India Innovation Index 2021

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India Innovation Index 2021 1 INDIA
INNOVATION
INDEX
2021 Authors
Dr Amit Kapoor
Honorary Chairman, Institute for Competitiveness
Visiting Scholar and Lecturer, Stanford University
Neeraj Sinha
Adviser (S&T), NITI Aayog
Sheen Zutshi
Research Manager, Institute for
Competitiveness
Rishi Jain
Researcher, Institute for Competitiveness
Teesta Bose
Researcher, Institute for Competitiveness
Dr Ashok A Sonkusare
Deputy Adviser (S&T), NITI Aayog
Dr Thyagaraju B.M.
Deputy Adviser (S&T), NITI Aayog
Naman Agrawal
Senior Associate (S&T), NITI Aayog
Siddhey G Shinde
Young Professional (S&T), NITI Aayog
Indrani Dasgupta
Consulting Editor, NITI Aayog
Saloni Sachdeva
Young professional, NITI Aayog
CONTRIBUTORS/RESEARCH TEAM from
the Institute for Competitiveness
CONTRIBUTORS/RESEARCH TEAM from
NITI Aayog India is among the fastest-growing economies globally and innovation has played a critical
role in achieving this status. India has rightly identified innovation as a key priority and is
committed to further influencing its innovative footprint across the globe. Through Atal
Innovation Mission’s Atal Tinkering Labs and Atal Incubation Centres, the government aims
to promote innovation from school to industry. Similarly, the Make in India initiative focuses
on the creation of additional employment opportunities by encouraging innovation and
investments in the country’s manufacturing sector.

Covid-19 accelerated the adoption of new technologies; in India too, the pandemic led to the
emergence of several path breaking ideas. Never before has the need to adapt and adopt
new technologies and innovations felt more urgently. The India Innovation Index 2021 is one
such step towards fostering and furthering the ongoing wave of innovation in the country.
Through its rankings, the third edition of the index aims to comprehend the opportunities
and potential of innovation in each Indian state and union territory. It will provide valuable
insights to different stakeholders and guide them in the formulation of policies that will
help improve their performance. Moreover, the third edition will be a catalyst in promoting
competitive federalism.

I want to congratulate NITI Aayog’s Science and Technology Vertical for the completion of
the third edition. Our knowledge partner, Institute for Competitiveness, played a vital role
in the preparation of this index. We hope that the third edition of the India Innovation Index
2021 encourages the innovation ecosystem and provides better strategies for promoting the
same at the regional level.
MESSAGE
Suman Bery
SUMAN K. BERY
VICE-CHAIRMAN
Phones : 23096677, 23096688
Fax : 23096699
E-mail : vch-niti@gov.in
सुमन के. बेरी
उपाध्य�ॎ
भारत सरकार
नीित आयोग, संसद मागर्
नई �दल्ली-110001
Government of India
NATIONAL INSTITUTION FOR TRANSFORMING INDIA
NITI Aayog, Parliament Street
New Delhi-110 001 India Innovation Index 2021 9
From pioneering several innovations in the ancient times to making incomparable
contributions to modern science and technology, India has rightfully earned its name as one
of the world’s most innovative nations. Currently, India is on the road to further promoting
research and development (R&D) by establishing several centres of excellence, supporting
mega facilities for basic research, launching new fellowships, etc.
With the onset of the Covid-19 pandemic, the role of innovation has grown bigger, be it in the
older innovations like ventilators or newer innovations like drugs and vaccines. It has been
established that even a pandemic can be dealt with the development of newer drugs and
vaccines, of which innovation is a pivotal part.
The India Innovation Index 2021 is a deep dive into the innovation landscape of India; it
provides a holistic picture of the innovative capacities of our states/UTs by highlighting their
strengths and weaknesses. The index provides a module to the states and UTs build upon
their strengths and work on their weaknesses. This is especially important in the current
context, where multiple start-ups and unicorns have started carving their space in the Indian
market.
I thank all stakeholders involved in the preparation of this report, especially our knowledge
partner, Institute for Competitiveness. I hope the third edition further instils a competitive spirit
among the states/UTs and enables them to boost the innovation ecosystem of the country.
सदस्य
Member
Tele : 23096566, 23096567
Fax : 23096603
E-mail : vk.saraswat@gov.in
डॉ. वी. के. सारस्वत
DR. V.K. SARASWAT

भारत सरकार
नीित आयोग, संसद मागर्
नई �दल्ली-110001
MESSAGE
Government of India
NATIONAL INSTITUTION FOR TRANSFORMING INDIA
NITI Aayog, Parliament Street
New Delhi-110 001
(Dr. V.K. Saraswat)
Member, NITI Aayag India Innovation Index 2021 11
The year 2021 will be remembered for the indefatigable human spirit. India’s achievements
and challenges during the second wave of the Covid pandemic must be duly analysed. But
what will go down in history is that even in the face of great crisis and uncertainty, we did not
give up hope. The Government of India was able to create a robust platform for incentivising
innovative solutions to address the crisis. The states and union territories played a critical role
in strategizing and strengthening the innovative ecosystem at a sub-national level.
India’s performance has been consistently improving in fostering innovation, as attested by
our ranking in the Global Innovation Index (GII) 2021, where India moved up two positions
since 2020. India has been on track with nurturing an innovation ecosystem with government
initiatives such as ‘Start-up India’, ‘Digital India’ and ‘Aatmanirbhar Bharat’. To foster
innovation and entrepreneurship in schools, colleges, and the society at large, NITI Aayog
established the Atal Innovation Mission (AIM) in 2016.
In the spirit of competitive federalism, the states and union territories need to promote
environmentally and socially sustainable economic development through innovation-induced
policy interventions. The current edition of the India Innovation Index has matched the GII
framework to bring out a more comprehensive and nuanced index to measure the innovation
performance of the country. The index will act as a benchmark to compare and contrast the
performance of states and union territories against their peers to develop appropriate policy
mechanisms to promote innovation-driven growth at the sub-national level.
I extend my regards to the Science and Technology team at NITI Aayog, various Central
ministries, state governments and other departments, as well as the team at World
Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) for their inputs towards the preparation of this
report. I thank our knowledge partner, Institute for Competitiveness, especially the institute’s
chairman, Dr Amit Kapoor, and his team for their invaluable contribution in developing the
India Innovation Index 2021.
MESSAGE
Amitabh Kant
मुख्य कायर्कारी अिधकारी
Chief Executive Officer
अिमताभ कांत
भारत सरकार
नीित आयोग, संसद मागर्
नई �दल्ली-110001
Government of India
NATIONAL INSTITUTION FOR TRANSFORMING INDIA
NITI Aayog, Parliament Street
New Delhi-110 001
Tel. : 23096576, 23096574 Fax : 23096575
E-mail : ceo-niti@gov.in, amitabh.kant@nic.in
(Amitabh Kant) India Innovation Index 2021 13
As the world changes, the need to constantly push toward innovative ideas to meet the
challenges ahead also increases. At the same time, innovation needs to be guided by the
future demand for goods and services. This has been highlighted in recent years by the
tremendous increase in technologies developed such as Artificial Intelligence (AI), quantum
computing, 3D printing etc. Though India still has a long way to go to become a leader in
developing cutting-edge, path-breaking and innovative technologies, the groundwork has
been done.
Innovation and creativity are vital to achieving progress in socio-economic, education-,
healthcare- and agriculture-related fields. R&D will lead to increased productivity, expand
the markets, and create employment and wealth. As the world grows more competitive and
we confront a number of difficulties—including climate change, new technologies that are
reshaping business models, and, most recently, the Covid-19 pandemic—innovation is more
important than ever.
India has begun to carve a path towards an enabling environment by establishing an
ecosystem that fosters innovation. As emphasized by the Prime Minister in his appeal for an
Aatmanirbhar Bharat, innovation is critical in promoting the country’s resilience and self-
reliance. The index points to the decentralisation of innovation across all Indian states.
The third edition of index highlights a comprehensive tool towards the country’s innovation
ecosystem by ranking the states and UTs based on various paradigms and building
competition amongst each other for better growth and development of states and UTs.
The index is a diligently prepared and well-articulated document for which I want to thank
my team at NITI Aayog as well as our knowledge partner, Institute for Competitiveness, for its
valuable time, research and insights for the preparation of this report.
NEERAJ SINHA

ADVISER (S&T)
नीरज ि सन्हा
सलाहकार (िव. एवम् प्रौ.)
MESSAGE
Telefax : 91-11-23096795
E-mail : npsa@nic.in
(Neeraj Sinha)
भारत सरकार
नीित आयोग, संसद मागर्
नई �दल्ली-110001
Government of India
NATIONAL INSTITUTION FOR TRANSFORMING INDIA
NITI Aayog, Parliament Street
New Delhi-110 001 India Innovation Index 2021 15
As the world continues to grapple with the pernicious Covid-19 pandemic, the role of
innovation has regained importance. The world has shown that such pandemics can be
resolved through with continuous and comprehensive innovative practices. This pandemic
was dealt with rigorous research and development in the health domain. Likewise, the world
has been able to develop innovative solutions in other catastrophes relating to agriculture,
war, climate, and others.
Against this backdrop, the India Innovation Index 2021 brings out the innovative landscape
within the country at the national and sub-national levels. The index is a rigorous document
that highlights the potential of states/UTs. It also highlights the lacuna in this regard and
chalks out ways to fill the gaps. Thus, the index compares the states/UTs with each other to
maintain the country’s competitive spirit and provides a framework that the states/UTs can
refer to. Moreover, it also draws some international parallels, which will add to the learning of
India and how we can be on a par with our counterparts.
I am grateful to NITI Aayog for giving the Institute for Competitiveness the opportunity to take
this important body of work forward. I am thankful to all the stakeholders for the preparation
of this third edition. I would like to thank Dr Rajiv Kumar, Dr V.K. Saraswat, Shri Amitabh Kant
and Shri Neeraj Sinha for their guidance and feedback. Finally, I would like to acknowledge
the support of my team at the Institute for Competitiveness, including Sheen Zutshi, Rishi Jain
and Teesta Bose, in the preparation of this report.
I am certain that this edition will enhance the innovative vision of the country and pave the
way for future innovative practices.
Dr. Amit Kapoor |
Honorary Chairman
(Amit Kapoor)
U 24 / 8, DLF Phase 3, Gurgaon - 122 002, Haryana, India
www.competitiveness.in | amit.kapoor@competitiveness.in | +91 9810402639 India Innovation Index 2021 16 India Innovation Index 2021 17
Executive Summary
Introduction
Why do we need innovation?
Innovation in the time of crises
Contributors : Richard B. Dasher & Mark Esposito
Innovation in India: Opportunities and Challenges
Innovation in cities
India vs. the World
Methodology
India Innovation Index: Key Findings
State Profiles
Efficiency of Innovation
Learnings and Recommendations
Way forward
Appendix
Contents
23
26
30
36
48
54
64
68
78
96
136
282
286
292
295 Abbreviations
ACRI International Advanced Research Centre for Powder Metallurgy
and New Materials
AIM Atal Innovation Mission
AI Artificial Intelligence
AR Augmented Reality
ASEAN Association of South-East Asian Nations
AT Appropriate Technology
ATL Atal Tinkering Labs
BRICS Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa
CAGR Compound Annual Growth
CAP Control, Aware and Prepare
CSIR Centre for Scientific & Industrial Research
CSIR-CCMB Centre for Cellular & Molecular Biology
DoP Department of Pharmaceuticals
DPIIT Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade
DRDO Defence Research and Development Organization
DST Department of Science and Technology
ER&D Engineering, Research and Development
FDI Foreign Direct Investment
4IR Fourth Industrial Revolution
GDP Gross Domestic Product
GII Global Innovation Index
GoI Government of India
GRED Gross Expenditure on R&D
GSVA Gross Value Added
HC Human Capital
ICT Information and Communication Technology
ICAR Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)
III India Innovation Index
IoT Internet of things (IoT)
IT Information Technology
ILO International Labour Organization
KMO Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) MNCs Multinational Companies
MoE Ministry of Education
MoHFW Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
MoT Ministry of Textiles
MSME Micro, Small and Medium Enterprise
MUDRA Micro Units Development and Refinance Agency
NAAC National Assessment and Accreditation Council
NCERT National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT)
NCRB National Crime Records Bureau
NE North Eastern States
NIC National Informatics Centre
NITI National Institution for Transforming India
NIDHI National Initiative for Developing and Harnessing Innovations
NIF National Innovation Foundation (NIF)
NIRF National Institutional Ranking Framework
NMEICT National Mission on Education through Information and
Communication
PCA Principal Component Analysis
PLFS Periodic Labour Force Survey
PPE Personal protective equipment
PPP Purchasing Power Parity
R&D Research and Development
RICH Research and Innovation Circle of Hyderabad
SMILE Social Media Interface for Learning Engagement
STIP Science, Technology and Innovation Policy
STEM Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics
TRIPS Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights
U.S United States
UNESCO The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural
Organization
VR Virtual Reality
WEF World Economic Forum
WIPO World Intellectual Property Organization India Innovation Index 2021 21
Table 1 India’s Performance on Global Innovation Index
Table 2 GERD Per Capita (in current PPP$) 2018
Table 3 GERD as a percentage (%) of GDP, 2018
Table 4 Framework Composition if India Innovation Index, 2021
Table 5 India Innovation Index 2021 Framework
Table 6 Segregation of States/UT’s/City-States
Table 7 Missing Values Estimation Under Enablers and Performance
Dimension
Table 8 Evaluating The Fit
Table 9 Calculation of Pillars by using Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) Measure
Figure 1 Number Of Unicorns in India (Yearly)
Figure 2 Correlation Between Per Capita R&D Expenditure & Per Capita GDP Across Countries
Figure 3 Share of R&D Expenditure by Major Scientific Agencies 2017-2018
Figure 4 Persons Migrated from India Over the Years
Figure 5 Patents Filed from India Over the Years
Figure 6 Correlation Between GDP Per Capita and GERD As a Per Cent of GDP (2018)
Figure 7 Number Of Research Papers Published Across Selected Countries (2016)
Figure 8 GERD By Performance, India (in `000 current PPP$)
Figure 9 Sectoral Composition of Spending On R&D
Figure 10 Number of Universities in India
Figure 11 Percentage Share of National Research and Development Expenditure by Objectives, 2017-2018
Figure 12 Scores Of Different Pillars
Figure 13 Standard Deviation Across Pillars
Figure 14 GSDP and India Innovation Index Scores
List of Tables
List of Figures Figure 15 Performance of states in Human Capital
Figure 16 Performance of states in Investment
Figure 17 Performance of states in Knowledge Workers
Figure 18 Performance of states in Business Environment
Figure 19 Performance of states in Safety and Legal Environment
Figure 20 Performance of states in Knowledge Output
Figure 21 Performance of states in Knowledge Diffusion
Figure 22 Innovation Index vs. Innovation Efficiency
Figure 23 Enablers vs. Performers
Figure 24 Top Performers Across Pillars
Figure 25 Bottom Performers Across Pillars India Innovation Index 2021 23
Executive
Summary
The third edition of the India Innovation Index 2021 too is set against the backdrop of
the Covid-19 pandemic, which has disrupted the global socio-economic landscape.
But human resilience and crisis-driven innovation have kept India and the world
afloat in these difficult times. The third edition solidifies the scope of innovation
analysis in the country by adopting the framework of the Global Innovation Index
(GII) and expanding the number of indicators from 36 to 66 across seven key pillars.
Building on the foundation of the last two editions, the current report presents an in-
depth analysis of the state of innovation in the Indian economy.
The India Innovation Index has been prepared on the basis of extensive research and
critical analysis of the states and union territories. The report presents an evaluation
of the innovation readiness of states and UTs and highlights potential challenges that
deter the government, businesses and individuals from fully realizing their potential.
The index has been broadly categorized into four sections.
The first section begins with an introduction to the current innovation landscape
in the country and goes on to present the significant innovation drivers during the
pandemic. Further, a detailed analysis of innovation in India is provided by evaluating
the country’s opportunities and challenges. The first section concludes with a
comparative study of India with other countries on various parameters.
The second section depicts the new framework mapped from the GII to measure
innovation and calculate the index, which is followed by key findings and then the
individual state profiles. Karnataka has topped the Major States’ category in the
current edition, followed by Telangana and Haryana. Among the North-Eastern India Innovation Index 2021 24
and Hilly States, Manipur is the best performer, followed by Uttarakhand and
Meghalaya. For the Union Territories and City-States, Chandigarh is the top
performer, followed by Delhi. The key findings provide a detailed analysis of
the various factors that drive innovation in the country. These analyses will be
critical for policymakers to identify the drivers and bottlenecks for each state to
promote innovation in the region.
The third section presents the learnings and recommendations derived from a
detailed study of the innovation ecosystem at the state and national levels. This
section includes the profiles of all the states and union territories and provides
a comprehensive picture of every region’s current innovation environment. The
last section of the report contains the appendix, which consists of detailed data
tables for all the framework indicators and sources and definitions for reference.
The study is a detailed guidebook for relevant stakeholders to track regional
progress on innovation-driven endeavours and inform policy recommendations
through context-specific strategies derived from state-level analysis. India Innovation Index 2021 25 India Innovation Index 2021 26
Introduction
Innovation has been steering
human progress globally. It
is not merely technological
progress; in fact, the most
prominent feature of an
innovation-driven society is the
dynamic attitude of its people. India Innovation Index 2021 27
Countries with high innovation capabilities have invested
heavily in human capital development at all levels. The aim has
been to develop specific skills beyond technical knowledge, like
imaginative thinking, devising methods to tackle complex issues
and keeping pace with the times. Thus, human capital is the
source of innovative ideas, knowledge, and practices.
With a growing knowledge-based economy the reliance on
physical inputs and natural resources reduces where more
attention on a skilled workforce for advancing technical and
scientific innovation is required.
1
India is home to 1.3 billion
people, and the country accounts for a fifth of the world’s youth
population. We can utilize our demographic dividend to foster
innovation and drive the nation towards becoming a knowledge
economy. India has been on the right path towards achieving the
same while battling the Covid-19 pandemic. The crisis has had a
significant impact on the world, thereby stimulating a crisis-driven
innovative growth model.
1
World, Bank (2007). Building Knowledge Economies: Advanced Strategies for
Development. 1818 H Street, NW,Washington, DC 20433: World Bank Publications. pp.
4–12. ISBN 9780821369579. India Innovation Index 2021 28
During the pandemic, India operated on
a war footing by establishing an open
innovation ecosystem to promote public-
private partnerships to address the crisis
effectively.
in India had received their first vaccination.
This led to the development of Covishield and Covaxin within an 18-month period. By
January 2022—in what was the world’s biggest inoculation drive
960 million people
more than
India was also able to extend its knowledge and expertise to over 150 countries in terms of Covid-related medical and other assistance. The Government of India
launched the ‘Vaccine Maitri’ programme in January 2021 as part of its international
effort to combat the virus and was able to supply 723.435 lakh doses of vaccines
to 94 countries and two United Nations entities till 29 November 2021.
2
India was
also able to successfully step up the indigenous manufacturing of PPE kits since the
pandemic started. These accomplishments can be attributed to the Indian spirit of
striving to find the most practical, innovative solutions to a nationwide crisis.
The India Innovation Index 2021 presents state-wise rankings based on the
innovation landscape and performance of the country’s states and union territories.
The latest framework of the index has been mapped from the Global Innovation
Index, published annually by WIPO (World Intellectual Property Organization). The
new framework presents a more nuanced and comprehensible outlook for measuring
innovation performance in India, with the introduction of 66 unique indicators as
against the 36 indicators used in the previous index. Thus, the index provides a
report card of every state and union territory’s performance; it identifies its strengths
and weaknesses that will help policymakers to include and frame relevant measures
to foster innovation-led growth at the sub-national level.
2
Export of Covid-19 Vaccines. PIB. Retrieved from https://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.
aspx?PRID=1778837#:~:text=Since%20the%20start%20of%20Vaccine,till%2029th%20November%2C%202021. India Innovation Index 2021 29 India Innovation Index 2021 30
Why do we need
innovation?
The evolution of human existence can
be traced back to simple yet innovative
endeavours such as invention of the
wheel, to modern techniques such as
rearranging of DNA. India Innovation Index 2021 31
In this backdrop, innovation can be in the form of new goods or
services or an improved version of the existing goods or services.
Baregheh, Rowley, and Sambrook (2009)
3
define innovation as a
“multi-stage process whereby organization’s transform ideas into new/
improved products, services or pro advance, compete, and differentiate
themselves successfully in their marketplace”.
Innovation has become intrinsic to economic development, but it took a
long time for economists and policymakers to realise that. Adam Smith,
the father of modern economics, was one of the first people to consider
the role of an innovator in implementing technological improvements
in factories and society. He writes in his treatise, ‘An enquiry into the
nature and causes of the wealth of nations’. But he failed to include
innovation (or factors of innovation) in calculating the output. Instead,
he put forth a simplistic understanding of generating wealth as output
(O) as a function of capital (K) and labour (L).
3
Baregheh, A., Rowley, J., & Sambrook, S. (2009). Towards a multidisciplinary definition of
innovation. Management decision.
O = f(K,L) India Innovation Index 2021 32
It was economist Joseph Schumpeter (1939)
4
who had early on claimed the
centrality of innovation in promoting economic growth and industrial transformation.
Schumpeter interprets innovation as “the introduction of new or significantly
improved products, processes, organization methods, and marketing methods in
internal business practices or the marketplace”. He differentiates between innovation
and invention, whereupon he characterises entrepreneurship as innovation of
inventions. Schumpeter conceptualised the new wave of an (innovation-based)
endogenous growth model, which stated that innovation is the result of investment
in research and development (R&D) and human capital and that long-term growth
relies on innovation. According to his analysis, the competitive advantage achieved
through investment in innovation and education played a significant role in economic
development.
5

Robert Solow (1956)
6
pointed out that the bulk of economic growth cannot
be explained by the growth in labour and capital alone. Solow argued that
‘technological progress’ enhanced the efficiency and productivity of the factors of
production such as labour and capital. So, residual A (technical progress) accounted
for the bulk of economic growth, according to Solow’s neoclassical growth model.
Solow’s growth model was based on standard neoclassical assumptions, such as
perfect competition, no externalities, maximising behaviour and constant returns to
scale. At the same time, technological progress was taken as an exogenous term.
However, economies in the era of globalization do not operate under conditions
of perfect competition, so the residual A (technical progress) should also capture
unmeasurable inputs of human capital and R&D. Paul Romer (1986)
7
suggested that
technological change resulted from progress in R&D and human capital (HC). Romer
observed that R&D and human capital investment would lead to a natural externality
that the firm could utilise to create new products, upgrade old versions, or improve
production efficiency.
O = A f(K,L)
A = f (R&D, HC)
4
Schumpeter, J. A. (1939). Business cycles (Vol. 1, pp. 161-174). New York: Mcgraw-hill.
5
Uppenberg, Kristian (2009) : Innovation and economic growth, EIB Papers, ISSN 0257-7755, European Investment
Bank (EIB), Luxembourg, Vol. 14, Iss. 1, pp. 10-35
6
Solow, R. M. (1956). A contribution to the theory of economic growth. The quarterly journal of economics, 70(1),
65-94.
7
Romer, P. M. (1986). Increasing returns and long-run growth. Journal of political economy, 94(5), 1002-1037. India Innovation Index 2021 33
So, the relevance of investment in R&D and human capital for overall economic
growth was apparent. Innovation further promotes the growth process by fostering
positive knowledge spillovers, encouraging future technological change and other
innovation activities. Cohen and Levinthal (1989)
8
first suggested that R&D is not just
about the generation of new information, but also about enhancing the firm’s ability
to assimilate and exploit existing information distinctly. They showed that it was only
through investment in R&D that firms could exploit the knowledge developed by their
competitors.
Essentially, knowledge spillovers can be categorised into external and internal
forms of spillovers. Internal knowledge spillover is the knowledge generated through
engagement with individuals. And external knowledge spillover is gaining new
knowledge through spillovers from other firms engaged in R&D. But in the private
sector, it is difficult to fully internalise the benefits of knowledge spillovers leading to
underinvestment in R&D and other innovation activities. So, it becomes necessary
for the public sector to participate in the knowledge economy and promote private
sector participation through investment in R&D in the form of tax incentives and
direct funding.
9
Innovation in the form of knowledge accumulation and better human capital
promotes economic growth. In the same manner, increasing economic growth fosters
higher levels of knowledge capacity and an improved quality of human capital.
Thus, there is a bi-directional causality relationship between economic growth
and innovation, but the direction and the strength of the relation depends on the
development status of the nation.
