority, contractor,
builder or person can store the construction and
4
VOCs are secondary aerosols which are important component of fugitive PM emissions and associated control strategies. VOCs have not been covered under the
latest source apportionment study available for Delhi (Sharma & Dikshit, 2016) and It is speculated that significant amount of VOCs are added to Delhi’s air every
day due to unregulated activities which are prevalent in industrial clusters and small enterprises throughout the city
5
90% of this is estimated to be generated from demolitions activities whereas 10% from new constructions activities
6
70% of the total floorspace by 2030 is yet to be constructed
REPORT OF THE
TASK FORCE ON
CLEAN INDUSTRY
07 demolitions waste outside the areas demarcated by
officers of concerned authority or corporation (NGT,
2014). Those generating C&D waste beyond this
threshold will pay a waste management fee to local
authorities for processing or disposal of their waste
whereas the generators who salvage, process and
recycle (preferably in-situ) their waste will be
incentivised. Local authorities are supposed to track the
C&D waste generated in their jurisdiction and maintain
an active database which is used for establishing and
reporting the yearly generation trends. The 2016 rules
also emphasise the need for maintaining a sustained
system of information, education and communication
by the local authority in collaboration with expert
institutions and civil society. As per the rules,
procurement of materials made from C&D waste should
be mandatory for a certain percentage (10-20%) in
municipal and government contracts. In addition, the
use of recycled products from C&D Waste needs to be
incentivised in construction activities as well as in non-
structural concrete, paving blocks, lower layers for road
pavements including the colony and village roads
(MoEFCC, 2016a).
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08
Demolition activities contribute
to the dust emissions not only
during the demolition of
structures but also during the
improper transportation and
disposal of construction debris. 3.1.2 Urban Infrastructure and
Utilities
Besides building construction, large infrastructure
projects (e.g. metro, roads, bridges, flyovers)
contributes to dust and fly ash emissions. Handling of
materials, i.e. transportation and storage (both onsite
and offsite) during construction, renovation and
demolition phases of different projects is a major focus
area of the interventions required for dust control and
management in construction/infrastructure industry.
Other control options for infrastructure projects are
similar to building construction, such as, paving the
access roads, providing vehicle wash down facilities at
site, and installing wind breakers.
Re-entrainment of dust from vehicular movement on
roads (paved or unpaved) is the largest source of dust
emissions in Delhi (See Annex 1 on emission inventory
for Delhi). Key factors which aggravate dust generation
and re-suspension include: poorly maintained road
stretches, frequent digging of roads/pavements by
public utilities, illegal dumping of construction debris
beside roads, dust emanating from exposed surfaces in
the proximity and improper (not conforming to
guidelines for load conditions and containing dust)
transportation of materials, and improper road/street
designs. Day-to-day maintenance activities of urban
utilities such as waste management, energy supply,
water, sewage and roads contribute to dust generation
due to frequent digging of roads and nearby surfaces.
These emissions can be avoided though properly
designed infrastructure, organisational behaviour
change (among civic agencies and public utilities) and
strict management practices. Identification of poorly
maintained road stretches can be undertaken
immediately by the concerned agencies in order to
implement the mitigation measures on priority basis.
3.1.3 Allied Construction Industry
All construction activities in the city including
infrastructure projects rely on allied industrial activities
for supply of raw and processed materials. Allied
construction industry is concentrated in the periphery of
Delhi NCT or so-called peri-urban areas. These include
mainly three allied sectors-
1.Ready-Mix Concrete (RMC) batching plants
2.Stone crushers
3.Brick kilns
Ready-Mix Concrete (RMC) Batching Plants
Rampant construction activities in the city require huge
amounts of concrete: a mix of sand, coarse aggregates,
cement and water. For small construction projects,
mixing is undertaken at site (in-situ) whereas large
construction projects are dependent on RMC sourced
from concrete batching plants. Concrete batching
plants can be located either onsite or offsite. The
concrete supplied from on-site batching would involve
trucks carrying different raw materials such sand,
aggregates, cement etc. to the site while sourcing
concrete from an off-site RMC plant avoids
transportation of material and associated emissions
within the control area. Concrete from RMC plant is
transported to site in wet form in enclosed containers.
Besides air quality benefit, RMC also provides
opportunity for use of pozzolans like fly ash and ground
slag in concrete while maintaining strict quality control
(BIS 2016). As per National Building Code of India,
preference may be given to use of RMC, if the RMC
manufacturing plant is nearby. However, due to lack of
monitoring and good practices, a large amount of fly ash
REPORT OF THE
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09
Construction activities in the
city including infrastructure
projects rely on allied construction
industry such as brick kilns, RMC
batching plants and stone crushers
for supply of raw and processed
materials. generation is expected from the RMC batching activities
(Sharma and Dikshit, 2016). It is estimated that there are
a few hundred concrete batching plants operating in
NCR region (Sharma and Dikshit, 2016). The pozzolan
cement used in the preparation of RMC contains 35% of
fly ash (Sharma and Dikshit, 2016), main cause of
fugitive emissions in the process. Although it is
advisable that RMC is utilised for construction projects
in order to curb dust emissions at site and promote
utilisation of fly ash, it is crucial that stringent control
measures are followed at RMC batching plants. These
control measures are detailed in the Annex 5.
Figure 6. Brick Kiln Units Located in the NCR, Represented by Black Dots on the Map
Source: Goel and Guttikunda (2015)
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10 Stone Crushers
Aggregates for concrete are sourced from stone
crushers located in NCR or outside the region. These
plants crush stones to coarse aggregates to be used as
part of concrete in the construction projects. It is also
possible to use Recycled Concrete Aggregates (RCAs)
sourced from C&D waste processing plants and there is
a huge potential to replace the virgin materials used in
construction projects and avoid the transportation of
materials into the city. As noted by members during the
second meeting of the task force, illegal mining of virgin
materials for building and construction is the key factor
affecting uptake of sustainable building materials
despite their clear economic and environmental
advantages.
Brick Kilns
Emissions from brick kiln industry is another major area
requiring attention. Fly ash from brick kilns operating in
NCR contributes to the air pollution in Delhi (Sharma and
Dikshit, 2016). As per 2014-15 data, there were about
2,080 brick kilns in Delhi-NCR, predominantly located in
North Western and South Eastern peripherals of the city
as depicted in Figure 6 (Goel and Guttikunda 2015).
Majority of these brick kilns are based on old technology:
Fixed Chimney Bull Trench Kiln (FCBTK), having
chimneys emitting pollutants continuously during the
manufacturing season (January to June) every year.
Many of them do not have gravity settling chambers
which purify the effluent gas from the stacks.
Latest environmental standards propose a shift from
FCBTK type to zigzag type. Zigzag brick settings allow
sufficient time for heating of fuel to reach ignition
temperatures and result into near-complete
combustion of fuel (Kamyotra 2017). Due to more
efficient burning in zigzag kilns, SPM and unburnt
7
carbon emissions are reduced drasticallyby 60-75%
(EPCA 2017; CCAC 2018). Zigzag design also reduces
the specific energy consumption in kilns by almost 20%
due to proper hot air circulation. As a co-benefit, the
number of good quality bricks in the process are
increased by up to 25% (EPCA 2017; Kamyotra 2017).
High draft Zig-Zag technology was first developed by
the Central Building Research Institute (CSIR-CBRI),
Roorkee in 1987-88 to overcome the pollution from
brick kilns. The license of the technology has been
transferred by CBRI to three agencies for
implementation in brick kiln all over India. But the
technology has received renewed focus due to
concerns about air pollution from existing brick kilns.
Also, in recent years, some of the brick makers have
modified the brick setting and practices and have
successfully operated the kiln with natural draught
(Greentech-Enzen 2012).
Despite the significant advantages and very high return
on investment, zigzag kilns have not been an attractive
proposition for small scale brick kiln industry. The
capital expenditure for both types of kilns: FCBTK and
zigzag is found to be same, i.e. INR 40-50 lakh for a brick
kiln with a production capacity of 30,000-40,000 bricks
per day (Kamyotra 2017) but shift to new brick kiln
setting requires dismantling the existing kiln structure
and laying the bricks again in the zigzag setting.
International experience in moving towards zigzag
technology shows that imparting awareness and
training to brick makers is extremely important.
Specific training programmes are required to educate
brick makers on shortcomings of existing
technologies/practices and their impact on revenue,
climate, agriculture and health (CCAC 2018) vis-à-vis
various benefits of cleaner technology/practices such
as fuel saving, improved occupational health, better
product quality, increased revenues, and compliance to
environmental regulation. Also, the role of cleaner brick
firing practices, including practical training for fire
master on zig-zag kiln firing practices (CCAC 2018) is
very important for ensuring lower emissions in the long
7
As per observations by Central Pollution Control Board: SPM emissions decline from 517-1375 mg/Nm3 in FCBTK natural draft kiln setting to 155 mg/ Nm3 in
zigzag natural draft kiln setting whereas the black carbon emission decline from 1.18 mg/ kg-fired brick in FCBTK natural draft kiln setting to 0.22 mg/ kg-fired
brick in zigzag natural draft kiln setting.
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11
Due to more efficient
burning in zigzag kilns,
SPM and unburnt carbon
emissions are reduced
drastically by
60-75%. term once the right infrastructure is in place. After a
prolonged consultation with the brick kiln industry in
NCR, the CPCB has issued directives to all bricks kilns in
22 NCR districts: Uttar Pradesh (7 districts), Haryana (13
districts) and Rajasthan (2 districts). These directives
stipulate conversion of all brick kilns in NCR to zig-zag
technology by October 2018; units based on the old
technology will not be allowed to operate beyond July
2018 (CPCB 2018). As per the latest information, 35% of
the brick kilns (1835 out of total 5240 units in 2018) in
NCR lying in neighbouring states of Haryana, Rajasthan,
Uttar Pradesh have converted to zig-zag technology
while rest of the units; which haven’t switched to new
technology; are not allowed to operate (EPCA 2018).
3.2 Energy-related Emissions
Energy related emissions originate from diverse
industrial subsectors and are related to-
•Use of DG set in various subsectors such as
Telecom, IT, hospitality, real-estate, construction etc
•Gaseous (SOx and NOx) and particulate matter
emissions from Coal-based thermal power
generation units within 300 km of Delhi
•Use of coal and wood for firing tandoors in hotel and
restaurant industry
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12 0%20%40%60%80%100%
Share
number
of units
by
Share
capacity
by DG
69%
26%
29%
55%
2%
10%
1%
9%
3.2.1 Use of Diesel Generators in
Buildings & Industry Subsectors
Diesel generators are used for maintaining reliable
supply of power in various commercial and industrial
activities where 24x7 power supply is critical. They also
serve as source of primary power in locations where
modern energy infrastructure is missing. DG sets are
preferred option for power back up during outages
despite very high cost of electricity per unit: INR 16 per
unit from DG set compared to INR 3.5 per unit from coal
power plant. Roughly about 85-90 % of DG set demand
in India is for backup power whereas their demand for
primary power is significantly lower: less than 15%
(Oswal 2017). Major end-use sectors of DG sets are
telecom towers, hotels, commercial complexes,
hospitals, data centres, infrastructure (metro and road)
and large industry such as power plants for black start.
Diesel generators contribute significantly to NOx
emission in Delhi and their contribution to NOx within
Delhi NCT is observed to be 6% (Sharma and Dikshit,
2016). It is expected that this contribution is higher for
Delhi NCR as power outages are more frequent in peri-
urban and satellite towns of Delhi. Various studies
Key end-users across different size classes:
Telecom towers (56%), Hospitality (10%), Commercial complexes (10%), Small restaurants (6%), Small scale industry (5%),
Petrol stations (4.5%)
Real estate (25%), Large industries (24%), Healthcare (21%), Hospitality (20%), Infrastrcuture (3.5%)
Large industry (31%), Hospitality (30%), Healthcare (19%), IT/ITES sector (16%)
IT/ITES Sector including data centres (56%), large industry (34%)
15-75 kVA
75-375 kVA
375-750 kVA
>750 kVA
Source: Adapted from Oswal (2017)
Figure 7. Market Segmentation of DG Sets by Size Classes Including Major End-Users Across Size Classes
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13
Diesel generators contribute
significantly to NOx emission
in Delhi and their contribution
to NOx within Delhi NCT is
observed to be 6%. highlight that contribution of DG sets can be as high as
16% in case of satellite towns of Delhi and exposure to
PM2.5 increases significantly within the residential areas
in event of power outages (SCAPHRI 2015; CSE 2018).
Although, Delhi NCR specific market data is not
available to our best knowledge, national level market
report (Oswal 2017) indicates that these high
horsepower DG sets (> 750 kVA) are merely 1% of total
number of DG units and 9% of total DG capacity installed
in India as shown in the Figure 7. It is found that large
stock of existing DG sets, which are not covered under
in-use emission norms need to be addressed on priority
basis for clean air action in Delhi. Although improved
reliability of power can lower the usage of DG sets for
predominant backup application and resulting
emissions, the usage of DG sets cannot be ruled out in
case of power contingencies. As per the Graded
response action plan (GRAP) for Delhi NCR, the DG sets
were banned in Delhi for a period from 18 October 2017-
28 February 2018 due to air quality slipping to very poor
level (DPCC 2017, NCTD 2017). While this ban was
executed in Delhi alone, it is not a permanent solution to
address emissions from diesel generators. Hence,
policy emphasis may be laid out at a national level on
using proven options for control of emissions from DG
set, which would ensure smooth running of economic
activities.
Emission Norms for DG sets
Under the Environment (Protection) (Third Amendment)
Rules, 2013, environmental standards exist in India for
new generator sets with capacity up to 800 kW and
specify emission limits for three different size classes:
up to 19 kW, 19-75 kW and 75-800 kW (MOEFCC 2013).
Emission limits for NOx + HC, CO and PM apply for type
approval and conformity of production. On the contrary,
in-use environmental standards apply to generators
with capacity above 800 kW or 0.8 MW (or 1000 kVA), as
applicable to diesel engines for application in power
plants generator set applications and other
requirements, under the Environment (Protection) Third
Amendment Rules 2002. It is observed that under the
current regulatory regime for control of in-use
emissions which is applicable only to high horsepower
capacity segment, load conditions are not mentioned
during the periodic emission testing of DG sets. DG sets
are installed to fulfil part load in building application and
in-use emission standards can be improved by considering
actual load conditions for testing of existing DG sets.
Currently the discussions for further reduction of
emissions through next level norms for DG sets are
underway. India needs to adopt stringent norms with
global references to derive long term benefits of change
rather than regular small step changes. The
introduction of one universal norm instead of split by
application, usage or territory is thus essential for ease
of enforcement through good governance.
3.2.2 Coal-based Thermal
Power Plants
There are fifteen existing coal-based thermal power
stations in NCR and its vicinity which contribute to
loading of SOx and NOx emissions in the city. Source
apportionment study for Delhi establishes that power
plants are largest sources of SOx and NOx emissions
which are blown over the NCR region by prevalent North
Western and South Eastern winds (Sharma and Dikshit,
2016). These emissions are eventually transformed into
secondary pollutants and contribute to ultrafine PM
range as given in the Figure 5. All thermal power stations
within a radial distance of 300 km from Delhi are
mapped in the Annex 8 along with details of individual
units. These installed generation capacities (total
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SOx and NOx emissions
from thermal power plants
are eventually transformed
into secondary pollutants and
contribute to ultrafine PM range. 16,465 MW) are also mapped in Figure 8 below. Size of
the bubble in Figure 8 indicates unit’s installed capacity.
Out of 15 existing coal-based power stations, two
located in Delhi: BTPC Badarpur and RPS Rajghat face
closure. Closure report for RPS Rajghat was submitted
by its operator IPGCL to Govt. of NCT of Delhi (GNCTD)
and decision of GNCTD is pending in this regard (CEA
2018). Units 1, 2 and 3 at BTPC Badarpur are going to be
phased out by June 2018 (CEA 2018) whereas units 4
and 5 face closure due to unviability of flue gas
desulphurisation for control of SOx emissions (NRPC
2017). All in all, there are total 56 coal-based thermal
units in the region out of which 15 are in the process of
being phased out and face closure in the near future due
to unavailability of space for Flue Gas Desulphurisation
(FGD) as described below. A total installed capacity of
3525 MW or 24 units are above the age of 25 years as
highlighted in the Figure 8.
Figure 8. Map Showing Existing Coal-Based Power Stations within 300 km of Delhi
Source: CII-CESD (2018) analysis
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15 Table 2. Emission Norms for Power Plants as Amended by Government of India in December 2015
Emission Control at Coal Thermal
Power Plants
Government of India acknowledged the health hazards
from the coal based thermal power plants and informed
of certain steps in 2013 which included formulation of
new emission standards. Other proposed steps
included (GoI, 2013): use of beneficiated coal with ash
content below 34%, emphasis on cleaner coal
technologies such as supercritical and Circulating
Fluidised Bed Combustion (CFBC) while granting
environmental clearances to TPPs, pollution control
systems on case to case basis (on the basis of ambient
air quality and sensitivity of the area) and directive to
TPPs for 100% utilisation of fly ash.
The new emission standards were notified for the first
time in December 2015 with December 2017 as a
deadline to meet these standards. New emission
standards included standards for SOx and NOx
emission which were previously non-existent in the
country including more stringent standards for PM. All
power plants in the country were supposed to meet the
new emissions limits (as given in the Table 2) by December
2017 which in turn would have helped to improve the
ambient air quality. Ministry of Power (MoP) constituted
a committee under chairmanship of Central Electricity
Authority (CEA) in September 2016 to prepare action
plan for power plants to meet new emission norms.
8
CEA (2016)estimated that FGD units are required for
nearly 151 existing units (90 GW) and 73 new units
under construction (72 GW) to meet the new norms
whereas 430 units smaller than 500 MW in capacity
(including few older 500 MW units) face space
constraint for installation of FGD systems. Nearly, 302
existing units in the country would require modification
in combustion processes (low NOx burners) to meet the
3
targets of 600 mg/Nm. Denitrification systems such as
Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) systems are
required for 279 existing units (120 GW) and 73
upcoming units (72 GW) to meet the targets of 300 mg/
3 3
Nmand 100 mg/Nm (CEA, 2016). The globally
available SCR units are not proven for Indian coal with
high ash content (~40%) and demonstration projects
would be required for SCR system in India. MoP raised
concerns of various power plant in country for
compliance with new emission norms. It informed the
Installation Date Before 31.12.200301.01.2003 - 31.12.2016After 01.01.2017
3
Emissions limits [mg/ Nm]:
Particulate matter1005030
Sulphur Dioxide (SO)<500 MW: 600
2
100
>500 MW: 200
Oxides of Nitrogen (NO)600300100
X
Source: MoEFCC, 2015
8
As of 31 Mar 2016, installed capacity of coal based thermal power was 185 GW with 75 GW additional capacity under construction
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16 Ministry of Environment Forest and Climate Change
(MoEFCC) that retrofitting additional fields in ESP units
or replacement in existing units will require complete
shut down for 4-6 months, and asked for 30-36 months
required for arranging funds and implementing FGD in
phased manner to avoid any grid contingencies.
Following this, the MoEFCC undertook multiple
consultations with stakeholders including MoP, CEA and
NTPC in 2017. It was decided that action plan prepared
by MoP for compliance in 7 years (up to 2024) was too
long and should be implemented by 2022 considering
the health impact on general public. Based on the
revised action plan by MoP and prioritisation by
MoEFCC for plants close to urban areas, new directions
were issued to all coal-based thermal power plants by
MoEFCC and CPCB in December 2017. According to
these directions, the unit-wise phased plan for
installation of emission control devices is given in Annex
8 along with mapping of all TPP units in NCR and
surrounding region.