10
In India, the IT sector has seen considerable
growth, and various major cities have been transformed into global IT hubs
through substantial R&D investment in the industry. Bengaluru spearheaded the IT
revolution in the country, and today, the city is a global technology innovation hub
and the country’s start-up capital. In recent years, through public sector investment,
academic collaborations and Foreign Direct Investment, India is emerging as an R&D
centre in the pharmaceuticals and telecommunications sectors. These sectors have
been driving economic growth in the country. Further investment in these sectors
and promoting R&D activities in other sectors can enable the bi-directional cycle of
fostering innovation and economic development.
8
Cohen, W. M., & Levin, R. C. (1989). Empirical studies of innovation and market structure. Handbook of industrial
organization, 2, 1059-1107.
9
Guellec, D., & van Pottelsberghe, B. (2000). THE IMPACT OF PUBLIC R&D EXPENDITURE ON BUSINESS R&D Φ.
10
Chang, T., Gupta, R., & Lotz, G. (2013, September). Causality between research output and economic growth in
BRICS. In ESSA Conference (pp. 25-27). India Innovation Index 2021 34
In the developing countries, innovation is not only
associated with economic growth but also with poverty
alleviation, reduction in inequality, and increase in social
mobility.
Schumacher (1977) emphasised promoting low-cost, labour-intensive, and small-
scale technology to help producers access middle and low-income customer
bases. These ideas led to the Appropriate Technology (AT) movement in the
1970s, which was developed as an anti-thesis to the industrial model that relied
on highly capital-intensive technology and was large in scale with adverse results
on the environment. But the AT movement did not generate much momentum as
its ideas were to follow a top-down approach. It failed to capture and utilise the
innovative approaches and technology developed at the grassroots and fell short
in involving local communities in the movement.
Innovation at the grassroots can be categorised into scarcity-induced innovation,
which is effectively using indigenous resources to cater to the needs of the
regional population. So, the practice of promoting innovation at the grassroots
is necessary to fully utilise the potential of the indigenous knowledge bases
by engaging the local communities in the process.
11
The exercise is of greater
significance in a country like India where a considerable share of the population is
engaged in the informal sectors. To monitor and promote grassroots innovation,
the Government of India in 2000 established the National Innovation Foundation
(NIF) as an autonomous body of the Department of Science and Technology. The
foundation aims to drive innovation at the grassroots through documentation,
protection of Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) and commercialising innovation
and innovative techniques devised by unaided small-scale innovators. The
institution was able to file 114 patents in the year 2019-20.
Among them were innovators like Rajendra Jadhav from Satana village in Nashik,
Maharashtra, who produced a tractor-mounted sanitization sprayer that is now
being used across the country to sanitize public spaces.
12
11
Sharma, G., & Kumar, H. (2019). Commercialising innovations from the informal economy: The grassroots
innovation ecosystem in India. South Asian Journal of Business Studies.
12
National Innovation Foundation Annual Report (2019-2020) India Innovation Index 2021 35
Further, the Science, Technology and Innovation Policy (STIP) 2020
emphasises on the significance of the traditional knowledge systems
and seeks to integrate them with grassroots innovators to promote
the development of indigenous technologies.
It is evident that the impact of innovation is not
merely restricted to the market; it permeates
further into the society and the state. And
so, it becomes necessary to ensure that
the innovation cycle also enhances socio-
economic development in an environmentally
sustainable manner. Porter (2008)
13
suggests
that promoting positive-sum competition in the
areas such as protection of the environment and
marginalised communities, and healthcare will
foster innovation that tackles socio-economic
issues effectively. Aghion et al. (2016)
14
has
shown that an active policy intervention
can redirect innovation to environmentally
sustainable technology. For example, levying
a carbon tax on technology that uses non-
renewable energy sources will lead to the
development of clean innovation technology
like electric cars. Aghion
15
further finds a
positive correlation between innovation and
social mobility. Investment in schools, research
institutes and universities to promote innovation
leads to social mobility and increases economic
growth.
A post-covid world requires a new development
strategy. A conducive ecosystem that enables
innovation and technological advancement
needs to be built to achieve the same. Therefore,
through policies that are inclusive and sensitive
to the aspirations and needs of the country,
an innovation-driven economy needs to be
developed.
13
Porter, M. E. (2008). On competition. Harvard Business Press.
14
Aghion, P., Dechezleprêtre, A., Hemous, D., Martin, R., & Van
Reenen, J. (2016). Carbon taxes, path dependency, and directed
technical change: Evidence from the auto industry. Journal of
Political Economy, 124(1), 1-51.
15
Aghion, P., Akcigit, U., Bergeaud, A., Blundell, R., & Hémous,
D. (2019). Innovation and top income inequality. The Review of
Economic Studies, 86(1), 1-45. India Innovation Index 2021 36
Innovation
in the Time
of Crises
The world needed extraordinary and
innovative solutions to combat the
Covid-19 pandemic. India Innovation Index 2021 37
Bessant et al. (2015)
16
have said that crisis-driven innovation is a
critical way of addressing socio-economic upheavals caused by a
global crises. The government, entrepreneurs, innovators and civil
society organizations came together to combat the impact of the
pandemic on lives and livelihoods.
Chesbrough (2020)
17
advocates the significance of a collective form of
an open innovation ecosystem. He defined it as “the use of purposive
inflows and outflows of knowledge to accelerate internal innovation,
and expand the markets for external use of innovation, respectively.
This paradigm assumes that firms can and should use external ideas
as well as internal ideas, and internal and external paths to market, as
they look to advance their technology”.
In an open innovation paradigm, firms exchange ideas and knowledge
internally and externally, to promote innovation in the creation of new
products, services and business models. For the current crisis, the
open innovation ecosystem can be reimagined as a national platform
for innovators, corporates, government agencies, pharmaceutical
companies, research institutions, and communities to collaborate for
the creation of innovative solutions to tackle the Covid-19 pandemic.
16
Bessant, J., Rush, H., & Trifilova, A. (2015). Crisis-driven innovation: The case of humanitarian
innovation. International journal of innovation management, 19(06), 1540014.
17
Chesbrough, H. (2020). To recover faster from Covid-19, open up: Managerial implications
from an open innovation perspective. Industrial Marketing Management, 88, 410-413. India Innovation Index 2021 38
01
The Government of India tackled the crisis through a
number of steps. For example, it followed the ‘Control,
Aware and Prepare’ (CAP) approach, under which
nationwide lockdowns
were imposed to
minimize human contact,
02
03
04
extensive awareness
programmes were
undertaken,
e-governance platforms
were strengthened to
support citizens, and
a major indigenization initiative was carried
out to develop local capacity and achieve
self-sufficiency in essential medical supplies.
The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW), in collaboration with the
Ministry of Textiles (MoT), was able to ramp up the indigenous supply of PPE kits and
N-95 masks. The government and the private sector also came together to develop
technological solutions for effectively addressing the Covid crisis. Noteworthy are
the contact-tracing app Aarogya Setu and vaccine-monitoring app CoWIN, among
others. During this time, to fund eligible start-ups, the Department of Science and
Technology launched ‘NIDHI4COVID2.0’, under the NIDHI (National Initiative for
Developing and Harnessing Innovations) programme.
Through collective effort, an effective innovation value chain was established to
address the Covid crisis. We discuss below some sectors that made an invaluable
contribution during this time of need. India Innovation Index 2021 39
The education sector was badly hit by the pandemic. With the lockdowns,
educational institutions were closed overnight, impacting 311 million students.
18
In
the absence of physical schooling, remote learning was actively introduced across
the country. Online platforms were the most effective and easiest way to ensure
continuity of learning.
Other mediums such as TV, radio and feature phones were also utilized by the
government and educational institutions to reach out to the low-income groups.
To ensure undeterred learning during the lockdowns, the Ministry of Education (MoE)
and the National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) provided
standard books for classes I and II through the e-Pathshala (e-school) app, an online
interface developed in 2015 under the ‘Digital India’ campaign. The online national
teachers’ platform, Diksha, was also utilised for training teachers and providing them
with resources, such as worksheets and plans for their curricula.
20
The last two years have also seen the rise of edtech. The Indian edtech sector saw
an exponential growth—in 2020 the industry was valued at USD 700 million; by
2025, it is projected to grow to USD 4 billion.
21
The Indian edtech industry is the most
funded industry in the country—with four companies (Unacademy, UpGrad, Vedantu,
Eruditus) turning unicorns (valued at over USD 1 billion) and Byjus, a decacorn
(valued at over USD 10 billion). This remarkable growth can be attributed to the
implementation of various innovative methods in teaching and learning in the wake
of pandemic, aided by the digital revolution in India.
The National Education Policy 2020 also emphasizes the prominent role of
technology in devising educational solutions. The policy mentions the establishment
DIGITAL LEARNING
83.37 crore in June 2021!
19
The number of internet users in the country
subsequently rose to
18
UNESCO. (2020). Global monitoring of school closures caused by COVID-19.
19
YEAR END REVIEW-2021: DEPARTMENT OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS
20
NCERT, 2020. Alternative Academic Calendar for Primary School Students. Retrieved from. https://ciet.nic.in/
upload/AACprimary-eng.pdf.
21
IBEF, 2021. INDIA TO BECOME THE EDTECH CAPITAL OF THE WORLD. Retrieved from. https://www.ibef.org/
blogs/india-to-become-the-edtech-capital-of-the-world#:~:text=The%20Indian%20EdTech%20industry%20
was,personalisation%20in%20the%20EdTech%20space. India Innovation Index 2021 40
of a world-class digital university that would focus on providing quality education
in different Indian languages. The government also plans to expand the PM eVidya
‘one-class one-TV channel’ programme for classes I–XII from 12 to 200 TV channels
in various vernacular languages.
22
State governments have also introduced several
innovative digital learning programmes. For example, the e-scholar portal and free
online courses for teachers in Meghalaya; the SMILE (Social Media Interface for
Learning Engagement) initiative in Rajasthan; Padhai Tunhar Duvaar (education at
your doorstep) programme in Chhattisgarh; the Unnayan initiative in Bihar; Mission
Buniyaad in the National Capital Territory; an educational TV channel in Kerala;
Project Home Classes in Jammu; and online certification programmes for teachers on
‘management of mental well-being during Covid’ in Telangana, among others.
23
A digital innovation ecosystem in
India has helped reimagine the field
of education by expanding access to
quality learning experience and boosting
student engagement. The government
is committed to universalising digital
education for learners—from primary
to higher secondary—and promoting
growth of the Indian edtech industry.
22
https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.
aspx?PRID=1794132
23
Press Bureau of India, 2020. Retrieved from https://
pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1641850 India Innovation Index 2021 41
The Indian pharmaceuticals industry contributes 1.72% to India’s GDP and makes
up for 6.6% of the total merchandise exports. In August 2021, the pharmaceuticals’
market registered an annual growth of 17.77%, up from 13.7% in July 2020.
24
According to the 2021 Economic Survey, the Indian pharmaceuticals market is
projected to reach USD 120–30 billion by 2030, from USD 42 billion in 2021. In the
global market, India is the largest supplier of generic medicines, accounting for 20%
of the worldwide supply. India also caters to 60% of the global vaccine demand. The
Department of Pharmaceuticals ‘Pharma Vision 2020’ aims to promote end-to-end
drug discovery and transform India into a pharmaceutical innovation hub.
The covid-induced economic slowdown resulted in a decline in demand for
commodities across online and offline retail channels. However, the demand for retail
medicines saw a significant surge, to the extent that customers were stockpiling
medicines for emergencies, which resulted in a shortage of supply. The most effective
protection against Covid is immunization, and so it became a matter of utmost
importance to develop vaccines at the earliest.
The development of the Covishield and Covaxin vaccines can be attributed to
a collaborative effort by the private and public research organizations. India’s
experience in vaccine development and a robust vaccine manufacturing ecosystem
proved to be of significant advantage in the development and mass production
of these vaccines. Covaxin has been developed domestically by the Indian
PHARMACEUTICALS
24
IBEF, 2021. Indian Pharmaceutical Industry. Retrieved from https://www.ibef.org/industry/pharmaceutical-
india.aspx#:~:text=The%20country’s%20pharmaceutical%20sector%20contributes,lakh)%2C%20to%2071%20
countries. India Innovation Index 2021 42
pharmaceutical firm Bharat Biotech. On the other hand, the Covishield vaccine, which
was developed by the Oxford University and pharmaceutical giant AstraZeneca, was
manufactured in India by the Serum Institute of India, the largest manufacturer of
vaccines in the world.
Next was the overcoming the challenge of administering the vaccines to India’s
vast population. Subsequently, the Indian government undertook a mammoth
drive—the world’s largest—to inoculate the citizens. Along with the government,
the pharmaceuticals industry has been at the forefront of the battle against Covid—
which includes R&D for vaccine development, and plans to strengthen the medicine
supply chain. The pharmaceuticals sector was able to rise up to the challenges
posed by Covid due to its solid footing in the generic drugs industry. The industry is
now committed to moving up the value chain by expanding its innovation and R&D
capabilities to offer affordable and cutting-edge medicinal products.
For example, the scientists at ACRI (International Advanced Research Centre for
Powder Metallurgy and New Materials), in collaboration with the Centre for Cellular
and Molecular Biology (CSIR-CCMB) and Resil Chemicals, a Bengaluru-based
company, were able to indigenously develop a self-disinfecting biodegradable
facemask to combat the pandemic.
26

the Hon’ble Prime Minister said
the promotion of an innovation
ecosystem will make India a leader
in drug discovery and innovative
medical devices. He said India’s
large talent pool must tapped into to
foster innovation-driven growth in
the pharma industry.
25
While inaugurating the first
‘Global Innovation Summit of the
Pharmaceuticals sector’,
25
Press Bureau of India, 2021. Retrieved from https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1772949
26
Press Bureau of India, 2022. Retrieved from https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1795413 India Innovation Index 2021 43
During the pandemic it also became necessary to prioritise the needs of the
disadvantaged to register an effective recovery. Previously developed unique
healthcare initiatives played a crucial role in ensuring the same. For example, the
Electronic Urban Health Centre model in Andhra Pradesh, which ensured specialist
care in urban areas, and Assam’s mobile health clinics, were set up in boats that
provided healthcare services to people living on remote islands across the state.
These models came in handy while reaching out to the vulnerable populations across
the country during the vaccination drive.
27
Joo, B. A., & Shawl, S. (2021). COVID-19 Pandemic and the Rising Gig Economy: An Emerging Perspective.
Global Economics Science, 16-23.
28
Augustinraj, R., & Bajaj, S. (2021). Unlocking the potential of the gig economy in India. Boston Consulting Group.
The gig economy is a rapidly growing work network that facilitates employers to connect with independent workers for on-demand work. The gig economy comprises
both freelance works conducted online and services like physical delivery offered
through mobile apps conducted offline. As per International Labour Organization
(ILO), gig economy consists of tasks that can be assigned and performed online
(crowd work) through web-based platforms such as freelancing, and tasks that can
be assigned online but performed in a specific geographical location like delivery
services, repair and maintenance, among others.
With the digital revolution gaining momentum in the country and the rise of
e-commerce and online retailing platforms like Zomato (food delivery), Ola (cab
services), Urban Company (home services)
27
in the last decade, the gig economy
grew rapidly.
The pandemic provided an additional thrust to the online retail business and
consequently to the gig economy. As people stayed at home during the lockdowns,
and demanded home delivery of goods and services, the dependence on gig workers
grew to deliver everything, from groceries to medical products, to services like
insurance, personal hygiene, among others at the doorstep.
GIG ECONOMY
The gig economy is estimated to provide 90 million jobs in the non-farm sector alone,
potentially contributing 1.25% to the country’s GDP.
28 India Innovation Index 2021 44
With the rapid growth of competitive platforms such as Amazon, Flipkart, Zomato,
Uber, Ola, Urban Company, India turned overnight into the biggest hub of gig
workers/freelance workers globally.
29
Despite the phenomenal expansion of the gig economy in a matter of a few years,
most gig workers get devoid of the labour rights guaranteed under the labour laws
of the country. To resolve this, the Economic Survey of India 2021 recommended
including gig workers in the category of unorganized workers, which would bring
them under the ambit of the newly introduced Code on Social Security 2020. This
would ensure that they receive social security benefits.
The gig economy has been able to foster innovation to sustain and enhance its
growth cycle even during the pandemic. Innovation is the reason behind the gig
economy’s extraordinary growth. For instance, with the onset of the pandemic, the
food delivery companies quickly introduced various covid-related safety measures
such as contactless delivery, strict hygiene practices, and free medical care for their
delivery partners.
The other positive feature of the gig economy is the increased participation of
women. Due to decent pay, choice of work and flexible working hours, more women
are joining the gig workforce than in other traditional sectors. The sector is keen
on further promoting women’s participation with various programmes such as skill
training and safer digital work environment policies.
29
Ministry of Finance, “Social Infrastructure, Employment and Human Development,” in Economic Survey 2020-
2021 Volume II, Government of India, 2020, 325-368 India Innovation Index 2021 45
Government of India had launched the ‘Start-Up India’ initiative in 2016 to
promote a robust start-up ecosystem and for driving employment generation
and economic growth.
The start-up ecosystem in India has seen tremendous growth in the last decade.
Start-up India managed to expand and take the ecosystem to tier 2 and tier 3 cities
as well—while tier 1 cities accounts for 55% of the recognized start-ups, tier 2 and
tier 3 cities contributes about 45%. It has also been found that the Indian start-up
ecosystem has a healthy representation of women, as percentage of female led
start-up stood at about 45%.
30
India start-ups were able to successfully withstand the onslaught of the pandemic
and even thrived during the crisis. India witnessed a record 44 start-ups turning
unicorns (over USD 1 billion valuations) in 2021—the highest ever for a single
year, having a combined strength of 83 unicorns in the whole country with a total
valuation of USD 277 billion, according to the Economic Survey of India 2021-22,
making India the third largest start-up ecosystem globally, overtaking the United
Kingdom and just behind the United States and China. Technology start-ups were
the highest contributors to India’s unicorn list. This was achieved through high
smartphone penetration, flourishing digital payments’ platforms and digital-focused
business models. Furthermore, China’s crackdown on its technology companies
positively impacted the Indian market by presenting it as an alternative. Moreover,
the pandemic accelerated the process of the digitization of commerce, and led to the
rise of e-commerce, fintech and SaaS (Software as a service) start-ups across the
country.
31
START-UPS AND UNICORNS
According to the Department for Promotion of Industry and
Internal Trade (DPIIT) has recognized over
61,400 start-ups, with over 14,000
registered in the fiscal year 2021–22, up
from a mere 733 reported in 2016-17.
30
Press Information Bureau. Retrieved from https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1786148
31
‘The Indian Unicorn Landscape’. Invest India. Retrieved from https://www.investindia.gov.in/indian-unicorn-
landscape India Innovation Index 2021 46
Figure 1 Number of Unicorns in India (Yearly)
Number of Unicorns
2014
0
10
20
Numbers
30
40
50
2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
As represented in the above graph, the number of unicorns added every year has
registered a progressive growth in the last five years in India. The year 2021—with
the addition of 44 new unicorns—saw the highest number of additions ever for a
single year. The highest number of unicorns are headquartered in Bengaluru, the
country’s high-tech hub, followed by Delhi-NCR and Mumbai, respectively. Delhi also
took over Bengaluru, with over 5,000 registered start-ups as against Bengaluru’s
4,514 between April 2019 and December 2021. The year 2021 also saw health-tech
companies making it to the unicorn list for the first time. The composition of start-up
unicorns in India comprises a diverse list of sectors such as data management and
analytics, healthcare, e-commerce, content creation, gaming, fintech, and supply
chain and logistics. These start-ups recognised changing consumer behaviours due
to the ongoing pandemic and accordingly customized their services.
The tremendous growth of Indian start-ups can be attributed to the resilience of our
entrepreneurs and their drive to turn every challenge into an opportunity and come
up with smart solutions.
Technology start-ups have also played a key role in the growth of the start-up
ecosystem in the country. Their success lies in the introduction of innovative solutions
that can serve a large number of people in a cost-effective manner. India has seen
exponential growth in the digital consumer market with increased availability of
low-cost tech products. Improved digital connectivity across the country, along with
government initiatives such as ‘Digital Saksharta Abhiyan’ to encourage digital
literacy, has further promoted the growth of technology start-ups. This enabled to
create a space-technology start-up environment, with India registering 47 space-
tech start-ups in 2021, a jump from 11 in 2019. Thus, it can be ascertained that
India is on the right path with a strong regulatory framework, skilled personnel, and
capital to support an environment of entrepreneurship and innovation-driven start-
up ecosystem. India Innovation Index 2021 47 India Innovation Index 2021 48
On the Dynamics of Regional Innovation Systems:
Putting Silicon Valley into Context
CONTRIBUTORS
Plans for creating or strengthening urban and regional innovation systems often
focus too much on building frameworks of organizations that will collectively promote
innovation, e.g., accelerators, innovative universities, or venture capital, and not
enough on ensuring that processes of innovation in the region will be propelled by the
dynamics necessary for the ongoing development and delivery of new ideas to market.
Successful innovation involves the flow of people, capital, and knowledge into new
combinations that both generate and bring to market innovative visions and ideas. A
new combination may be a new startup company or a new project or business line
inside an existing firm. A viable regional innovation system must therefore include not
only sources of people capital, and knowledge, but also active programs, practices, and
norms that promote their flowing together into new projects and startup companies.
The dynamics of Silicon Valley innovation reveal norms and processes that other region
can adapt in order to energize their own distinctive innovation systems.
In addition to source institutions, policies, and laws, the dynamics that encourage
people flow into new combinations for innovation in Silicon Valley include practices
and cultural norms that promote career mobility and the assumption of relatively high
business risk. The source organizations of Silicon Valley innovation include an intensive
infrastructure of corporate R&D and product development groups, universities,
and national labs that may not be present in other regions, but the Silicon Valley
knowledge infrastructure is matched by a multitude of opportunities for people from
different institutions and backgrounds to network with each other and by a culture
that one could say is obsessed with continually searching for ways of finding and
providing value from new “things.” Forums and occasions for open networking include
very frequent events (from large conferences to small meetups) around technology,
business, and investing themes; other public programs produced by universities, law
offices, government organizations, nonprofits, professional associations, and others;
and many informal gatherings of neighbors and friends. The diversity of networking at
such events is critically important: persons with different backgrounds can be expected
to see the practical potential of a new idea from different vantage points; they also
provide the complementary expertise necessary for its development and deployment.
Richard B. Dasher
Stanford University
rdasher@stanford.edu India Innovation Index 2021 49
Consequently, a region aiming to strengthen its flow of people into new combinations
for innovation must not only build up organizations that conduct innovative activities
but also aim at a culture of extramural networking. The development of such a culture
may require features such as incentives to overcome the natural hesitance that
discourages people of different expertise and backgrounds from interacting socially
with each other, especially if different backgrounds or occupations typically comprise
different rungs of a social hierarchy. Moreover, regions whose economies rely more
on manufacturing or agriculture may need to place effort into developing a basic
awareness among the workforce that the potential for innovation always exists.
Programs and activities in schools that encourage innovative thinking and problem
solving, e.g., via design thinking or project-based learning, will certainly have long-
term benefits. In the shorter term, idea competitions by companies for their employees
or by local governments for their residents to improve local conditions may yield
valuable innovation ideas. Such competitions, however, typically generate incremental
improvements within an existing business or industry; only rarely do they generate the
kind of major innovation that can transform an industry and create massive new value.
Even in such a context, bringing in new voices from other backgrounds is often a key to
seeing problems in a new light and finding fundamentally new ways to solve them.
A further dynamic necessary to support people-flow in general is mobility of the labor
force, especially among knowledge workers. Labor force mobility in Silicon Valley
reflects ongoing high demand for workers with the most up-to-date knowledge and
skills, which in turn reflects the large number of new ideas that appear every year. If
an idea does not succeed, usually there are other work opportunities for the team that
has failed. This situation is related to the myth that Silicon Valley is soft on failure. In
fact, failure in Silicon Valley has negative consequences, as it does everywhere. A more
accurate description of the norm in Silicon Valley is that learning from failure carries
value that is higher than the cost of failure. An innovator or entrepreneur in the Valley
must always be able to provide a thorough and candid self-analysis of their prior
performance that includes lessons learned so as to do better the next time. In the Valley,
someone who can demonstrate learning from prior failure is likely to be regarded as
lower risk than someone who has not yet experienced setbacks. A region that intends
to focus on innovation accordingly needs to develop re-training and career assistance
resources that will reward self-learning with greater opportunities for mid-career
workers.