The revised unit-wise phase out schedule for
installation of FGD in power plant located in the
Northern regions, as shown in Annex 8, spans from year
2019 to year 2022. All power plants in this region are
supposed to retrofit FDG by 2019 in order to meet SOX
standards except RTPP, Shahjahanpur (Uttar Pradesh)
which is supposed to meet the timeline for FGD
installation in 2021. As recommended by MoP, same
timelines apply for meeting NOx standards as well
(MoEFCC 2017) whereas immediate upgradation of
ESP is planned in most of these plants. MoEFCC
directions prescribe immediate measures such as
installation of low-NOx burners, providing Over Fire Air
(OVA) etc. and achieving progressive reduction to
comply to NOx emission limit in the stipulated year. As
highlighted in the Figure A7-1 (See Annex 7), it is
technically feasible to achieve emission reductions on
par with combustion emission control options by
modifying the combustion process and implementing a
combination of in-situ abatement options such as low-
NOx burners, OVA and flue gas recirculation. In addition
to 15 old TPP units (1935 MW) which face closure,
additional 8 TPP units (1380 MW) face closure by 2022
as FGD installation is not viable in these TPP units due to
space constraint (MoEFCC 2017, NRPC 2017).
Coal and lignite used in these TPPs gives rise to fly ash
and safe utilisation of fly ash is essential, making sure
that ash does not become airborne (CEA, 2017b).
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17 According to the latest notification, MoEFCC (2016b),
construction agencies (public or private) within 300 km
of the location of TPP are mandated to use products
9
based on fly ash . For first 100 km, 100% cost of fly ash
transportation is borne by TPP whereas beyond 100 km,
the cost of transportation is equally shared by TPP and
user. Since July 2016, all coal/ lignite TPPs are required
to update information about the stock of ash on their
website and update it every month (MoEFCC, 2016b). All
thermal power plants in India are required to have a
system in place for 100% management of fly ash in four
years from the date of commissioning. The information
on ash utilisation for power plant in NCR region is
captured in Annex 8. The management and control
options for fly ash are already covered under Annex 5.
Roughly, 20% of the total ash which gets generated
during combustion at TPP is bottom ash: coarse ash
that gets collected at the bottom of boiler. It has been
highlighted by task force members that there is limited
availability of viable options for utilising the bottom ash
from TPPs. As per member inputs, at least one global
technology player claims to have used the bottom ash
and fly ash in a ratio of 3:1 but the technology is yet to be
tested for Indian ash. More research and development
will be required in future to utilise bottom ash for value
added products besides its application for road
construction, mine filling and filling low lying areas.
Existing Policy for Utilisation of
Biomass in Thermal Power Plants
Surplus biomass is available in abundance in NW India.
A detailed list of state-wise biomass potential in India is
provided in Annex 10, which is based on the data from
National Biomass Atlas. Ministry of Power (MoP),
through its policy and advisory issued in November
10
2017 has urged all utilities and power plantsin the
country to utilise 5-10% blend of biomass pellets
through co-firing along with coal. The advisory issued
by MoP notes that biomass co-firing is a proven
technology and is recognised by UNFCC as a carbon
neutral technology for mitigation of carbon emissions
from coal-based power plants (MoP 2017a). It is
estimated from the open sources of data that nearly 230
plants across the globe, majority of which are located in
European and American countries, utilise biomass for
co-firing with coal. NTPC’s Dadri plant has successfully
demonstrated 7% co-firing with biomass pellets and the
advisory suggests that 5-10% co-firing with biomass
11
pellets can be replicated in- all coal fired TPP units
(fluidised bed or pulverised coal units) having bowl mills,
vertical roller mills, or beater mills (except those having
12
ball and tube mills ) (MoP 2017a; MoP 2017b). The
policy advises public/ private utilities to undertake
technical feasibility, especially for safety aspects, prior
to biomass co-firing.
Existing policy notes that paddy-straw that remain
unutilised and burnt in the North West India has
potential to generate about 6000-8000 MW or 45,000
million units (m-kWh) electricity annually (MoP 2017b).
The policy also highlights the decentralised
9
MoEFCC has established threshold for minimum fly ash content in order for construction materials to be classified as fly ash products such as 50% of raw
material for fly ash blocks/ tiles/ bricks; 15% of the raw material for cement etc.
10
fluidised bed or pulverised coal units having bowl mills
11
0.25-0.3 million tonne of biomass pellets are required for 7% blending in a 1,000 MW coal-based plant
12
Co-firing biomass pellets is deemed to be unfit for TPP units having ball and tube type mills due to higher risk of fire hazards (MoP 2017b)
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18
More research and
development will be required
in future to utilise the bottom
ash for value added products
besides its application for
road construction, mine
filling and filling low lying
areas. infrastructure for biomass conversion (bales to pellets)
as an opportunity for generating employment.
Following institutional arrangements, are
recommended in the policy-
1.Central Electricity Authority (CEA) will develop and
issue specification for pellets, and additionally, it will
provide technical assistance to public and private
utilities for blending biomass pellets with coal.
2.Responsibility of devising suitable mechanism lies
with the appropriate commission: The State
Electricity Regulatory Commissions (SERCs) in
respective states.
Existing policy suggests that appropriate commission
(SERC) will determine the compensation to power
13
utilities for any incremental cost on account of using
biomass pellets e.g. cost of pellets, increase in auxiliary
power consumption, and plant heat rate. It also
mentions explicitly that any increase in cost of
generation will not be taken into account for merit order
dispatch.
3.3.3. Hotel and Restaurant Industry
Hotel and restaurants among other eateries utilise
tandoor (traditional North Indian oven made of clay) for
cooking which are fired with solid fuels such as wood,
coal and charcoal. Large hotels and restaurants mainly
utilise charcoal as opposed to wood and coal. It is
estimated that there are roughly 9000 tandoors
(Sharma and Dikshit, 2016) in the city which contribute
to fly ash. This figure is based on the conservative
estimate that 25% of enterprises use tandoor for
cooking. Delhi is known for its street food. Due to large
number of unregistered enterprises, the actual
number of eateries using tandoors is expected to be
much higher.
The key reason for emission from these tandoors is not
simply the usage of polluting fuels but also the
inappropriate tandoor design which is not optimised for
efficient burning. The community/commercial
tandoors in India are unregulated with no standards,
guidelines or labelling for either efficiency or emissions.
The cleaner options for tandoors include gas, electricity,
and solid biofuels. Clean fuel options need to be
promoted across the eateries in Delhi NCR. Biomass is a
low sulphur option compared to coal (See Annex 9) and
appropriately designed tandoor for solid biofuels can
ensure significantly lower emissions compared to
conventional tandoors in use today. CSIR-NEERI has
developed a clean tandoor based on biomass pellets.
Improved combustion chamber design for better air-
fuel contact and heat transfer, reduced emissions as a
result of improved burning, higher thermal efficiency are
some of the proposed features of this efficient tandoor.
The tandoor is under fabrication, testing and
performance optimisation. It is reported to be available
for INR 20,000-30,000 per unit based on the capacity
and automatic pellet feeder option.
13
Except plants whose tariff has already been determined under the Section 62 of Electricity Act.
REPORT OF THE
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19 4. RECOMMENDED ACTION PLAN FOR
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Fugitive emissions (Dust, ash and VOCs) are generated
from wide array of activities spatially distributed in the
city as opposed to energy related emissions (PM, SOx
and NOx) from specific discharge points, that is,
exhausts or stacks. Therefore, two different sets of
strategies are required for tackling these two broad
categories of sources. Two sets of actions
recommended for addressing these emissions at
source are outlined below. A summary of recommended
actions, along with the timelines and priorities, is
presented in the Table 3.
4.1 Prevention and Control of
Fugitive PM Emissions
Based on the discussions during task force meetings
and review of best practices in India and internationally,
a detailed guide on best practices and technologies for
prevention and control of fugitive emissions (dust and
ash) is prepared as part of this study. This guide is
enclosed as Annex 5 along with the specific examples
of prevention and control measures. These
comprehensive measures are further summarised in
the Box A5-1 (See Annex 5).
A comprehensive strategy is accordingly recommended
to address particulate matter emissions from
concerned subsectors. It encompasses prevention and
control of fugitive emissions (dust and ash) across-
1.Construction activities at site (i.e. buildings and
infrastructure projects)
2.Operation of various utilities (waste management,
power, road/highways, water, electricity and gas)
within NCR cities and towns
3.Allied construction industry (brick kilns, concrete
batching plants, stone crusher etc.) predominantly
located beyond Delhi NCT in the NCR region.
4.1.1 Promotion and Adoption of Clean
Construction Practices
Organisational behaviour in NCR must shift in favour of
cleaner construction practices. Civic agencies and
construction industry need to proactively ensure
implementation of appropriate measures for prevention
and control of air pollution during construction and
maintenance of infrastructure. A comprehensive
strategy, involving multi-stakeholders is crucial in
addressing these. Wide scale adoption of clean
construction practices requires not only stringent
enforcement, but also appropriate incentives or
disincentives as recommended below.
a.Mandatory Contractual
Obligations on Clean Construction
for all Individuals/Organisations
Contractually binding obligations for clean construction
need to be specified for individuals or organisations
under the mechanism of ‘building permits/approvals’
by local bodies/authorities and ‘environmental
clearances’ by Ministry of Environment Forest and
Climate Change. To mitigate the impact of widely
dispersed construction activities across the city, these
contractually binding obligations need to apply to all
scales of construction projects as listed in the Table A3-
1 (See Annex 3). Comprehensive measures listed in the
Box A5-1 are usually applied in combination to achieve
desired control and it should be up to the
individual/organisation to choose appropriate
mitigation measures as per the site and local
conditions.
It is advised that, under these obligations, project
2
proponents of- (1) buildings with BUA >20,000 m and
(2) all urban infrastructure projects need to conduct
feasibility for using following in their projects and
accordingly source the materials.
INDUSTRY
ACTION PLAN FOR
CLEAN
20 1.Conduct technical feasibility of using sustainable
building/construction materials. The guidelines set
forth in ‘Part 11: Approach to Sustainability’ of the
‘National building code of India’ (BIS 2016) can be
used as a reference for this.
2.Mandatory use of multi-utility service ducts/corridors,
along with ITC enabled platform for inter-agency
coordination, in all infrastructure, township and area
development/redevelopment projects
3.Technical feasibility of using prefabricated or
modular construction elements in the infrastructure
projects.
b.Linking of Green Incentives to
Clean Construction Practices
Currently there are multiple incentives which are
conferred to projects which are provisionally rated to be
green by buildings rating systems such as GRIHA, IGBC,
LEEDS etc. (See Annex 4.). It is recommended that
following incentives can be reconsidered by local
bodies/authorities/ state and union government
ministries for construction projects only when it is
demonstrated through obligatory contracts
requirements and project feasibility reports that
projects will follow clean construction practices in order
to achieve the mitigation of ambient air quality impacts
during the construction and end-of-life phase. These
incentives include-
I.10-20% reduction on permit fees by urban local
bodies
ii.Additional Floor Area Ratio (FAR) of 5-10% for
building projects
iii.Fast track environmental clearance by MoEFCC
iv.100 % exemption of building scrutiny fee for projects
by local bodies/authorities
v.Financial assistance offered to MSME sector
projects at concessional rates from Small Industries
Development Bank of India
vi.Capital subsidies on total fixed capital investment of
the project, if any
REPORT OF THE
TASK FORCE ON
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21 c.Mandatory Funds Allocation for
Ambient Air Quality Management
Under Corporate Environmentally
Responsibilities (CER) in Cities not
complying to Ambient Air Quality
Standards
It is recommended that for cities/towns which are
non-compliant to National Ambient Air Quality
Standards (102 cities as per CPCB in 2018), CER
funds are spent for air quality improvement in the
airshed. Fund allocation can be made towards the
following and can be expanded based on specific
requirements of the city/town.
i.Infrastructure with local bodies for random checks
(mobile monitoring devices or PEMS) in the air shed
ii.Real-time monitoring of air pollution hotspot in the
airshed
iii.Piloting and demonstrating technologies for
ambient air quality improvement
iv.Developing capacities and resource base of urban
local bodies
Also, it is suggested that for a city figuring as non-
compliant in any particular year, 40% of the CER funds
may be diverted toward indicative activities as listed
above, based on the local requirements. The proportionate
funding for the consecutive years, if the city is able to
meet the standards again, can be lowered by 10%.
d.Strengthened Building Code and
Building Byelaws for Ambient Air
Quality
Buildings in India are governed by National Building
code (NBC) and Energy Conservation Buildings Code
(ECBC) (See Annex 4). It is recommended that unified
building code is adopted at national level for addressing
various aspects of building and promoting adherence to
code across all commercial and urban residential
buildings. More importantly, the building code needs to
be strengthened in order to address the environmental
footprint of ‘construction’ and ‘end-of-life’ phase of
buildings. Environmental footprint during construction
phase (fugitive dust emissions and diesel emissions
from DG sets and construction equipment) receive a
relatively little focus in existing building codes and their
primary focus is use-phase of the building (building
energy, structural integrity, water conservation, indoor
air quality). Although the use-phase contributes to
majority of environmental footprint of the building over
its life cycle due to significant energy consumption over
building’s life, construction and demolition (end-of-life
stage) activities take major toll on ambient air quality of
local environment. Proposed unified code needs to have
separate provisions and guidelines for ambient air
quality management. Construction and demolition/end-
of-life phases of building need to be considered for
minimising environmental footprint of building. These
provisions can further be adapted by local bodies into
building byelaws as per their specific conditions. These
specific conditions may include the carrying capacity of
the local environment, population densities in in
receptor area and ambient air quality conditions of the
airshed. Specific action points under this
recommendation include-
i.Mandatory provisions under the National Building
Code for ambient air quality management during
construction and end-of-life phase of buildings in
accordance with specific criteria for population
density in receptor area and ambient air quality data.
Measures in the proposed building code need to
percolate down to the level of Buildings Bye Laws so
that they could be implemented by concerned Local
body and authority in their area of jurisdiction.
ii.Mandatory provisions for ambient air quality
management at construction sites in the Urban
Building Byelaws of all NCR cities/towns
iii.Unification of building codes: In order to ease
adherence to building code, it is recommended that
unified codes are adopted by bringing together all
concerns related to buildings such as building
structure, fire safety, building energy, ambient and
indoor air quality, water conservation etc.
INDUSTRY
ACTION PLAN FOR
CLEAN
22 e.Developing Capacity of Urban
Local Bodies for Monitoring and
Enforcement
Capacity of urban local bodies in NCR towns need to be
developed for ensuring clean construction in their
respective jurisdiction areas. Environmental concerns
2
for construction projects above 20,000 m are now
integrated with the building permits/approvals (Annex
3). Therefore, the onus of ensuring clean construction
lies with the local bodies. As pointed out by task force
members, local bodies need the required resources and
equipment in order to stringently enforce the
environmental compliance in NCR. State legislation
should allow ULBs in NCR region to collect fees for
making their operations feasible. It is suggested that
local bodies can monitor local sources of air pollution by
using affordable infrastructure, such as-
I.Mobile monitoring devices for random checks such
as Portable Emission Measurement Systems (PEMS)
ii.Low cost sensors for monitoring key pollutants such
as PM, SOx and Nox.
f.Strengthened Monitoring
and Penalties for
Individuals/Organisations
It is recommended that monitoring for air pollution is
strengthened and individuals/organisations are
penalised for not complying to Ambient Air Quality
Standards. As below, two levels of monitoring and
enforcement mechanism is recommended.
i.Tier-1 monitoring and enforcement at local level
Random checks need to be conducted by local
bodies at local hotspots of air pollution such as
construction hotspots, poorly maintained road stretches,
landfills etc. Individuals/organisations/utilities
who own/service the building and any other
infrastructure in NCR cities and towns may be
penalised 5-10% of the project cost for not being
able to comply with the ambient air quality standard.
ii.Tier-2 monitoring and enforcement at state level
Real-time monitoring needs to be strengthened by
concerned SPCBs assisted by EPCA and CPCB. It is
recommended that competent authority (CPCB)
notifies under the Air (Prevention and Control of
Pollution) Act, 1981 that the civic agencies (local
bodies, authorities, landowning agencies etc) may
be penalised for non-compliance in their area. Such
sources include-
•Construction/demolition of urban infrastructure/
buildings
•Maintenance of urban infrastructure
•Operations of public/private utilities
In addition to penalties for individuals/organisations
as suggested earlier, civic or landowning agencies
may be penalised based on the direct correlation of
estimated health impact from air pollution and cost
to society. The proposed notification under the Air
(Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 may
suggest an appropriate mechanism for attributing
social and environmental cost to these activities.
4.1.2 Sustainable Supply Chains for
Construction Materials
Policies promoting circular economy, that is utilisation
of waste streams (such as fly ash, C&D waste, road dust
and surplus farm biomass) for sustainable buildings
materials will be crucial for addressing air pollution in
NCR. Several products from fly ash and C&D waste
REPORT OF THE
TASK FORCE ON
CLEAN INDUSTRY
23
As pointed out by task force
members, local bodies need
the required resources and
equipment in order to stringently
enforce the environmental
compliance in NCR. including finished and semi-finished products, are
summarised in Box A5-2 (See Annex. 5). Using these as
construction material or feeding them back into city’s
materials flows eliminates or significantly lowers the life
cycle emissions from construction activities.
Procurement of sustainable construction materials is
advised under the two categories, material
manufactured using-
•Finished or semi-finished products from waste
streams such as C&D waste, fly ash, recycled waste
aggregates, or agricultural waste
•Clean manufacturing practices, e.g. bricks
manufactured in zigzag-type kilns or aggregates
from stone crushers with proper dust suppression
equipment
a.Fiscal incentives for Sustainable
Building Materials
As per the inputs from task force members, key barriers
for adoption of sustainable building materials (despite
clear economic and environmental benefit) arise from
sourcing of virgin materials from illegal mining (such as
aggregates, sand etc.) Therefore, fiscal or tax incentives
are crucial to promote sustainable bulling materials.
GST can provide a level playing field for sustainable
building materials and favorable taxation is
recommended for all sustainable building materials.
b.Sustainable Public Procurement
It is recommended that sustainable public procurement
is made mandatory for all government tenders in Delhi
NCR and targets are set for public agencies to fulfil
stipulated part of their total requirement from recycled
products and products with lower environmental
footprint. City Development authorities in NCR such
as Delhi Development Authority (DDA), Haryana
Urban Development Authority (HUDA), Ghaziabad
Development Authority (GDA), New Okhla Industrial
Development Authority (NOIDA) etc. including public
utilities such as DMRC, NHAI, CPWD, PWD (Delhi,
Haryana, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh) etc. have been
identified as key public agencies which govern most of
the urban infrastructure development projects. Key
enablers would be-
•Building capacity of Small-Medium Enterprises
(SMEs) for remanufacturing and clean production
technologies
•Sectoral guidelines and best practices for setting up
and operating allied construction plants: Zigzag-
type brick kilns, ready-mix concrete batching plants
and stone crushers
•Promotion of existing rating systems for
construction/building materials (e.g. GRIHA, IGBC
and USGBC certified products/materials)
c.Sustainable Supply Chains for
Construction Materials
Initiatives can be taken by all large construction
industry/ infrastructure companies (to begin with) in
NCR for sustainable supply chain procurement and
disclosure as part of their corporate social and
environmental responsibilities. Following independent
reporting frameworks/platforms can be used by industry
to report progress on sustainable supply chains and
procurement-
i.Global Reporting Initiative (GRI)
ii.Sustainability Report
iii.U.N. Global Compact
iv.SDG reporting
v.Dow Jones Sustainability Index
INDUSTRY
ACTION PLAN FOR
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24 4.2 Mitigation of Energy-
related Emissions
4.2.1 Prioritising Clean Fuels and
Technologies
Efforts need to be made for Fuel Switch in diesel
generators, brick kilns and thermal power plants. As
recommended in the CII-NITI Aayog’s Clean Fuel
Report, prioritisation of clean power is required in NCR
region and other dense urban areas suffering from
severely degraded air quality. Gas-based capacities are
under-utilised in NCR region. They can meet 50% of
Delhi’s power demand whereas they only cater to 20% of
the demand presently (CII-NITI, 2018b). Nationally,
gas-based generation suffers a huge economic loss and
average plant load factor for gas-based generation is
about 23% due to unviability of natural gas (CII-NITI,
2018b).
The dispatch of power from generation sources is
governed by merit dispatch order principle, where
generators of cheap power are prioritised over others,
14
except renewable power plantswhich are treated as
must-run power plants. Prioritisation of clean power
would require more comprehensive and conducive
fiscal policies for clean power. CII-NITI Aayog Clean Fuel
Report (2018) recommends priority dispatch of clean
power requiring amendment to Indian Grid Electricity
Code (2010) and other short-medium term actions (CII-
NITI 2018b). Similarly, in the areas with availability of
natural gas, use of fuel injection kits for existing DG sets,
gas-based generators, and other clean fuel-based
equipment need to be mandated by the competent
authority.
Thermal power plants are main source of SOx
emissions in the NCR region. Coal power units, in NCR
and beyond, need to comply with the latest environment
norms by 2019 and 2022 respectively. Environmental
standards are key instrument for cleaning thermal
power and certain control technologies have been
prescribed to power generators in order to meet these
standards.
Coal TPPs with latest emission controls are the most
economical choice for enhanced biomass co-firing.
Power industry can make a leapfrog from 5-10%
utilisation of biomass (Refer Section 3.2.2) to higher co-
firing (See Annex 9: Business case: leapfrogging to 50%
biomass co-firing in existing thermal power plants). As
REPORT OF THE
TASK FORCE ON
CLEAN INDUSTRY
25
Coal Thermal Power Plants
with latest emission controls
are most economical choice for
enhanced biomass co-firing.
14
excluding biomass power and cogeneration plants Figure 9. State-Wise Availability of Surplus Biomass in India in Million Tonnes Per Year
(Numbers Less Than 9 Million Tonne Per Year are Not Indicated in the Map)
mapped in Figure 9, biomass potential from surplus
biomass in Punjab, Haryana and Western U.P. can fulfil
the demand for 50% biomass co-firing in thermal power
units within 300 km of Delhi. New conversion
technologies need to be utilised for enhancing co-firing
in existing TPPs. As detailed out in Annex 9, multiple
benefits of using enhanced soil biofuel from
biomass include-
1.Enhanced fuel characteristics (energy density or
caloric value) similar to coal
2.Low-sulphur biomass as feedstock implies
reduction in SOx emissions and operational cost of
SOx control
3.Better handling and storage characteristics
compared to conventional pellets or straw bales
4.Avoided cost of coal transportation from pitheads
or ports
Due to significantly lower sulphur content in biomass
compared to coal, biomass as a feedstock is also an
opportunity to cost-effectively reduce SOx emissions
from coal-based thermal power plants (See Box A9-1,
Annex 9). It is a carbon neutral energy resource for
greening the coal power. Advanced biomass co-firing in
existing thermal power plants would require clear policy
signals and dedicated policy support to power generators
from Ministry of Power, Government of India.
Source: CII-CESD (2018) analysis based on MNRE-IISc (2004); MoA (2014) and Kumar et al (2015)
INDUSTRY
ACTION PLAN FOR
CLEAN
26 the coal supply to the cleaner power producing TPPs
to meet the priority dispatch order requirement.
v. Scheme for Harnessing and Allocating Koyala (Coal)
Transparently in India (SHAKTI); can be amended to
incorporate the prioritisation of coal allocation to the
greener power producers to meet the priority
dispatch order requirement.
b.Incentives for Co-firing Biomass in
Existing Coal Power Units:
Power generators need to be incentivised for burning low-
sulphur biomass which is also a renewable source of energy.
Incentives may include- renewable energy certificates
(RECs), tax benefits and priority dispatch based on the
proportionate power generated from co-firing biomass.
Existing policy from Ministry of Power recommends co-firing
up to 5-10% biomass in existing coal thermal power units.
Key Enablers for this would be the guidance document for
biomass co-firing in existing coal-based power plants which
is awaited from Central Electricity Authority (CEA) as per the
existing policy of Ministry of Power.
c.Leapfrogging to Advanced
Biomass Co-firing in Coal Power
Plants in North West Region:
Leapfrogging to advanced biomass co-firing (more
than 10% biomass) requires a long-term and
comprehensive policy for promotion of biomass co-
firing in thermal power plants. Commercial feasibility of
enhanced co-firing is still being evaluated at this stage.
However, in long term, this could potentially unlock a
cost-effective strategy for greening the coal power and
simultaneous reduction of emissions from stubble
burning in North West region.
Department of Science and Technology (DST) is
currently piloting torrefaction of rice-straw in Punjab in
partnership with a Swedish agency. Torrefied biomass,
once piloted and proved in existing coal power stations
in region, can pave way for large scale utilisation of Biomass
(up to 50% without significant cost to retrofit technology).
a.Priority Status to Clean Generation
As discussed, the dispatch of power from generation
sources is governed by merit order dispatch principle,
where generators of cheap power are prioritised over
the rest, except renewable power plants which are
treated as must-run power plants. Task force
recommends that power dispatch from thermal power
plants is prioritised based on the cleanliness of power so
that those using clean technologies are incentivised
over the rest. Accordingly, it is recommended that priority
for clean power is provided in the merit dispatch for-
•Gas-based thermal power generation units
•Coal-based thermal power generation units which
use advanced emission control technology for
meeting emission levels of PM, SOx and NOx as
prescribed in the latest emission norms
Prioritising clean power will entail following short-term
and long-term actions-
i.Notification to Northern Region Load Dispatch
Centre (NRLDC) to provide priority to clean power in
merit dispatch order. (Short-term)
ii.Amendment to the Indian Grid Electricity Code
(2010) giving priority to cleaner sources of power
generation (Long-term)
Additionally, the cleaner power producers are to be
allocated with the quantity of coal that can ensure the
plant to operate at full load. This is important, because,
even if a plant is high on merit order, without coal, it won’t
be able to operate, defeating the purpose. Specific
interventions needed for this purpose are-
iii. Inter-ministerial Sub Group constituted by the
Infrastructure Constraints Review Committee, headed
by Joint Secretary (Coal), to release a guideline to Rail
and Coal India to prioritise the allocation and
transportation of coal to the cleaner power producers
based on priority dispatch order requirement.
iv. Central Electricity Authority (CEA) may release an
advisory to Railways and Coal India for prioritising
REPORT OF THE
TASK FORCE ON
CLEAN INDUSTRY
27
Task force recommends that
power dispatch from thermal
power plants is prioritised
based on the cleanliness of
power so that those using clean
technologies are incentivised
over the rest. d.Fuel Switch for Diesel Generators
and Hotels/Restaurants industry:
Diesel engines are utilised in hospitality, healthcare, real
estate, IT and telecom sectors. As discussed in the
Clean Fuel Report, fuel injection kits or gas-powered
generator are commercially feasible option in places
with availability of gas, a clean fuel (CII-NITI 2018b).
Central Pollution Control Board or Concerned State
Pollution Control Board may issue a directive mandating
the use of gas kit at all such locations. Similar to
suggestion for DG use, gas or electricity-based
tandoors may be mandated at locations where
electricity and Piped Natural Gas (PNG) infrastructure is
available. Availability of natural gas and physical
infrastructure, benchmarking of available clean fuel
options (gas, electricity, solid-biofuels for tandoors) and
clean fuel pricing and taxation strategy are key enablers
for adoption of clean fuel options in these sectors.
4.2.2 Adoption of Best Available
Technology for Emission Control
Available abatement technologies or end-of-pipe
solutions need to be promoted across industry
subsectors. It is found that commercially proven
options are available for addressing emissions from DG
sets (See Annex 6 and Annex 7), but they are not being
utilised due to absence of in-use emission standards for
> 1000 kVA DGs, lack of proper inspection and
monitoring system for DG sets and lack of capacity with
the regulatory agencies for implementing DG set in-use
emission standards.
Available options need to be promoted equally by public
and private agencies through a combination of
appropriate policies, voluntary commitments, environmental
regulation, and emission standards. Diesel generators,
a major component of non-road engines, is an identified
source of health-related ultrafine PM fractions and NOx
emissions. Retrofit solutions for existing DG sets can
only thrive in presence of strictly enforced in-use
environmental standards for all DG sets.
Apart from comprehensive coverage of emission norms
for all DG sets, guidelines and minimum requirements
(e.g. technical life) for the end-of-pipe retrofit products
need to be formulated by the regulator. Due to inherent
technological challenges as discussed in Annex 6, it
needs to be ensured that retrofit devices perform up to
certain level for a minimum number of years (as
prescribed by regulator). Innovative retrofit technologies
can only thrive in presence of strict in-use emission
standards for DG sets and recommended actions
include- (1) Notification of appropriate environmental
standards and guidelines covering all DG sets and retrofit
products; (2) Certification of all retrofit devices by CPCB
recognised laboratories in line with the independent type
approvals and conformity of production requirements for
NG and LNG kits (See Annex 6). As highlighted earlier,
India needs to adopt stringent emission norms for DG
sets by considering global benchmarks to derive long
term benefits from imminent transition. Adoption of
suggested actions can pave way for the most advanced
regulations in the country.
a.Strict In-use Emission Norms for all
Diesel Generators
To ensure uptake of best available technology for
emission control in DG sets, regulation should also
include specification of minimum requirements for DG
retrofit device e.g. control efficiency and life of device. Key
enablers for this action are certification of available
retrofit options in the market by CPCB certified
laboratories; and benchmarking studies for control efficiency,
life and cost.
b.Extend and Adopt a Strengthened
Pollution-Under-Control System to
Non-Road Diesel Engines
Monitoring of in-use emissions from DG sets can be
initiated in line with the recommendations of Task force
for Clean Transportation. It recommends a
strengthened real-time Pollution-under-control (PUC)
regime involving innovative and cost-effective
monitoring/compliance measures such as random
checks using portable emission measurement system
(PEMS), standardised software, crowdsourcing of
compliance (citizen helpline for reporting visibly
polluting diesel equipment). Cost effective strategies for
monitoring existing DG sets include-
•Random checks for DGs and other non-road diesel
engines by using PEMS
•Citizen helpline to report visibly polluting DG sets or
other non-road equipment
INDUSTRY
ACTION PLAN FOR
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28 Table 3. Summary of Actions Recommended by the Task Force on Clean Industry
Promotion
and Adoption
of Clean
Construction
Practices
Mandatory contractual
obligations on clean
construction for all individuals
or organisations
Additional mandatory
conditions to (1) buildings with
2
BUA >20,000 m and (2) all
urban infrastructure projects for-
•Technical feasibility for
sourcing smart and
sustainable
materials/infrastructure
•Mandatory use of multi-utility
service ducts/corridors,
along with ICT enabled
platform for inter-agency
coordination
•Technical feasibility of using
prefabricated or modular
construction elements
High ImmediateUrban local
bodies & Ministry
of Environment
Forest and
Climate Change
1.Refer to Annex 5 for guidelines on
comprehensive measures and
Table A5-1 (Annex 5) for overview
of these.
2.Refer to Part 11: National building
code (BIS 2016) and guidelines in
Annex 5 for sourcing sustainable
materials.
Linking of green incentives to
Clean Construction Practices:
incentives conferred to projects
which are provisionally rated as
green by building rating
systems such as GRIHA,
LEEDS, IGBC etc)
Low ImmediateUrban local
bodies,
Development
authorities &
State
Governments in
NCR; Ministry of
Environment
Forest and
Climate Change
List of incentives provided in Section
4.1.1 (b).
Mandatory funds allocation for
ambient air quality
management under CER in
cities not complying to Ambient
Air Quality Standards
High Long termMinistry of
Environment
Forest and
Climate Change
Indicative set of activities and
suggested allocation in Section 4.1.1 (C).
Action Area Recommended actions PriorityTimelineImplementation Supplementary Notes
REPORT OF THE
TASK FORCE ON
CLEAN INDUSTRY
29 Strengthened Building Code and
Building Byelaws for addressing
ambient air quality during
‘construction & end-of-life’
phase of projects-
I.Mandatory provisions under
the National Building Code
for ambient air quality
management during
construction and end-of-life
phase of
buildings/infrastructure in
accordance with specific
criteria for population
density in receptor area and
ambient air quality data.
ii.Mandatory provisions for
ambient air quality
management during
construction and end-of-life
phase of buildings/
infrastructure in the ‘Unified
Building Byelaws’ for NCT
Delhi and building byelaws
of other NCR cities/towns
iii.Unification of building
codes (NBC and ECBC)
High I. Immediate
ii. Immediate
iii. Long termI.Bureau of Indian
Standards, Ministry
of Consumer
Affairs, Food and
Public Distribution
ii.Development
authorities & ULBs
in NCR
iii.Bureau of Indian
Standards, Ministry
of Consumer
Affairs, Food and
Public Distribution;
Bureau of Energy
Efficiency, Ministry
of Power
Refer to Annex 4 for review of
building codes.
Developing capacity of urban
local bodies for monitoring and
enforcement: Monitoring local
sources using portable
emission monitoring devices
and low-cost sensors
High Long term Ministry of Housing
and Urban Affairs;
Ministry of
Environment Forest
and Climate Change
List of incentives provided in
Section 4.1.1 (b).
Strengthened Monitoring and
Penalties for
Individuals/Organisations-
I.Penalties by ULBs worth 5-
10% of the project cost to
individuals/organisations
ii.Penalties by SPCBs in NCR
to local bodies/authorities
in lieu of the estimated cost
of damage
High Immediate Central Pollution
Control Board; State
Pollution Control
Boards and Urban local
bodies in NCR
Refer Section 4.1.1 (f) for more
details.
Action AreaRecommended actions PriorityTimeline Implementation Supplementary Notes
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ACTION PLAN FOR
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30 Sustainable
Supply Chains
for
Construction
Materials
Fiscal incentives for
Sustainable Building Materials
High ImmediateGST Council,
Ministry of
Finance
Refer to Box A5-2 under Annex 5 for
different waste streams which can be
utilised for sustainable building/
construction materials
Mandatory sustainable public
procurement for
construction/building materials
in all government
projects/tenders in NCR
High ImmediateMinistry of
Housing and
Urban Affairs and
public agencies
such as DMRC,
NHAI & CPWD;
State
Governments in
NCR and its
agencies; local
bodies/developm-
ent authorities in
NCR
Refer to Part 11: National building
code (BIS 2016) and guidelines in
Annex 5 for sourcing sustainable
materials.
Sustainable supply chains
for building materials: third-
party verification or
independent reporting
frameworks/ platforms to be
used by large
construction/infrastructure
companies in NCR to report
progress on sustainable supply
chains and procurement
High ImmediateLarge
construction and
infrastructure
companies in
NCRList of reporting frameworks/platforms
is available in the section 4.1.2 (c).
Prioritising
Clean Fuels
and
Technologies
Priority status to cleaner
generation- (1) Gas-based
thermal power units & (2) coal-
based thermal power units with
advanced emission controls for
SOx, NOx and PM, in order to
incentivise/disincentivise clean
power:
High ImmediateMinistry of
Power; Central
Electricity
Regulatory
Commission; and
Ministry of Coal
Action Area Recommended actions PriorityTimelineImplementation Supplementary Notes
REPORT OF THE
TASK FORCE ON
CLEAN INDUSTRY
31 Action Area Recommended actions PriorityTimelineImplementation Supplementary Notes
INDUSTRY
ACTION PLAN FOR
CLEAN
32
i.Notification to Northern
Region Load Dispatch
Centre (NRLDC) to provide
priority to clean power in
merit dispatch order.
(Short-term)
ii.Amendment to the Indian
Grid Electricity Code (2010)
giving priority to cleaner
sources of power
generation (Long-term)
iii. Inter-ministerial Sub Group
constituted by the
Infrastructure Constraints
Review Committee, headed
by Joint Secretary (Coal), to
release a guideline to Rail
and Coal India to prioritise
the allocation and
transportation of coal to the
cleaner power producers
based on priority dispatch
order requirement
(immediate)
iv. Central Electricity Authority
(CEA) may release an
advisory to Railways and
Coal India for prioritising
the coal supply to the
cleaner power producing
TPPs to meet the priority
dispatch order requirement
(immediate)
v. Scheme for Harnessing and
Allocating Koyala (Coal)
Transparently in India
(SHAKTI); can be amended
to incorporate the
prioritisation of coal
allocation to the greener
power producers to meet
the priority dispatch order
requirement (immediate)
Incentives for biomass co-firing
in existing coal power units
High ImmediateMinistry of Power;
Central Electricity
Regulatory
Commission &
State Electricity
Regulatory
Commissions in
North Western
StatesRefer to Section 3.2.2 for existing
policy from Ministry of Power Leapfrogging to advanced (up
to 50%) biomass co-firing in
coal power plants in North West
region
High Long-termMinistry of PowerRefer to Annex 9 for business case
on leapfrogging to 50% Biomass
Co-firing in Existing Thermal Power
Plants
Fuel switch in diesel generators,
hotels & restaurants
High ImmediateCentral Pollution
Control Board;
State Pollution
Control Boards
and Urban local
bodies in NCR
Refer to Section 3.2.1 and Annex 6 on
existing regulation and control options
for DG sets
Adoption of
Best Available
technology
and Emission
StandardsStrict in-use emission norms
for all diesel generators along
with minimum performance
requirements (for instance life
and efficiency) for retrofit
devices
High ImmediateCentral Pollution
Control Board
Refer to Section 3.2.1 and Annex 6 on
existing regulation and control options
for DG sets
Adoption of a strengthened
Pollution-under-control system
to non-road diesel engines
High Medium-
term
Central Pollution
Control Board;
State Pollution
Control Boards
and Urban local
bodies in NCR
Refer to Section 3.2.1 and Annex 6 on
existing regulation and control options
for DG sets
Action Area Recommended actions PriorityTimelineImplementation Supplementary Notes
REPORT OF THE
TASK FORCE ON
CLEAN INDUSTRY
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2017.09.049.
Ghosal S.; Elbert J. L.; Self S. A. (1995). Chemcial
Composition and size distribution of fly ashes. Fuel
Processing Technology. Volume 44, Issues 1–3, Pages
81-94. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-3820(94)00115-
A. September 1995. Stanford, USA.
SCAPHRI (2015). Steering Committee on Air Pollution
and Health Related Issues (SCAPHRI). Report of the
Steering Committee on Air Pollution and Health Related
Issues. August 2015. New Delhi, India.