Mobility in the labor force is of course also related to the availability of capital for
new projects. Venture investing, both by individuals (angel investors) and by venture
capital firms in Silicon Valley, which currently accounts for about 38% of all U.S. venture
investing, has grown along with the evolution of a shared culture among investors
and entrepreneur innovators that aims at extremely rapid startup growth and the
maximization of exit possibilities. Highly successful Silicon Valley startups typically India Innovation Index 2021 50
sustain growth rates of around 100%/year for their first 5 - 7 years; opportunities
with more modest growth potential usually have difficulty attracting funding in Silicon
Valley. Over the last twenty years, venture investors in the Valley have also improved
their overall portfolio return by expanding the number of exits through M&A by large
firms; at present there are about nine successful exits (that return capital gains to
investors) by M&A for every exit via IPO. The focus of Silicon Valley investors and
entrepreneur innovators on rapid growth plus rapid exit at high value actually opens
up possibilities for innovation systems that can nurture somewhat slower, longer-term
incubation and growth. Such systems may need also to develop stronger secondary
markets for trading in startup equity prior to exit, so that venture investors can return
capital to their sponsors in a timely way.
The flow of knowledge into new combinations for innovation in Silicon Valley is
supported not only by laws and regulations about IP ownership and protection, but
also by sophisticated and largely unwritten shared norms that distinguish between
previously acquired know-how which can be taken by a former employee into a new
company, IP that must be licensed from the previous employer or university, and
confidential knowledge that should not be transferred or shared. The boundaries of
these knowledge categories in Silicon Valley receive occasional clarification through
litigation and court decisions, but appropriate knowledge sharing is essential to the
daily functioning of extramural networking as an element of the innovation system. The
tendency in regions with less experience in startup creation is toward requirements of
excessive confidentiality by source organizations (companies and even universities)
and general reticence among individuals to explore new ideas in extramural settings.
Education and training about best practices in knowledge and IP management will
be helpful in the long term, while active public programs for discussing new areas of
opportunity, especially to address current local and regional needs, may encourage
networking around topics that have relatively little overlap with the competitive
concerns of source organizations.
In summary, although there are ongoing needs in every region to build up organizations
that can serve as sources of innovation, each region must also focus on dynamics
that promote the flow of people, capital, and knowledge into new combinations for
innovation. Distinctive dynamics promoting innovation in Silicon Valley include a highly
mobile labor force, which in turn reflects many opportunities for employment and
startup participation among mid-career workers, a robust flow of capital that focuses
on reward at exit as well as opportunity creation, and social norms that give individuals
and organizations confidence in regard to what knowledge can be shared in exploring
new opportunities. The principles behind these dynamics apply to other innovation
systems as well. India Innovation Index 2021 51
In the last decade, the pace of disruptive technology has pushed businesses, industries,
and consumers to innovate and tap into the full potential of their resources. We have
been catapulted to the “Fourth Industrial Revolution”, or 4IR, coined by the founder and
Executive Chairman of the World Economic Forum, Klaus Schwab. The 4IR brings the
opportunity to move toward advanced digital production technologies that will bring
efficient changes in the manufacturing sector and help industrial development. India
holds a massive chance to boost its manufacturing sector and accelerate its economic
growth in its hands.
The 4IR is bringing in a change that blurs the tangible and intangible lines. It has
changed the way we work and earn, connect and communicate, educate and learn,
think and share at the same speed worldwide. A country can grab opportunities
depending on its approach toward innovation and development during these dynamic
times.
Innovation is an input as well as an outcome of inventions. Patents, a property right
granted to the original inventor, help incentivize and maintain competition in the market
to find new ideas for ways to best use the resources at your disposal. Hence, to scale
the extent of innovation in a country is through the number of patents it gets every
year.
The number of patents granted in India in 2021-22 was 30,074, and patents filed for
the grant was 66,440. From the efforts to make patent filing a hassle-free method
to reducing the examination duration to 5-23 months results in growth in innovation
for India. Innovation is the fuel for the 4IR, and to drive towards the amalgamation of
software and automation systems; we require more customized solutions to be more
efficient in every nature of work.
India’s focus on innovation reflects the number of start-ups founded every year, the
unicorns emerging from that lot, and its relative capacity for innovation. There were
over 14,000 new start-ups recognized in India during FY 2021-22, and 83 unicorns
exist in the country. The Global Innovation Index ranks 132 countries as per their
innovation capacity and success, and India stands at the 46th position on the list.
Under the index’s pillars, it stands the 39th position in knowledge absorption, 9th
position in government terms of Government online service, and 1st in terms of ICT
services exports.
India’s Vision for Developing the Fourth Industrial
Revolution and Innovation Ecosystem
Mark Esposito India Innovation Index 2021 52
Several unicorns that got shaped in India include EdTech companies transforming the
way education has usually been perceived, in a four-walled room and a chalk and
board culture. This change in the channel of imparting knowledge has been helpful for
India to reach its millions of students, especially girls, during the pandemic and keep up
with their education rather than dropping out in their foundational years.
The 4IR has brought in a surge of breakthroughs in artificial intelligence, machine
learning, robotics, the Internet of Things, 3D printing, nanotechnology, metaverse,
etc. With more jobs requiring such technologically advanced skills, the gap between
the low-skilled and high-skilled workforce widens. The potential of the youth, which
is 27.5% of the total share of India, needs to be tapped into, and the mechanizations
of the manufacturing processes need to use more digitally-intensive technologies. A
skilled labour force and advanced industrial capabilities are the way to benefit from the
4IR.
India holds great potential in its population, but it also means the economy is very
labour intensive and needs constant upskilling to match the job demanded in the
country to sustain a reasonable employment rate. The technologies brought in by the
industrial revolution need to be introduced at a considerably faster pace. The booming
electric vehicle industry is expanding its production capacity and seeping into the
global markets and households quickly. With regulations imposed and resources spent
quickly, India can enjoy the benefits, of such technological advancements globally,
boosting the employment rate and becoming a manufacturing hotspot. Along with
that, job security for those whose jobs might get replaced by a robot is also necessary.
To tap into the country’s technological potential, the first group to be identified
and supported should be the grassroots innovators. The grassroots innovators are
the people who have put to use traditional knowledge and developed indigenous
technology. The traditional methods and systems of land are best in bringing efficiency
to their production mechanism and the infrastructure. A farmer in Rajasthan would
know the terrain of his land better to find innovative irrigation methods rather
than using the same irrigation systems as the rest of the country. The necessity for
maximizing profits for survival and efficient systems drives one to innovate. Supporting
such innovations spreads knowledge and provides a competitive edge in the economy.
The Science, Technology and Innovation Policy (STIP) has focused on taking necessary
steps to move India towards a knowledge-focused economy. STIP 2020 has taken a
step towards integrating economic development, social inclusion, and environmental
sustainability for policy evaluation and dynamic policymaking. But the extent of
its work isn’t restricted to the research and development centres of the state. The India Innovation Index 2021 53
government of India has since tread towards achieving development with a holistic
approach that includes social, economic and scientific planning and consultancy.
The talent pool of a country is formed by its people performing arts, playing sports,
practising law, running businesses, and giving scientific breakthroughs. These
knowledgeable, experienced and skilled people need the right opportunities to bring
their potential to use in the world. While the 4IR pushes competition for the best of the
talent to shine in the economy, it also creates an inequality where people who are not
equipped with the latest knowledge and skills for the labour market demands lag.
Initiatives like “Make in India” and “Go Local” encourage the citizens to support the
locally produced goods and services and help the economy become self-reliant.
The goal of becoming “Aatmanirbhar Bharat” or “A Self-Reliant India” unites every
Indian to give their contribution to achieve this feat. However, a challenge is how
India integrates its large share of the low-skilled labour force to cater to the domestic
and international demand from formal and informal sectors into the digitized and
automated world of 4IR.
The National Digital Literacy Scheme, under the Digital India initiative, is a project to
impart digital knowledge to rural households as well as train government employees
to help them become technologically sound. The pace to keep up with the changing
industry and globalization needs such a scheme that includes the socially vulnerable
and entry-level workers from every nook and corner of India to function with its full
potential.
The 4IR will bring prosperity as well as some damage to the world. However, being
aware of its capacity to transform our societies and use this knowledge to innovate a
sustainable and efficient economy will be a great feat for humanity. As Karl Schwab
has said, “With these fundamental transformations underway today, we have the
opportunity to proactively shape the Fourth Industrial Revolution to be both inclusive
and human-centred.” India Innovation Index 2021 54
Innovation
in India:
Opportunities
and Challenges India Innovation Index 2021 55
Innovation cannot be fully understood without comprehending
the opportunities and challenges that it entails. Thus, it becomes
imperative to deep dive into innovation with reference to Indian
context and identify where our opportunities and challenges lie.
In this section, we look broadly at factors that affect innovation—
from R&D, firm size, labour market, demographic dividend to
market demand and try to understand where our opportunities
and challenges lie.
The global experiences of development have presented unique
lessons in the importance of strengthening R&D to gain strategic
advantages. R&D has played a significant role in the growth of
the developed countries as shown in Figure 2, which captures the
relationship between R&D and GDP of a country.
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT India Innovation Index 2021 56
Figure 2 Correlation between Per Capita R&D Expenditure and Per Capita GDP
across Countries
Figure 2 depicts a positive relationship between per capita R&D and per capita GDP,
whereby countries that have high per capita R&D expenditure tend to have higher
per capita GDP as well. Although the reported R2 is high, the relationship between
the two cannot be negated. For example, Evenson and Singh (1997),
32
by analysing
data for 11 Asian countries for the period 1970–93, found that a country’s R&D exert
a positive influence on the output of that country. Kaur and Singh (2016)
33
analysed
the impact of R&D expenditure on the GDP of 23 developing economies (including
India) for the time period 1991–2010 using panel data and showed that a 1%
increase in R&D expenditure increases the economic growth by 0.30%.
However, in India, R&D investment has been relatively low. In the past few years,
R&D investment in the country has declined from 0.8% of the GDP in 2008–09 to
0.7% in 2017-18. This is lower than the other BRICS nations—Brazil spends about
1.2%, Russia about 1.1%, China just above 2%, and South Africa around 0.8%, with
the world average being about 1.8%. On the other hand, developed countries like
the United States, Sweden, and Switzerland spend about 2.9%, 3.2% and 3.4%,
respectively. Among all nations, Israel spends the most, 4.5%, of its GDP on R&D
(Reddy & Subash, 2020).
34
32
Evenson, R. E., & Singh, L., (1997). Economic Growth, International Technological Spillovers and Public Policy:
Theory and Empirical Evidence from Asia. Centre Discussion Paper, No. 777, Yale University, Economic Growth
Centre, New Haven, CT.
33
Kaur, M. & Singh, L. (2016). R&D Expenditure and Economic Growth: An Empirical Analysis. International Journal
of Technology Management & Sustainable Development, 15(3), 195-213.
34
Reddy, K. & Subash, S. (2020). Will COVID-19 Change the Landscape of Financing Innovation in India? Economic
& Political Weekly, 55(47), 22-24.
Source: UNESCO & World Bank website accessed March 2020; India-R&D Statistics 2019-20, DST, GoI.
Per capita GDP (current PPP $)
Per capita R&D (current PPP $)
70000
0
0
10000
500 1000 1500 2000 2500
India
China
Russia
Israel
Switzerland
R² = 0.8882
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000 India Innovation Index 2021 57
One reason for the low spending on R&D in developing countries like India is that
investments in R&D take time to produce results. In a country like India where there
are bigger issues—such as hunger, disease control, and raising the quality of life—to
contend with, resources are often diverted towards tackling them. However, it can
be argued that these pressing concerns shouldn’t be viewed as a hindrance, rather
an opportunity to widen the ambit of R&D. Research has been able to come up with
solutions to such issues in the past such as the drip-irrigation system (Postel, et al.,
2001),
35
X-ray imaging, CT scanner, and others.
Although inventions take time, nonetheless innovative thinking can be applied in
dealing with such issues as well. The example of Grameen Bank is one such example
where a small idea turned into a huge success both financially and helping poor
communities. Thus, it becomes important to bring ‘research’ into these issues and not
to restrain to spend in R&D, be it idea or product (Acharya & Pathak, 2019)
36
. This
would not only help in resolving the pressing concerns, but would also serve as a
reference point for future in tackling such issues.
35
Postel, S., Polak, P., et al., (2001). Drip Irrigation for Small Farmers: A New Initiative to Alleviate Hunger and
Poverty, Water International, 26(1), 3-13.
36
Acharya, K.P. & Pathak, S. (2019). Applied Research in Low-Income Countries: Why and How? Frontiers in
Research Metric and Analytics, 4(3), 1-9.
37
Mani, S. (2021). India. In S. Schneegans, T. Straza, & J. Lewis (Eds), UNESCO Science Report: The Race Against
Time for Smarter Development (pp. 604-621). UNESCO Publishing: Paris.
Another source of concern is the composition of the current R&D expenditure. The
government spends the most on R&D (over 60%). Low private participation is one of
the key hindrances in India’s overall low R&D expenditure (Reddy & Subash, 2020;
Mani, 2021
37
). Public expenditure is productive up to some extent, however, once the
growth follows a trajectory, it is desirable to shift to R&D driven mainly by the private
sector. This has been the case for the developed nations where R&D is undertaken
by the private sector (Acharya & Pathak, 2019). Mani (2021) has also shown that
a good share (about 45%) of the government expenditure is dedicated to defence
and space research, leaving the rest for other sectors to compete. The figure below
highlights the same. It is observed that 93% of the R&D expenditure incurred by the
Central Government sources was channelled through 12 major scientific agencies,
such as the Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO), Indian
Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), and Centre for Scientific and Industrial
Research (CSIR). Of this, a significant portion is spent on defence and space
research. While this is important, other sectors must also receive due attention.
COMPOSITION OF R&D India Innovation Index 2021 58
Figure 3 Share of R&D Expenditure by Major Scientific Agencies 2017–18
Source: Research & Development Statistics 2019-20, Department of Science and Technology, GoI.
31.60%
19%
11.20%
10.80%
9.50%
7.30%
3.70%
3.10%3.80%
Defence Research
& Development
Organisation (DRDO)
Department of
Space (DOS)
Indian Council of Agricultural
Research (ICAR)
Department of
Atomic Energy (DAE)
Council of Scientific &
Industrial Research (CSIR)
Department of Science &
Technology (DST)
Department of
Biotechnology (DBT)
Indian Council of Medical
Research (ICMR)
Others India Innovation Index 2021 59
The problem of the ‘missing middle’ is another area that warrants attention. India is
a country where the manufacturing sector is peculiarly structured, with either a very
small-sized firm (less than 50 employees) or a very large-sized firm (more than 500
employees) and a clear ‘missing middle’. This structure causes a number of problems,
one of them being a vast difference in productivity, whereby the large-sized firms
are 10 times more productive than the small-sized firms (Raj & Sen, 2020). This
difference also shows up in innovation. Sinha, et al. (2019)
38
, by analysing data
from 1992–2017, argued that large-sized firms have a greater tendency to reap
the benefits of innovation than their small-sized counterparts. This could be due to
economies of scale, higher costs incurred, etc. the exact cause cannot be winnow out.
Also, R&D in small-sized firms is not so formal and visible as compared to the large-
sized ones; therefore, the small-sized firms rely on finagling around things (Nair, et
al., 2015)
39
. This is important given the relative importance of MSMEs in India. With
more than 6.5 crore MSMEs contributing roughly 30% to the GDP (Behera, et al.,
2021),
40
there is no doubt that a transition to a mid-sized or large-sized firm and
a shift from informal to formal R&D would further enhance the role of MSMEs and
innovation in India.
Another area of importance is the labour market. It is sometimes believed that
adopting new and innovative technologies would displace labour from the market.
In India, this belief can cause great concern due to the country’s massive labour
force. However, this is not always true as innovation has the capacity to generate
new jobs as well (Sinha, et al., 2019). Mehta (2016),
41
by analysing data for pharma,
transport, ferrous metals, and textiles for the period 2000–01 to 2013–14, showed
that there exists a positive relationship between innovation and employment. In fact,
he suggested that innovation is the factor that would drive long-term growth and
employment. Moreover, it is not just labour availability and the quality of labour but
also labour legislations that affect innovation. A right balance between labour laws
that doesn’t compromise on labour standards which also promote an environment
that is conducive to nurture innovation is something that should be strived for.
FIRM SIZE
LABOUR MARKET
38
Sinha, A.K., Mishra, A.K., & Patel, Y. (2019). Firm Size, R&D Expenditure, and International Orientation: An
Empirical Analysis of Performance of Indian Firms. Int. J. Technological Learning, Innovation and Development,
11(4), 311–336.
39
Nair, A., Guldiken, O., Fainshmidt, S., et al., (2015). Innovation in India: A review of past research and future
directions. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 32, 925–958.
40
Behera, et al., (2021). COVID-19 Pandemic and Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs): Policy Response
for Revival. Small Enterprises Development, Management & Extension Journal, 47(3), 213-228.
41
Mehta, S., (2016). Innovation and Employment: A Study of Indian Manufacturing Sector. Millennial Asia, 7(2),
184-206. India Innovation Index 2021 60
India’s young population is one of its biggest assets.
DEMOGRAPHIC DIVIDEND
Currently, more than
60% of India’s population
is in the working age
group (15–59).
The energy and potential of this age group can be rightly channelized towards
innovation. There is always an element of risk involved in innovation. But most
Indians tend to be risk-averse, which is tied to a fear of and intolerance for failure,
making it difficult to generate innovative ideas or promote existing ones (Sharma, et
al., 2012).
42
In the absence of adequate support—moral, financial, and other—our
youth migrate to other countries (Dodani & LaPorte, 2005).
43

The numbers presented below do not decipher them into how many migrated for
research purposes, but just shed light on the fact that the number of migrations
from India have risen considerably over the years. Therefore, India should prevent
the brain drain by providing them the adequate support and channelize their energy
which would be salubrious for research and innovation in India.
Figure 4 Persons Migrated from India over the Years
Source: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Population Division (2019). International Migrant
Stock 2019 (United Nations database, POP/DB/MIG/Stock/Rev.2019).
42
Sharma, P., et al., (2012). India’s National and Regional Innovation Systems: Challenges, Opportunities and
Recommendations for Policy Makers, Industry and Innovation, 19(6), 517-537.
43
Dodani, S., & LaPorte, R.E., (2005). Brain Drain from Developing Countries: How Can Brain Drain be Converted
into Wisdom Gain? Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 98, 487-491.
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2019
8000000
6000000
4000000
2000000
0
10000000
12000000
14000000
16000000
18000000
20000000
Number
6623177
7157482
7932405
9597951
13229275
17510931
15930200 India Innovation Index 2021 61
Figure 5 Patents Filed over the Years in India
Source: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Population Division (2019). International Migrant
Stock 2019 (United Nations database, POP/DB/MIG/Stock/Rev.2019).
44
Radermacher, A., Walia, G., (2013). Gaps Between Industry Expectations and the Abilities of Graduates.
Proceeding of the 44th ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education - SIGCSE ‘13, 525-530.
Research should also be aligned to the demands of the industry. It is observed that
there is a mismatch between what is taught at the university level and what is
required at the industrial level (Radermacher & Walia, 2013).
44
To resolve this, we
need a working model between the two. Working with the academia and research
institutions can allow firms to gain early access to research outputs and influence the
research agenda of these institutions. Subsequently, industrial firms can reduce their
costs by outsourcing their research and collaborating with educational institutions.
To better understand the potential of Indian research one need only look at the
number of patents filed in the country over the years. As highlighted in the figure
below, the number of patents filed has increased at a compound annual growth
of 3.63% in the last decade. Lastly, funding research with a sense of obligation or
to meet some targets should not be the purpose. Institutions/stakeholders should
believe in its inherent importance.
Venture capital provides not only the funds necessary to run a business but also the
required personnel and expertise to utilise the same. It has gained importance since
banks show unwillingness to extend credit to newly established enterprises due to
MARKET DEMAND
VENTURE CAPITAL
2010-11
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
2011-12
2012-13
2013-14
2014-15
2015-16
2016-17
2017-18
2018-19
2019-20
Number of Patents Filed
39400
43674
42951
46904
47854
56267
CAGR~3.63
45444
50659
42763
43197 India Innovation Index 2021 62
lack of collaterals and a high risk of default. Although microfinance provides capital
for businesses but its limited scope and amount curtail the innovative capacity of an
undertaking (Sonne, 2012).
45
In India, the amount of funding received through venture
capital and private equity flow has risen from ₹4 billion to ₹1,327 billion in the last
two decades (Nuthalapati & Singh, 2019).
46
Venture capital has produced market giants such as Unacademy, Byju’s, Swiggy,
Zomato, Ola, etc. However, some caveats follow. Venture capitalists’ invest¬ments
have moved away from early stages to later stages worldwide. This can be
demotivating to a young and aspiring entrepreneur who has the innovative capacity
but not the money. This is where the government can step in—it can create an
ecosystem that promotes entrepreneurship and innovative thinking. This can be
in the form of reducing capital gains tax, higher spending on R&D, expediting
administrative processes, providing seed funding, etc.
In the conventional production function, the two determinants of output, capital and
labour, would be meaningless and unsustainable without technological progress, as
there is always a limit to value addition that could be attained at any particular level
of technological development. And this technological progress is achieved through
innovation, which is an essential element of capitalism as coined by Schumpeter “the
process of creative destruction.” To quote
47
“the fundamental impulse that sets and
keeps the capitalist engine in motion comes from the new consumers’ goods, the
new methods of production or transportation, the new markets, the new forms of
industrial organization that capitalist enterprise creates”.
45
Sonne, L., (2012). Innovative Initiatives Supporting Inclusive Innovation in India: Social Business Incubation and
Micro Venture Capital. Technological Forecasting & Social Change, 79, 638-647.
46
Nuthalapati, C.S.R., & Singh, K., (2019). Venture Capital, Technology and Innovative Start-ups in India. Tech-
Monitor, Jan-Mar 2019, 20-27
47
Schumpeter, J.A., (1976), The Process of Creative Destruction. Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy (pp. 81-86).
George Allen & Unwin: London..
CONCLUSION India Innovation Index 2021 63 64India Innovation Index 2021
Innovation
in Cities
India’s urban population has
increased from 222 million (26%) in
1990 to 440 million (32%) in 2014. It is
projected to reach 814 million (50%)
by 2050. 65India Innovation Index 2021
With growing urbanisation, the number of metropolitan cities
(with a population exceeding 1 million) has increased. Currently,
they account for 43% of India’s urban population (up from 38%
in 2001), which is expected to rise to 87% by 2031.
48
Although in
India the pace of urbanization is low, Delhi, Mumbai and Kolkata—
with 25 million, 21 million and 15 million people, respectively—are
among the most populous cities in the world.
The urban population in India contributes 63% to GDP.
49
Moreover,
the city-states attract most of the FDI inflow. During FY 2021–22,
Karnataka was the top recipient state, with 38% of the total FDI
equity inflow, followed by Maharashtra (26%) and Delhi (14%).
50
In this section, we shed light on the innovation landscape of Indian
cities and try to identify the factors that drive innovation in these
locales.
Since time immemorial, cities have been evolving in terms
of demography, geography, product, and services, and have
become the focal point of change which constantly requires a
48
WEF_IU_FUDS_Urban_Development_Recommendations_Government_India_
Report_2015.pdf (weforum.org)
49
Three-fourth of India’s GDP to come from urban population if these reforms are made |
The Financial Express
50
https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1826946 66India Innovation Index 2021
51
Breznits, Dan (2021). Innovating in Real Places: Strategies for Prosperity in an Unforgiving World. Oxford
University Press, UK.
The other two being designing/engineering and production & assembly.
simple and efficient solution to the complex and burgeoning problems. To resolve
these problems, we need creative thinking which involves a risk-taking attitude and
accepting that failure may be an
interim outcome but not the only outcome. It is often
observed, especially in the rural context, that failure is neither accepted nor tolerated,
which often demotivates people who either give up or switch their product/service
in which they wish to innovate. Cities, on the contrary, being known for its quality
education becomes the centre where such people are encouraged, since it houses top
schools and universities where people inculcate the habit to develop mutual respect
for others along with nurturing creative thinking. This is one of the reasons why cities
like Bengaluru, Delhi, Mumbai, Hyderabad, among others, have been able to come up
with some of the well-established companies and start-ups that India has offered.
Moreover, these cities have also become the hub of some of the most skilled and
technically adept human resource destinations that not just work mark their presence
nationally, but internationally as well. This is due to the robust education system,
right from primary to secondary to tertiary education, present in the cities. Not
only this, it is observed that people also move outside India to pursue their higher
or technical education and come back after its completion to commercialize their
creative ideas. This opportunity of adopting and learning skills at the global level is
also something that cities open doors to via university level collaboration or MNCs
tie-ups with foreign counterparts. In this way, cities not just offer the environment to
encourage existing ideas but also provide a platform to absorb global solutions to
native problems.
Second, cities get the financial support necessary for innovation, in the form of angel
investors, private equity firms, venture capitalists, etc. This is because cities provide
a skilled human resource, industrial clusters, and logistics support, which boost
investors’ confidence. This gets complemented by dedicated innovation, industrial,
and start-up policies that these cities regularly use to incentivise these investors by
rebate, subsidies, reimbursement, and cheap interest rates. Moreover, cities get a
wider audience due to media campaigns something not readily present in rural areas.
Thus, cities provide the support mechanisms that enable an environment where
innovation is nurtured, fostering growth in cities.
Third, cities have and will continue to provide a big market for all kinds of goods and
services, which creates the necessity to innovate and develop new products and/
or improve existing ones. This twin mechanism of creating a new product/service
and enhancing/improving an existing product or service forms the two stages of
innovation referred by Dan Breznitz.
51
As our cities continue to grow and expand,
innovation will play a critical role in fulfilling inhabitants’ needs. 67India Innovation Index 2021
Thus, cities offer an ideal ecosystem to nurture innovation, thanks to a skilled
workforce, big market and conducive government policies something that rural
regions are unable to provide relative to urban conglomerates. Although currently
innovation is being driven by the megacities, there is enormous scope for its
proliferation in the rest of India. Therefore, we need strategies to scale the current
innovation landscape, along with ensuring spill over effects across the country.
These strategies may involve skilling a young labour force through programmes such
as Skill India or bridging the academia-industry knowledge gap, or providing easy
access to seed funding for new start-ups, etc. This will not only expand the current
innovation landscape but also instil a competitive spirit among firms, individuals,
governments, and regions to enhance their innovation ecosystem. This will also
shrink the rural-urban divide with industries and investors looking at rural areas as
well. Rural areas should build capacities to provide lucrative avenues to investors.
This calls for collective action for establishing institutes, promoting industrial clusters,
and educating people. 68India Innovation Index 2021
India vs
The World
For India to compete with the world,
it would be prudent to understand
India’s position in a relative context. 69India Innovation Index 2021
This would not only put things in perspective but also shed light on
the fact that how far does the country need to traverse. Therefore,
this section broadly compares some innovation statistics of India
with the rest of the world and tries to highlight the lacuna in the
Indian context. The section draws some international comparison
and also look at some Indian specific statistics.
To begin with, one must appreciate India’s performance in the
Global Innovation Index. The table below highlights how India has
been performing on the Global Innovation Index (GII). India has
shown consistent improvement when it comes to the rankings.
INDIA’S PERFORMANCE IN THE
GLOBAL INNOVATION INDEX (GII)
From the 60th position in 2017, India reached the
46th spot in 2021. India was ranked 1st among
the Central and South Asian nations and 2nd
among the lower-middle-income countries. 70India Innovation Index 2021
The current growth trajectory of India indicates further improvement in the
coming years. However, as India starts to climb up the ladder, the competition
would get tighter and India would need to perform exceedingly well.
Table 1 India’s Performance on the Global Innovation Index
Table 2 GERD per capita (in current PPP$) (2018)
Year GII Score GII Rank Total Countries
201735.5060127
201835.2057126
201936.5852129
202035.6048131
202136.4046132
Country GERD per
capita (2018)
Belgium 1438.17
Brazil 173.37
China 325.82
Germany 1701.47
India 43.41
Indonesia 26.34
Israel 2108.20
Italy 593.90
Malaysia 293.39
One of the most looked at statistics is the GERD. The importance of GERD was
explored in the previous chapter. The table below provides the GERD of few select
countries to show India’s relative position. As can be inferred, India’s GERD is
one of the lowest in the world, with just USD 43 per capita. This shows that India
needs to boost this expenditure and at least be on a par with its BRICS or ASEAN
counterparts like Russia (285), Brazil (173), and Malaysia (293).
GROSS EXPENDITURE ON R&D (GERD)
Source: GII for various years.
Note: - *Data for South Africa is for 2017.
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics.
Country GERD per capita (2018)
Mexico 63.82
Russian Federation
284.80
South Africa* 105.69
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
791.43
United States of America
1777.93 71India Innovation Index 2021
Table 3 GERD as a percentage (%) of GDP (2018)
The table below gives the GERD as a percentage of GDP. India’s GERD as
a percentage of GDP has been consistent and hovered around 0.7% for
about a decade. This is even lower than Brazil (1.16), South Africa (0.83)
and others. Only Mexico (0.31) had a lower share of GERD as a percentage
of GDP. With such low contribution, R&D performance remains stagnant.
Countries with higher per capita GDP invest more in
R&D. The same is depicted in the figure below—for
example, countries like the US, Japan, Germany, spend
more on R&D.
Country R&D as a %
GDP
GDP per capita,
PPP (current
international $)
Argentina 0.49 20771
Brazil1.16 14835
Canada1.56 46611
China2.14 17211
Egypt0.72 12607
France2.19 46983
Germany3.13 54792
India0.65 6504
Israel4.94 39482
Italy1.39 41829
Japan3.28 42390
Malaysia1.04 27924
Mexico0.31 18444
Netherlands 2.16 59268
Norway2.07 62645
Russian
Federation
0.98 29812
South Africa 0.83 13361
United States of
America
2.83 65593
Note: - *Data for South Africa is for 2017.
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics. 72India Innovation Index 2021
Figure 6 Correlation between GDP per capita and GERD as a per cent of GDP (2018)
India
Brazil
China
Isreal
Japan
Germany
France
Russia
Italy
USA
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics and World Bank.
GDP per capita, PPP (current international $)
GERD as a % GDP
70000
60000
50000
40000
30000
20000
10000
0
0 162 3 4 5 73India Innovation Index 2021
One way to assess the research acumen of a country is the number of publications/
citations by its people. The figure below highlights the number of research papers
published across some select countries in 2016. Despite a low GERD, India has
published more research papers than even countries like Russia, Brazil, and South
Korea, among others. Moreover, India accounted for 4.1% of the world’s total
citations in the year 2016 (DST, 2019–20). This proves that given more opportunities
in research, Indians can grow its R&D.
RESEARCH PUBLICATIONS
Figure 7 Number of Research Papers Published Across Selected Countries (2016)
Source: Research and Development Statistics, Department of Science and Technology (DST), GoI.
South Africa 13932
14457
31559
35505
45781
58930
59425
64267
64904
69332
69374
76197
79010
110928
122764
312983
411363
Mexico
Switzerland
Russia
Brazil
South Korea
Spain
India
Australia
Italy
Canada
France
Japan
Germany
United Kingdom
China
USA
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
350000
400000
450000 74India Innovation Index 2021
It is not just enough to spend on R&D but also important to look at its sectoral
composition. This is highlighted in the figure below where we see that in most
countries R&D expenditure is undertaken by business enterprises and the higher
education sector. For example, in countries like the US, UK, South Korea, Japan, a
preponderant share (more than half or even more) is spent by the business sector.
However, in India, the government spends the most on R&D (more than 55 per cent).
As was argued in the previous chapter, this needs to change. India needs to find
that inflexion point after which the private sector can take over (see Figure 8 below).
Although R&D by businesses rapidly rose from 2005–06 onwards, it wasn’t fast
enough to overtake R&D by the government. The curve for R&D by businesses needs
to intersect the government R&D and rise—only then can India be on a par with the
developed countries.
This can be achieved if businesses and higher education institutions work in tandem
on R&D. Guellec & Potterie (2000)
52
concluded that a $1 investment in R&D by the
government leads to a $0.7 increase in business R&D. This government expenditure
RESEARCH COMPOSITION
52
Guellec, D., & Potterie, B., (2000). The impact of public R&D expenditure on business R&D. OECD Science,
Technology and Industry Working Papers, 2000/4.
Figure 8 GERD by Performance, India (in ‘000 current PPP$)
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics.
2001
0
500000
10000000
15000000
20000000
25000000
30000000
35000000
Higher EducationBusinessGovernment
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018 75India Innovation Index 2021
Figure 9 Sectoral Composition of Spending on R&D
Source: Research and Development Statistics, Department of Science and Technology (DST), GoI.
can be in the form of grants or through sharing the R&D costs. This will not only
lead to an increase in research but also act as a backup for private businesses.
Empirical evidence from developed countries has shown that such a module helped
these countries reach an inflexion point, post which private R&D took over. Some
such examples are given in Figure 9. This module would also increase the share of
the higher education sector’s R&D. To achieve this inflexion point, India also has
a conducive environment where we see that the number of universities has been
increasing over the years and has reached four digits with CAGR being about 5.3%
over the last decade (Figure 10).
020406080 100
US
UK
South Korea
Russia
Japan
Israel
India
France
Canada
Belgium
Higher Education Private Non-ProfitBusinessGovernment
10.3
6.1
10
34.4
7.7
1.5
56.1
12.5
6.9
9.5
72.6
69.1
80.3
55.6
79.5
88.3
36.8
65.4
50.9
70.5
12.9
22.5
8.2
9.7
11.5
9.3
7.1
20.5
41.7
19.4
4.2
2.2
1.4
0.3
0.9
0.9
0
1.6
0.5
0.6 76India Innovation Index 2021
Figure 10 Number of Universities in India
Figure 11 Percentage Share of National Research and Development Expenditure by
Objectives, 2017-18
Source: Higher Education Profiles, AISHE, Ministry of Education, GoI.
Source: Research and Development Statistics, Department of Science and Technology (DST), GoI.
The composition story holds a bit further, where one can also look at the expenditure
by objectives. As can be seen in the figure below, more than one-third of the total
national expenditure on R&D is spent on health and defence. While these two sectors
are crucial, India also needs to focus on other sectors for all-encompassing growth.
2010-11
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
2011-12
2012-13
2013-14
2014-15
2015-16
2016-17
2017-18
2018-19
2019-20
CAGR~5.3%621
642
667
723
760
799
864
903
993
1043
Health
Defence
Development of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishing
Industrial Production and Technology
Exploration and Exploitation of Space
Transport, Telecommunication, and other
Infrastructure
General Advancement of Knowledge
Other Aims
Education
Exploration and Exploitation of the Earth
Environment
Political & Social Systems, Structures &
Processes (incl. socio-economic services)
Political & Social Systems, Structures
& Processes (incl. socio-economic
services)
2%
1.80% 0.50%
0.04%
18.06%
17.10%
12.60%
9.80%
8.80%
8.70%
7.30%
7.20%
5.50% 77India Innovation Index 2021 78India Innovation Index 2021
Methodology
The India Innovation Index 2021 displays
the current scenario and highlights the
recent catalysts and caveats for promoting
innovation. The index examines innovation
capacities and ecosystems at the sub-national
level. Through its comprehensive framework,
the index evaluates the performance and
ranks all the 28 states and 8 union territories on
the basis of their index score. 79India Innovation Index 2021
The Global Innovation Index (GII) was first launched in 2007 to
broaden the view on innovation—i.e., moving from just analysis
based on research and development expenditure and scientific
papers published to inspiring generations of innovators and
business. To celebrate innovation in the backdrop of the fourth
EVOLUTION OF INDIA
INNOVATION INDEX (2019–21)
industrial revolution, the framework for India Innovation Index
2021
has been mapped with GII indicators. After rigorous
discussions with experts, the index was approved. This is against
the backdrop of India’s aim to break into the top 25 countries in
the Global Innovation Index (GII) from its current 46th position. For
this, states need to improve their existing innovation outcomes,
which requires bolstering efforts to improve factors that enable
innovative systems. 80India Innovation Index 2021
Table 4 Framework Composition of India Innovation Index
Dimension India Innovation
Index 2019
India Innovation
Index 2020
India Innovation
Index 2021
Enablers 23 indicators 25 indicators 50 indicators
Performers 10 indicators 11 indicators 16 indicators
The dimension of the index remains the same as last year. Just like the previous
edition, there are 7 pillars in the index—five ‘Enabler’ pillars measure the inputs
and two ‘Performance’ pillars measure the output. However, the consensus was to
incorporate new indicators in the framework to further strengthen the index. In last
year’s edition, there were 36 indicators, this year there are 66 indicators.
All the indicators in the Enabler pillar covers the features that are crucial for
promoting innovation within a state/UT. Indicators in the Performance pillar represent
a nation’s benefits in knowledge creation and competitiveness. All the indicators
of the index capture both the aspects of the market as well as the state, thereby
covering all macroeconomic and microeconomic indicators necessary. 81India Innovation Index 2021
Table 5 India Innovation Index 2021 Framework
HUMAN CAPITAL
School Education
Schools with ICT labs
Assessment in reading, mathematics,
and science (Class V NAS Scores,
2015, Cycle 4)
Expenditure on school education as a
% of GSDP
NER in school education
Secondary school level completion rate
with respect to Primary School level
completion rate
Pupil-Teacher ratio: Primary &
Secondary
Accolades in STEM Activities/ 1000
Students in States i.e.: INSPIRE
Awards, NTSE Scholarship, Olympiads,
Any other State/ national/ international
level awards
Percentage of schools having Science/
Technology Tinkering/ Innovation labs
like Atal Tinkering Labs (ATL's)
HUMAN CAPITAL
Tertiary and Higher education
Enrolment in engineering and
technology (at UG, PG & Diploma level)
Enrolment in PhD per lakh of
population
Higher education institutions with
NAAC grade A and above
Pupil-Teacher Ratio- Higher Education
Colleges connected through NMEICT
Enrolment in vocational education
or skill development courses/lakh of
population
Tertiary in-bound mobility (non-state
students coming to study in the state)
Percentage of schools having Science/
Technology Tinkering/ Innovation labs
like Atal Tinkering Labs (ATL's)
INDIA INNOVATION INDEX
Enablers
Performance
Human Capital
Knowledge
Output
Investment
Knowledge
Diffusion
Knowledge
Workers
Business
Environment
Safety and Legal
Environment 82India Innovation Index 2021
INVESTMENT
Research & Development
Expenditure on higher and technical
education
Expenditure on Science, Technology
and Environment
Expenditure on R&D
NIRF ranking of top 5 universities
Market Sophistication
Venture capital deals
FDI inflows
KNOWLEDGE
WORKERS
Workforce
Knowledge-intensive employment
Private R&D units in the state
NGOs involved in knowledge-intensive
areas
R & D Institutions funded by States/
UT’s
Skill development training
% of females employed with advanced
degrees out of total employed.
BUSINESS
ENVIRONMENT
Trade, competition & market scale
Ease of Doing Business
Common Facility Centres
Share of manufacturing & services as a
% of GSVA
Gross capital formation as a % of
GSDP/ GVA
Incubator centres in the state
Cluster Strength
CreditNumber of bank accounts / 1000
population
Percentage of bank accounts with
Aadhar seeding
Domestic credit to the private sector, %
SDP
Micro-finance institutions Loan
portfolio (MUDRA etc.)
Digital Infrastructure
Internet subscribers
Total number of online services
transactions / 1000 population
No. of services offered online by STATE
GOVT./ Other Sources
Percentage of villages in the state with
internet connectivity
Percentage of subsidies or benefits
transferred through the digital platform 83India Innovation Index 2021 SAFETY AND LEGAL
ENVIRONMENT
Security/Safety Environment
Information Technology/Intellectual
Property related Acts (Rate of offences)
Cybercrime police stations
Rate of Cognizable Crime
Police personnel/lakh of population
Social Media Monitoring Cells
Legal Regulatory Environment
Pendency of court cases
Charge Sheeting Rate
Pendency Percentage- Corruption
cases investigation
KNOWLEDGE
OUTPUT
Knowledge creation
Grassroot innovations
Publications
Knowledge Impact
Startups in the state
New Businesses- No. of companies
registered during previous FY
GSDP per capita growth rate
Environment clearance of proposals/
project
Intangible Assets
Patents filed from state
Industrial designs by origin
Trademark application filed
KNOWLEDGE
DIFFUSION
Knowledge DisseminationHigh-tech exports as a % of total
exports
ICT exports
High and medium-high-tech
manufacturing entities
Citations
Creative Goods and Services
GIs registered
Circulation by all newspapers/ State
population
Handicraft sales/GSDP 84India Innovation Index 2021
To have a comprehensive understanding of innovation in a state, the index measures
both the input as well as output variables. While the input variables capture what
enables innovation, the output variables capture how innovation has actually
occurred. i.e., its performance. Thus, both the enablers and performance are
interrelated as one pillar steer the other pillar.
The given dimension comprises the pillars that drive innovation in a state. Human
Capital, Investment, Knowledge Workers, Business Environment, Safety and Legal
Environment are the indicators that show the extent to which a state has created an
environment to promote innovation. These pillars will help us understand each state’s
capacity to improve its innovation potential.
The India Innovation Index, through its pillars and indicators, will help analyze each
state’s performance in innovation. The index, through its rankings, will guide the
states to understand the available opportunities for innovation. It incorporates key
indicators under seven pillars that can be used to understand the performance of a
state with regard to its innovation capabilities:
Performance factors determine the state’s outcomes through innovation enablers.
It measures how the factors such as investments in human capital have manifested
itself in say patents. The two pillars in the given dimension are Knowledge Output
and Knowledge Diffusion.
CATEGORIZING INPUTS AND OUTPUTS
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
Enablers
Performance
Enablers’ Score: These input pillars will measure the elements of
the state that enable innovative activities with the support of the
five pillars. 85India Innovation Index 2021
Human capital is a significant factor in the spread of innovative ideas. No state
can flourish without investing in skilled human resources, as they are vital for
creating and enhancing innovation. Improving the level and quality of education and
research are significant elements for boosting the innovation capacity of a region.
An environment that encourages people to ask critical questions is one that fosters
innovation. Investments in schools, colleges and R&D lead to long-term benefits by
improving human capacity and, in turn, the innovation capabilities of a nation. This
pillar tries to measure the human capital of the states through 15 key indicators.
Analyzing the expenditure on education, science and R&D is an important
determinant of innovation capacity. Attracting public and private funds helps
sustains the capacity to improve the existing knowledge infrastructure. Access
to credit and support of the investors for entrepreneurial ventures and business
expansion are crucial for encouraging business activities in the state. A robust market
ensures ready access to credit for business and a steady flow of FDI. The pillar
through its 6 indicators, gauges the financial standing of a state and the amount it
spends on R&D.
Human Capital
Investments
Performance Score: The performance pillar indicates the output
of the innovation activities undertaken by the states. Even
though this dimension only has two pillars, it has the same
weightage in the calculation of the overall innovation scores as
the Enablers’ dimension.
The Overall Innovation Score: The overall innovation score is the
simple average of the two dimensions.
Innovation Efficiency Ratio: This is the ratio of the two scores. It
indicates the state’s ability to efficiently leverage its investments
and infrastructure to produce successful innovation outputs. 86India Innovation Index 2021
The employment of skilled labour is essential for strengthening the innovative
capacities of businesses. The productivity, competitiveness and innovation potential
of any organization depends on the efficiency of its professionals. There are a total
of six indicators in the given pillar. Imparting skill, enhancing aptitude, training,
and employing highly skilled labour are important to capture the level of business
sophistication to gauge how friendly the firms are to innovation activities.
Creating a business ecosystem that enables growth by providing good governance
and the correct levels of protection and incentives are also essential to innovation.
This pillar aims to examine the business environment in each state/UT by considering
factors such as ease of doing business, efficient governance, and digitization. The
Business Environment pillar expands on aspects that affect private entrepreneurial
endeavours and measures the ability of the state to provide a supportive
environment for innovation.
The given pillar analyses the safeguards put in place by the state governments to
enact and enforce open and fair procedures, regulations of markets, and protection
of property rights. Governments with lower regulation burdens are more likely to see
higher levels of innovative entrepreneurial activity.
Increase in the companies’ and individuals’ investments in R&D leads to the
development of innovative products and services. This enhances the appeal of those
products and services across the markets and increases their competitiveness.
Factors such as patents and trademarks capture the results of innovation. The
number of scientific articles published reflects the scientific and technological output.
Knowledge Workers
Business Environment
Safety and Legal Environment
Knowledge Output 87India Innovation Index 2021
This pillar reflects the degree to
which a state can develop and apply
knowledge to increase the value-added
components in products and services,
as well as a more general move toward
an innovation-driven economy. The
Knowledge Output pillar would be
manifested in hi-tech and manufacturing
exports, handicrafts, handlooms, among
others in the states. This pillar reflects
the extent to which the state’s economy
has grown from being resource-driven to
innovation-driven.
The granularity of the data we captured
in this edition has improved from the
first two iterations. In addition, 23 new
indicators will be added in the next
edition mapped to the GII framework in
Appendix C.
Knowledge Diffusion
The India Innovation Index covers all
the twenty-eight states and eight union
territories, which are further subdivided
into districts, cities and towns. The
heterogeneity and the vastness that
prevails across the states in terms of
geographical size, language, culture, and
policies create complexities in the index
analyses. Every state differs in terms of
its innovative capacities and challenges
given the demographic, economic, and
sociocultural factors that influence it.
Thus, it will be unfair to compare the
GEOGRAPHICAL
COVERAGE 88India Innovation Index 2021
states without acknowledging the existence of immense spatial segregation in India.
Otherwise, it could lead to complexities in assessing states, as policy implications for
large states are different from small ones.
The states and union territories have been thus classified into three categories: Major
States; North-Eastern and Hill States; and UT and City States.
Goa is included in the UT and City States’s category, even though it’s a state as per
the Indian constitution. Due to their geographical similarities, India’s north-eastern
and hill states have been clubbed under the same category. Also, as per a gazetted
notification, Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu have been formed into one
union territory.
Major StatesNorth East and Hill StatesUT and city states
Andhra PradeshArunachal Pradesh Andaman and Nicobar Islands
BiharAssamChandigarh
ChhattisgarhHimachal Pradesh Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman
and Diu
GujaratManipurDelhi
HaryanaMeghalayaGoa
JharkhandMizoramJammu and Kashmir
KarnatakaNagalandLadakh
KeralaSikkimLakshadweep
Madhya PradeshTripuraPuducherry
MaharashtraUttarakhand
Odisha
Punjab
Rajasthan
Tamil Nadu
Telangana
Uttar Pradesh
West Bengal
Table 6 Segregation of States/Union Territories/City-States 89India Innovation Index 2021
Table 7 Missing Value Estimation Under Enablers and Performance Dimensions
There were a few indicators where updated data was not available in the public
domain. In such cases, the data was used from the previous edition of the index. The
issue was experienced in the following indicators:
Moreover, to address the problem of missing values, the worst possible value was
assigned to the indicator for the state in question. This implies that positive indicators
were given a value of zero, and negative indicators were awarded the value of the
worst-performing state.
Venture
capital
deals
Grassroots
innovations
High and
medium hi-tech
manufacturing
entities
Assessment
in reading,
mathematics, and
science (Class
V NAS Scores,
2015, Cycle 4)
Expenditure
on higher
and technical
education
Expenditure
on R&D
DEALING WITH MISSING VALUES
01 02 03 04 05 06
Dimension Missing value estimation
ENABLERS
Assessment in reading, mathematics,
and science (Class V NAS Scores,
2015, Cycle 4)
Missing values for Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, and
Ladakh. Zero has been computed
Expenditure on school education as a
% of GSDP
Missing values for Lakshadweep and Ladakh. Zero
has been computed
Percentage of schools having
Science/ Technology Tinkering/
Innovation labs like Atal Tinkering
Labs (ATL’s)
Missing values for Andaman and Nicobar,
Lakshadweep, and Ladakh. Zero has been computed
Enrolment in engineering and
technology (at UG, PG & Diploma
level)
Missing values for Lakshadweep and Ladakh. Zero
has been computed
Enrolment in PhD per lakh of
population
Missing values for Dadra and Nagar haveli and
Daman and Diu, Lakshadweep, and Ladakh. Zero
has been computed
Higher education institutions with
NAAC grade A and above
Missing values for Dadra and Nagar haveli and
Daman and Diu, Sikkim, Lakshadweep, and Ladakh.