Sharma, M. and Dikshit, O. (2016). Comprehensive Study
on Air Pollution and Green House Gases (GHGs) in Delhi.
Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur. New Delhi, India.
Sidhu, B. S. and Beri, V. (2005). Experience with
managing rice residues in intensive rice-wheat cropping
system in Punjab. Conservation agriculture: Status and
prospects. pp. 55–63. Centre for Advancement of
Sustainable Agriculture, National Agriculture Science
Centre, New Delhi.
INDUSTRY
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40 Tata Power. (2017). Presentation by Tata Power:
Control of Sulphur Dioxide, Oxides of Nitrogen
and Mercury. Retrieved October 24, 2017, from
http://www.eecpowerindia.com/codelibrary/ckeditor/
ckfinder/userfiles/files/EEC Tata Power- Sox Nox.pdf.
Thrän D., Witt J., Schaubach K., Kiel J., Carbo M., Maier
J., Ndibe C., Koppejan J., Alakangas E., Majer S., Schipfer
F. Moving torrefaction towards market introduction e
Technical improvements and economic-environmental
assessment along the overall torrefaction supply
chain through the SECTOR project. Biomass and
Bioenergy, Elsevier (Science Direct). March 2016.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2016.03.004
TSPL (2018). TSPL (Vedanta) webpage:
https://tsplindia.co. Accessed on 01 May 2018.
UPRVUNL (2018). UPRVUNL webpage: http://www.
uprvunl.org/location_har.htm. Accessed on 01 May
2018.
World Coal Association. (2018). Coal market & pricing.
https://www.worldcoal.org/coal/coal-market-pricing.
Accessed on 08 May 2018.
WHO (2006). World Health Organisation. Air Quality
Guidelines. Global Update 2005: Particulate matter,
Ozone, Nitrogen Dioxide and Sulfur Dioxide. WHO
Regional Office for Europe. Copenhagen, Denmark.
WHO (2018). World Health Organisation. Global Health
Observatory (GHO) data: Exposure to ambient air
pollution. http://www.who.int/gho/phe/outdoor
_air_pollution/exposure/en/. Accessed on 10 May 2018.
REPORT OF THE
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41 ANNEXURES
Annex 1
Emission Inventory for Delhi
Annex 2
Dust Control Regulation for Construction
Annex 3
Building Permits and Environmental Clearance
Annex 4
Buildings Codes and Green Buildings’ Rating Systems
Annex 5
Best Practices Guide for Prevention and Control Measures for Fugitive Emissions
Annex 6
Best Available Technologies for Diesel Generators
Annex 7
Emission Control in Coal Thermal Power Plants
Annex 8
Coal Thermal Power Plant Units within 300 km of Delhi
Annex 9
Business Case: Leapfrogging to 50% Biomass Co-firing in Existing Thermal Power Plants
Annex 10
Biomass Potential Across India’s State
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42 ANNEXURE 1
Emission Inventory for Delhi
Emissions [tonne/ day]
Sources PM10 PM2.5 NOx SO2 CO
Industrial Stack 13.76.6161.8 128.8 11.6
Vehicle 12.911.6113.41.2 322.4
Road Dust 79.622.20.00.0 0.0
Hotels/Restaurants 3.51.81.12.7 6.2
Domestic 7.46.97.71.2 25.4
Aircraft 0.10.15.40.4 4.1
Industries Area 1.61.41.95.6 0.2
DG Set 1.41.219.61.3 4.2
MSW Burning 2.01.80.70.1 10.3
Cremation 0.30.30.10.0 2.1
Construction/Demolition 5.21.30.00.0 0.0
Concrete Batching 14.43.60.00.0 0.0
Agricultural Soil Dust 1.40.00.00.0 0.0
Medical Incinerators 0.00.00.10.3 0.0
Source: Sharma and Dikshit (2016)
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43 Box A2-1 National Green Tribunal Directions in 2014 and 2015
ANNEXURE 2
Dust Control Regulation for Construction
Construction activities happening rampantly and in an
unregulated manner are main causes of concern in
Delhi NCR (NGT, 2015). The National Green Tribunal
(NGT) issued guidelines for dust control in Delhi NCR in
the years 2014 and 2015 covering construction
activities and road/soil dust. In January 2018, the
Ministry of Environment Forest and Climate Change
(MoEFCC) issued the Environment (Protection)
Amendment Rules, 2018 which apply to cities and
towns where level of PM10/PM2.5 exceeds the limits
prescribed in the National Ambient Air Quality
Standards. Overview of these directions, along with
guidelines by Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) in
December 2017, is enclosed in subsequent boxes (Box
A2-1, Box A2-2, Box A2-3). It is worth noting that
multiple violations have been reported by public and
private agencies alike in NCR such as Delhi
Development Authority (DDA), Delhi Jal Board (DJB),
Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC), National Highway
Authority of India (NHAI), NBCC, Public works
Department (PWD), Central Public Works Department
(CPWD), and Tata Power Delhi Distribution Limited
(TPDDL) (NGT 2016; GNCTD 2016; GoI 2018). There is
an urgent need for organisational behaviour changes
across public and private organisations working in NCR.
1. It is the responsibility of every builder, contractor or owner (NGT, 2014) to cover the construction materials and install
wind breakers on all sides of plot or area so dust does not get dispersed during the construction activity or storage of
materials.
2. Use of wet-jet in grinding/cutting operation is compulsory as per NGT guidelines (NGT, 2015)
3. Storage of construction material on the roads or streets is prohibited (NGT, 2015).
4. Every builder and owner is mandated to use tarpaulin on the scaffolding around the building or area of construction
(NGT, 2015)
5. During the transportation of construction material, proper coverage precautions are required. The vehicles or trucks
carrying the construction materials like cement, sand and allied materials are required by NGT to be fully covered.
6. After the unloading operation, the vehicles need to be properly cleaned before they are permitted to ply on the road
7. Vehicles not complying to these directions are not permitted to enter NCR Delhi (NGT, 2014)
8. NGT demands strict vigilance of the stone crushers by all concerned State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs) and
Environment Departments of State
9. All builders, building commercial or residential complexes, covered under the EIA notification 2006, are mandated to
provide green belt cover around the constructed buildings. Compliance is to be ensured by respective authorities before
issuing the occupancy certificate.
Construction
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44 Box A2-2. Environment (Protection) Amendment Rules (2018) for Dust Mitigation in Construction and Demolition Activities
1. Executive engineer of each PWD in NCR is personally responsible for compliance of NGT guidelines for construction and
demolition activities which equally applies to construction of roads and highways and is required to report to chief
engineer every week.
2. The city corporations/ councils (MCDs, NMDC, DCB, MCG etc.) and development authorities (DDA, HUDA, NOIDA, Greater
Noida Authority etc.) including the state departments are expected to make efforts of increasing the tree-cover in NCR by
planting the right kind of plants/trees species depending on the soil quality and other natural settings.
3. During the maintenance of roads, it is required from DDA, PWDs and other concerned agencies that coal-tar, bitumen or
asphalt mix is brought in molten condition without the fire to melt these materials on the open road.
4. All the concerned utilities or service providers are required to formulate comprehensive waste management plans for
C&D waste generated within their jurisdiction. Plan should cover segregation, storage, collection, reuse, recycling,
transportation, and disposal of this waste.
Road/soil dust
Mandatory Implementation of Dust Mitigation in projects requiring
Environmental Clearance
Mandatory Implementation of Dust Mitigation Measures for all
Construction and Demolition Activities
1.No building or infrastructure project requiring Environmental
Clearance shall be implemented without approved Environmental
Management Plan inclusive of dust mitigation measures.
2.Roads leading to or at construction sites must be paved and
blacktopped (i.e. metallic roads).
3.No excavation of soil shall be carried out without adequate dust
mitigation measures in place.
4.No loose soil or sand or Construction & Demolition Waste or any
other construction material that causes dust shall be left
uncovered.
5.Wind-breaker of appropriate height i.e. one third of the building
height and maximum up to 10 meters shall be provided.
6.Water sprinkling system shall be put in place.
7.Dust mitigation measures shall be displayed prominently at the
construction site for easy public viewing.
1.Grinding and cutting of building materials in open area shall
be prohibited.
2.Construction material and waste should be stored only
within earmarked area and road side storage of
construction material and waste shall be prohibited.
3.No uncovered vehicles carrying construction material and
waste shall be permitted.
4.Construction and Demolition Waste processing and
disposal site shall be identified and required dust
mitigation measures be notified at the site.
Source: Adapted from NGT (2014; 2015)
Source: Adapted from MoEFCC (2018)
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45 Box A2-3. Central Pollution Control Board Guidelines for Dust Control (2017)
1. Transportation routes to be identified for avoiding sensitive receptors
2. Proper covering of materials
3. No overloading of vehicles to avoid overflow of materials
4. Transportation to be generally during night, transport permit to include details on material type, quantity and transfer points
5. Location of all temporary/intermediate C&D storage sites to be placed in public domain
6. Dampening of dust by water spray or wind breakers at all temporary/intermediate C&D storage sites
7. All construction material loading/ unloading activities at on-site or off site to ensure dust suppression using location,
water spraying and proper cover
8. Road surfaces to be maintained well to avoid spillage from transport vehicles
9. Regular sweeping of roads to avoid resuspension of dust on roads
1. Off-site: Prohibition from storing/ dumping material on metalled roads
2. On-site:
a.location of sites should be such that dispersal of dust is minimum during handling
b.Contractor/ builder to synchronise availability of material with its utilisation so that storage period is minimum
c.Site of demolition to be cordoned off and adequate measures to prevent dust beyond site limits
d.Reducing dust particles in air by storing the fine materials such as sand, gravel and cement in demarcated area with
cover (cement bags in enclosed areas, loose cement to be stored in silos)
1. Raise barricade along the perimeter depending on the nature of adjoining area (alternate to wet suppression)
2. Mount dust barrier sheet on scaffolding around the construction/ construction building- particularly side facing
residential building
3. Selective mechanisation of handling material/ waste helps in better management and reduction of dust generation at site
Transportation of construction,
and C&D waste materials
Storage of construction
and C&D waste materials
Dust control measures at site-
Construction/ demolition/ renovation
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46 1. Operations of equipment / machineries include transporting (conveyor belt) crushing / hammering etc. deployed at site
generate dust - these areas need to be bounded (enclosed) and use of water sprinklers to suppress dust emissions
2. DG sets to be well maintained to ensure low emissions
3. The transport vehicles engaged be well maintained (PUC compliance)
4. Routes of transport vehicles within construction site be damped by water (preferably treated waste water) sprinklers
5. Dry sweeping of work areas to be prohibited
6. For construction activities, simultaneous development of green buffer would assist in arresting dispersal of dust
(preferably shrubs & trees that have low uptake of water)
7. All builders / contractors engaged in construction & demolition activities to submit an undertaking to the concerned
government department on measures adopted to control dust
8. Sale of construction material from road sides to be prohibited
9. Dumping (unloading) and storage of construction material for use in ongoing projects on public road sides is prohibited
10. Construction projects to be encouraged to utilize products manufactured from C&D waste processing– this step
improves organised collection of C&D wastes, stops indiscriminate dumping of C&D wastes thereby reducing dust load
escaping into the atmosphere during dry weather
11. Inclusion of condition(s) by concerned agencies for adoption of dust mitigation measures in approvals / permits /
consent provisions / environmental clearances for construction projects
Additional measures mentioned in CPCB guidelines
Source: Adapted from CPCB (2017)
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47 ANNEXURE 3
Building Permits and Environmental Clearance
Besides existing regulation discussed above, provisions
in buildings byelaws and codes check environmental
pollution over the course of construction. A risk-based
classification is used by Delhi Development Authority
(DDA) for approval of building plans in Delhi. Different
types of approvals and environmental clearances for
building projects are summarised in Table A3-1. Model
building Bye-Laws by the Ministry of Housing and Urban
Affairs (MoUD 2016) stipulate specific conditions to be
met for environmental safeguard before and during the
course of building construction. These conditions now
apply to building projects with total built up area (BUA)
between 5,000-50,000 square metre which do not
require separate environmental clearances from Expert
Appraisal Committee (EAC) of the Ministry of
Environment (MoEFCC) or the State Expert Appraisal
Committees (SEACs). MoEFCC has integrated the
environmental concerns into building plan approval
process, empowering the concerned local body or
development authority to approve and certify
compliance of stipulated requirements (MoUD 2016,
DDA 2016). Depending on the size of project, specific
conditions require project proponents plan mitigation
measures. As per the Unified Building Byelaws notified
by DDA on March 2016 and subsequent notification by
MoEFCC in 2018, project proponents under all
categories of building projects need to meet stipulated
environmental conditions (DDA 2016; MoEFCC 2018b).
As per the latest notification, these environmental
conditions for all building categories with BUA above
2
20,000 m include-
1.Roads leading to or at construction sites must be
paved and blacktopped (i.e. metallic roads). No
uncovered vehicles carrying construction material
and waste shall be permitted.
2.No excavation of soil shall be carried out without
adequate dust mitigation measures in place. Water
sprinkling system shall be put in place. Unpaved
surfaces and loose soil shall be adequately sprinkled
with water to suppress dust.
3.No loose soil or sand or Construction & Demolition
Waste or any other construction material that
causes dust shall be left uncovered. Construction
material and waste should be stored only within
earmarked area and road side storage of
construction material and waste shall be prohibited.
4.Wind-breaker of appropriate height i.e. 1/3rd of the
building height and maximum up to 10 meters shall
be provided.
5.C&D waste processing and disposal site shall be
identified and required dust mitigation measures be
notified at the site.
6.Grinding and cutting of building materials in open
area shall be prohibited. Wet jet shall be provided for
grinding and stone cutting.
7.Dust, smoke and other air pollution prevention measures
shall be provided for the building as well as the site.
8.Dust mitigation measures shall be displayed
prominently at the construction site for easy public
viewing.
9.Exhaust pipe of the DG set, if installed, must be, at
least 10 metres away from the building, or else an
exhaust pipe must be provided at least 3 metres
above the building.
10.A minimum of one tree for every 80 sqm of land to be
planted and maintained, with preference to native
species. Wherever the existing trees need to be cut,
compensatory plantation in the ratio of 1:3 (i.e.
planting of three trees for every one tree that is cut)
to be done with the obligation to provide continued
maintenance for such plantations.
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48 Additionally, use of fly ash bricks as per the latest Fly ash
notification by MoEFCC is mandatory for all
2
construction projects with BAU >20,000 m (DDA 2016).
According to latest amendment by MoEFCC, all
construction agencies within a radius of 300 km from
thermal power plants (TPPs) need to utilise fly ash
products (MoEFCC 2016b). In addition, the state
authorities have been asked by MoEFCC to amend the
building byelaws of the cities (with population 1 million)
to ensure mandatory use of fly ash-based bricks.
Further, the use of fly ash in infrastructure projects is
emphasised in the latest notification. Concerned
authorities are advised to link the payment to contractor
with certification of supply of fly ash or fly ash based
products. Cost of fly ash transportation to the user is to
be borne by TPPs within a distance of 100 km and
shared equally between them for transportation
between 100 km to 300 km.
2
All construction projects with BAU > 20,000 m also need
to prepare and implement an Environment
Management Plan (EMP) for addressing environmental
concerns (DDA 2016). EMP ensures that mitigation
measures specified in EIA (or stipulated as
environmental conditions to be met for buildings
permission by local authority), are actually complied
with during implementation of projects. It covers the
mitigation measures and monitoring undertaken by
project proponent at the site and nearby receptors. EMP
applies to all environment infrastructure which is kept
operational through administration of Environment
Monitoring Committee with defined functions and
responsibility.
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49 Table A3-1. Overview of the Building Approvals and Environmental Clearance
Type of approval Building categories Built up area (BAU)Approval Process
Risk-based fast
track procedure for
building approvals
by local bodies/
authorities
Very-low risk residential
buildings
2
105 m
height < 15 m
•Owner gives an undertaking for intimation of
construction start & completion to the concerned
1
authority or local body along with building permit fee
•Approval in accordance with the ‘General Building
Requirements’ of building byelaws and ‘Development
Control Regulation’ by the development authority
Low risk residential
buildings
2
105-500 m
height < 15 m
•Qualified engineer/architect provides building permit
upon submitting permit fees to local body or owner can
apply for sanction from local body
•Permit from local body is provided within 10 days
Moderate risk
residential buildings
2
> 500 m
height < 15 m
•Qualified engineer/architect to submit building plans for
approval from local body along with requisite
documents and fees
•Permit from local body is provided within 20 days.
High risk residential
buildings
2
3000 m
height > 15 m
•Mandatory clearance from Delhi Fire Service
•Qualified engineer/architect submits building plans for
approval from local body along with requisite
documents and fees
•Permit from local body is provided within 30 days
Building projects
not requiring
Environmental
clearances
Category ‘A’ building
projects
2
5,000-20,000 m •Local bodies to ensure compliance of the stipulated
conditions to address environmental concerns
Category ‘B’ building
projects
2
20,000-50,000 m
Category ‘C’ building
projects
50,000-1,50,000 m
2
•Local bodies to ensure compliance of the stipulated
conditions to address environmental concerns
•Mandatory Environment Management Plan (EMP)
Building projects
requiring
Environmental
clearances
Townships & area
development projects
2
> 1,50,000 m •Mandatory conditions for environmental safeguard
•Mandatory Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) &
Environment Management Plan (EMP)
•Development of green belt around the site
12
Buildings permit fee levied in Delhi NCT varies from Rs.1500-5000 per m depending on localities.
Source: DDA (2016), MoEFCC (2018b)
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50 All major infrastructure and building projects with built
up area more than 1,50,000 square metre require
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) for
environmental clearance and approvals. EIA addresses
the impact of project on the environment by drawing up
an Environmental Management Plan (EMP) and
integrating it with the any measures proposed by the
government (See Annex 2 and Annex 3). From May 2018
onward, project proponents are also required to submit
a plan for Corporate Environment Responsibility (CER)
along with the EIA report as specified by the MoEFCC in
May 2018. CER is only required in greenfield or
brownfield projects where the pollution load is expected
to increase. Cost of CER is in addition to the cost of
control measures envisaged under EIA/EMP. The actual
fund allocation under CER will be decided in the EAC,
SEAC or District-level Expert Appraisal Committee
(DEAC). The maximum percentage of CER, as
prescribed by MoEFCC is 0.25%-2% for greenfield
projects and 0.125%-1% for brownfield projects
depending on the capital investment (MoEFCC 2018a).
EAC based on appraisal, can suggest the activities to be
carried out under CER, restricted to the affected area
around the project.
It is mandatory for project proponents to submit half-
yearly compliance reports with respect to the stipulated
terms and conditions of the environmental clearance
granted to them. Specific motoring reports may also be
required from the project proponents as part of any
specific environmental conditions mentioned in the EC
letter. These reports are public documents and the
latest compliance/monitoring reports are uploaded at
MoEFCC website.
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51 ANNEXURE 4
Buildings Codes and Green Buildings’ Rating Systems
There are two different building codes which govern the
residential and commercial buildings in India-
1.National Building Code (NBC) of India by Bureau of
Indian Standards (BIS) under the Ministry of
Consumer Affairs, Government of India
2.Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC) by
Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE), a statutory body
under the Ministry of Power, Government of India.
The National Building Code (NBC) is a model code for
adoption by all agencies involved in building
construction. The focus of NBC is primarily the
structural integrity, material sustainability, fire safety,
facility/asset management and building services.
Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC) is a building
energy code. It deals primarily with the energy efficiency
of the building envelope and building energy services
such as lighting, thermal comfort and water heating.
Literature review of NBC indicates that there are two
ways in which ambient air quality concerns are
addressed under the NBC and these are briefly
described below.
1.Sourcing of buildings materials with low embodied
energies
2.Construction practices and environmental
management
National Building Code of India (2016) notes that
construction in busy localities of cities need special
considerations and meticulous planning due to
restricted space, adjoining structures, underground
utilities, traffic restrictions, noise and environmental
pollution and other specific site constraints (BIS 2016).
To address the environmental footprint of construction,
considering the whole lifecycle of building materials is
crucial. Lifecycle also encompasses the extraction of
virgin materials, allied construction activities for
manufacturing of building materials and transportation
of materials to the site which contribute to total
embodied energy of building material. NBC
recommends minimising environmental footprint of
building construction by considering construction
materials with low embodied energies. Embodied
energy of recycled materials from C&D waste, fly ash
and agricultural waste are typically in the range of 1-5
GJ/ tonne compared to high embodied energy (5-50
GJ/ tonne) for cement, steel, glass etc (BIS 2016). In
addition to environmental footprint during the
construction phase, there are other frequently used
building materials like reconstituted wood products,
paints, glues, paints, carpets and upholstery, which may
release gases/fumes commonly classified as volatile
organic compounds (VOCs) from the chemical
composition used, even long after installation (BIS 2016).
NBC (2016) also stresses the role of contractual
obligations towards sustainable construction. It notes
that use of materials and technologies deployed at site
may impact the environment, especially the ambient air
quality. Such scenarios include (BIS 2016)-
•Use of inefficient construction equipment/
technologies
•Suboptimal use of equipment/technologies and
suboptimal transportation of materials
•Processing of materials such as cutting, mixing, and
fabrication.
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52 As per the building code, such materials and
technologies need to be identified and procedures need
to be planned accordingly to mitigate their impact (BIS
2016). Contracts determine obligations of individuals
and organisations. Therefore, contracts shall make it
obligatory on the part of suppliers of materials and
equipment/services to follow sustainable processes
and practices. Contractually binding obligations ensure
system-wide responsibilities so that necessary
mitigation resources may be budgeted within the
project scope (BIS 2016). Responsibilities for
sustainability practices during construction may be
clearly assigned, explicitly assigning liabilities (including
contingencies for risks known as well as management
reserves towards unknown risks) that may accrue on
account of lapses (BIS 2016).
Building code also specifies the requirement for
ambient air quality monitoring depending on the project
size, location and type of activities. SPM, SO2, NOx and
CO need to be monitored twice a week at representative
locations at site and study area adopting a schedule of
24 hours. The monitoring locations need to be
considered on the basis of predominant wind directions,
land use patterns and height of proposed stacks. At
least one monitoring locations needs to be at maximum
pollution deposition area due to proposed deposition of
stacks of generators. The number of air quality
monitoring locations should be at least five including at
least one at project site (BIS 2016).
In addition to buildings codes, there are independent
building rating systems which are voluntarily adopted
by owner or developers. These rating systems assess
how green the buildings are and have their own set of
requirements for doing so. Prevalent rating systems in
India include-
1Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment
(GRIHA)
2Indian Green Building Council (IGBC)
3Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design
(LEED)
These rating systems focus on various aspects of
building systems, mainly-
1.Energy efficiency of building envelope and
associated energy services
2.Sustainability of building architecture and design
3.Sustainability of building materials and resource
efficiency
4.Quality of indoor environment
5.Water efficiency and conservation
A comparison of different rating systems and their
focus on management of ambient air quality is provided
in the Table A4-1. Although use of sustainable building
materials is covered well under all rating systems,
footprint of construction activities on the ambient air
quality is not emphasised enough. It is observed that
the focus of existing rating systems is dominantly the
post-construction use or operational phase of the
building system.
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53 Table A4-1. A Comparison of Focus on Ambient Air Quality Management During
Construction Across Different Building Rating Systems in India
Building Rating
Systems
Specific Criteria Linked to Ambient Air Quality ImprovementRemarks
GRIHA
(Maximum
104 points)1.Reduce air pollution during construction as per GRIHA clauses
(Mandatory- 2 points)
2.Proper stabilization of soil & topsoil laying for vegetative growth
(Mandatory- 1 point; Optional- 4 points)
3.Preserve and protect landscape during construction
(Mandatory- 1 point)
4.Consolidation of utility corridors (Optional- 1 point)
5.Utilization of fly ash in building structure (Optional- 6 points)
6.Reduce volume, weight, and construction time by adopting
efficient technologies such as pre-cast (Optional- 4 points)
7.Reduction in waste during construction (Optional- 1 point)
•GRIHA requires provision in the contract
document that the contractor will
undertake the responsibility to prevent
air pollution
•It also requires a narrative explaining the
air pollution preventive measures (site
photographs showing different stages of
construction along with preventive
measures to support the claim).
IGBC
(Maximum
100 points)1.Indoor air quality management during construction’
(Optional- 1 point)
2.Preservation or transplantation of trees (Optional- 1 point)
3.Natural topography or vegetation (Optional- 2 points)
4.Sustainable building materials (Optional- 8 points)
5.Handling of waste materials during construction
(Optional- 1 point)
6.Use of certified green building materials, products & equipment
(Optional- 5 points)
•Ambient air quality is partially addressed
under the ‘Indoor air quality
management during construction’
•Credit for air quality management is not
eligible for exemplary performance
USGBC/LEED
(Maximum
149 points)1.Construction indoor air quality management plan (1 point)
2.Building life-cycle impact reduction (5 points)
3.Environment product declarations (2 points)
4.Building product disclosure and optimization: sourcing of raw
materials (2 point)
5.C&D waste management planning (2 points)
6.On-site restoration using native or adapted vegetation
(2 points)
•Ambient air quality is partially addressed
under the ‘Construction indoor air quality
management plan
Source: GRIHA (2010), IGBC (2016), USGBC (2018)
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54 ANNEXURE 5
Best Practices Guide: Prevention and Control Measures
for Fugitive Emissions
Introduction
Depending on the nature of source and local conditions,
technological and management options are available
for keeping fugitive PM emissions under check or
eliminating them altogether. Particularly, the dust
suppression techniques can be broadly classified into-
the dry suppression and the wet suppression. Wet
suppression requires water to neutralise the dust. Fresh
water is a scarce resource and wet suppression can
only be applied in areas with sufficient availability of
treated water. Prevention of dust generation at the first
place and dry suppression techniques are therefore
preferable to wet suppression as they do not require
water to suppress dust. Having said that, wet
suppression is the only practical choice for many
activities/sources generating dust e.g. unpaved roads
and large stockpiles. Different options for control of dust
are outlined and briefly described in the following text
along with their advantages and limitations in Delhi-
NCR’s context. These control options are broadly
classified as- (1) Smart construction materials, (2)
Modern multi-service utility corridors, (3) Surface
improvements, (4) Site/plant layout and design (5) Wet
suppression and chemical stabilisation, (6) Best
management practices for control of emissions, and (7)
Best available technology for dust suppression. Dust
prevention combines those techniques and
management practices which eliminate dust
generation. These options need to be considered at the
early stages of the project, i.e. the planning and design stages.
REPORT OF THE
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55 Box A5-1 Comprehensive Measures for Prevention and Control of Fugitive Emissions in Delhi NCR
S.N.CategoryMeasures
1Smart and Sustainable
Construction Materials
Prefabricated, pre-casted and modular construction elements
Building materials with low-embodied energy: finished or semi-finished products
from waste streams including C&D waste, fly ash, road dust and rice straw
2Multi-utility service
corridors/ducts with ITC
enabled system for
inter-agency coordination
Multi-utility service corridors/ducts
ITC enabled system for inter-agency coordination for minimal disturbance during
utility maintenance operations
3Surface improvements Revegetation on road edges using industrial techniques (geo-textiles,
hydro-seeing etc)
Flexible/open grid paving and gravelling on exposed surfaces around roads/sites
Vegetation drives in abandoned fly ash pounds (decorative and aromatic plants)
4
Site or plant layout and
design features
Tree-lines for dust/ash interception at existing fly ash ponds or various other
sites/plants
wheel-wash facilities for transportation vehicles
Optimal location of plants/sites with respect to transportation of construction
materials
Paved access roads at sites/plants
Hoods and other enclosures around conveyers and hoppers
Conveyers or chutes with adjustable height
Hopper load systems with a good match for truck sizes
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56 S.N.CategoryMeasures
5Wet suppressionSimple wet suppression techniques including gravity and mechanical sprinklers
which are relatively inefficient and require more water (treated water)
More efficient techniques including dry fog suppression system (covering
relatively larger area for the same amount of water), chemically-aided wet
suppression (more efficient agglomeration of particles) or combinations of these
6Best management
practices
Monitoring and housekeeping for all potential leakages points of dust/ash (Refer
Annex 5)
Best practices for handling materials at site/storage facilities/plants
(Refer Annex 5)
Best practices for transportation e.g. load size limitations, speed limits etc. (Refer
Annex 5)
Planning and optimising transportation of construction materials
7Dust/ash Suppression
Systems
Construction equipment with dust suppression technology: cyclone separators,
bag filters, ESP etc. for capturing dust/ash
Vacuum cleaning of roads/streets with ‘segregation and binding’ of dust into fine
aggregates
Source: CII-CESD (2019) analysis
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57 A 5.1 Smart and Sustainable
Construction Materials
Smart construction and building materials eliminate
fugitive dust emissions during the construction phase
at site and are therefore one of the most effective
strategies for dust control. Smart construction
materials include pre-fabricated modular construction
materials, recycled building materials, flexible
pavements and advanced road construction materials
such as recycled plastics and geopolymer concrete.
Smart and pre-fabricated modular constructions
reduce pollution at the construction site caused by
transportation and handling of raw material. Fugitive
dust emissions can be controlled more effectively in
industrial environments where these modular units are
fabricated. Pre-fabricated modular constructions are
already common in urban infrastructure projects. These
modules (precast/prefabricated/partially prefabricated
concrete elements) are used in construction in the form
of building elements which are assembled at site and
made monolithic by pouring in-situ concrete. They
break the structural elements down into smaller
segments resulting in ease and economy in
construction (BIS 2016).
Recycling C&D waste ensures that waste materials feed
back into the material flows in the city and are utilised in
new construction projects. Re-utilisation of C&D waste
is expected to curb illegal dumping of C&D waste and
dust generation as a result. Currently, the installed C&D
processing plants can process the C&D waste at 2500
tonne per day (GNCTD 2018a) and can handle 50% of
the C&D waste generated within NCT Delhi.
Enhancement in capacities of C&D waste recycling
plants is required in Delhi NCT and other NCR towns
where such infrastructure is non-existing. The Burari
plant by IL&FS was set up under the Public-private
partnership (PPP) model and recycles 2000 tonne C&D
waste per day into construction-grade aggregates (with
recycling rate of 95%). These aggregates are further
converted into products such as RMC, cement bricks,
hollow bricks, pavement blocks, kerb stones, concrete
bricks and manufactured sand, thereby reducing the
consumption of virgin materials such as fresh stones
and sand, and mitigating pollution arising in the
processes of quarrying and mining (IL&FS 2018).
Similar to C&D waste, fly ash is another major waste
stream which can feed back into the material flows to
the city. Low cost fly ash based permeable concrete
provides hard surface (for moving heavy vehicles etc.)
and can seep water. It also has the added advantage of
significantly lower cost as compared to the
conventional bitumen roads. 100% recycled materials
can be promoted for urban infrastructure projects and
civic authorities can be mandated to source 100%
recycled materials. The various commercially
established products and applications of fly ash are
summarised in Box A5-2.
NTPC has recently demonstrated use of fly ash from its
coal thermal power plant in Dadri (NCR Delhi) for road
construction (NTPC 2017). This specific use case
demonstrates use of fly ash in the form of high strength
geopolymer concrete (meeting IRC specifications for
road construction) and it was implemented by NTPC
Energy Technology Research Alliance (NETRA) and
CSIR laboratory- Central Buildings Research Institute
(CBRI). Geopolymer concrete is typically made up of
waste products such as fly ash, granulated blast
furnace slag (GGBS), fine/coarse aggregates and
catalytic liquid system (BIS 2016). As per NTPC,
geopolymer road does not need water curing as
required by cement concrete road and paves the way for
bulk fly ash utilization. NTPC is now inviting expression
of interest from Indian firms and contractors for building
geopolymer concrete based roads at NTPC projects or
stations across India (NTPC 2018d).
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58 Box A5-2. Finished & Semi-Finished Recycled Products from Different Waste Streams
C&D Waste1.Recycled Concrete Aggregates (RCA)
2.Ready Mix Concrete (RMC)
3.Cement bricks
4.Hollow bricks
5.Pavement blocks
6.Kerb stones
7.Concrete bricks
8.Manufactured sand
Road/street Dust 1.Road paving blocks using road dust as fine aggregate
2.Road paving bricks using road dust as fine aggregate
3.Road paving tiles using road dust as fine aggregate
Fly Ash1.Light-weight Aggregates (LWAs)
2.Geopolymer concrete
3.Clay-fly ash bricks, blocks, tiles, roofing tiles
(manual 60% fly ash; mechanised 85% fly ash)
4.Fly ash-lime-gypsum-cement bricks and blocks (50% fly ash)
5.Fly ash bricks (90% fly ash)
6.Manufacturing of Cement
7.Part substitution of cement in concretes including RMC, SCC, high strength & structural
concretes (up to 50% fly ash)
8.Construction of roads, embankments & bridges including pavement interlocking block, kerb stones etc.
9.Stowing in underground mines, backfilling of open cast mines
10.Construction of haul roads & other construction / development activities in mine sector
11.Construction of dams & water management structures
Rice straw1.Straw-bales for building insulation in alternate building designs
2.Eco-panels made from rice-straw for building indoors
Source: CBRI (2018), CFARM (2018); IL&FS (2018), BIS (2016), NTPC (2017, 2018d) and other stakeholder inputs
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59 Recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) is the primary
product of C&D waste recycling plant which is further
processed into products as shown in box A5-2. The
production of concrete for buildings and roads in India is
governed by BIS (IS 456, IS 1343) and IRC codes (IRC
112) respectively (CPWD 2014). All these codes further
conform to BIS code: IS 383 for use of aggregates in
concrete. This standard has been revised for use of RCA
in concrete in the year 2016. As per the revised
specifications (IS 383, 2016), maximum allowable RCA
content in concrete is-
a.Plain cement concrete (PCC): 25% coarse & fine
RCAs
b.Reinforced cement concrete (RCC): 20% coarse &
fine RCAs
c.Lean concrete: 100% RCAs for non-load bearing
structures using lean concrete
As per the National Building Code of India, recycled
aggregates may be used in concrete for bulk fills, bank
protection, base/fills of drainage structures, pavements,
sidewalks, kerbs and gutters etc. (BIS 2016). Up to 30%
of the natural coarse aggregate can be replaced by the
coarse recycled aggregate, in fresh concrete. This
percentage can be further increased up to 50% for
pavements and other areas which are under pure
compression (BIS 2016).
In addition to above standards and codes, there are
specific mandates for utilisation of C&D waste in new
projects in Delhi. The Government of National Capital
Territory of Delhi (GNCTD) has issued advisory to all its
Departments for a mandatory clause in their tenders
requiring use of 2% and 10% of recycled C&D waste
products in building and road projects respectively
(GNCTD, 2018b). It also categorically mentions that
C&D waste should be reutilised in-situ for all big
redevelopment projects of government worth more
than INR 500 Crores. GNCTD notice also advises 500
tonne per day processing units to be set up across the
city with one such unit by a major government
stakeholder. A similar notice was also issued by Central
government agencies: Ministry of Urban and Housing
Affairs (MoHUA) and Central Public Works Department
(CPWD) in March 2016.
A 5.2 Modern Multi Utility Service
Corridors
Multiple agencies and departments are involved in
maintaining the utility lines (gas, sewage, fresh water,
electricity, telecommunications etc.) along the roads.
Actions of different departments or utilities are not
synchronised, and this leads to dust generation on
roads which is further suspended in the air due to
vehicular movement. Modern utility corridors are
essential for curbing emissions from day-to-day
activities of utilities across the city.
Separate utilities corridors and demarcations are
required across NCR (on the lines of ongoing project
under smart cities) so that only relevant utility lines are
disturbed during renovation work and dust generation is
minimum. Table A5-1 shows ongoing smart city
projects (above INR 100 Crore) under the category of
utility works. 13 out of total 17 cities have opted for
multi-utility ducts, trenches or tunnels. This indicates
significant interest among cities for implementing
common utility corridors. But it must be noted that all
projects under smart cities are area-based development
and do not cover the entire city. As clear from Table A5-
1, cost for project varies from INR few crores to INR few
hundred crores per kilometre depending on the type and
number of utility lines. It will therefore be a good idea
for NCR towns to learn from implementation of
smart cities projects and accordingly implement a
cost-effective model after assimilating the learnings
from ongoing projects.
Advanced Information and Communications
Technology (ICT) system can be deployed at common
utility corridors to ensure inter-departmental or inter-
agency coordination. ICT system ensures that
information is shared with all the relevant departments
or agencies whenever a particular activity is undertaken.
It can be seen in Table A5-1 that few cities have opted for
advanced ICT systems to integrate utility operations.
ICT system may include advanced metering
infrastructure for urban utilities such as water and energy.
The only operation utility corridor in the country is a 1.25
km long underground utility tunnel (Figure A5-1) at
Connaught Circle, New Delhi developed as part NDMC’s
city redevelopment plan.
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60 Figure A5-1. Common Utility Tunnel in Connaught Place, New Delhi
Image source: Mail Today (2016)
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61 1. AgartalaUtility Trench333.95
2. AhmedabadUtility Network (Water, sewerage, drainage, roads, street lighting etc.) 385.00
3. BelagaviCity Gas Distribution (CGD)150.00
4. BhopalMiscellaneous (Landscaping, Flyovers to approach site, 627.00
5. Dharamshala Underground cabling111.00
6. FaridabadUnderground cabling276.00
7. JalandharWater, Waste Water, Power and Utility Ducting262.51
8. KanpurUtility Duct (Electricity, Water, Sewer, OFC, Telecom, PNG)147.15
9. KohimaMulti services utility duct112.99
10. NDMCSensor based Common Service Utility Duct150.00
11. Port Blair Service core trench175.00
12. Shivamogga Underground ducting264.00
13. ThanjavurUnderground utility trunk - 27 km108.17
14. TumakuruUnderground Ducting196.00
15. UdaipurDrains, Relaying road & utility duct148.00
16. VadodaraMulti utility duct122.50
17. VaranasiUnderground wiring to reduce unwanted clutter on 431.96
Development of public utilities)
the streets through and implementation of smart metering
Table A5-1. Smart City Projects Worth INR 100 Crore and Above Being Implemented Under
Utility Works as per the Smart City Proposals
Source: Information extracted from smart cities project database (GoI, 2018)
S.
No.