Zero has been computed 90India Innovation Index 2021 Dimension Missing value estimation
Tertiary in-bound mobility (non-state
students coming to study in the
state)
Tripura, Lakshadweep, Arunachal Pradesh,
Andaman and Nicobar Islands Goa, Sikkim,
Chandigarh, Jammu and Kashmir, Mizoram, Manipur,
Nagaland, Haryana, Ladakh, and Dadra & Nagar
Haveli data not available. Zero has been computed
Expenditure on higher and technical
education
Missing values for Ladakh. Zero has been computed
Expenditure on Science, Technology
and Environment
Missing values for Dadra & Nagar Haveli and
Daman & Diu, Lakshadweep, and Ladakh. The
national average has been computed
Expenditure on R&DMissing values for Ladakh, Puducherry, Nagaland,
Mizoram, Tripura, Delhi, Lakshadweep, Dadra
& Nagar Haveli and Daman & Diu, Chandigarh,
Goa, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, and Andaman &
Nicobar. Zero has been computed
FDI inflowsData not available for Andaman and Nicobar
Islands, Mizoram, Sikkim, Manipur, Meghalaya,
Tripura, Jammu and Kashmir, Ladakh, Lakshadweep,
Dadra & Nagar Haveli and Daman & Diu, and
Nagaland. Zero has been computed
Share of manufacturing & services as
a % of GSVA
Missing values for Dadra & Nagar Haveli and
Daman & Diu, Lakshadweep, and Ladakh. Zero has
been computed
Gross capital formation as a % of
GSDP/ GVA
Missing values for Dadra & Nagar Haveli and
Daman & Diu, Mizoram, Lakshadweep, and Ladakh.
Zero has been computed
Social Media Monitoring Cells Missing value for Goa, zero has been computed
Pendency of court cases Missing value for Andaman &Nicobar Islands and
Arunachal Pradesh. The National average has been
computed.
Pendency Percentage- Corruption
cases investigation
Missing value for Chhattisgarh has been computed
with national average
PERFORMANCE
GSDP per capita growth rate Missing values for Dadra & Nagar Haveli and Daman & Diu, Lakshadweep, Jammu and Kashmir, and Ladakh. Zero has been computed
Patents filed from state Missing values for Lakshadweep. Zero has been computed
Gis registeredMissing values for Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Ladakh, Lakshadweep, Jharkhand, and Chandigarh. Zero has been computed
Circulation by all newspapers/ State population
Missing values for Ladakh. Zero has been computed 91India Innovation Index 2021
All the indicators in the final set are modified so that a greater value means a higher
score for the state. For instance, the pendency of court cases will have an adverse
impact on the index. Therefore, transformations are applied to make its impact
positive.
As all the indicators are measured in different units, it is important to standardize
them so they become comparable. Otherwise, a variable that has relatively less
variance but is measured on a larger scale as compared to other variables may
appear to have much greater variation than it actually does. Standardization helps to
solve this problem by making all the indicators unitless as it rescales using a mean of
zero and a standard deviation of one.
Indicators are normalized using either GDP or population to enable relative state
comparison. This implies that changes in individual indicators may either be driven
by the numerator or normalization factor. Moreover, assessing year-on-year
performance relies on consistent data collection over time that is not collected for
all indicators. Therefore, a change in definition or old variable data could create
movements in the rankings unrelated to performance
The indicator selection process includes those that best describe the concept of the
pillars and is conceptually linked to each other. The rigour of the India Innovation
Index methodology is strengthened by assessing multiple aspects of fit between
those indicators.
First, the exploratory factor analysis is used to test the underlying factors among
the set of selected indicators in each pillar. In this process, the indicators that are
statistically incompatible are removed. Furthermore, the India Innovation Index
methodology involves evaluating the fit between the individual indicators by
calculating Cronbach’s alpha for each pillar.
Alpha was developed by Lee Cronbach in 1951 to provide a measure of the internal
consistency of a test or scale; it is expressed as a number between 0 and 1 (Takako
& Dennick 2011). Internal consistency describes the extent to which all the items
in a test measure the same concept or construct and hence it is connected to the
DATA TRANSFORMATION
EVALUATING THE FIT 92India Innovation Index 2021
inter-relatedness of the items within the test. Internal consistency can be employed
for research or examination purposes to ensure validity. An applied practitioner’s
rule of thumb is that the alpha value should be above 0.7 for any logical grouping of
variables (Cortina, 1993).
The alpha values are significantly lower i.e., 0.328 for Safety and Legal Environment.
We acknowledge this shortcoming, but it is important to keep some indicators in the
index due to their importance in the innovation landscape of India.
Table 8 Evaluating the Fit
Table 9 Calculation of Pillars by Using Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) Measure
DimensionPillarALPHA
EnablerHuman Capital0.79
Investment0.70
Knowledge Workers0.79
Business Environment0.88
Safety & Legal Environment0.328
Performance Knowledge Output0.84
Knowledge Diffusion0.75
DimensionPillarKMO
EnablerHuman Capital0.58
Investment0.67
Knowledge Workers0.74
Business Environment0.69
Safety & Legal Environment0.64
Performance Knowledge Output0.72
Knowledge Diffusion0.65
After calculating each pillar, the goodness of fit is evaluated using the Kaiser-Meyer-
Olkin (KMO) measure of sampling adequacy. The KMO index ranges from 0 to 1, as
a rule of thumb, KMO scores should be above 0.5 (Williams, Onsman, and Brown
2010). The results of this analysis are shown in the table below. The KMO of all the
pillars is above the set standards.
AGGREGATION 93India Innovation Index 2021
The India Innovation Index uses the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) for
calculating the weights of indicators within a pillar. The pillar values are calculated
by summing up the weighted scores using the following formula:
A complete list of indicator weights is available in the Appendix.
The last step of determining the pillar score involves transforming the values to a 0
to 100 scale. This is done by calculating the scores using the best and worst-case
scenarios in addition to the regional dataset. The best and worst-case scenarios are
the actual best, and worst-case values from the dataset.
See Appendix F for the best and worst-case scenario.
This method enhances comparability as well as comprehensiveness across the
dataset. The calculation is done using the following formula:
Each dimension score is taken to be a simple average of its pillars. The rationale
being the absence of any theoretical or empirical proof to weigh any of the pillars
higher than the others.
The two dimensions (i.e., Enablers and Performance) are believed to reflect equally
important aspects of innovation. Therefore, while calculating the index no priority has
been given to any dimension. Equal weights have been assigned to each of them to
highlight their roles.
Where X
j
represents the raw pillar values.
Pillars = ∑ (wi * indicator)
(X
j
-Worst Case) / (Best Case-Worst Case)
Dimension
d
= 1/
i
∑ Pillar
s
India Innovation Index = 1/2 ∑ Dimension
d
Dimension Scores
Index scores 94India Innovation Index 2021
The India Innovation Index assesses the states’ performance based on relative
performance rather than absolute scores. A state’s strength and weakness are based
on relative scores than an absolute one. For this purpose, state level scorecards are
developed to portray both absolute and relative performances. In the scorecard,
relative strengths and weaknesses are color-coded as red, yellow and green – where
red indicates a state’s performance below the peer group mean, yellow indicates
performance consistent with a peer group, and green depicts that the state has
performed above the peer group mean, demonstrating its relative strength.
We first define a state’s peer based on GDP to identify a peer group. For every 10
economic peers identified, we calculate average scores across dimension, pillar,
and indicator. This peer-level group comparison helps the state identify its relative
strengths and weaknesses.
RELATIVE PERFORMANCE OF STATES 95India Innovation Index 2021 96India Innovation Index 2021
India
Innovation
Index: Key
Findings 97India Innovation Index 2021
CATEGORY WISE RANKINGS
Major States
StatesIII 2021Rank
Karnataka18.011
Telangana17.662
Haryana16.353
Maharashtra16.064
Tamil Nadu15.695
Punjab15.356
Uttar Pradesh14.227
Kerala13.678
Andhra Pradesh13.329
Jharkhand13.1010
West Bengal12.9811
Rajasthan12.8812
Madhya Pradesh12.7413
Gujarat12.4114
Bihar11.5815
Odisha11.4216
Chhattisgarh10.9717
NE and Hill states
States III 2021Rank
Manipur 19.37 1
Uttarakhand 17.67 2
Meghalaya 16.00 3
Arunachal
Pradesh
15.46 4
Himachal
Pradesh
14.62 5
Sikkim 13.85 6
Mizoram 13.41 7
Tripura 11.43 8
Assam 11.29 9
Nagaland 11.00 10
India Innovation Index
UT and City states
States III 2021 Rank
Chandigarh 27.88 1
Delhi 27.00 2
Andaman and
Nicobar Islands
17.29 3
Puducherry 15.88 4
Goa14.93 5
Jammu and Kashmir 12.83 6
Dadra and Nagar
Haveli & Daman and
Diu
12.09 7
Lakshadweep 7.86 8
Ladakh 5.91 9 98India Innovation Index 2021
Major States
StatesEnablers
Haryana22.68
Karnataka22.00
Punjab20.41
Telangana20.08
Maharashtra19.97
Tamil Nadu18.93
Rajasthan18.68
Andhra Pradesh18.66
Kerala18.17
Chhattisgarh17.72
Uttar Pradesh16.54
Jharkhand16.38
Madhya Pradesh16.20
Gujarat16.05
West Bengal15.37
Odisha15.19
Bihar14.21
North-Eastern and Hilly States
States Enablers
Manipur28.55
Meghalaya22.95
Uttarakhand 22.09
Arunachal Pradesh 21.76
Sikkim20.83
Mizoram20.13
Nagaland19.69
Tripura19.58
Himachal Pradesh 19.25
Assam15.59
UT and City states
States Enablers
Chandigarh 28.10
Delhi26.04
Andaman and Nicobar
Islands
25.77
Goa20.94
Puducherry 20.86
Dadra and Nagar
Haveli & Daman and
Diu
19.55
Jammu and Kashmir 17.35
Lakshadweep 14.40
Ladakh11.35
Enablers 99India Innovation Index 2021
Major States
StatesPerformers
Telangana15.24
Karnataka14.02
Tamil Nadu12.45
Maharashtra12.16
Uttar Pradesh11.90
West Bengal10.60
Punjab10.30
Haryana10.02
Jharkhand9.81
Madhya Pradesh9.29
Kerala9.17
Bihar8.95
Gujarat8.78
Andhra Pradesh7.99
Odisha7.64
Rajasthan7.09
Chhattisgarh4.22
North-Eastern and Hilly States
States Performers
Uttarakhand 13.25
Manipur10.19
Himachal Pradesh 10.00
Arunachal Pradesh 9.16
Meghalaya9.05
Assam7.00
Sikkim6.87
Mizoram6.68
Tripura3.27
Nagaland2.31
UT and City states
States Performers
Delhi27.96
Chandigarh 27.65
Puducherry 10.89
Goa8.92
Andaman and Nicobar
Islands
8.82
Jammu and Kashmir 8.30
Dadra and Nagar
Haveli & Daman and
Diu
4.64
Lakshadweep1.32
Ladakh0.47
Performers 100India Innovation Index 2021
The India Innovation index lays down the broad pillars on which the country’s
innovation landscape is determined. The innovation index is based on 7 pillars:
human capital, investment, knowledge workers, business environment, safety and
legal environment, knowledge output, and knowledge diffusion. These pillars were
divided across 66 indicators to determine the innovation capacity of states/UTs. The
figure below gives the average scores across the 7 pillars.
As can be seen, the overall index score is about 14.56. This is arguably low but
we are ambitious to enter into the top 25 nations on the Global Innovation Index.
Although our performance has improved on the GII over the years, in order to achieve
our ambitious targets, we need to traverse the distance. To draw conclusions, one
needs to delve deeper into the analysis. Overall, India has performed well on certain
pillars like ‘human capital’, ‘safety & legal environment’, and ‘business environment’,
the scores of all of which are higher than the national average.
Before delving deeper into pillar-level analysis, it is fair to conclude that not all Indian
states have been able to transform ‘enablers’ into ‘performers.’ We see pillars like
‘investment’, ‘knowledge workers’, ‘knowledge output’, and ‘knowledge diffusion’
have performed below the national average. The pillar-level analysis is followed after
the state-level analysis in this section.
COUNTRY-LEVEL ANALYSIS
Figure 12 Scores of Different Pillars
0
5
10
Scores 15
20
35
30
25
EnablersPerformance
Human

Capital
India Innovation
Index
Investment
Knowledge
Workers
Business
Environment
Safety and Legal
Environment
Knowledge
Outpu
t
Knowledge
Diffusion
14.56
25.60
28.13
31.84
5.81
13.44
5.686.26 101India Innovation Index 2021
The India Innovation Index ranks 36 Indian states based on innovation scores
calculated by measuring the enabler (Human Capital, Investment, Knowledge
Workers, Business Environment, and Safety and Legal Environment) and performer
(Knowledge Output and Knowledge Diffusion) dimensions. As noted earlier, to ensure
a fair comparison between the states, the states/UTs have been divided into three
categories.
CATEGORY-WISE: STATE-LEVEL ANALYSIS
Figure 13 Standard Deviation across Pillars
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
Human

Capital
Investment
Knowledge
Workers
Business
Environment
Safety and Legal
Environment
Knowledge
Outpu
t
Knowledge
Diffusion
States have scored fairly high on some of the enablers, the performing pillars
have scored low, which means that the effectiveness of enablers (with an average
score of 19.50) has not been reflected in the performing pillars (with an average
score of 9.62). This implies that the enablers haven’t been used optimally. The high
performance of human capital in terms of school and tertiary education has not
been reflected in the performer pillar’s indicators like patents filed per unit GSDP. For
instance, in Maharashtra, high enrolment in PhD has not been entirely reflected in the
patents filed in that region. Similarly, there is a gap in the performance of knowledge
workers and its reflection in high tech exports. Although there is no direct relation
between the two, it is expected that they move in the same direction.
Lastly, there is a high variation observed in the state-level analysis. The overall
performance is impacted, i.e., the score is susceptible to outliers. This is highlighted in
the figure below, where we see deviation across pillars. Thus, there is a need to keep
in mind the regional disparities across the country before taking measures to ensure
the holistic development of the country’s innovation landscape. 102India Innovation Index 2021
Chandigarh was the best performer, with a score of 27.88 and topped the
overall rankings, followed by Delhi with a score of 27.00. Ladakh was at the
bottom with a score of 5.91.
Among the 17 Major States, Karnataka, with a score of 18.01, is the top
performer, followed by Telangana and Haryana. Chhattisgarh has scored the
least, 10.97. And the average score for the Major States’ category is 14.02.
The North-Eastern and Hill States’ category comprises 10 states. The average
score of this category is 14.41. Manipur with a score of 19.37 is at the top and
Nagaland with a score of 11 is at the bottom.
Overall, wide variation was observed among the states. This year 16 states have
performed above the national average.
Amongst the 9 Union Territories and City-States, the average innovation score is 15.74,
higher than the national average.
Chandigarh topped the knowledge worker pillar while ensuring investment in school and
higher education. Delhi has topped the business environment and investment pillars,
with a large number of incubator centres, a skilled labour force and its continuously
transforming start-up ecosystem. This has been reflected in their overall performance
as well. Both performed higher in the ‘performers’ pillars. Ladakh and Lakshadweep
occupy the last positions, with 5.91 and 7.86 scores, respectively. They have consistently
performed low on all the pillars due to their geographical shortcomings and economic
constraints, which require immediate attention to promote an innovative environment.
Karnataka’s high score can be attributed to its peak performance in attracting FDI and
a large number of venture capital deals. Karnataka also scores high in the ‘Performer’
dimension, with the highest share of ICT exports and GI registrations. Uttar Pradesh
and Haryana have registered significant gains in promoting an innovative business
environment with a large base of internet subscribers and a safe ecosystem for further
investment in the region.
Manipur scored best in the knowledge workers and safety and legal environment
pillars. Uttarakhand has the second highest score due to the state government’s
high R&D investment. Uttarakhand also registered the highest expenditure on school
education – 20.10% of its GSDP. Nagaland and Tripura scored the lowest due to
their unutilised talent as indicated by their low performance in human capital and 103India Innovation Index 2021
The figure plots the GSDP against the India Innovation Index scores. As the data
suggests, states with high GSDP tend to have high innovation scores. This might
be because states with high GSDP invest more in innovation paradigms. This
relationship was also evident at a country level, as explored in Chapter 4. We saw
that countries with higher per capita GDP also invested more in R&D.
The figure shows that Tamil Nadu, which has ₹12,96,65,935 (in lakhs) of GDP, has
an innovation score of about 15.59. Likewise, Karnataka, which has ₹11,13,81,799
(in lakhs) of GDP, has an innovation score of approximately 18.01. Similarly, Tripura,
which has a low GDP of about ₹41,79,948 (in lakhs) has a low innovation score of
11.43. However, a low R2 value also indicates that it is not just the high GDP but
its composition that matter, as just maximizing the GDP is not enough, its spending
becomes of crucial importance it the fruits of it are to be reaped in the long-run. This,
as argued, can be done if the states/UTs spend judiciously on innovation since it’s a
tool that can enable long-term growth and prosperity.
Figure 14 GSDP and India Innovation Index Scores
0
0
5.00
10.00
15.00
R² = 0.0726
20.00
25.00
30.00
20000000
40000000
60000000
80000000
100000000
120000000
140000000
business environment, which indicates that their innovation capabilities have not been
harnessed to their full potential.
The high-performing states have fared better in the Performer dimension than in
the Enabler one. This shows that innovation output surpasses these states’ input
capabilities. The low-performing states – except for Ladakh and Lakshadweep – on the
other hand, have scored more on the Enabler dimension than the Performer one, which
indicates that their inputs have not been translated into innovation-induced outcomes. 104India Innovation Index 2021 PILLAR-LEVEL ANALYSIS
Human Capital
Enablers
Highest Scoring States: Puducherry, Mizoram, Chandigarh, Tamil Nadu, Himachal Pradesh
Lowest Scoring States: Ladakh, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Lakshadweep
Average pillar score: 25.6
Figure 15 Performance of states in Human Capital 105India Innovation Index 2021
Human capital is the source of innovation, knowledge and practices necessary for
the socio-economic growth of a region. The level and standard of education become
primary determinants of a state’s innovative capacity.
Overall, 20 states/UTs have performed above average in this indicator. In the Union
Territories and City-States category, Puducherry (36.80), Chandigarh (33.56), and
Delhi (29.66) are best performers since they topped the chart – and Ladakh the
worst, with a score of 12.06.
Among the Major States, Tamil Nadu has scored the highest, 30.88, and Bihar the
lowest, 13.29. While Mizoram has topped the North-Eastern and Hill States’ category
with a score of 35.23, Assam was at the bottom with a score of has scored 24.44.
This pillar is divided into two sub-pillars: school education, and tertiary and higher
education, with 8 and 7 indicators each.
In the case of the higher education indicator, Chandigarh was just below Delhi for the
highest PhD enrolments per lakh population. Moreover, it had about 29.72% of higher
education institutions with (National Assessment and Accreditation Council) NAAC A
and above grade.
The Union Territories and the North-Eastern states, such as Lakshadweep, Ladakh
and Puducherry, are the best performers in the pupil-teacher ratio in schools and
in higher educational institutions. At the same time, UTs Ladakh and Lakshadweep
have consistently underperformed in various indicators on the Human Capital pillar.
These regions have a lower population, so, it would be better to invest in human
capital development by promoting quality educational institutions, enrolment in
engineering and technological universities, and vocational education courses.
In the overall ranking, Human Capital is the highest performing
pillar with an average score of 25.60.
Chandigarh has registered the best
performance in the percentage of schools with
functional computer facilities (99.14%) and Atal Tinkering
Labs (3.54%). 106India Innovation Index 2021
States with high enrolment in engineering and technology (UG, PG and diploma level)
colleges are still capable of better performance, as observed by the enrolment-intake
gap in these states.
For instance, in Tamil Nadu, the enrolment-intake gap percentage is 54.96%, and
in Puducherry and Andhra Pradesh, the gap is 58.70% and 40.87%, respectively.
Chandigarh has an 11.86% gap, which is lower relative to the other top states.
53
So,
it is important to improve enrolment in engineering and technology courses by filling
available vacant seats across the colleges in these states.
In Major States’ category, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Punjab, Andhra Pradesh, and
Telangana have performed satisfactorily; however, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, West
Bengal, Jharkhand, and Madhya Pradesh require significant improvement.
An important indicator of human capital is learning outcomes. NAS scores used in
assessing school students’ reading, mathematics, and science skills reveal the quality
of education in government and government-aided schools. Delhi, Karnataka, and
Rajasthan are the top performers.
The overall performance of the human capital pillar can be improved by utilising
the demographic advantage of various northern states to their maximum potential.
Other UTs and City-States can take lessons from Delhi and Chandigarh by investing
more in quality education and improving the educational environment in the region to
promote a human capital-induced innovation ecosystem.
It is also important to note that some states fail to retain their human capital. This
impedes their innovative growth trajectory since the quality of human capital plays
a major role in innovation. Overall, it also reduces a country’s absorption capacity
of human capital as the best brains move to another state/country for better
opportunities.
53
All India Council for Technical Education 107India Innovation Index 2021
Investment
High Performing States/UTs: Karnataka, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Delhi, Uttarakhand
Low Performing States/UTs: Ladakh, Tripura, Puducherry, Meghalaya, Lakshadweep
Average pillar score: 6.26
Figure 16 Performance of states in Investment 108India Innovation Index 2021
Investment is an important pillar that largely influences innovation in any region. The
pillar has 6 indicators, divided across 2 sub-pillars viz. research and development,
and market sophistication. Investment, with a score of 6.26, is one of the lowest
scoring pillars among all, and therefore needs to be looked into. Also, there are
contrasting scores for various states/UTs.
For example, Karnataka, with a score of 19.06, is the top performer in terms of
investment. This is largely due to its high performance on various indicators,
including FDI inflow and high venture capital deals. Karnataka received the fourth
highest FDI inflow in India, with about ₹30,74,617 (in lakhs) which is about 2.7 per
cent of its GSDP. It was also able to manage the highest number of venture deals in
the country. Its counterparts, like Jharkhand, received FDI inflow of about ₹13,20,771
(in lakhs) which is about 5.5 per cent of its GSDP along with spending high on higher
and technical education among its peers.
Arunachal Pradesh with a score of 17.12 and Manipur with a score of 11.44 are
among the top performers in the North-Eastern and Hilly States. Manipur scored
the highest on indicators like R&D expenditure as a percentage of GSDP whereas
Arunachal Pradesh scored the highest on indicators like expenditure on science,
technology and environment as a percentage of GSDP. It also received high FDI
inflow in North-Eastern and Hilly States category.
It is observed that North-Eastern and Hilly States’ performance was relatively poor.
Their respective scores were even lower than the average pillar score of 6.26. For
example, Nagaland, Tripura and Meghalaya scored 2.15, 1.32 and 1.54, respectively.
It must be noted that the performance of these states is greatly affected due to their
geographical location. While, geographical disadvantage is a challenge, measures
can be roped in to enhance overall performance, with respect to improvement in
performance under this pillar.

Delhi has scored high in UTs and city states, with a score of 11.34, given its
performance on indicators like NIRF rankings, FDI inflow, and venture capital deals,
making it one of the top performers across all categories.
Lastly, needless to say, a particular state/UT can perform good or bad in a particular
year, but what is crucial is that it learns from the performance of others and identifies
the lacuna in its own state/UT. In this regard, the low-performing states/UTs have
much to learn, identify, and consequently work upon. As discussed in earlier chapters,
the role of investment in innovation is pivotal. Therefore, the states/UTs need to focus
on scaling up the existing investment in the broad paradigms, and thereby induce
more investment. 109India Innovation Index 2021
Knowledge Workers
High Performing States/UTs: Chandigarh, Delhi, Manipur, Himachal Pradesh, Goa
Low Performing States/UTs: Lakshadweep, Mizoram, Jharkhand, Andaman & Nicobar Islands,
Chhattisgarh
Average pillar score: 5.68
Figure 17 Performance of states in Knowledge Workers 110India Innovation Index 2021
Human capital is a key pillar in a knowledge-based economy. It must be noted that
it’s not a sufficient condition, but a necessary one. The analysis of human capital has
taken on a progressively more central role in discussions regarding the growth and
success of nations and regions. This is because advanced societies in the west have
increasingly evolved to a knowledge-based economy, whereby tertiary level human
capital is seen to be a crucial feature of economic growth.
For India to transition towards a similar path, it is crucial to focus on knowledge
workers. Knowledge workers may be employed across all sectors of the economy,
and not all workers in knowledge-intensive industries are knowledge workers.