CityProject details in the smart city proposalCost [INR, Crore]
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62 A 5.3 Surface Improvement
Surface improvement includes various techniques like
revegetation, gravelling or flexible pavements on
exposed surfaces. Revegetation can be implemented by
developing green covers around road stretches. To
ensure efficient implementation of revegetation wide
scale, industrial techniques such as hydro-seeding,
geo-textiles can be used to stabilise road sides and
edges. Green covers are one of the most effective ways
to control dust from exposed surfaces and permanently
addresses the fugitive dust emissions along roads,
highways and streets where dust control is very
important from the perspective of exposure on the
roads and road safety.
Different paving options including flexible pavements,
gravelling, open grid or grass pavers etc. can be
considered for exposed surfaces. An important
consideration for paving materials is their durability so
as to minimise the repairs and disturbances to paved
surface.
Surface improvements are also crucial for curbing the
fly ash emissions discussed in Section 3.2.2. The most
effective and permanent control method is growing
vegetation in the fly ash pond. Nutrient rich soil is
normally required for growing grass and plants in fly
ash. As fly ash is laden with toxic metals, growing fruits
and medicinal plants is not advisable. Only the flowering
or decorative plants can be grown in the fly ash pond,
supplemented by nutrients/soil.
A 5.4 Site or Plant Layout and Design
Design strategies are important for curbing air pollution
during construction phase of various projects (buildings
or infrastructure). Transportation and handling of
materials is a major source of dust at the project site
during the construction phase. Therefore, minimising
travel distances through appropriate plant/site layout
and design is an important strategy for preventing
fugitive dust emissions. One of the most common
practices at the construction site is to prepare an
unpaved road for transportation of construction
materials to and from the site. This leads to majority of
fugitive dust emissions during construction phase.
Paving the access roads at construction sites is an
important strategy for control of PM emissions. Other
design approaches that can be integrated into layout
and design include- concrete bunding and using natural
features of the land or local topography. To ensure
effectiveness, bund walls need to be at least one third
higher the stockpile height.
Wind breakers can also be built at the site using
horticulture cloth supported on poles, or by planting
trees, that provide green cover around the site
(considering prevailing wind conditions). Besides
control of dust from road, green covers are also very
effective for containing dust originating at construction
sites. It is estimated that a single row of trees may bring
about a 25 percent reduction in airborne particulates
and complete dust interception can be achieved by a
30-metre belt of trees (ASCI 2010). Growing dense
green-covers around the fly ash ponds prevents
blowing of ash by wind to the surrounding area. It should
be noted that certain species of trees may be chosen for
their pollution abatement qualities including dust
trapping. To avoid reliance on a single species, a
combination of trees, shrubs, grass should be grown
(MoUD 2014). Choice of tree is important and evergreen
trees are a preferred choice for an effective windbreaker
(BIS 2016). The building code GRIHA (GRIHA 2018)
provides a reference list of native or naturalised species
of flora which can be grown in accordance with different
agro-climatic zones (climatic conditions and soil types)
prevalent in India.
REPORT OF THE
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63 A comprehensive set of design measures for
construction sites including waste management
facilities and allied construction industry include-
1.Optimal location of plants/sites with respect to
transportation of various finished/semi-finished
construction/demolition materials
2.Paving the access road for transportation of
construction/demolition materials to and from the
site/plant
3.Integrating natural features into the building layout
and design e.g. tree lines around site/plant.
Consideration should be paid to the prevailing wind
conditions and tree species.
4.Enclosures around conveyers and hoppers (hoods
and other enclosures) for transferring fine materials.
In absence of enclosures, wet suppression using
water sprinklers is required and might not be
suitable for all materials and processes.
Figure A5-2. Wet Suppression on Road Using
Water Tanker and Mechanical Sprinkler
Figure A5-3. Dust Suppression Nozzle Used in Dry
Fog Systems for Suppression of Airborne Particles
Source: manufacturer’s website
5.Use of adjustable conveyors that can be raised and
lowered in order to minimise drop heights and avoid
spillage of materials
6.Hopper load systems should be designed to ensure
a good match with truck size and should be fully
enclosed on the sides
A 5.5 Wet Suppression and Chemical
Stabilisation of Particulate
Matter
Wet suppression involves applying water onto road
surfaces, material stockpiles, transportation vehicles
and other vulnerable locations for supressing dust. Wet
suppression techniques can be broadly classified into
three types- (1) Simple wet suppression using gravity or
mechanical sprinklers, (2) Dry fog suppression (3)
Chemical stabilisation of particulate matter during wet
suppression.
INDUSTRY
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64 Simple wet suppression can be achieved by using
gravity or mechanical sprinklers as shown in the Figure
A5-2. Applications include paved/unpaved road,
pavement, exposed surfaces and unused
material/waste stockpiles, landfills, wet jet in
grinding/cutting operations and wash down facilities for
transportation vehicles. Water sprays/ sprinklers are
also used at conveyors and other transfer points in allied
construction industry and waste management facilities,
depending on the process and materials. Before using
wet suppression technique, assessment of dust
suppression water demand and supply is important in
the locality. Water demand depends on the surface area
for treatment, and rate and frequency of application
required at the location. Application rates are in turn
based on inputs such as local meteorological forecasts
and traffic volumes in case of application on the roads.
Water conservation strategies are important to reduce
water footprint of dust suppression activities.
Dry fog suppression systems can be used to enhance
water use efficiency of wet suppression. Dry
suppression nozzles as shown in the Figure A5-3 can be
designed for suppressing PM of particular size range.
Dry fog suppression is also utilised to cover large control
areas as opposed to simple mechanical means which
are attached to diesel operated vehicles for providing
coverage to large areas. High frequency applications by
mechanical means or simple wet suppression,
therefore need to be carefully planned considering the
emissions from diesel vehicles. Application of dry
suppression technique has limited utility for
suppression of fugitive PM due to wide range of ultrafine
particles suspended in urban airshed. This would
otherwise require custom designed dry suppression
nozzles for ultrafine PM ranges and might be practically
2
impossible to implement. Additionally, wet particles are
hydrophobic (water repellent) and resist agglomeration
of finer particles in air. Both of these techniques are
therefore not effective for supressing fugitive PM unless
targeted surfaces are fully covered with water and are
ineffective for controlling air borne PM. Also, local
climatic conditions (high temperature and dry weather)
render the wet suppression ineffective as water
evaporates quickly from surfaces under high
temperature conditions.
Chemical stabilisation of particulate matter during wet
suppression ensures much higher control efficacy,
which can be further enhanced in combination with dry
fog suppression. This can significantly reduce
requirement of water and are more effective than wet
suppression or dry fog suppression systems used in
isolation. In this technique, control agents are added to
water for facilitating binding of particulate matter
through particle agglomeration. Chemical stabilisation
also has an added advantage of improving visibility and
safety conditions on the road. Calcium chloride (CaCl),
2
Magnesium chloride (MgCl) and Organic Polymer-
2
plus-Binders (OPBs) are common dust suppressants
used traditionally around the world but are not advisable
due to corrosion of vehicle parts and environmental
impacts caused by run off from the road after excessive
application. A new family of chemical stabilisers have
been developed that consist of long-chain
hydrocarbons which are biodegradable and have no
reported environmental impact. This solution has been
developed indigenously by Syntron Industries in India in
collaboration with the Central Institute for Mining and
Fuel Research (CIMFR). These stabilisers have only
been used for dust control in the mining industry so far
and there is a huge potential to use them in urban
environment. Additives not only lower the water surface
tension to create the smaller droplets of water, they also
produce interfacial tension between particles. This
permits dust to penetrate the surface of water droplets
and form agglomerates, making the suppression more
effective with less moisture requirement.
2
Dry fog suppression system was recently tried by Delhi government and DPCC at Anand Vihar in the form of fog guns but it had limited or very little impact for
control of PM (HT, 2017) due to possible reasons explained in text but no documented data or information on the same is available in the public domain
REPORT OF THE
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65 In an example provided under the Box A5-3, three
different applications of chemically assisted wet
suppression technique are described: (A) road dust, (B)
material stockpiles and (3) airborne PM, based on the
inputs provided by the solution provider. Interventions
below can achieve PM suppression with control
efficiency of 90-95% as opposed to simple suppression
with water which is resource intensive and can only
achieve a control efficiency up to 20%. Key
3
Based on interview with three applications of chemical additives are suggested for
pilots in city environment to suppress fugitive PM-
A.Application on the roads with vehicular movement
Chemical stabilisation can be used for wet suppression during road maintenance and for application on unpaved
roads/surfaces. Recommended mixing ratio is 1 kg compound for 2500 litres of water. One litre of water and additive
22
can cover up to 3-4 m and 1.5-2.5 m area for mechanical and manual gravity spray pattern respectively. Cost of
2
chemicals is estimated to be INR 0.39 per m. To begin with, solution provider recommends three applications in a 24
hour period.
B.Application on loose materials with no movement
Potential applications under this category could include- inactive fly ash ponds, illegal dumps of C&D waste, landfills
and stockpiles of loose and fine materials including construction materials at project sites or plant locations.
Recommended mixing ratio for these applications is higher: 1 kg compound for 50 litres of water. Application rate for
this category is recommended at 3-4 litres of water and additive per square metre. The suppressant is applied using a
mechanical sprayer to which water is pumped from a stationary water tank at the site. Recommended frequency of
2
application is once per month, costing up to INR 20 per m.
C.Control of airborne PM in pollution hotspots
In addition to above applications, the technique can be adapted for PM control in specific areas which suffer from
critically polluted air due to rampant construction activities, rapid vehicular movement on roads, illegal
dumping/burning of waste etc. Mixing ration of 1 kg chemical for 10,000-15,000 litres of water is suggested for this
application. The dry fog suppression system with high jet pump is recommended for this category to cover wide areas
for suppression of fugitive dust and PM. Recommended application rate is once in 24 hours with midnight being the
most suitable time for its application.
one of the solution providers
3
conducted on 24 April 2018, New Delhi
considerations for application (time, rate and
frequency) of chemical stabilisers include: local
meteorology, traffic volumes on the road, aggregate or
unpaved road (binder content is higher for gravelled
roads). Application can be optimised based on the
experience in the city environment. Evidence for control
efficacy of these agents can be established in NCR
through pilots and demonstrations.
Box A5-3. Example of a Proposed Pilot for Chemically Assisted Wet Suppression of
Particulate Matter in NCR Under Three Different Conditions
INDUSTRY
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66 A 5.6 Best Management Practices
Role of management options and best practices is
extremely important for PM suppression. Adopting best
practices requires a fundamental shift in behaviour of
organisations/industry. Ensuring best practices
therefore would require sensitisation of stakeholders in
NCR region and high level of inter-departmental
coordination.
1.Best practices for moving sources: material
transportation-
a.Restricting transportation vehicles to specified
roads and time of the day
b.Speed limits for vehicles in designated areas
(say, up to 10-15 km/ hour)
c.Load size limitations for avoiding material
spillages
d.Proper covering of transportation vehicles e.g.
with tarpaulin/bins
e.Monitoring traffic for transportation vehicles
carrying construction and demolition material
2.Best practices for stationary sources: sites, plants
and storage facilities-
a.Limitation on stockpiles’ size: height & slope. For
instance, flat and shallow stockpile is preferred
over tall conical stockpiles in order to reduce
wind entrainment.
b.Wind breakers, shelter belts or temporary
screening at construction site
c.Location of wind breakers from stockpile is
critical (at a least distance which is equal to the
height of pile)
d.Proper cover (tarpaulin/ bins) for fine materials
such as sand, gypsum & cement
e.Maintaining minimum drop heights for
equipment transferring materials to/ from
stockpiles
f.Regular clean-up of spillages and covering of
potential spillage areas
g.Regular maintenance of hydraulic grabs to
ensure complete closure
h.Operating plants/facility at times when
meteorological conditions are not conducive to
producing large dust plumes (for plants which do
not run 24x7)
i.ITC enabled systems and protocols for inter-
departmental and inter-agency coordination
among utility operators to ensure minimal dust
generation during regular maintenance
operations
j.In-situ utilisation of excavated soil at
construction projects
REPORT OF THE
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67 Control measures need to be designed considering features of local area and accordingly implemented across urban
settlements in the NCR region. Availability of treated water is one of the deciding factors for achieving dust control via
wet suppression. Road traffic conditions, such as traffic volumes and time of day are important for deciding the best
time of the day for application of chemical aided wet suppression. Dust control is crucial in construction hot spots which
are in close proximity to sensitive receptors such as schools, hospitals and residential areas. Low-cost sensor-based
monitoring can be used in such areas which are critical from the perspective of exposure and would require monitoring
in order to design suitable local interventions.
Figure below illustrates variables and parameters related to sources of air pollution, local area, environment and control
measures. Optimising these using available information is crucial for achieving desired reductions in air pollution.
Instead of applying arbitrary control measures in an ad-hoc manner and temporarily suspending activities, evidence
needs to be generated continuously though action and it needs to feed into management and planning processes. This
requires a comprehensive management and control programme involving multiple stakeholders. Control strategies
need to be improved though an iterative process as shown below and standard operating procedures (SOPs) need to be
established based on tested efficacy of control measures under local conditions.
Location of key sources e.g. construction hotspots,
identified highway/road stretches
Location of sensitive receptors e.g. hospitals, schools
and residential areas
Local meteorological factors e.g. predominant wind
directions
Frequency and time of activities
Availability of treated water at site
Type of control measure (e.g. wet or dry suppression)
Rate & frequency of application
Best time of day for application
Control efficiency
Capital cost of equipment/ infrastrcuture
Operational cost: fuel, chemicals, and maintenance of
infrastructure
PlanPre-PlanPlan
Implement
& Monitor
Implement
& Monitor
Implement
& Monitor
Final
Plan
12N
EvaluateEvaluateEvaluate
CONTROL VARIABLESCONTROL STRATEGY
key parameters for devising air quality management strategies vis-s-vis area specific control variables
Source: CII-CESD (2018) analysis
Framework for Continuous Improvement of Management and Control Strategies at Local Level Through Evidence
Box A5-4. Suggested Air Quality Monitoring and Implementation Framework
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68 At the evaluation stage, the tested efficiency of control measures under given conditions can be established with the
help of a transparent monitoring and data ecosystem. This not only helps choosing or discarding options based on
concrete evidence, it also scientifically ascertains and helps understanding why specific control measure failed under
given conditions and how it can be improved in the next planning stage by adjusting few variables or discarded
particular measure due to unsuitability in certain location.
Monitoring and robust data ecosystem is essential for controlling dust emissions. Testing efficacy of control options
would require regular inspection, sampling and monitoring of sites with high generation of dust and other fine
particulate matter emissions, for instance, the construction hotspots, landfills, stone crushers etc. Monitoring of SPM
and PM using low cost infrastructure can be mandated at such sites. Emphasis should be on continuous improvement
of management practices and control strategies based on these findings as illustrated by Figure 9. Random
monitoring of different sources responsible for fugitive emissions, as in listed table A4.2, is prescribed, along with the
online monitoring by industry, utilities and civic agencies along key locations in NCR cities. Online monitoring for SPM,
PM and local meteorological conditions can be set up voluntarily by public and private agencies across region and
would supplement the existing monitoring capabilities.
A 5.7 Best Available Technology for
Dust Suppression
Dust can be collected from hard surfaces, such as
roads, streets and pavements, by mechanised/vacuum
sweeping but it is ineffective compared to other options
discussed above due to inherent problems with
municipal solid waste management system in NCR. As
of now, a fraction of road dust is being collected by
mechanical sweepers employed by local bodies and
PWD (Government of Delhi). Dust is predominantly
collected by manual sweeping of the roads or streets by
sanitation workers of municipality. Sweeping the roads
itself generates a lot of dust. Besides this, segregation
does not take place at source in Delhi NCR. Unless
collected dust and other fine particulate matter are
bound using an agent and disposed using scientific
methods, mechanised or vacuum cleaning is not
advisable for addressing air pollution. It could in turn
lead to higher ultrafine PM emissions from diesel
engines if emissions from these vehicles are not
monitored and controlled properly.
With the initiative of Department of Environment
(GNCTD), Central Building Research Institute (CBRI) has
carried out investigation on the utilization of road dust,
also called silt, for development of building components.
Various value-added building components like road
paving blocks, bricks and tiles have been developed
using road dust as fine aggregate and this option may
reduce burden of road dust on Delhi’s airshed.
Containment of particulate matter and other air
emission such as VOCs is especially relevant for
construction and small-scale industry in Delhi NCT and
other NCR towns. Some of these air emissions can be
contained at the source using mechanical extraction
and collection. Depending on the intensity and scale of
these processes, extracted air can be routed to one of
the emission control devices (for containment of PM):
(1) Cyclone separator, (2) Bag/ fabric filter, (3)
Electrostatic precipitator, and (4) Wet scrubber. The
relative advantages and disadvantages which might
help the user choosing the right emission control device
are summarised in the Box A5-5.
REPORT OF THE
TASK FORCE ON
CLEAN INDUSTRY
69 Box A5-5 Proven Technologies for Containment of Particulate Matter Emissions
Cyclone separator (~70% collection efficiency)
•Low cost
•No moving parts
•Relatively lower efficiency
•Wide temperature/pressure applications
•Low space requirement
•Dry operation
•Efficient operation requires high pressure drops
Bag/ fabric filters (~95% collection efficiency)
•Higher efficiency with use
•Up to 99.9% collection efficiency
•High collection of coarse and fine PM
•Multiple configurations and wide capacity rang
O
•Limited to temperatures below 290C
•Maintenance against corrosion
•Lower efficiency after cleaning filters
Electrostatic precipitators (ESP) (60-90% collection efficiency)
•High capital and low operational cost
•Dry and wet types
•Multiple fields
•High efficiencies achievable
•very low pressure drop
•Minimal maintenance (non-corrosive materials)
•Large space requirement
•Sensitive to fluctuations in gas flow
Wet scrubbers (40-99% collection efficiency)
•Moderate pressure drop
•Can handle corrosive and acidic gases/mists
O
•Limited to gas inlet temperatures < 50-85C
•Relatively low capital cost
•Small space requirement
•Wet collection
Source: EPA (2008)
INDUSTRY
ACTION PLAN FOR
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70 Table A5-2 Example of Prevention and Control Options for Various Sources of Fugitive PM Emissions in NCR
S.
No.
Key Sources Description of Sources Area of intervention Prevention and control options
1 Building
construction
a.Township or area
development projects
b.Large building construction
projects for which
environmental clearance is
required including
commercial/public buildings
and residential complexes
c.Building construction projects
including renovation of
existing buildings where
environmental clearances are
not required
•Construction hotspots in
NCR region
•Material handling during
construction and
demolition
•Best practices for dust preventions
and minimisation during material
handling at site
•Chemically assisted wet
suppression methods
•Site layout and design e.g.
Integrating natural features in
design for dust prevention and
minimisation of travel distances
through proper site layout
•Green covers and wind screens
•Paving the access road
2 Urban
infrastructure
projects
Urban infrastructure projects
including construction of roads,
flyovers, intersections, bridges,
footpaths, lighting poles etc.
•Large infrastructure
projects e.g. DMRC
•Construction and
demolition of
roads/highways,
pavements, bridges,
flyovers etc.
•Best practices for dust preventions
and minimisation during material
handling at site
•Chemically assisted wet
suppression methods
•Re-vegetation on exposed
surfaces, paving the access road
and other surface improvements
3 Utility
operations
Utility operations across the city
involving digging on/along the
roads. Utilities include electricity,
gas, water, roads, municipal solid
waste etc.
•Day-to-day activities
carried out by utilities such
as NHAI, PWD, IGL, BSES,
DJB and urban local bodies
•Inter-departmental
coordination among
different
agencies/departments
•Modern multi-utility service
corridors along roads with a
provision for inter-departmental
coordination
4 Demolition Various demolition activities
across the city including buildings
demolition
•Demolition of buildings
•Demolition of roads,
bridges, pavements etc.
in city
•100% recycling of C&D waste
•Best practices for dust preventions
and minimisation (during storage,
transportation and use at site)
•Chemically assisted wet
suppression methods
REPORT OF THE
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71 S.
No.
Key Sources Description of Sources Area of intervention Prevention and control options
5 Material
Transportation
Transportation of materials •Transportation of
construction materials
•Transportation of C&D
waste
•Speed limits in designated areas
•Best practices for vehicle loading
and transfer of materials
•Wash down facilities at
sites/plants
6 Vehicular
movement
on roads
Resuspension of dust due to
vehicular movement on paved/
unpaved roads, especially due to
poorly maintained road/ highway
stretches
•Roads and highways,
especially poorly
maintained road stretches
in NCR
•Repair/maintenance of
roads/ highways stretches
•Chemically assisted wet
suppression using
mechanical/gravity/fog
suppression spray systems
•Monitoring and management of
road traffic, especially for heavy-
duty vehicles: speed limits on
designated roads
•Re-vegetation on exposed
surfaces along roads, paving roads
and other surface improvements
•Mechanised sweeping with proper
disposal of collected dust from
paved roads
7 Soil and
other
exposed
surfaces
Wind erosion from exposed
surfaces and loose soil
Unpaved roads and exposed
surfaces along
roads/highways
•Surface improvement: paving,
gravelling, re-vegetation on
exposed surfaces etc.
•Chemically assisted wet
suppression using
mechanical/gravity/fog
suppression spray systems
8 Waste
handling and
disposalCollection and handling of
Construction and Demolition
(C&D) waste, Municipal Solid
waste (MSW), and fly ash Landfills
and fly ash pond in NCR•MSW collection from
streets/roads
•Management of landfills,
fly ash ponds and illegal
dumping sites in NCR
•Waste handling units (C&D
waste and MSW)
•Plant design and layout
•Best practices for dust preventions
and minimisation during waste
handling
•Chemically assisted wet
suppression
9
Allied
construction
industrya.Bricks kilns (fly ash)
b.Stone crushers
c.Ready mix concrete (RMC)
batching plants
•Material handling
•Improved Kiln designs
•Fuel switch at these plants
•Plant design and layout
•Best practices for preventions and
minimisation of dust/fly ash
•Chemically assisted wet suppression
Source: CII-CESD (2018) analysis
INDUSTRY
ACTION PLAN FOR
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72
0.E+00 5.E+05 1.E+06 2.E+06 2.E+06 3.E+06 3.E+06
Cost [INR]
Diesel Generator Wet Scrubber
6,00,000
12,00,000
4,30,800
4,90,000
125 kVA 250 kVA 500 kVA
DG Capacity
2,500,000 5,50,000
ANNEXURE 6
Best Available Technologies for Diesel Generators
A 6.1 End-of-Pipe Retrofit Technologies
Emission control devices for DGs work on the same
principle as in the diesel engines. Emission control
methods for these are broadly classified as- wet
scrubbers, diesel particulate filters (DPF), continuous
regenerative trap (CRT). Low-cost retrofit options at
approximately 10% of the DG’s capex are available in the
market with a minimum collection efficiency of 70%,
Available options in the market can be classified as-
1.End-of-Pipe Retrofit
2.Fuel Substitution in Diesel Generators
3.Energy Storage
although the auxiliary energy consumption is observed
to be significant. Hospitality sector in India utilises wet
scrubbers in order to keep the PM emissions from DG
sets under check. The Figure A6-1 below gives a
comparison of wet scrubber options for three different
size classes available with an equipment vendor in
Delhi. Three key components of wet scrubber: stainless
steel ducting, water cooler and venture scrubber
constitute about 8%, 27% and 65% of the total cost
respectively. As evident from Figure A6-1, wet scrubber
is cost-effective retrofit option for mid to high capacity
segments. For a 500-kVA diesel generator, wet scrubber
constitutes about 18% of the total capex. Although
options are available in the Indian market, they need to
be benchmarked to understand their relative
advantages/disadvantages (collection efficiency, back
pressure impact, energy requirement etc.) for different
capacity segments.
Figure A6-1. Cost of Indigenous Wet Scrubber of Different Capacities Available Commercially in the Indian Market
Source: CII-CESD (2018) analysis from market brochures
REPORT OF THE
TASK FORCE ON
CLEAN INDUSTRY
73 In addition to the above said technologies for retrofit
options for DGs, on-road original equipment
manufacturers (OEMs) currently have experience on
other low cost proven solutions like Diesel Oxidation
Catalyst (DOC) and Partial Flow Filters (PFF). The
technology has capability to reduce PM between 30-
60% depending on the organic fraction of diesel
particulates: soluble organic fractions (SOF) or insoluble
organic fractions (IOF) observed at the engine outlet
conditions. The DOC on its own can be used as a retrofit
solution having the ability to oxidize CO, HC and SOF
(PM). When combined with downstream PFF, the Partial
Oxidation Catalyst (POC) architecture can reduce PM
4
close to 50-60%.The key driver for this technology to
perform is engine exhaust temperature. One should
O
maintain temperature higher than 250C at minimum
50% duty cycle on periodic basis to aid the passive soot
oxidation. PFF traps soot within and on the walls,
converting trapped carbon to form CO up on reaction
2
with incoming NO (from DOC). This technology has
2
been in practice in commercial vehicles in India and
China since the introduction of BS-IV and NS-IV norms
respectively. As per the inputs received from
stakeholders, the product quality and reliability has been
good with the right level of integration measures. The
product cost of this solution is around INR 30-100
thousand depending on the product requirement. The
industry experience of this technology has been on
electronic architecture which would be able to react if
there are any choking or plugging issues. For DG retrofit,
the engines currently in the field are primarily based on
mechanical architecture. These engines have their own
set of limitations in terms how they would be able to
react if technologies are deployed downstream.
Backpressure, vibration, noise and durability should be
well understood before this could be mass deployed.
Furthermore, several indigenously designed end-of-
pipe retrofit devices that capture PM and that turn it into
useful products (such as ink, paint) are currently under
development in India. These options are currently being
piloted at sites for large corporates, real estate players,
oil and gas companies, etc. in Delhi NCR and other
metropolitan areas; but are yet to be certified by CPCB
approved laboratories. Such devices are able to capture
significant amount of particulate matter emissions
from diesel generators based on age and condition of
the generator. The cost of such retrofit options is
fractional as compared to the capital expenditure on
diesel generator and varies with capacity (12-16% of the
DG capex). The devices work by cooling the exhaust in
most optimized manner to cause rapid agglomeration
of soot particles. Capturing of soot particles is realised
by slowly passing the exhaust gases through contours
and meshes while interacting with solution, that traps
the soot. The solution ensures continuous cleaning of
the meshes and contours in real time, collecting soot at
the bottom of collection bin.
A 6.2 Fuel Substitution
Dual fuel injection kits are readily available for existing
DG sets (CII-NITI 2018b). Gas injection kits may be
mandated by competent authority to existing DG sets in
areas with availability of CNG and piped natural gas
(PNG) infrastructure. Additionally, efforts maybe
ramped up to improve availability of cleaner fuels in
commercial segment. Recommendations for the same
have been made in CII-NITI Aayog task force report on
Clean Fuel (CII-NITI 2018b). Existing and new DGs in
commercial sector: 82%, 65-70% and 56% of the low,
med-high and high-horsepower capacity segments
4
Data based on certified commercial products by ARAI India & MIC China for light duty vehicles.
INDUSTRY
ACTION PLAN FOR
CLEAN
74 respectively (contribution of different sectors as shown
in Figure 6) can be prioritised for retrofit in this regard. All
major manufacturers have gas-based DGs or multi-fuel
injection models available in the market. Similar to gas,
other clean fuel options such as liquid bio-fuels and bio-
CNG can also be explored in Delhi NCR based on the
availability of bio-fuels and by promoting waste-to-energy.
A 6.3 Energy Storage
Using electric batteries/ invertors for energy storage
can partially address the emissions from diesel
generators in urban areas. Inverters or battery storage
can only fulfil the energy requirements for small
appliances: lighting, fan etc. Standalone electric storage
is therefore a long-term measure currently available in
market and can fulfil the energy requirements for energy
intensive applications such as air conditioning for
thermal comfort.
Thermal energy storage is a separate set of solutions
available to fulfil the needs for thermal comfort in the
buildings in case of power outages. In addition to
providing back up power during power contingencies,
TES enables businesses to manage peak electricity
demand by storing electricity as thermal energy during
5
non-peak hours and utilising it during peak hours. This
is especially relevant in case of the commercial and
industrial users of electricity for whom time of day tariffs
are applicable. While invertor backs up small appliances
such as lights, TV and computer; TES backs up the
installed cooling system. TES options available in the
6
market today utilise- (1) Chilled water, (2) Ice storage,
(3) Phase changing material (PCM), and (4) Molten salt
energy storage. Most thermal energy storage systems
are partial storage systems. This implies that thermal
storage capacity accounts for about 30% of the total
cooling required. This reduces the required floor space
to about 0.25% of the conditioned space (Bijli Bachao
2015). TES is commercially established in India and is
utilised as a demand side management (DSM) tool by
Tata Power. Tata power offers its commercial and
industrial consumers incentives for using TES and
launched the first of its kind TES incentive programme
under its DSM Initiative in 2014 (AICHE 2014; IIFL 2014).
It not only helps large consumers meet their peak
cooling demand cost-effectively but also enables the
utility to manage peak power. TES has been widely
adopted in cities, including Delhi. It is reported that
installed capacity of TES is about 12 MW in major
metropolitans such as Bangalore, New Delhi and
Chennai (Calmac 2015). This constitutes only a fraction
of peak power demand in Delhi which was all time high
at 6934 MW on 08 June 2018 (6% higher from the
previous year). As per the information available for the
year 2015, that is peak power of 5925 MW (BSES 2015),
installed capacity of TES was just 0.2% of the total peak
power.
From discussion above it is clear that energy storage
has huge potential to solve energy management
challenges but also to address air quality to the extent
DG set are used in commercial and large residential
complexes for thermal comfort. It is proposed that
integrated solutions/services, combining electric and
thermal energy storage, can be provided by
utilities/DISCOMs, energy service companies (ESCOs)
etc. with the focus on energy management as well as air
quality.
5
Time of Day (TOD) tariffs are applicable to industrial and commercial users with differentiated tariff structures for peak and non-peak hours
6
latent heat of fusion of water is used to store energy, with the help of charging fluids/anti-freeze agents added to water
REPORT OF THE
TASK FORCE ON
CLEAN INDUSTRY
75 ANNEXURE 7
Emission Control in Coal Thermal Power Plants
An overview of different emission control technologies
available to TPPs is presented in the Figure A7-1 listing
two types of technologies: (1) in-situ abatemnt
technologies and (2) post-combustion abatement
technologies. In-situ abatement technologies involve
plant modifications in order to ensure more efficient
burning of fuel and include change in boiler deisgn, e.g.
Fluidised Bed Combustion (FBC), limestone injection,
Over Fire Air (OFA), low-NOx burners, flue gas
recirculation. Post-combustion abatement
technologies include Flue Gas Desulphurisation (FGD);
selective catalytic/non-catalytic process for NOx
reduction; and PM control options (ESP, bag filter and
wet scrubber). High upfront capital requirement has
been a major impediment for installation of emission
control systems in addition to other factors described
below. It has been established that health benefit far
overweighs these investments in clean technology
(CSTEP 2018). Industry experts agree that Incremental
cost of emission control is comparatively low and is
speculated to be INR 5/ bag for cement industry and INR
0.50-0.60/ unit for the power industry.
Figure A7-1. Available Technologies for Control of SOx, NOx and PM Emissions
in Coal-Based Thermal Power Plants with Respective Control Efficiencies
Post-combustion abatement In-situ abatement
Bubbling FBC
Wet FGD
(Limestone-based)
Semi-dry FGD
(Lime-based)
94%
98%
Low-NOx Burner
Over Fire Air
Flue Gas
Recirculation
30-40%
20-50%
20-50%
Selective Catalytic
Reduction (SCR)
Selective
Non-Catalytic
Reduction (SNCR)
80-95%
30-50%
50-70-% (FBC)
Wet Scrubber
Fabric Filter
Electrostatic
Precipitator (ESP)
70-90%
Dry Sorbent
Injection
55-60%
96.5%
99.6%
98.5%
Circulating FBC
Seawater FGD
(Seawater-based)
90%
90-95%
Fluidised Bed
Combustion (FBC)
Flue Gas
Desulphurisation (FGD)
SO Control
2
Technologies
NO Control
X
Technologies
PM Control
Technologies
Source: Adapted from CSTEP (2018), Tata Power (2017), CPCB (2012), IFC (2008) and Word Bank (1998)
“Industry experts agree that incremental cost
of emission control is comparatively low and
is speculated to be INR 5/ bag for cement
industry and INR 0.50-0.60/ unit for the
power industry”.
INDUSTRY
ACTION PLAN FOR
CLEAN
76 ANNEXURE 8
Coal Thermal Power Plant Units within 300 km of Delhi
1BTPS Badarpur, 1 95 1973Jul-2018... ... ... 100%
2Rajghat TPS, 1 67.51989 ... ... ... N.A.
3NTPC Dadri, Dist.1 210 1991... Dec-2019Dec-2019Immediate100%
4Harduaganj Thermal 7*110 1978Dec-2022... ... ...
5Rosa Thermal Power 1 300 2010... Dec-2021Dec-2022... 71%
6Panipat Thermal 1 110 1979Closed ... ... ... 100%
7Rajiv Gandhi Thermal 1 600 2010... Dec-2019Dec-2019Dec-201992%
NTPC
New Delhi2 95 1974Jul-2018... ... ...
3 110 1975Jul-2018... ... ...
4*210 1978Jul-2018... ... ...
720Subcritical5*210 1981Jul-2018... ... ...
IPGCL
Delhi135Subcritical2 67.51990... ... ...
NTPC
Gautam Budh Nagar2 210 1992... Dec-2019Dec-2019Immediate
3 210 1993... Dec-2019Dec-2019Immediate
4 210 1994... Dec-2019Dec-2019Immediate
5 490 2010... Dec-2019Dec-2019Immediate
1820Subcritical6 490 2010... Dec-2019Dec-2019Immediate
UPRVUNL
Power Station (HTPS), 8 250 2012... Dec-2019Dec-2019Immediate
Harduaganj, Aligarh610Subcritical9 250 2013... Dec-2019Dec-2019Immediate
RPSCL;
Plant (RTPP),Reliance2 300 2010... Dec-2021Dec-2022Dec-2021
ShahjahanpurPower3 300 2011... Oct-2021Dec-2022Dec-2021
1200Subcritical4 300 2012... Oct-2021Dec-2022...
HPGCL
Power Station 2 110 1980Closed ... ... ...
(PTPS), Panipat3 110 1985Closed ... ... ...
4 110 1987Closed ... ... ...
5*210 1989Dec-2018... ... ...
6 210 2001... Dec-2019Dec-2019...
7 250 2004... Dec-2019Dec-2019Dec-2019
920Subcritical8 250 2005... Dec-2019Dec-2019Dec-2019
HPGCL
Power Project 1200Subcritical2 600 2011... Dec-2019Dec-2019Dec-2019
(RGTPP), Khedar, Hisar
Closure
report
submitted
Delhi
Uttar Pradesh
Haryana
StatePlant operator
& owner
Installed
Capacity [MW]Thermal Power
Station
S.NoTechnologyUnit number
Installed
Capacity [MW]
Year of
commissioningPhase
out date
FGD
upgradation
NOx
upgradation
ESP
upgradation
Fly ash
utilisation
MOEFCC Directions (December 2017)
7
APC is 50% NTPC, 25% HPGCL and 25% IPGCL
REPORT OF THE
TASK FORCE ON
CLEAN INDUSTRY
77 8Indira Gandhi Super Aravalli 1 500 2010... Dec-2019Dec-2019Dec-201976%
9Jhajjar Power Plant Jhajjar 1 660 2012... Jan-2019Dec-2019Immediate80%
10Deenbandhu Chhotu 1 300 2008... Dec-2019Dec-2019Dec-2019
11Guru Gobind Singh PSPCL1 210 1984Dec-2017... ... ... 167%
12Guru Hargobind Singh PSPCL1 210 1999... Dec-2019Dec-2019Dec-2019100%
13Guru Nanak Dev PSPCL1 110 1974Dec-2017... ... ... 100%
14Rajpura Thermal NPL, L&T1400Supercritical1 700 2013... Dec-2019Dec-2019Immediate
15Talwandi Sabo TSPL 1980Supercritical1 660 2014... Dec-2019Dec-2019Immediate
Thermal Power Project Power2 500 2011... Dec-2019Dec-2019Dec-2019
(IGSTPP), Jharli, Corporation 1500Subcritical3 500 2013... Dec-2019Dec-2019Dec-2019
7
Dist. Jhajjar(APC)
(JPP), Khanpur, Power, 1320Supercritical2 660 2012... Jan-2019Dec-2019Immediate
Dist. JhajjarCLP India
HPGCL
Ram Thermal Power 600Subcritical2 300 2008... Dec-2019Dec-2019Dec-2019
Plant (DCRTPP),
Yamuna Nagar
Super Thermal Power 2 210 1985Dec-2017... ... ...
Plant (GGSSTPP),3 210 1988Dec-2022... ... ...
Roopnagar4 210 1989Dec-2022... ... ...
5*210 1992Dec-2022... ... ...
1260Subcritical6*210 1993Dec-2022... ... ...
Thermal Power Station 2 210 1999... Dec-2019Dec-2019Dec-2019
(GHTP), Lehra 3 250 2008... Dec-2019Dec-2019Dec-2019
Mohabbat920subcritical4 250 1010... Dec-2019Dec-2019Dec-2019
Thermal Plant 2 110 1975Dec-2017... ... ...
(GNDTP), Bathinda3*110 1978Dec-2017... ... ...
440subcritical4*110 1979Dec-2017... ... ...
Power Plant (RTPP), 2 700 2014... Dec-2019Dec-2019Immediate
Patiala
Power (TSP), Mansa (Vedanta)2 660 2015... Dec-2019Dec-2019Immediate
3 660 2016... Dec-2019Dec-2019Immediate
Haryana
Punjab
StatePlant operator
& owner
Installed
Capacity [MW]Thermal Power
Station
S.NoTechnologyUnit number
Installed
Capacity [MW]
Year of
commissioningPhase
out date
FGD
upgradation
NOx
upgradation
ESP
upgradation
Fly ash
utilisation
MOEFCC Directions (December 2017)
Source: Operators’ websites (APCPL 2018, CLP 2018, HPGCL 2018, IPGCL 2018, L&T 2018, NTPC 2018a, NTPC 2018b, PSPCL 2018, Reliance Power 2018, TSPL 2018, UPRVUNL
2018); NRPC (2017); MoEFCC (2017); and CEA (2018)
Notes:
1. MoEFCC (2017) prescribes immediate measures such as installation of low-NOx burners, providing Over Fire Air (OVA) etc. and achieve progressive reduction to comply to
NOx emission limit in the stipulated year.