The importance of knowledge workers cannot be negated, given our economy has
relied on them for service-driven growth. Despite their low numbers compared
to semi-skilled and unskilled manpower, they have put the service sector ahead
of manufacturing or agriculture in terms of contribution towards the GDP (about
50 per cent). Thus, their role in promoting innovation is pivotal. In terms of its
overall score, it is the 2nd lowest, and is lower than the overall innovation score of
14.56. Digging deeper into the analysis reveals that Chandigarh and Delhi have
dominated the knowledge-worker space. For example, Chandigarh with a score
of 22.44 has performed well on indicators, including creating knowledge-intensive
employment; the number of private R&D units in the state (per lakh population);
and the percentage of females employed with advanced degrees out of total
employed. Similarly, Delhi with a score of 14.61, has about 2.37 private R&D units
in the state (per lakh population), which is the highest in the country. It also has
about 2.84 per cent of NGO’s that are involved in knowledge-intensive areas. The
overall performance in the domain of knowledge workers is also a result of the high
performance of these UTs under the ‘human capital’ pillar.
In the Major States category, Haryana with a score of 8.35 performed well under this
pillar. For example, the number of private R&D units in the state (per lakh population)
has been about 1.28, close to its competitor Maharashtra, with about 1.22. It also
has about 5.36% of women employed with advanced degrees in comparison with the
total employed. It is close to its counterparts Andhra Pradesh and Telangana which
have 2.25% and 3.28%, respectively.
In North Eastern and Hilly states, Mizoram has scored the lowest i.e. 0.53. For
example, it has zero private R&D units in the state (per lakh population). So is the
case with Tripura with a score of 2.36. Mizoram also has 1.43% of women employed
with advanced degrees, which is low and comparable to its counterparts like
Nagaland and Sikkim with 3.22% and 1.99%, respectively. 111India Innovation Index 2021
In the Major States category, Jharkhand with a score of 0.78 and Bihar with a score
of 1.77, also have a lower percentage of women employed with advanced degrees.
Jharkhand has only about 1.1% of females employed with advanced degrees out of
the total employed. Bihar is even lower with about 0.58% of such women employed.
This is in line with their counterpart Odisha with a score of 2.12, with 1% women
employed with advanced degrees. The number of private R&D units in the state (per
lakh population) has also been low in both the states; Bihar has 0.0076, whereas
Jharkhand has 0.021. This is close to the number of such units in Chhattisgarh with a
score of 1.66, and Madhya Pradesh with a score of 2.64. Their low performance can
also be attributed to their low performance in the ‘human capital’ pillar.
Lastly, it is crucial to understand that better performance in one pillar alone would
not be able to elevate the innovation landscape, nor can a single pillar deteriorate
its performance. It’s a collective mechanism and with respect to knowledge workers,
it is important to closely work around the identified indicators and take care of the
‘human capital’ pillar since it is closely related to this pillar. 112India Innovation Index 2021
Business Environment
High Performing States/UTs: Uttar Pradesh, Delhi, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Tamil Nadu
Low Performing States/UTs: Ladakh, Meghalaya, Lakshadweep, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland
Average pillar score: 28.13
Figure 18 Performance of states in Business Environment
Business environment is arguably one of the most critical pillars in the overall
segment, which is considered by industrialists and investors before making
investment decisions. A robust business environment attracts investment in any
region. It truly reflects the internal and external factors that influence a region’s
business environment. 113India Innovation Index 2021
This pillar contains three sub-pillars namely, Trade, competition and market scale,
Credit, and Digital infrastructure. In terms of score, business environment is the
second-highest performing pillar with an average score of 28.13.
In Union Territories and City-States category, Delhi has topped the pillar with a
score of 39.28, by performing well on indicators like incubators per lakh population,
the share of manufacturing and services as a percentage of GSDP, cluster strength,
number of bank accounts per lakh population, etc. Its performance can be compared
with Chandigarh, which had an overall score of 33.00. For instance, incubators per
lakh population were about 0.33 in Delhi, vis-à-vis 0.28 in Chandigarh. The share
of manufacturing and services as a percentage of GSDP was about 77 per cent in
Delhi vis-à-vis 83 per cent in Chandigarh, scheduled commercial banks gave credit of
₹13,70,412 crore in Delhi vis-à-vis ₹78,002 crores in Chandigarh. as per RBI data, to
mention a few.
Uttar Pradesh scored highest in the Major States category i.e., 40.80. It is due to
improvement in overall business environment which has reflected in its EODB score,
high cluster strength and share of manufacturing and service sector as a percentage
of GSDP.
Other states in the Major States category have also performed well. Telangana
which scored 36.54, is comparable with Tamil Nadu which has scored 36.06. For
example, the incubators per lakh population stood at about 0.13 in Telangana and at
0.99 in Tamil Nadu, gross capital formation as a percentage of GVA stood at about
34.07% in Telangana and at 29.03% in Tamil Nadu. The number of bank accounts per
lakh population stood at about 1.38 in Telangana and at 1.31 in Tamil Nadu.
Some of the North-East and Hilly states and union territories have performed
low on this pillar. Their scores have been less than the national average of the
pillar. For example, there are no incubators in Meghalaya and Arunachal Pradesh.
Likewise, while only about 11 per cent of bank accounts were seeded with Aadhar
in Meghalaya (lowest in the country), the percentage of villages with internet
connectivity was lowest in Arunachal Pradesh (about 57 per cent).
States cannot enable innovative systems without addressing deficiencies in their
existing business ecosystem. States urgently need to enhance their outcomes in
categories in which they are lagging behind, so as to come at par with the other
states. This would uplift their respective performance and improve the country’s
overall business environment. 114India Innovation Index 2021
Safety and Legal Environment
Highest Scoring States: Manipur, Meghalaya, Andaman and Nicobar, Nagaland, Chandigarh
Lowest Scoring States: Tamil Nadu, Gujrat, Kerala, West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh
Average pillar score: 31.84
Figure 19 Performance of states in Safety and Legal Environment 115India Innovation Index 2021
Safety and Legal Environment is another important pillar that scored second
highest amongst all the pillars. The national average for the pillar was calculated to
be 31.84, with 21 states/UTs performing below the national average.
There is a wide disparity in the performance of the states. In this pillar, the top
performers are all the Northeast and Hilly States, and Union Territories and City-
States. This does not necessarily mean a safer and legally resilient environment in
the top-performing states. For example, a lower rate of offences under IT/IP acts’
can also be associated with inadequate reporting of such cases. So, it becomes
necessary to carefully analyze each indicator to better understand the safety and
legal environment in a limited frame.
In the North Eastern and Hilly states category, Manipur was a relatively better
performer, with a score of 72.13 as it has consistently performed well in all 5
indicators relating to safety and security environment. The sub-pillar focuses on
the safety and security aspects of a state, based on various factors, including
crime rate, cyber and social media monitoring, police personnel per lakh population
and so on. Manipur has the highest number of cybercrime police stations per lakh
population at 0.35, and the third-highest number of police personnel per lakh at
942.93, just below Nagaland, and Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Manipur has also
registered a low rate of cognizable crimes per lakh population, just below Dadra
and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu, and Nagaland as per the NCRB data. In
Major States, Tamil Nadu and Gujarat have scored relatively low compared to the
rest of the country, with 10.97 and 11.01, respectively. Whereas Haryana has been
the best performer with a score of 39.68.
Legal Regulatory Environment sub-pillar has three indicators: Pendency of court
cases, Chargesheet rate, and Percentage of pending corruption cases. It is an
important measure to analyze the legal regulatory framework in a state, with
respect to timely and efficient redressal and low pendency of court cases. The
pendency of court cases is lowest for Haryana and highest for Puducherry.
In the case of chargesheet rate, the percentage of the chargesheets filed out of
the total number of cases is highest for Gujarat and Kerala with 97.1 per cent and
94.9 per cent respectively, and lowest in Meghalaya and Manipur with 18.1 per
cent and 18.5 per cent respectively. The backlog in corruption cases is calculated
in the pendency percentage indicator. Tripura, and Lakshadweep states have 0
backlog corruption cases against 100 per cent backlog for Manipur, Sikkim, Dadra
and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu, Bihar Ladakh and West Bengal. In fact, all 116India Innovation Index 2021
the states except for Puducherry, Tripura and Lakshadweep have over 85 per cent
backlog reflecting a grim state of corruption cases pending across the courtrooms
in the country.
Many Major States such as Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Karnataka, and Telangana
have performed low in the concerning pillar from business and private investment.
The Union Territories and City-States and the North-east and Hilly States have
fared better, indicating a robust legal framework to maintain a safe and secure
environment relative to the specific state population.
Irrespective of the state’s scores on the pillar, it is necessary to improve a region’s
safety aspect. This could be achieved by introducing cyber and social media
monitoring cells to address cybercrimes. Equally important is a pertinent legal,
regulatory environment to clear the backlog of corruption and other court cases,
and improve the chargesheet rate. Through a strong safety and legal environment,
the state will attract investment and promote growth by efficiently utilizing the
innovation landscape in the region. 117India Innovation Index 2021
Knowledge Output
Highest Scoring States: Chandigarh, Delhi, Telangana, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh
Lowest Scoring States: Ladakh, Lakshadweep, Nagaland, Tripura, Dadra & Nagar Haveli
and Daman & Diu
Average pillar score: 13.44
Figure 20 Performance of states in Knowledge Output 118India Innovation Index 2021
An increase in startups, patents, industrial designs, publications, and grass-root
innovations is an outcome of an improved business environment that encourages
people to undertake new business ventures.
Knowledge output is one of the output-based pillars that covers all these variables
which contribute to the fruits of innovation. It includes indicators that result from
inventive and innovation activities filed by the state: patents, trademarks, industrial
designs by origin, etc. This year, the pillar was strengthened with another indicator
patent for integrated circuits by the state. It also includes indicators such as GSDP
per capita growth rate representing the impact of innovation activities at the
macroeconomic level.
It has been observed that the states that scored high on the knowledge-output
pillar also have universities in the top 100 NIRF composite scores. This is indicative
of the region’s research-based activities. However, 23 out of 36 state/UTs have
a significantly lower number of patents filed for ICs, low industrial designs
applications filed, and low trademark applications filed. This further implies a slow
conversion of research expenditure and activities into industrial products and also
processes used in practice.
In the Economic Survey 2021-22, it was also noted that low number of patents
were filed by states in India, as a result of low R&D expenditure. Other such factors
behind the reduction of patents are procedural delays and complexity of the
process.
Overall, only 15 out of 36 states/UT have scored above this pillar’s national
average, i.e., 13.44. The rest of the states/UTs fall below this threshold. This pillar
also observes two positive outliers, with union territories such as Chandigarh and
Delhi securing the top scores and 41.96 and 39.63 respectively.
A comparatively higher score is observed in the economically prosperous southern
and western states such as Maharashtra, Karnataka, Telangana, and Tamil Nadu.
Furthermore, it must be noted that these states have shown high performance in
‘enablers’ scores, which has been reflected in their ‘performers’ score in terms of
knowledge-output. These performances are consistent with the fact that these
states are major innovative hubs.
It has been observed that most of the top-performing states create intangible
assets and have a substantial knowledge impact compared to the rest of the 119India Innovation Index 2021
country. For instance, Delhi leads in trademarks and patents filed. Moreover, it has
also replaced Bengaluru as the startup capital of India, as it added 5,000 startups
between April 2019 to December 2021.
54

On the one hand, Uttar Pradesh (17.62) has emerged in the top 5 states under
the knowledge-output pillar. However, it must be noted that the high score is an
outcome of a rise in startups and new businesses, but the state still lags behind
significantly in the creation of intangible assets like patents, industrial designs, and
trademarks that tend to create knowledge spillovers in the region.
Most of the North-Eastern and Hilly States have scored below the national
average, except Uttarakhand (16.35). It has scored high on the composite indicator
of publications, and has the highest number of patents filed for ICs compared to
other states in the North-east and Hilly category.
54
Economic Survey of India 2021-22 120India Innovation Index 2021
Knowledge Diffusion
Highest Scoring States: Delhi, Chandigarh, Karnataka, Telangana, Arunachal Pradesh
Lowest Scoring States: Ladakh, Tripura, Chhattisgarh, Lakshadweep, Nagaland
Average pillar score: 5.81
Figure 21 Performance of states in Knowledge Diffusion 121India Innovation Index 2021
Knowledge Diffusion reflects a mirror image of the state’s knowledge absorption
capacity. It has two sub pillars viz. knowledge dissemination, and creative goods
and services. The pillar indicates the state’s efforts to evolve from being factor-
driven to being innovation-driven. Knowledge Dissemination includes indicators
all linked to sectors with high-tech content, or that are key to innovation: Software
exports, high-tech exports, high and medium-high-tech manufacturing entities, and
citations.
The Creative Goods and Services sub-pillar includes proxies to get creative
outputs in an economy i.e., geographical indication, number of newspapers and its
circulation, and handicraft sales as a percentage of GSDP.
The role of creativity for innovation is underappreciated, mainly in India’s innovation
landscape. Creative sectors include the commercialization of creative and artistic
inputs of a region and are a new addition in knowledge diffusion.
The growth of OTT platforms, audiovisual content, and film production also come
under the creative industry. However, these couldn’t be captured due to the
unavailability of such data. Still, as data granularity improves in the next edition,
more indicators will be added.
Most of the Major States, Karnataka, Telangana, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, and
Uttar Pradesh, have scored above the national average of 5.81. These states
have a high share of ICT exports, high-tech exports, and citations. For instance,
Karnataka has the highest ICT exports in the country i.e., 14.83 per cent. Moreover,
it has the highest number of citations, registered geographical indications. It is
followed by Telangana which exported 86 per cent of high-tech exports in its
export basket and closely follows Karnataka in ICT exports.
In Northeast and hilly regions, it has been observed that some states have a larger
share in the high-tech export basket, in their respective export basket. However,
they lag behind in other parameters such as ICT exports, citations, handloom sales
and hi-tech manufacturing entities. Therefore, only Uttarakhand (10.16), Himachal
Pradesh (7.14) and Manipur (8.66) have scored above the national average.
States need to bolster their efforts in bridging gaps within their export ecosystem,
which will result in potential gains, which may lead to spillovers in the region.
This is of utmost importance for those regions where ICT exports and hi-tech
manufacturing have not permeated uniformly in different regions of the country, i.e.,
beyond the IT hubs. 122India Innovation Index 2021 DRIVERS OF INNOVATION
India Innovation Index’ (III) third edition has 66 indicators. Therefore, it’s not directly
comparable with the last editions. Yet, it is essential to evaluate the progress of
innovation in states to understand how states have evolved over the last two
years. Therefore, a special section has been introduced for this edition where
we dive deep into the drivers of innovation, by evaluating the improvement in
indicators. States can now assess their position i.e. how close/far are they from
their respective targets.
We compare the III score 2021 with III score 2020 by calculating their distance
from the frontier (DTF). DTF can be understood as the difference between the best
and actual performance of a region based on certain paradigm(s). For example, if
a state’s innovation score is 40 in 2020, its DTF becomes 60. And if its innovation
score increases to, say 45, then its DTF becomes 55. The lower the DTF, closer
the state comes to the best state. The purpose is to calculate the improvement in
DTF from 2020 to 2021, and to analyze the factors that led to improvement in a
particular State/UT or a category across indicators. It is important to note that not
all indicators in the framework are comparable since the latest data for the same
is not available, i.e., the data values for 2020 and 2021 are the same for some
indicators since both were taken from the latest year available. Thus, only those are
compared where the datasets were different.
Keeping this in mind, the section tries to gain insights from the available datasets,
and tries to comprehend the growth-driving factors. As the analysis proceeds, it
would be noticeable that most of the States/UTs witnessed improvement in their
human capital pillar, relative to the other pillars discussed. As a corollary, the
States/UTs must comprehend that although investment or improvement in human
capital is a must, but just focusing on human capital alone would be insufficient for
prolonged growth.
Lastly, it is imperative to understand that innovation is not an overnight process,
it takes years to reap the fruits of innovation, the seeds of which should be sown
timely in order to maintain the competitive spirit. Thus, the purpose is to gain
insights on what drives states/UTs, and what can be the way forward. 123India Innovation Index 2021
From the above table, one can see states like Karnataka, Telangana, Haryana,
Maharashtra, and Tamil Nadu have performed well in their respective category, and
have also performed well overall. This is due to the permutation/ combination of
various indicators highlighted in the index. Below, we try to analyze the factors that
led to improved performance in states belonging to this category.
being known as the IT hub of India, the state has been making sincere
efforts to invest in its human capital. This is not just reflective in
its premier institutes like IITs, IIIT, IISc, among others at the tertiary
level, but also at the secondary level of education. For example, the
percentage of schools with ICT labs increased from about 29% to about 46%. At
the tertiary level, the pupil-teacher ratio in Karnataka stood at 15:1. It also had a
Major States
Karnataka
State DTF 2021 DTF 2020 DTF
Improvement
Category
Rank
Karnataka 45.18 84.35 39.181
Telangana 55.50 85.59 30.092
Haryana 60.93 85.67 24.743
Maharashtra 63.45 83.84 20.394
Tamil Nadu 63.54 83.72 20.185
Gujarat 73.18 88.49 15.316
Kerala 69.14 84.19 15.057
West Bengal 80.31 92.77 12.478
Punjab 76.89 87.99 11.109
Jharkhand 83.01 93.16 10.15 10
Uttar Pradesh 83.49 93.23 9.74 11
Madhya Pradesh 82.14 90.65 8.52 12
Odisha 83.86 91.94 8.08 13
Rajasthan 82.65 90.48 7.82 14
Andhra Pradesh 80.64 88.13 7.49 15
Chhattisgarh 83.79 90.92 7.13 16
Bihar 88.75 94.64 5.89 17 124India Innovation Index 2021
good Ph.D. enrollment number of about 24 (per lakh population) i.e., an increment
of about 3 students (per lakh population) compared to the previous year. Likewise,
the state also performed well in the other pillars. For example, the FDI inflow was
about 2.7 (as a percentage of GSDP), third highest in the country and second highest
in the Major States category. This is because of the robust network of academic
institutions, industries, human capital, and the recent boom of startups that the
state has been able to produce. All this has been reflective in the state’s ‘performers’
whereby trademarks and industrial design applications increased compared to the
previous year, apart from increasing its start-up units from about 11,000 to about
19,000. Moreover, software exports (as a percentage of GSDP) also increased from
about 13.5% to 14.5%. Therefore, good performance in ‘enablers’ got reflected in
‘performers’.
being one of the top IT destinations, and being known for housing big
MNCs and startups, the state performed well across indicators. For
example, the percentage of schools with ICT labs doubled from about 17% to about
35%. In terms of higher education, the number of enrolments (per lakh population)
also increased from about 9.7 to about 15.7. This was complemented with the
number of private R&D units (per lakh population), increasing from about 0.3 to about
1.4 depicting the state’s potential to create knowledge workers. Consequently, the
state performed well in knowledge output pillars, including patents, trademarks and
industrial design, which witnessed an increase in the units filed, compared to the last
year, apart from increasing its start-ups from about 4,900 to about 9,000. However,
the state was not able to improve its performance in the ‘knowledge diffusion’ pillar.
This goes to show that although the state was able to create and apply knowledge, it
wasn’t able to reflect the same in its products or services. Therefore, the state needs
to focus on how the knowledge that it is creating, can be translated to its products
and services.
the state was one of the top performers improving its DTF gap by
about 25 units. The number of ICT labs showed an improvement,
increasing by about 4 percentage points. Likewise, it also improved
in performance with respect to pupil-teacher ratio reducing from 26:1 to 24:1, and
registering higher enrollment of Ph.D. students, compared to the last year, showing
an improvement in the higher education segment. The number of private R&D units in
Telangana
Haryana 125India Innovation Index 2021
Maharashtra
Tamil Nadu
being one of the biggest states in India, the state performance
is crucial for overall development of the country. In this
regard, the state improved its DTF by about 20 units. The
state improved its percentage of schools with ICT labs by a great extent from about
44% to 71%, a 27-percentage point increase. In higher education, the enrollment in
Ph.D. also increased from about 7 (per lakh of population) to about 10. However,
the state’s performance was more or less same across other pillars on the ‘enablers’
side with some even showing a downfall which requires concentrated efforts, for
example cluster strength. This was reflected in the ‘performers’ as well, whereby
the performance marginally improved in the respective pillars, despite showing
improvement in the human capital pillar, along with witnessing a decline in indicators
like publication score and citation score. Thus, the state was not able to improve to
a great extent; a major change was only witnessed in the human capital pillar. This
reflects concentrated growth and not collective growth. Thus, the state needs to
devise a mechanism for collective growth so that it gets reflected in the ‘performers’.
This would enable the state to enhance its ecosystem, something that cannot be
sustained only on the premise of human capital.
being the second largest contributor to the Indian GDP after Maharashtra, the state’s performance is crucial for the overall
well-being of the nation. The state witnessed major improvement
with respect to percentage of schools with ICT labs – witnessing
an improvement of about 53 percentage points, increasing from about 23% to
76%. Likewise, enrolment in Ph.D. also increased from about 35 to 42 (per lakh of
population). As a result, the state’s performance only increased marginally in the
‘performers’ domain. Thus, it is recommended that the state boosts its innovation
ecosystem in a manner conducive to nurture the same. In this regard, the state has
the state (per lakh population) also increased, although marginally, from about 0.86
to about 1.2. The good performance in the ‘enablers’ was reflected in the ‘performers’,
whereby the number of patents, trademarks, and industrial designs – all saw an
improvement in their numbers, along with an improvement in numbers - for high and
medium-high-tech manufacturing entities (per crore of GDP) which highlights the
growing capacity of a state. The state’s ability can also be reckoned by its start-up
growth which doubled from about 4,500 to 9,000. 126India Innovation Index 2021
being known for its quality education and health sector, the state
unsurprisingly performed well in the human capital pillar. Along with
having a pupil-teacher ratio of 18:1, the percentage of schools with
ICT labs also increased from about 68% to 92%. However, with more
or less stagnant performance among other pillars, the state wasn’t able to go the
distance. This was reflected in ‘performers’ whereby only marginal improvement was
witnessed in the knowledge output pillar and a reduced performance in indicators
like publications and citations. It is suggested that the state should focus on other
paradigms as well, just like its focus on social segments. For industries to flourish
and start-ups to grow, it becomes necessary that the state provides ample number
of opportunities and salubrious environment for the same. Since the state’s qualified
(skilled) workforce is relatively high, therefore providing a channel for its absorption
will go a long way in making the innovation ecosystem robust.
being one of the focal points for industrial development, the
state’s performance evaluation shows that the state improved
its performance in the human capital pillar. For example, the percentage of schools
with ICT labs increased from about 53% to about 74%. Enrolment in Ph.D. also
increased from about 9.5 to 12.5 (per lakh of population). In this regard, the state
has also recently launched its student start-up and innovation policy 2022-27, in
order to motivate young talent and harness their capabilities. The state has also
showed signs of improvement, although marginally, in the knowledge worker’s pillar.
Rest of the pillars either showed marginal improvement or were stagnant in their
performance, needless to mention that some deteriorated. For example, the cluster
strength decreased along with plummeting number of patents filed. The publications’
score also decreased from about 27 to 11. Thus, a more holistic approach will
definitely show up results in the near future.
Gujarat
Kerala
come up with its start-up and innovation policy 2018-23, with a vision to make
the state a global innovation hub. In this vein the state has been able to increase
its number of start-ups from about 5,400 to more than 11,300. However, there’s
a lot that need to be traversed and it is only with sincere efforts that the fruits of
innovation would be harvested. 127India Innovation Index 2021
being home to some of the brightest minds and top scholars in the
country, the state holds importance for its innovation landscape.
However, the state’s performance didn’t reveal stark contrast,
compared to the previous year. In both the ‘enablers’ and ‘performers’ its
performance was relatively stable. This calls for policy change from the state’s end, be
it in the form of formation or implementation. Although the state has more than doubled
its start-ups from about 3,300 to 7,900, the state needs to evaluate its innovation
ecosystem and how it can go about enhancing the same. It is after the overhaul of its
policies, with on-ground implementation, that it would act as a beacon for industrialists
to invest and innovate in. Although newer initiatives at the state level are being
considered, their impact will only be seen in the near future.
the state tried to improve its performance but was only able to do
so by reducing its DTF gap by about 11 units. The percentage of
schools with ICT labs increased by about 4 percentage points, along
with improvement in private R&D units in the state (per lakh of the population), which
increased marginally. The state’s cluster strength also improved, showing its native
capacities. This was somewhat reflected in the ‘performers’ whereby the state’s
patents filed (per unit of GSDP) almost doubled from about 1.65 to about 3.45, along
with marginal improvement in software exports. Other indicators, however, remained
constant including publication; and the citation score witnessed a downfall.
being one of the important states with respect to industries, the
state’s enhancement in innovation can boost its performance.