2. Thermal power plant units, marked with asterisk (*) in the table, face the space constraints for installing FGD system and are required to be phased out by 2022.
3. Near-term additional capacity of 2.12 GW is expected in this region. There is a provision of 1320 MW (2x660 MW) under stage –II of HTPS, Harduaganj, including 800 MW
capacity high efficiency supercritical thermal power unit is planned by way of simultaneous phasing out of old and less efficient units (unit 1 to 4) at PTPS, Panipat.
INDUSTRY
ACTION PLAN FOR
CLEAN
78 ANNEXURE 9
Business Case: Leapfrogging to 50% Biomass Co-firing in Existing
Thermal Power Plants
Besides air pollution emanating from large thermal
power plants in NW India, a huge quantity of surplus
biomass is currently burnt in open fields by farmers as
its extraction is not an economically attractive value
proposition to farmers. Open burning of surplus
biomass is responsible for large scale impact on
regional air quality in North India and this issue has been
the focus of the CII-NITI Aayog task force report on
biomass management. The report (CII-NITI 2018a)
suggest a multipronged strategy for managing paddy
straw in North West region, including use of biomass in
the field for enhancing crop productivity and outside the
field for waste-to-energy applications.
A large part of this biomass, especially paddy straw is
burnt in fields along with the standing stubble. The
practice of stubble burning is not only limited to paddy
straw. Significant number of fire incidents are reported
this year for burning of wheat straw in April-May across
the country, especially in the North-Western region
(NASA, 2018). It has, in fact, been estimated that more
than 80% of paddy straw (18.4 million tonnes) and
almost 50% wheat straw (8.5 million tonnes) produced
in the state of Punjab is being burnt in fields (Sidhu and
Beri, 2005; kumar et al, 2015). As mapped in Figure 9, a
huge amount of surplus biomass is available across
North Western states which presents a lost opportunity
for improving environmental performance of coal power
plants in the region as farm waste is a carbon neutral
source of energy. It is estimated that total biomass
power potential from surplus biomass in Punjab,
Haryana and Uttar Pradesh can fulfil the demand for
50% biomass co-firing in power plants located in a radial
distance of 300 km from Delhi. Total 6.375 GWe
biomass potential against 50 million tonne surplus
biomass in a year is estimated in these three states
whereas total installed capacity of active TPP units as
mapped in Figure 8 is 14.53 GW. Out of this, 13.15 GW is
planned to continue operations after installation of
advanced emission controls for SOx, NOx and PM
whereas an additional capacity of 2.12 GW is planned to
be expanded in near future at two of the existing
locations (PTPC Panipat and HTPS, Harduaganj).
Pelletisation is simple densification of biomass
involving- shredding, hammering, drying and
densification. Final product is compressed biomass in
6:1 ratio compared to original biomass (in the form of
bales). Pelletisation enables biomass to be easily
transported to the end-users. The surplus biomass
needs to be baled in order to be transported cost-
effectively to biomass conversion units. Extraction and
collection of biomass into bales at the farm requires
employing- (1) chopper/shredder or superSMS
(attached to combine harvesters for chopping standing
stubble), (2) rakers (for collecting straw) and (3) balers
(for baling the raked straw). Farmers can offer fields for
clearing to the Farmer Producer Organisations (FPOs)
or private collection agencies engaged by businesses.
To prevent the incidents of stubble burning, Government
of India formulated a special scheme on air pollution in
2018 (GoI 2018). The central government scheme
subsidises the farm equipment required by farmers in
this region for chopping the standing stubble and
mulching/collection of surplus biomass/ crop-
residues. Under this scheme individual farmers and
farmer groups (farmer producer organisations, farmer
co-operatives etc.) can avail a capital subsidy of 50%
and 80% respectively towards farm equipment for crop-
residue management. There are two proven
technologies available for energy densification of
biomass so that it could be utilised in industry boilers-
(1) pelletisation/briquetting of biomass (2) torrefaction
of biomass. Surplus biomass is picked from fields and
baled for transportation to biomass conversion units
where it undergoes physical transformation to more
suitable energy carriers. Transformation of biomass
bales to two different energy carriers is highlighted in
the Figure A9-1.
REPORT OF THE
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79 Co-firing biomass is competitive for plants located in
North Western States due to their proximity to origin of
surplus biomass from agricultural activities. Major
challenge highlighted by various experts and
stakeholder in the utilisation of surplus biomass for
power generation are- (1) high operational cost of
dedicated bio-power plants and (2) the low calorific
value of biomass feedstock available for co-firing,
especially the paddy-straw 80% of which is currently
burnt by farmers in NW India. Based on the inputs
provided by solution providers, it is estimated that an
equivalent of 18% of the total capital required for setting
up dedicated bio-power plants need to be pumped every
year in the form of operational subsidies to make the
plant operations viable (CII-NITI 2018a). Although, the
capital expenditure for torrefaction is much higher, the
operational cost is lower compared to pelletisation,
mainly because modern torrefaction reactors have
been designed to utilise the waste heat (in the form of
torrefaction gas) and it is near net zero energy process.
Torrefaction is a thermochemical process involving
heating of biomass in the absence of air at 200 to 300° C
temperature (Acharya et al 2012). As the volatilisation of
biomass takes place in this temperature range, 30%
mass of the original biomass is reduced. Torrefaction is
near net zero energy process where 10% energy
released in the form of a combustible gas (torrefaction
gas) is re-utilised in the process for pre-drying the
biomass feedstock. In the pre-drying step, free water is
evaporated from biomass at a constant temperature of
100 ° C using the torrefaction gas (DTI 2012). Global
experience shows us that efficiency of co-firing
biomass in large coal-based thermal power plants is
much higher than utilising the same biomass in the
dedicated bio-power plant with 100% energy supply
from biomass (IEA 2013, IEA 2017). Also, incremental
investment required for co-fired plants are lower than
dedicated bio-power plants which are designed for
100% firing of biomass. As per International Energy
Agency, the capacity of biomass co-fired power plants
in OECD countries already exceeds the dedicated
biomass power plants (IEA 2017). Various benefits of
torrefied biomass over traditional biomass pellets are
highlighted in Box 4.
TPP units in the region are located far away from
pitheads and ports. This leads to very high cost of raw
material transportation to these plants. Landed price of
domestic and imported coal at TPP in Punjab is as high
8
as INR 4500/ tonne and INR 9000/ tonne. Clean energy
cess is charged on coal purchase for power
consumption and it has increased eightfold from INR
50/ tonne to INR 400/ tonne presently. It is estimated
that the most recent hike in the Clean energy cess from
INR 200 per tonne to INR 400 per tonne in 2016 has
increased power tariffs by 10-12 paisa / unit (BCG-CII
2017). Also, the freight charges for coal are among the
highest in the world. It constitutes about 20-30% of total
landed cost of coal for TPPs and rail freight has
increased by ~50% over the last 5 years (BCG-CII 2017).
Based on simple energy-mass balance of torrefaction
process (i.e. 10% energy reduction and 30%mass
reduction), the energy density of biomass increases by
~1.3 in the process. This implies that torrefied paddy
9
straw (GCV=4500 Kcal/kg) nearly exceeds the energy
density of domestic bituminous coal used in power
plants (~ 4000 Kcal/ kg). Torrefied biomass therefore
overcomes challenges of the low energy value
associated with traditional paddy straw pellets. Based
on estimated capital and operational cost for a typical
10
200 thousand tonne biomass torrefaction unit, the
cost comparison of torrefied biomass, biomass pellets
including domestic and imported coal based on their
energy value is presented in Figure A9-2. Although the
capital cost of torrefaction is as much as 3 times higher
than traditional pellets, it is cost effective mainly due to
high energy value of finished product and near net zero
11
energy process.
8
Based on consultations with power generators in the region
9
Similarly, the energy value of torrefied wheat straw is estimated to be 4886 Kcal/ kg
10
The capex for torrefaction unit is INR 207.5 Crore (14% for collection infrastructure) and opex is estimated to be INR 39 Crore out of which 38% is operational
expenditure towards biomass collection. The reminder opex is mainly for procurement of the biomass feedstock.
11
The opex for wheat straw torrefied biomass and pellets is comparatively higher due to higher market value of wheat straw compared to paddy
INDUSTRY
ACTION PLAN FOR
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80 12
The release of chloride in low-temperature torrefaction reactor is less problematic than inside high-temperature boilers.
Torrefied biomass has greater bulk density and is more homogenous compared to biomass pellets/ briquettes.
Torrefied biomass has combustion characteristics similar to coal and it also looks exactly like coal (is therefore termed
as bio-coal alternately) but offers significant environmental advantages over coal and traditional solid bio-fuels due to
its improved fuel characteristics such as high energy density, low moisture content, near-zero sulphur content.
Additionally, it has water repelling properties which address the storage issues inherent with farm waste. Standard
pellet press is utilised to compact the torrefied biomass. Energy requirement for grinding and compacting biomass
feedstock reduces significantly (~80%) as a result of torrefaction of biomass. Salient features of bio-coal vis-à-vis coal
and conventional solid biofuels are described as below.
•Enhanced Fuel characteristics
Due to partial thermal decomposition in torrefaction reactor, energy density of torrefied biomass is higher than
conventional solid biofuels i.e. pellets/briquettes (25-30% higher energy density than conventional biomass pellets)
(IEA 2013) and is found to be comparable to high grade coal. In a typical torrefaction process, the energy content of
biomass is reduced by 10% whereas the mass is reduced by nearly 70% (Acharya et al, 2012). Net effect of this energy
conversion is energy densification of torrefied biomass by nearly 1.3 times the original biomass. Also, the moisture
content in torrefied coal is lower compared to conventional pellets and briquettes. Torrefaction additionally improves the
grindability of biomass rendering it more suitable to co-firing (Rokni et al 2017). Due to these favourable characteristics, up
to 50% co-firing with torrefied biomass is possible in thermal power plants.
•Improved emission characteristics
SOx emissions from power plants occur as a result of high sulphur content of coal. Co-firing biomass in general leads
to beneficial synergies for SO, NOx and HCl emissions depending on the characteristics of individual biomass.
2
12
Torrefaction process additionally reduces the sulphur (30-80%) and chloride (20-70%) contentof the biomass (Rokni
et al 2017). An addition to the evident effect of co-firing low-sulphur biomass feedstock with high-sulphur coal, SOx
emissions further reduce due to high alkali metal content of biomass that can capture the gas-phase SO
2
heterogeneously in the ash (Rokni et al 2017). Sum effect of all these in turn leads to lower operating cost (lime stone
for FGD units) at thermal power plants.
•Better handling and storage characteristics
Material characteristics of biomass improve significantly in the torrefaction process. Torrefied coal particles are
hydrophobic in nature (i.e. they repel water) compared to biomass pellets/bales which are hydrophilic (Thrän et al
2016). Therefore, unlike straw bales, they are far less prone to degradation from longer storage periods and weather
conditions. It is observed that in case of torrefied coal, energy content remains stable even after longer storage periods.
Transport and material handling is less expensive and torrefied biomass had longer storage life without fuel
degradation.
Box A9-1. Favourable Properties of Torrefied Biomass over Traditional Biomass Pellets
REPORT OF THE
TASK FORCE ON
CLEAN INDUSTRY
81 Figure A9-1. Pelletisation and Torrefaction Processes Enabling Densification of Biomass
for Co-Firing in Existing Power Plants
Cooling &
Storage
Densification
(Pellet press)
DryingHammering
Shredding
Densification
(Pellet press)
Finished product: Torrefied
biomass/bio-coal
Co-firing range: up to 50%
Finished product: Pellets
Co-firing range: 5-10%
Feedstock: Farm biomass (baled)
Torrefaction gas:
0.3 x mass
0.1 x energy
Torrefied biomass:
0.7 x mass
0.9 x energy
Torrefaction
250-350 OC
(30-60 minutes)
Pre-drying
& feeding
Source: CII-CESD (2018) analysis based on inputs from solution providers
INDUSTRY
ACTION PLAN FOR
CLEAN
82 Figure A9-2. Cost Comparison of Different Energy Carriers for Co-Firing in
Thermal Power Plants Based on Their Inherent Energy Value
Price at Pithead
Price at Port
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Torrefied paddy straw
Torrefied wheat straw
Paddy straw pellets
Wheat straw pellets
Domestic coal
Imported coal
[INR/ MJ-Energy Carrier]
Source: CII-CESD (2018) analysis based on secondary information and consultation with solution providers
Notes on keys assumptions:
1.Cost of feedstock or farm biomass is assumed to be: INR 1200 / tonne-paddy straw and INR 2000/ tonne-wheat straw. This forms a key component of
operational expenditure of biomass conversion units.
2.Capex includes capital cost of collection equipment, torrefaction and densification units
3.Opex includes recurring cost of feedstock, fuel, labour and maintenance
4.Landed price for coal at TPP located in Punjab is used for above calculations: INR 4500/ tonne for domestic coal and INR 9000/ tonne for imported coal. The
price of domestic and imported coal in the spot market was found to be INR 1700/ tonne and INR 5376/ tonne respectively. (ET 2017; OGI 2018)
5.Thermal coal with Gross calorific value (GCV) ranging 3400-4600 k Cal/ kg constitutes about 69% of India’s domestic coal supply (Coal India, 2018) whereas
calorific value (GCV) for imported coal is assumed to be 6300 kCal/ kg.
6.Calorific value of biomass feedstock: paddy straw and wheat straw is assumed to be 3500 and 4000 Kcal/kg respectively
Capital cost for conversion
Capital cost for collection
Landed Price in NW IndiaOperational cost for conversion
Operational cost for Collection
Price at Pithead/Port
Landed Price in NW India
Landed Price in NW India
REPORT OF THE
TASK FORCE ON
CLEAN INDUSTRY
83 India can leapfrog from 5-10% biomass co-firing to up
to 50% biomass co-firing by using proven technology
which is commercially established. For this, surplus
biomass needs to be seen an opportunity rather than a
burden. Opportunity for power generators to utilise low-
sulphur biomass feedstock enhancing environmental
performance and image of coal power needs to be
tapped by a set of more comprehensive policies
promoting biomass in existing TPPs. There are multiple
benefits of co-firing biomass in existing TPPS units in
NW region including-
1.Improved environmental performance and image of
TPPs units as biomass is a renewable and carbon-
neutral source of energy. Additionally, compared to
bituminous coal from domestic sources and high-
Sulphur imported coal, torrefied biomass is low-
Sulphur fuel. Also, it is established that co-firing
leads to positive synergies for NOx reduction in TPPs.
2.It reduced power generators’ supply risks
associated with the imported coal. Reduced
operational cost of compliance to SOx and NOx
standards, especially in the case of FDG units for
SOx control.
3.India is second largest importer of coal after China
and imported about 200 million tonne coal in 2016
(World Coal Association, 2018). Reduced
dependence on imported coal is important for
national energy security and reducing government’s
import bill.
4.There are significant costs and emissions involved
in transporting the coal from pithead and ports in
case of domestic and imported coal respectively.
Emission reduction from avoided transportation of
domestic and imported coal from pitheads and
ports respectively to TPP units in NW India.
5.Coal prices are bound to increase in future whereas
in case of torrefied biomass the cost of conversion is
only going to come down in future. Investment in
torrefied coal technology therefore presents
significant opportunities for power generators to
reduce the cost of fuel supply.
6.Utilisation of biomass by power producers will result
in reduced instances of stubble burning in NW India
through utilisation of surplus biomass and
associated air quality/health benefits in the region. It
will also lead to significant job opportunities in rural NW.
INDUSTRY
ACTION PLAN FOR
CLEAN
84 Table A9-1. Biomass Generation, Surplus and Biomass-to-Power Potential Across India’s States
ANNEXURE 10
Biomass Potential Across India’s State
StateBiomass Generation
[million tonne/year]
Biomass Surplus
[million tonne/year]
Potential [MWe]
Source: Adapted from MNRE-IISc (2004), MoA (2014) and Kumar et al 2015
Punjab50.8524.843172.20
Maharashtra47.6214.791983.70
Uttar Pradesh60.3213.741746.20
Haryana29.0311.341456.90
Madhya Pradesh33.3410.331373.30
Gujarat29.009.091224.80
Karnataka34.179.031195.70
Tamil Nadu22.518.901160.00
Rajasthan29.858.651126.70
Kerala11.646.35864.40
Andhra Pradesh and Telangana 43.896.96863.30
Bihar25.765.15641.10
West Bengal35.994.30529.30
Orissa20.073.68429.30
Assam11.442.35283.90
Chhattisgarh11.272.13248.50
Himachal Pradesh2.901.03132.60
Jharkhand3.640.89106.70
Uttaranchal2.900.6480.90
Jammu & Kashmir1.590.2837.10
Goa0.670.1620.90
Manipur0.910.1114.30
Meghalaya0.510.0911.30
Nagaland0.490.0910.00
Arunachal Pradesh0.400.079.20
Tripura0.040.022.94
Sikkim0.150.022.29
Mizoram0.060.011.12
REPORT OF THE
TASK FORCE ON
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85 ANNEXURE 11
List of Stakeholders Consulted
INDUSTRY
ACTION PLAN FOR
CLEAN
86
S.N. CategoryName Organisation
1 Government & Regulators Jitendra KumarNITI Aayog
2Sanjay KumarNITI Aayog
3L GopinathNITI Aayog
4Harendra Kharkwal Ministry of Environment Forest & Climate Change
5S K PaliwalCentral Pollution Control Board
6NazimuddinCentral Pollution Control Board
7R K RatraPunjab Pollution Control Board
8Vivek Kumar Tripathi South Delhi Municipal Corporation
9Vikas GautamSouth Delhi Municipal Corporation
10Sandeep KumarSouth Delhi Municipal Corporation
11Shashi B KumarSouth Delhi Municipal Corporation
12Izhar AhmedNorth Delhi Municipal Corporation
13R.K MehtaNorth Delhi Municipal Corporation
14BirenderPahilMunicipal Corporation, Faridabad
15ChanderDutt Sharma Municipal Corporation, Faridabad
16Dinesh YadavNational Highways Authority of India
17 Scientific BodiesMukesh SharmaIndian Institute of Technology, Kanpur
18N. Gopalakrishnan CSIR- Central Building Research Institute
19Anuradha ShuklaCSIR- Central Road Research Institute
20SoumitraMaitiCSIR- Central Building Research Institute
21Neeraj JainCSIR- Central Building Research Institute
22 Civil SocietyR Suresh The Energy Research Institute
23 IndustrySandeep Shrivastava Ambuja Cement
24Taruna SaxenaTata Power
25K N RaoACC Cement
26Asha SharmaShvaas Consulting
27Gaurav BhatianiIL&FS
28Shantanu Satapathy CLP India
29Devendra Mahajan Supertech
30Shrenik M Trivedi Syntron Industries
31Ajay KumarSyntron Industries
32Anant J Talaulicar Cummins India
33Sandeep SinhaCummins India
34Ashish AggarwalCummins India
35Harsh DoshiCummins India
36Khagender KumarCummins India
37 Confederation of Indian Industry Seema AroraConfederation of Indian Industry
38Sachin JoshiConfederation of Indian Industry
39Kamal SharmaConfederation of Indian Industry
40Mohit SharmaConfederation of Indian Industry
41Priyanka YadavConfederation of Indian Industry
42Punit AgarwalIndian Green Building Council CII-ITC Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Development is a not-for-profit, industry-led institution that helps
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India, and globally, to enable business, and its stakeholders, in sustainable value creation. It’s knowledge,
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