With regards to human capital, the state was able to register
an impressive improvement of about 50 percentage points, in percentage of schools
with ICT labs rising from about 23% to about 73%. Enrolment in Ph.D. also witnessed
a slight improvement, contrary to pupil-teacher ratio which remained poor at 60:1. The
state’s FDI inflow as a percentage of GSDP also decreased from about 8% to 5.5%. An
average performance in ‘enablers’ was bound to bring relatively constant performance
in ‘performers’. Since Jharkhand is poor state, efforts concentrated around nurturing
innovation can change the game for Jharkhand which would enable it to climb the ladder.
Punjab
Jharkhand
West Bengal 128India Innovation Index 2021
this comprises of Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha,
Rajasthan, and Uttar Pradesh. These states managed to close the DTF gap
by less than 10 units signifying their relatively stagnant performance. Even in
the percentage of schools with ICT labs, where their counterparts were able to
witness a jump, they showed marginal improvement except Chhattisgarh which
was able to rise the same from about 33% to 83%. Madhya Pradesh, on the other
hand, witnessed higher enrolment in Ph.D. (per lakh of population) compared to
the previous year (from about 5.7 to 11.7). On the negative side, cluster strength
decreased for all states except Chhattisgarh. The relatively stagnant performance
in the ‘enablers’ of these states was visible in the ‘performers’, showing stagnancy
or marginal improvement in knowledge output. These states by and large have
unutilized capacities and a relatively unsound education system which makes
their overall ranking unimpressive. It is required that investment is made in
human capital where innovative ideas are promoted in the form of seed funding,
trademarks, patents, etc. whereby the idea should be to support and commercialize
innovative thinking. This is also one of the reasons why all these states have a
relatively lower number of start-ups, except Uttar Pradesh. Thus, investment in
human capital along with creating an enabling ecosystem - with innovation parks,
industrial tie-ups, providing incentives, among others, are the measures that need
to be taken care of. Only when innovative thinking and an enabling ecosystem
would be nurtured, can these states find their way out of the relatively poorer
states category.
Others
Andhra
Pradesh
Madhya
Pradesh
Rajasthan Uttar
Pradesh
OdishaBiharChhattisgarh 129India Innovation Index 2021
From the above table, it is evident that the states like Manipur, Uttarakhand,
Arunachal Pradesh, and Meghalaya, have not only performed well in their
respective category, but have also performed well overall. The reasons are
discussed below.
NE and Hill States
State DTF 2021 DTF 2020 DTF
Improvement
Category
Rank
Manipur 63.27 86.35 23.091
Uttarakhand 69.27 88.01 18.742
Arunachal
Pradesh
73.68 90.34 16.663
Meghalaya 78.83 93.61 14.784
Himachal
Pradesh
72.76 85.89 13.125
Mizoram 82.77 89.23 6.466
Sikkim 79.48 85.64 6.167
Nagaland 85.20 90.98 5.788
Tripura 86.34 91.70 5.369
Assam 87.98 93.24 5.26 10
being known for its cultural diversity, the state has been putting concentrated efforts to foster innovation. For example, the state
has recently launched a Centre for Invention, Innovation, Incubation
and Training (CIIIT) to boost the IT sector. Besides this, the state’s percentage
of schools with ICT labs increased from about 26% to about 29%. With a fairly
decent pupil-teacher ratio of 22, the state also witnessed a rise in the number of
Ph.D. enrolments. The state has also showcased positive signs in terms of cluster
strength. This somewhat got reflected in the knowledge output domain whereby
trademarks, patents, and industrial design – all saw an improvement. However, no
change was visible in the knowledge diffusion pillar, with poor performance. The
state’s policy calls for taking small steps towards creating an innovation landscape,
and setting an example for the north-eastern territory.
Manipur 130India Innovation Index 2021
the state was able to close its DTF gap by about 19 points. This
was possible due to its improved performance in the human
capital pillar, among others. For example, schools with ICT
labs increased from about 15% to about 35%. The enrolment in Ph.D. (per lakh
population) also rose from about 46 to 54. This was accompanied by marginal
improvement in the knowledge-worker pillar. This was reflected in ‘performers’,
which was an improvement in the knowledge output pillar. However, the state
also slumped in some indicators like cluster-strength, and publication and citation
score. Nonetheless, the state has showed positive signs to foster innovation.
The state has its own start-up policy (2018), and is home to premier institutes
like IIT-Roorkee, IIM-Kashipur, Defence Institute of Bio-Energy Research, among
others, thereby producing bright minds. This, along with its proximity to Delhi, and
relatively cheap raw materials compared to tier-1 cities, makes the overall future
bright for the state.
being one of the geographical difficult terrains, the state has
made a huge leap in human capital. For example, in higher education, the state
performance was impressive with the number of enrolments in Ph.D. (per lakh
population) rising from about 49 to 77, the second highest rise in the country,
after Delhi. Another improvement that complemented it, is the pupil-teacher ratio
from 31:1 to 28:1. Schools with ICT labs also increased from about 19.5% to about
23.5%, although in absolute terms this is low. Finally, the state also saw formation
of new clusters. However, despite improvement in the human capital pillar and
others, the state was not able to reflect the same in its ‘performers’, whereby the
indicators pertaining to it remained more or less constant. Therefore, the state
needs to devise mechanisms to reflect its ‘enablers’ in its ‘performers’. Currently,
there seems to be unutilized capacities that can be reaped by channelizing
innovation towards industry.
famous for its rich biodiversity, the state performance was just
about average, with improvement in only the human capital pillar. Although the
percentage of schools with ICT labs increased by about 6 percentage points, in
absolute terms it was very low – at only about 13%. Though it improved its pupil-
Uttarakhand
Arunachal Pradesh
Meghalaya 131India Innovation Index 2021
Himachal Pradesh, Mizoram, Sikkim, Nagaland, Tripura, and Assam
teacher ratio from 26:1 to 24:1, it saw a decline in the number of enrolments in
Ph.D. (per lakh population). As for the other pillars, the performance was stagnant,
as evident in ‘performers’. The state needs to evaluate its strategy to enable
innovation to open new avenues for investment and research.
These states didn’t show drastic improvement over the previous year, and therefore
they could not close their DTF gap to a large extent. With Mizoram, Nagaland,
and Sikkim improving their percentage of schools with ICT labs handsomely, the
remaining states in this category weren’t able to do so. A moderate improvement
was seen for all states with respect to the number of enrolments in Ph.D. (per
lakh population). Apart from this, no other indicator showed improvement. This
was reflective in its ‘performers’, where only slight improvement was observed in
some of the indicators belonging to the knowledge-output pillar. The need of the
hour for these states is to build a robust mechanism to foster innovation, be it in
the form of incentives, financial support, building specialized institutions, among
others. These states indeed have some unique challenges, such as its geographical
location, that gives states with better connectivity and infrastructure, an edge over
them. However, this by no means implies that these states cannot innovate. States
like Manipur and Uttarakhand have shown that they can nurture innovation by
creating a conducive and sustainable environment for innovation. It is a known fact
that all the North-Eastern and Hilly States have very few start-ups and they all
need measures for entrepreneurs to invest and innovate in these states. Therefore,
reflective learning along with a holistic approach is a way forward for these states.
Himachal
Pradesh
NagalandAssamTripuraMizoram Sikkim 132India Innovation Index 2021
UT and City States
State DTF 2021 DTF 2020 DTF
Improvement
Category
Rank
Chandigarh 44.77 78.00 33.231
Delhi 46.10 78.11 32.012
Andaman and
Nicobar Islands
64.41 87.27 22.863
Goa 64.81 84.16 19.354
Puducherry 73.36 85.23 11.875
Jammu and
Kashmir
81.24 90.08 8.846
Lakshadweep 89.61 93.30 3.707
From the above table, it is evident that states like Chandigarh, Delhi, Andaman
and Nicobar Islands, and Goa have performed well in their respective category and
have also performed well overall. We try to comprehend the factors behind the
same.
known as one of the most planned cities of India, the UT has been
one of the top performers in the country. For example, in terms of
human capital, the percentage of schools with ICT labs has increased substantially
from about 59% to almost 100 percent. In terms of higher education, with a pupil-
teacher ratio of 28:1, the state also improved its enrolment in Ph.D. (per lakh
population) from about 81 to 94. The UT was also able to improve its business
environment by improving its cluster strength. All this was visible in its ‘performers’,
wherein the knowledge-output pillar showed improvement in terms of filings of
patents, trademarks, and industrial designs. Although, the UT witnessed a dip in
its software exports (as a percentage of GSDP), the state’s overall performance
was impressive. It was also able to manifest its performance of ‘enablers’ in its
‘performers’.
Chandigarh
known as the heart of the country, the UT has also shown signs to be
the heart of innovation. The UT showed how to lead by example, as
Delhi 133India Innovation Index 2021
being one of the country’s coastal regions, the state has shown positive
signs in the higher education domain. With an impressive pupil-teacher
ratio of 15:1, the state also registered an increase in Ph.D. enrolments
from about 20 to 30 (per lakh population). With moderate improvement in the pillars
of investment and knowledge workers, the state also witnessed an increase in its
cluster strength. This improved performance in the ‘enablers’ was partially visible
the UT has been one of the top performers in its respective category,
closing its DTF gap by about 23 points. The UT’s percentage of schools
with ICT labs increased by about 39 percentage points from about 21
to about 60. The UT also had a good pupil-teacher ratio of 22:1, an
improvement over the previous year, where it stood at 25:1. However, it
witnessed a noticeable fall in Ph.D. enrolments (per lakh population) from
about 18 to 4, which calls for improvement in the coming years. Being
at the nascent stage of development, the administration has shown sincere efforts
in creating an ecosystem of innovation. The UT enacted its Innovation and Start-
up Policy 2018 with a vision to create a conducive ecosystem. In the same vein, the
administration went to each gram panchayat, to create awareness about the same
and how it provides support under the policy. This enabled it to witness a rise in the
number of its start-ups. Therefore, the state should focus on how to make use of its
native capacities.
Goa
Andaman and Nicobar Islands
it witnessed improvement virtually across all pillars. For example, schools with ICT
labs have increased from about 46% to 94%. In higher education, the UT-city state
witnessed a massive improvement in its enrolment in Ph.D. (per lakh of population)
from about 56 to 97, the highest in the country. The UT also slightly improved the
number of private R&D units (per lakh of population), apart from improving its cluster
strength. Good performance in the ‘enablers’ was visible in its ‘performers’, where
an improvement was witnessed in both knowledge output and knowledge diffusion
pillars, be it through patents, trademarks, software exports, or number of high and
medium-high-tech manufacturing entities. The city also registered high growth in
startups, increasing its number from about 13,800 to about 22,900. A good amount
of this can be credited to Delhi’s robust education system with premier higher
education institutes and transformation in schools. This is a clear indication - when
a region continuously invests in human capital, it reaps the fruits of innovation in the
long-run. 134India Innovation Index 2021
in its ‘performers’, where the trademarks filed (per lakh of population) increased from
about 320 to 362. In terms of knowledge diffusion, the state saw a small increase
in software exports (as a percentage of GSDP) and also in the number of high and
medium-high-tech manufacturing entities (per crore of GSDP). Currently, the state has
growth potential in areas not just related to tourism, hospitality, or IT, but also food
processing, green technology, solid waste management, among other non-conventional
businesses and ideas; something Goa is not known for and therefore can tap into.
These UTs could not push the bar upwards since their performance increased
marginally over the previous year and was largely restricted to the human capital
pillar. Other pillars like investment, knowledge workers, business environment were
either stagnant or witnessed moderate rise or fall in certain indicators which also
got reflected in its ‘performers’, which were either steady or their performance
deteriorated. These UTs need to work on holistic development, not just in their
output pillars but also on their input pillars. They need to ensure a nurturing
environment for investments to thrive, businesses to scale, and workers to innovate.
Although these UTs have their own start-up and innovation polices like Aspiring
Puducherry-Innovation & Start-up Policy 2019, J&K Start-up Policy 2018, these UTs
need to pedal faster to match the growth of other UTs and not let their climatic or
geographical factors hamper their growth.
To conclude, it is asserted again, that the scores and rankings are not directly
comparable from one year to another. Several factors affect the scores each year. A
missing value for one state affects the index score of other states/UTs. It’s affected
by missing values, reference year, normalization factor and consistent data
collection. However, with every year, missing values decrease, this problem reduces
over time.
Moreover, the index does not refer to a single year but several years, depending on
the latest data available for the indicator. This is another attempt to limit missing
data points. In this backdrop, distance to frontier becomes a useful tool to assess
improvement in states over the next iterations of the report.
Puducherry, Jammu and Kashmir, and Lakshadweep
Puducherry Jammu and
Kashmir
Lakshadweep 135India Innovation Index 2021 136India Innovation Index 2021 137India Innovation Index 2021
State
Profiles 138India Innovation Index 2021
Andaman and
Nicobar Islands
3
UT and city states
Category Rank
Efficiency Ratio
GSDP per Capita
(2019-20)
0.428
₹ 180865 139India Innovation Index 2021
Scores
Score
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
17.29
25.77 25.92
8.77
1.34
8.82
4.71
12.92
Innovation
Enablers
Human
Capital
Investment
Knowledge
Workers
Business
Environment
Safety
and Legal
environment
Performers
Knowledge
output
Knowledge
diffusion
32.32
60.50 140India Innovation Index 2021
Relative Performance
Country Comparison
Enablers
Human Capital
Andaman and Nicobar IslandsBest Performing State
Investment
Knowledge Workers
Business Environment
India Innovation Index
Safety and Legal environment
Performers
Knowledge output
Knowledge diffusion
Score
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Andaman and Nicobar IslandsAndaman and Nicobar Islands
Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Innovation
Enablers
Human
Capital
Investment
Knowledge
Workers
Business
Environment
Safety and Legal
environment
Performers
Knowledge
output
Knowledge
diffusion 141India Innovation Index 2021
Human Capital 25.92
Knowledge Worker 1.34
Safety and Legal Environment 60.50Investment 8.77
Business Environment 32.32
Knowledge Diffusion 4.71
Key
Knowledge Output 12.92
India Innovation Index 17.29 Performers 8.82 Enablers 25.77
Schools with functional computer facility 60.05
NAS scores 68.40
Expenditure on school education as a (% of GSDP) 32.33
NER in school education 10.31
Accolades in STEM Activities 25.61
Pupil-Teacher ratio: Primary & Secondary 85.04
Percentage of schools having (ATL) labs 0.00
Secondary school level completion rate 100.00
Enrolment in PhD 2.53
Enrolment in engineering and technology 15.29
Percentage of Colleges connected through NMEICT 25.63
Higher education institutions- NAAC grade A and above 12.68
Enrolment in vocational education 2.56
Pupil Teacher Ratio- Higher education 68.37
Tertiary mobility 0.00
Knowledge intensive employment 0.00
Females employed with advanced degrees 4.96
NGOs involved in knowledge intensive areas 3.07
No. of private R&D units 0.00
No. of R&D Institutions funded 0.00
Skill development training 0.00
IT/IP related Acts 93.87
Cyber cells 66.67
Social Media Monitoring Cells 66.67
Pendency rate 75.92
Charge sheeting Rate 7.21
Pendency Percentage- Corruption cases investigation 2.90
Rate of Cognizable Crime 64.78
Police personnel 65.0
Expenditure on higher and technical education 66.67
Expenditure on R&D 0.00
Expenditure on Sci, Tech and Env as a (% of GSDP) 0.00
NIRF ranking of top 5 universities 0.00
FDI inflow as a percentage of state GDP 0.00
Venture capital deals 0.00
Ease of Doing Business score 5.35
Cluster strength 30.01
Common facility centre 0.00
Domestic credit to private sector as a (% of SDP) 12.72
Bank accounts 0.42
Gross capital formation as a (% of GVA) 34.45
Incubators 66.67
Micro finance institutions (MUDRA) 96.68
Bank accounts with Aadhar seeding 93.26
Share of manufacturing and services as a (% of GSDP) 66.26
Internet subscribers 4.53
Online services transaction 21.14
Villages with internet connectivity 61.87
Services offered online by state government 22.01
Subsidies or benefits transferred through DBT 42.25
Citation Score 0.00
Circulation 30.08
GIs registered 0.00
Handlooms sales as a (% of GSDP) 0.00
High and medium high tech manufacturing entities 0.00
High-tech exports 34.61
Software exports 0.00
Grassroot innovations 66.67
Publication 0.00
Environment clearance approved 0.00
GSDP per capita growth rate 54.95
New Businesses 13.13
Startups 22.64
Industrial design filed 0.00
Patent filed (per unit of GSDP) 6.77
Trade mark filed 2.14
Overperforming
Performing within expected range
Underperforming
Strengths and Weaknesses are relative to 10 states of similar
GSDP: Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim, Manipur,
Puducherry, Meghalaya, Chandigarh, Tripura, Goa. 142India Innovation Index 2021
Andhra
Pradesh
9
Major states
Category Rank
Efficiency Ratio
GSDP per Capita
(2019-20)
0.428
₹ 129516 143India Innovation Index 2021
Scores
Score
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
13.32
18.66
28.97
4.48
4.04
7.99
5.03
10.94
Innovation
Enablers
Human
Capital
Investment
Knowledge
Workers
Business
Environment
Safety
and Legal
environment
Performers
Knowledge
output
Knowledge
diffusion
37.06
18.74 144India Innovation Index 2021
Relative Performance
Country Comparison
Enablers
Human Capital
Andhra PradeshBest Performing State
Investment
Knowledge Workers
Business Environment
India Innovation Index
Safety and Legal environment
Performers
Knowledge output
Knowledge diffusion
Innovation
Enablers
Human
Capital
Investment
Knowledge
Workers
Business
Environment
Safety and Legal
environment
Performers
Knowledge
output
Knowledge
diffusion
Score
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Andhra Pradesh
Andhra Pradesh
Andhra Pradesh
Andhra Pradesh
Andhra Pradesh
Andhra Pradesh
Andhra Pradesh
Andhra Pradesh
Andhra Pradesh
Andhra Pradesh 145India Innovation Index 2021
Human Capital 28.97
Knowledge Worker 4.04
Safety and Legal Environment 18.74Investment 4.48
Business Environment 37.06
Knowledge Diffusion 5.03
Knowledge Output 10.94
India Innovation Index 13.32 Performers 7.99 Enablers 18.66
Schools with functional computer facility 35.07
NAS scores 72.40
Expenditure on school education as a (% of GSDP) 21.77
NER in school education 60.31
Accolades in STEM Activities 62.93
Pupil-Teacher ratio: Primary & Secondary 72.45
Percentage of schools having (ATL) labs 0.74
Secondary school level completion rate 98.59
Enrolment in PhD 9.30
Enrolment in engineering and technology 49.69
Percentage of Colleges connected through NMEICT 4.85
Higher education institutions- NAAC grade A and above 9.49
Enrolment in vocational education 0.23
Pupil Teacher Ratio- Higher Education 73.77
Tertiary mobility 0.99
Knowledge intensive employment 0.50
Females employed with advanced degrees 2.59
NGOs involved in knowledge intensive areas 3.79
No. of private R&D units 4.30
No. of R&D Institutions funded 20.97
Skill development training 0.82
IT/IP related Acts 95.71
Cyber cells 0.51
Social Media Monitoring Cells 1.02
Pendency rate 95.06
Charge sheeting Rate 8.24
Pendency Percentage- Corruption cases investigation 2.70
Rate of Cognizable Crime 74.97
Police personnel 2.43
Expenditure on higher and technical education 4.05
Expenditure on R&D 2.03
Expenditure on Sci, Tech and Env as a (% of GSDP) 0.34
NIRF ranking of top 5 universities 48.25
FDI inflow as a percentage of state GDP 0.65
Venture capital deals 0.00
Ease of Doing Business score 60.37
Cluster strength 19.21
Common facility centre 2.76
Domestic credit to private sector as a (% of SDP) 22.93
Bank accounts 0.62
Gross capital formation as a (% of GVA) 66.67
Incubators 0.85
Micro finance institutions (MUDRA) 96.65
Bank accounts with Aadhar seeding 93.70
Share of manufacturing and services as a (% of GSDP) 51.66
Internet subscribers 3.97
Online services transaction 36.92
Villages in state with internet connectivity 88.94
Services offered online by state government 58.37
Subsidies or benefits transferred through DBT 28.88
Citation Score 41.35
Circulation 11.80
GIs registered 0.25
Handlooms sales as a (% of GSDP) 2.48
High and medium high tech manufacturing entities 0.37
High-tech exports 33.13
Software exports 0.19
Grassroot innovations 1.69
Publication 25.13
Environment clearance approved 93.72
GSDP per capita growth rate 49.45
New Businesses 10.97
Startups 4.97
Industrial design filed 0.50
Patent filed (per unit of GSDP) 8.81
Trade mark filed 2.33
Strengths and Weaknesses are relative to 10 state of similar
population: Rajasthan, Telangana, Delhi, Madhya Pradesh, Kerala,
Haryana, West Bengal, Punjab, Odisha, Bihar
Key
Overperforming
Performing within expected range
Underperforming 146India Innovation Index 2021
Arunachal
Pradesh
4
NE and Hill states
Category Rank
Efficiency Ratio
GSDP per Capita
(2019-20)
0.421
₹ 118573 147India Innovation Index 2021
Scores
Score
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
15.46
21.76
25.36
17.12
3.16
9.16
10.34
7.98
Innovation
Enablers
Human
Capital
Investment
Knowledge
Workers
Business
Environment
Safety
and Legal
environment
Performers
Knowledge
Diffusion
Knowledge
Output
17.85
45.32 148India Innovation Index 2021
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Arunachal Pradesh
Arunachal Pradesh
Arunachal Pradesh
Arunachal Pradesh
Arunachal Pradesh
Arunachal Pradesh
Arunachal Pradesh
Arunachal Pradesh
Arunachal Pradesh
Arunachal Pradesh
Relative Performance
Country Comparison
Enablers
Human Capital
Arunachal PradeshBest Performing State
Investment
Knowledge Workers
Business Environment
India Innovation Index
Safety and Legal environment
Performers
Knowledge output
Knowledge diffusion
Innovation
Enablers
Human
Capital
Investment
Knowledge
Workers
Business
Environment
Safety and Legal
environment
Performers
Knowledge
output
Knowledge
diffusion
Score 149India Innovation Index 2021
Human Capital 25.36
Knowledge Worker 3.16
Safety and Legal Environment 45.32Investment 17.12
Business Environment 32.32
Knowledge Diffusion 10.34
Knowledge Output 7.98
India Innovation Index 15.46 Performers 9.16 Enablers 21.76
Schools with functional computer facility 23.65
NAS scores 63.44
Expenditure on school education as a (% of GSDP) 25.75
NER in school education 79.69
Accolades in STEM Activities 5.28
Pupil-Teacher ratio: Primary & Secondary 84.22
Percentage of schools having (ATL) labs 0.22
Secondary school level completion rate 87.00
Enrolment in PhD 52.99
Enrolment in engineering and technology 7.34
Percentage of Colleges connected through NMEICT 21.47
Higher education institutions- NAAC grade A and above 2.11
Enrolment in vocational education 11.89
Pupil Teacher Ratio- Higher Education 57.57
Tertiary mobility 0.00
Knowledge intensive employment 0.04
Females employed with advanced degrees 0.78
NGOs involved in knowledge intensive areas 20.26
No. of private R&D units 0.00
No. of R&D Institutions funded 0.00
Skill development training 0.00
IT/IP related Acts 87.12
Cyber cells 18.34
Social Media Monitoring Cells 18.34
Pendency rate 75.92
Charge sheeting Rate 46.14
Pendency Percentage- Corruption cases investigation 8.60
Rate of Cognizable Crime 90.91
Police personnel 48.80
Expenditure on higher and technical education 48.10
Expenditure on R&D 0.00
Expenditure on Sci, Tech and Env as a (% of GSDP) 66.67
NIRF ranking of top 5 universities 0.00
FDI inflow as a percentage of state GDP 0.07
Venture capital deals 0.00
Ease of Doing Business score 0.00
Cluster strength 26.41
Common facility centre 0.00
Domestic credit to private sector as a (% of SDP) 8.42
Bank accounts 0.36
Gross capital formation as a (% of GVA) 16.10
Incubators 0.00
Micro finance institutions (MUDRA) 96.48
Bank accounts with Aadhar seeding 64.89
Share of manufacturing and services as a (% of GSDP) 43.57
Internet subscribers 4.11
Online services transaction 3.43
Villages in state with internet connectivity 57.72
Services offered online by state government 16.91
Subsidies or benefits transferred through DBT 0.3
Citation Score 0.00
Circulation 2.36
GIs registered 0.03
Handlooms sales as a (% of GSDP) 66.67
High and medium high tech manufacturing entities 0.00
High-tech exports 0.38
Software exports 0.00
Grassroot innovations 60.87
Publication 0.00
Environment clearance approved 0.00
GSDP per capita growth rate 54.95
New Businesses 6.03
Startups 3.93
Industrial design filed 0.00
Patent filed (per unit of GSDP) 6.12
Trade mark filed 0.49
Strengths and Weaknesses are relative to 10 state of similar
population: Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim, Manipur, Puducherry,
Meghalaya, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Chandigarh, Tripura, Goa
Key
Overperforming
Performing within expected range
Underperforming 150India Innovation Index 2021
Assam
9
NE and Hill states
Category Rank
Efficiency Ratio
GSDP per Capita
(2019-20)
0.449
₹ 68916 151India Innovation Index 2021
Scores
Score
0
5
10
15
20
25
11.29
15.59
24.4
5.01
1.93
7.00
3.45
10.55
Innovation
Enablers
Human
Capital
Investment
Knowledge
Workers
Business
Environment
Safety
and Legal
environment
Performers
Knowledge
output
Knowledge
diffusion
20.28
26.26 152India Innovation Index 2021
Relative Performance
Country Comparison
Enablers
Human Capital
AssamBest Performing State
Investment
Knowledge Workers
Business Environment
India Innovation Index
Safety and Legal environment
Performers
Knowledge output
Knowledge diffusion
Innovation
Enablers
Human
Capital
Investment
Knowledge
Workers
Business
Environment
Safety and Legal
environment
Performers
Knowledge
output
Knowledge
diffusion
Score
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Assam
Assam
Assam
Assam
Assam
Assam
Assam
Assam
Assam
Assam 153India Innovation Index 2021
Human Capital 24.44
Knowledge Worker 1.93
Safety and Legal Environment 26.26Investment 5.01
Business Environment 20.28
Knowledge Diffusion 3.45
Knowledge Output 10.55
India Innovation Index 11.29 Performers 7.00 Enablers 15.59
Schools with functional computer facility 12.70
NAS scores 72.75
Expenditure on school education as a (% of GSDP) 26.04
NER in school education 100.00
Accolades in STEM Activities 4.81
Pupil-Teacher ratio: Primary & Secondary 77.71
Percentage of schools having (ATL) labs 0.27
Secondary school level completion rate 93.34
Enrolment in PhD 12.40
Enrolment in engineering and technology 4.08
Percentage of Colleges connected through NMEICT 30.48
Higher education institutions- NAAC grade A and above 3.60
Enrolment in vocational education 4.09
Pupil Teacher Ratio- Higher Education 57.57
Tertiary mobility 22.44
Knowledge intensive employment 0.11
Females employed with advanced degrees 1.19
NGOs involved in knowledge intensive areas 4.10
No. of private R&D units 1.44
No. of R&D Institutions funded 9.61
Skill development training 0.00
IT/IP related Acts 48.47
Cyber cells 0.00
Social Media Monitoring Cells 0.81
Pendency rate 94.15
Charge sheeting Rate 51.49
Pendency Percentage- Corruption cases investigation 4.20
Rate of Cognizable Crime 80.68
Police personnel 8.50
Expenditure on higher and technical education 1.01
Expenditure on R&D 3.47
Expenditure on Sci, Tech and Env as a (% of GSDP) 2.44
NIRF ranking of top 5 universities 54.25
FDI inflow as a percentage of state GDP 0.03
Venture capital deals 0.00
Ease of Doing Business score 6.83
Cluster strength 15.61
Common facility centre 3.84
Domestic credit to private sector as a (% of SDP) 10.86
Bank accounts 0.38
Gross capital formation as a (% of GVA) 23.34
Incubators 0.45
Micro finance institutions (MUDRA) 97.21
Bank accounts with Aadhar seeding 11.94
Share of manufacturing and services as a (% of GSDP) 52.84
Internet subscribers 3.32
Online services transaction 4.29
Villages in state with internet connectivity 97.57
Services offered online by state government 28.71
Subsidies or benefits transferred through DBT 9.10
Citation Score 56.88
Circulation 2.90
GIs registered 0.12
Handlooms sales as a (% of GSDP) 1.92
High and medium high tech manufacturing entities 0.00
High-tech exports 3.97
Software exports 0.02
Grassroot innovations 7.49
Publication 35.89
Environment clearance approved 60.81
GSDP per capita growth rate 43.96
New Businesses 8.54
Startups 7.52
Industrial design filed 0.03
Patent filed (per unit of GSDP) 5.22
Trade mark filed 1.1
Strengths and Weaknesses are relative to 10 state of similar
population: Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Uttarakhand, Dadra and Nagar
Haveli, Lakshadweep, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir,
Ladakh, Bihar, Odisha
Key
Overperforming
Performing within expected range
Underperforming 154India Innovation Index 2021
Bihar
15
Major states
Category Rank
Efficiency Ratio
GSDP per Capita
(2019-20)
0.630
₹ 33979 155India Innovation Index 2021
Scores
Score
0
5
10
15
20
25
11.58
14.21
13.29
2.88
1.77
8.95
3.00
14.90
Innovation
Enablers
Human
Capital
Investment
Knowledge
Workers
Business
Environment
Safety
and Legal
environment
Performers
Knowledge
output
Knowledge
diffusion
27.21
25.87 156India Innovation Index 2021
Relative Performance
Country Comparison
Enablers
Human Capital
BiharBest Performing State
Investment
Knowledge Workers
Business Environment
India Innovation Index
Safety and Legal environment
Performers
Knowledge output
Knowledge diffusion
Innovation
Enablers
Human
Capital
Investment
Knowledge
Workers
Business
Environment
Safety and Legal
environment
Performers
Knowledge
output
Knowledge
diffusion
Score
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Bihar
Bihar
Bihar
Bihar
Bihar
Bihar
Bihar
Bihar
Bihar
Bihar 157India Innovation Index 2021
Human Capital 13.29
Knowledge Worker 1.77
Safety and Legal Environment 25.87Investment 2.88
Business Environment 27.21
Knowledge Diffusion 3.00
Key
Knowledge Output 14.90
India Innovation Index 11.58 Performers 8.95 Enablers 14.21
Schools with functional computer facility 13.83
NAS scores 60.60
Expenditure on school education as a (% of GSDP) 17.16
NER in school education 63.13
Accolades in STEM Activities 9.59
Pupil-Teacher ratio: Primary & Secondary 38.92
Percentage of schools having (ATL) labs 0.04
Secondary school level completion rate 75.20
Enrolment in PhD 1.78
Enrolment in engineering and technology 4.37
Percentage of Colleges connected through NMEICT 31.52
Higher education institutions- NAAC grade A and above 1.21
Enrolment in vocational education 0.26
Pupil Teacher Ratio- Higher Education 1.80
Tertiary mobility 0.99
Knowledge intensive employment 0.21
Females employed with advanced degrees 0.67
NGOs involved in knowledge intensive areas 3.02
No. of private R&D units 0.22
No. of R&D Institutions funded 6.22
Skill development training 3.67
IT/IP related Acts 99.39
Cyber cells 18.28
Social Media Monitoring Cells 18.52
Pendency rate 18.55
Charge sheeting Rate 24.20
Pendency Percentage- Corruption cases investigation 0.00
Rate of Cognizable Crime 88.32
Police personnel 0.00
Expenditure on higher and technical education 7.01
Expenditure on R&D 0.70
Expenditure on Sci, Tech and Env as a (% of GSDP) 4.29
NIRF ranking of top 5 universities 16.20
FDI inflow as a percentage of state GDP 0.03
Venture capital deals 0.00
Ease of Doing Business score 3.20
Cluster strength 9.60
Common facility centre 1.35
Domestic credit to private sector as a (% of SDP) 12.15
Bank accounts 0.39
Gross capital formation as a (% of GVA) 52.21
Incubators 0.22
Micro finance institutions (MUDRA) 96.01
Bank accounts with Aadhar seeding 89.99
Share of manufacturing and services as a (% of GSDP) 69.73
Internet subscribers 2.60
Online services transaction 3.18
Villages in state with internet connectivity 99.37
Services offered online by state government 26.16
Subsidies or benefits transferred through DBT 31.46
Citation Score 59.20
Circulation 0.01
GIs registered 0.18
Handlooms sales as a (% of GSDP) 0.26
High and medium high tech manufacturing entities 0.00
High-tech exports 4.42
Software exports 0.00
Grassroot innovations 8.94
Publication 41.76
Environment clearance approved 81.80
GSDP per capita growth rate 60.44
New Businesses 28.32
Startups 8.37
Industrial design filed 0.01
Patent filed (per unit of GSDP) 1.49
Trade mark filed 0.90
Overperforming
Performing within expected range
Underperforming
Strengths and Weaknesses are relative to 10 state of similar
population: Odisha, Punjab, Haryana, Kerala, Chhattisgarh, Madhya
Pradesh, Jharkhand, Assam, Delhi, Uttarakhand 158India Innovation Index 2021
Chandigarh
1
UT and city states
Category Rank
Efficiency Ratio
GSDP per Capita
(2019-20)
0.984
₹ 263138 159India Innovation Index 2021
Scores
Score
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
27.88
28.10
33.56
4.61
22.44
27.65
13.34
41.96
Innovation
Enablers
Human
Capital
Investment
Knowledge
Workers
Business
Environment
Safety
and Legal
environment
Performers
Knowledge
output
Knowledge
diffusion
33.00
46.89 160India Innovation Index 2021
Relative Performance
Country Comparison
Enablers
Human Capital
ChandigarhBest Performing State
Investment
Knowledge Workers
Business Environment
India Innovation Index
Safety and Legal environment
Performers
Knowledge output
Knowledge diffusion
Innovation
Enablers
Human
Capital
Investment
Knowledge
Workers
Business
Environment
Safety and Legal
environment
Performers
Knowledge
output
Knowledge
diffusion
Score
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Chandigarh
Chandigarh
Chandigarh
Chandigarh
Chandigarh
Chandigarh
Chandigarh
Chandigarh
ChandigarhChandigarh 161India Innovation Index 2021
Human Capital 33.56
Knowledge Worker 22.44
Safety and Legal Environment 46.89Investment 4.61
Business Environment 33.00
Knowledge Diffusion 13.34
Knowledge Output 41.96
India Innovation Index 27.88 Performers 27.65 Enablers 28.10
Schools with functional computer facility 99.14
NAS scores 73.70
Expenditure on school education as a (% of GSDP) 11.51
NER in school education 29.06
Accolades in STEM Activities 13.56
Pupil-Teacher ratio: Primary & Secondary 75.59
Percentage of schools having (ATL) labs 3.93
Secondary school level completion rate 99.51
Enrolment in PhD 65.11
Enrolment in engineering and technology 37.68
Percentage of Colleges connected through NMEICT 28.23
Higher education institutions- NAAC grade A and above 33.94
Enrolment in vocational education 5.57
Pupil Teacher Ratio- Higher Education 57.57
Tertiary mobility 0.00
Knowledge intensive employment 4.08
Females employed with advanced degrees 15.06
NGOs involved in knowledge intensive areas 1.11
No. of private R&D units 58.61
No. of R&D Institutions funded 0.00
Skill development training 66.67
IT/IP related Acts 96.93
Cyber cells 24.04
Social Media Monitoring Cells 24.04
Pendency rate 98.94
Charge sheeting Rate 42.33
Pendency Percentage- Corruption cases investigation 14.30
Rate of Cognizable Crime 84.98
Police personnel 37.11
Expenditure on higher and technical education 25.91
Expenditure on R&D 0.00
Expenditure on Sci, Tech and Env as a (% of GSDP) 0.00
NIRF ranking of top 5 universities 16.91
FDI inflow as a percentage of state GDP 0.24
Venture capital deals 0.00
Ease of Doing Business score 0.00
Cluster strength 38.42
Common facility centre 0.00
Domestic credit to private sector as a (% of SDP) 93.62
Bank accounts 1.25
Gross capital formation as a (% of GVA) 14.65
Incubators 8.01
Micro finance institutions (MUDRA) 96.51
Bank accounts with Aadhar seeding 83.17
Share of manufacturing and services as a (% of GSDP) 86.96
Internet subscribers 6.25
Online services transaction 15.54
Villages in state with internet connectivity 100.00
Services offered online by state government 23.92
Subsidies or benefits transferred through DBT 10.45
Citation Score 80.48
Circulation 63.93
GIs registered 0.00
Handlooms sales as a (% of GSDP) 0.00
High and medium high tech manufacturing entities 0.00
High-tech exports 45.43
Software exports 2.76
Grassroot innovations 8.70
Publication 34.5
Environment clearance approved 78.33
GSDP per capita growth rate 5.49
New Businesses 45.38
Startups 58.82
Industrial design filed 10.12
Patent filed (per unit of GSDP) 66.67
Trade mark filed 54.26
Key
Overperforming
Performing within expected range
Underperforming
Strengths and Weaknesses are relative to 10 state of similar
population: Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim, Manipur, Puducherry,
Meghalaya, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Chandigarh, Tripura, Goa 162India Innovation Index 2021
Chhattisgarh
17
Major states
Category Rank
Efficiency Ratio
GSDP per Capita
(2019-20)
0.238
₹ 85258 163India Innovation Index 2021
Scores
Score
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
10.97
17.72
26.39
2.37
1.66
4.22
1.12
7.33
Innovation
Enablers
Human
Capital
Investment
Knowledge
Workers
Business
Environment
Safety
and Legal
environment
Performers
Knowledge
output
Knowledge
diffusion
29.17 29.00 164India Innovation Index 2021
Relative Performance
Country Comparison
Enablers
Human Capital
ChhattisgarhBest Performing State
Investment
Knowledge Workers
Business Environment
India Innovation Index
Safety and Legal environment
Performers
Knowledge output
Knowledge diffusion
Innovation
Enablers
Human
Capital
Investment
Knowledge
Workers
Business
Environment
Safety and Legal
environment
Performers
Knowledge
output
Knowledge
diffusion
Score
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Chhattisgarh
Chhattisgarh
Chhattisgarh
ChhattisgarhChhattisgarh
Chhattisgarh
Chhattisgarh
Chhattisgarh
Chhattisgarh
Chhattisgarh 165India Innovation Index 2021
Human Capital 26.39
Knowledge Worker 1.66
Safety and Legal Environment 29.00Investment 2.37
Business Environment 29.17
Knowledge Diffusion 1.12
Knowledge Output 7.33
India Innovation Index 10.97 Performers 4.22 Enablers 17.72
Schools with functional computer facility 83.00
NAS scores 62.19
Expenditure on school education as a (% of GSDP) 23.04
NER in school education 67.19
Accolades in STEM Activities 55.36
Pupil-Teacher ratio: Primary & Secondary 73.80
Percentage of schools having (ATL) labs 0.20
Secondary school level completion rate 90.40
Enrolment in PhD 4.09
Enrolment in engineering and technology 8.60
Percentage of Colleges connected through NMEICT 15.24
Higher education institutions- NAAC grade A and above 1.14
Enrolment in vocational education 0.51
Pupil Teacher Ratio- Higher Education 61.17
Tertiary mobility 18.26
Knowledge intensive employment 0.44
Females employed with advanced degrees 2.40
NGOs involved in knowledge intensive areas 2.47
No. of private R&D units 2.31
No. of R&D Institutions funded 5.56
Skill development training 0.00
IT/IP related Acts 96.93
Cyber cells 28.80
Social Media Monitoring Cells 0.00
Pendency rate 97.18
Charge sheeting Rate 15.76
Pendency Percentage- Corruption cases investigation 12.22
Rate of Cognizable Crime 80.49
Police personnel 9.34
Expenditure on higher and technical education 12.50
Expenditure on R&D 2.17
Expenditure on Sci, Tech and Env as a (% of GSDP) 1.36
NIRF ranking of top 5 universities 0.00
FDI inflow as a percentage of state GDP 0.00
Venture capital deals 0.00
Ease of Doing Business score 33.08
Cluster strength 3.60
Common facility centre 0.00
Domestic credit to private sector as a (% of SDP) 15.10
Bank accounts 0.53
Gross capital formation as a (% of GVA) 54.75
Incubators 0.88
Micro finance institutions (MUDRA) 96.16
Bank accounts with Aadhar seeding 87.22
Share of manufacturing and services as a (% of GSDP) 49.23
Internet subscribers 3.45
Online services transaction 21.47
Villages in state with internet connectivity 90.56
Services offered online by state government 33.17
Subsidies or benefits transferred through DBT 27.98
Citation Score 0.00
Circulation 7.17
GIs registered 0.08
Handlooms sales as a (% of GSDP) 1.02
High and medium high tech manufacturing entities 0.30
High-tech exports 1.24
Software exports 0.04
Grassroot innovations 9.18
Publication 0.00
Environment clearance approved 65.61
GSDP per capita growth rate 38.46
New Businesses 10.43
Startups 7.36
Industrial design filed 0.48
Patent filed (per unit of GSDP) 3.75
Trade mark filed 2.46
Strengths and Weaknesses are relative to 10 state of similar
population: Jharkhand, Assam, Uttarakhand, Dadra and Nagar Haveli,
Lakshadweep, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Ladakh, Bihar,
Odisha
Key
Overperforming
Performing within expected range
Underperforming 166India Innovation Index 2021
Dadra and Nagar
Haveli & Daman
and Diu
7
UT and city states
Category Rank
Efficiency Ratio
GSDP per Capita
(2019-20)
0.237
N.A 167India Innovation Index 2021
Scores
Score
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
12.09
19.55
22.52
2.32
6.394.64
2.28
7.00
Innovation
Enablers
Human
Capital
Investment
Knowledge
Workers
Business
Environment
Safety
and Legal
environment
Performers
Knowledge
output
Knowledge
diffusion
22.92
43.60 168India Innovation Index 2021
Relative Performance
Country Comparison
Enablers
Human Capital
Dadra and Nagar Haveli & Daman and DiuBest Performing State
Investment
Knowledge Workers
Business Environment
India Innovation Index
Safety and Legal environment
Performers
Knowledge output
Knowledge diffusion
Innovation
Enablers
Human
Capital
Investment
Knowledge
Workers
Business
Environment
Safety and Legal
environment
Performers
Knowledge
output
Knowledge
diffusion
Score
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70









DNH & DD
DNH & DD
DNH & DD

DNH & DD
DNH & DD
DNH & DD
DNH & DD
DNH & DD
DNH & DD
DNH & DD 169India Innovation Index 2021
Human Capital 22.52
Knowledge Worker 6.39
Safety and Legal Environment 43.60Investment 2.32
Business Environment 22.92
Knowledge Diffusion 2.28
Knowledge Output 7.00
India Innovation Index 12.09 Performers 4.64 Enablers 19.55
Schools with functional computer facility 90.45
NAS scores 59.24
Expenditure on school education as a (% of GSDP) 0.00
NER in school education 59.06
Accolades in STEM Activities 17.07
Pupil-Teacher ratio: Primary & Secondary 65.97
Percentage of schools having (ATL) labs 0.41
Secondary school level completion rate 99.92
Enrolment in PhD 0.00
Enrolment in engineering and technology 15.73
Percentage of Colleges connected through NMEICT 0.00
Higher education institutions- NAAC grade A and above 0.00
Enrolment in vocational education 39.09
Pupil Teacher Ratio- Higher Education 71.07
Tertiary mobility 0.00
Knowledge intensive employment 6.68
Females employed with advanced degrees 2.39
NGOs involved in knowledge intensive areas 0.99
No. of private R&D units 38.33
No. of R&D Institutions funded 0.00
Skill development training 0.00
IT/IP related Acts 96.93
Cyber cells 43.23
Social Media Monitoring Cells 43.23
Pendency rate 69.22
Charge sheeting Rate 26.36
Pendency Percentage- Corruption cases investigation 0.00
Rate of Cognizable Crime 97.16
Police personnel 4.26
Expenditure on higher and technical education 17.64
Expenditure on R&D 0.00
Expenditure on Sci, Tech and Env as a (% of GSDP) 0.00
NIRF ranking of top 5 universities 0.00
FDI inflow as a percentage of state GDP 0.00
Venture capital deals 0.0
Ease of Doing Business score 6.40
Cluster strength 20.41
Common facility centre 0.00
Domestic credit to private sector as a (% of SDP) 0.77
Bank accounts 0.33
Gross capital formation as a (% of GVA) 0.00
Incubators 0.00
Micro finance institutions (MUDRA) 96.26
Bank accounts with Aadhar seeding 84.88
Share of manufacturing and services as a (% of GSDP) 0.00
Internet subscribers 5.73
Online services transaction 66.67
Villages in state with internet connectivity 100.00
Services offered online by state government 12.12
Subsidies or benefits transferred through DBT 40.45
Citation Score 0.00
Circulation 8.01
GIs registered 0.01
Handlooms sales as a (% of GSDP) 0.00
High and medium high tech manufacturing entities 1.72
High-tech exports 26.85
Software exports 0.00
Grassroot innovations 12.32
Publication 0.00
Environment clearance approved 31.66
GSDP per capita growth rate 39.56
New Businesses 1.15
Startups 0.00
Industrial design filed 16.42
Patent filed (per unit of GSDP) 0.07
Trade mark filed 9.15
Strengths and Weaknesses are relative to 10 state of similar
population: Lakshadweep, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir,
Ladakh, Uttarakhand, Assam, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Goa, Tripura
Key
Overperforming
Performing within expected range
Underperforming 170India Innovation Index 2021
Delhi
2
UT and city states
Category Rank
Efficiency Ratio
GSDP per Capita
(2019-20)
1.074
₹ 306385 171India Innovation Index 2021
Scores
Score
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
27.00
26.04
29.66
11.34
14.61
27.96
16.28
39.63
Innovation
Enablers
Human
Capital
Investment
Knowledge
Workers
Business
Environment
Safety
and Legal
environment
Performers
Knowledge
output
Knowledge
diffusion
39.28
35.31 172India Innovation Index 2021
India Innovation Index
Enablers
Human capital
Investment
Knowledge Workers
Business Environment
Safety and Legal
environment
Performers
Knowledge diffusion
Knowledge output
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Delhi
Delhi
Delhi
Delhi
Delhi
Delhi
Delhi
Delhi
Delhi
Delhi
Relative Performance
Country Comparison
Enablers
Human Capital
DelhiBest Performing State
Investment
Knowledge Workers
Business Environment
India Innovation Index
Safety and Legal environment
Performers
Knowledge output
Knowledge diffusion
Innovation
Enablers
Human
Capital
Investment
Knowledge
Workers
Business
Environment
Safety and Legal
environment
Performers
Knowledge
output
Knowledge
diffusion
Score 173India Innovation Index 2021
Human Capital 29.66
Knowledge Worker 14.61
Safety and Legal Environment 35.31Investment 11.34
Business Environment 39.28
Knowledge Diffusion 16.28
Key
Knowledge Output 39.63
India Innovation Index 27.00 Performers 27.96 Enablers 26.04
Schools with functional computer facility 93.88
NAS scores 76.93
Expenditure on school education as a (% of GSDP) 6.28
NER in school education 100.00
Accolades in STEM Activities 5.70
Pupil-Teacher ratio: Primary & Secondary 56.77
Percentage of schools having (ATL) labs 0.99
Secondary school level completion rate 97.70
Enrolment in PhD 66.67
Enrolment in engineering and technology 11.12
Percentage of Colleges connected through NMEICT 35.15
Higher education institutions- NAAC grade A and above 26.34
Enrolment in vocational education 5.09
Pupil Teacher Ratio- Higher Education 14.39
Tertiary mobility 17.52
Knowledge intensive employment 1.77
Females employed with advanced degrees 12.17
NGOs involved in knowledge intensive areas 16.59
No. of private R&D units 66.67
No. of R&D Institutions funded 0.00
Skill development training 7.59
IT/IP related Acts 93.87
Cyber cells 24.18
Social Media Monitoring Cells 0.00
Pendency rate 95.16
Charge sheeting Rate 71.47
Pendency Percentage- Corruption cases investigation 9.50
Rate of Cognizable Crime 27.60
Police personnel 21.62
Expenditure on higher and technical education 9.40
Expenditure on R&D 0.00
Expenditure on Sci, Tech and Env as a (% of GSDP) 0.20
NIRF ranking of top 5 universities 70.70
FDI inflow as a percentage of state GDP 13.70
Venture capital deals 12.26
Ease of Doing Business score 22.09
Cluster strength 79.23
Common facility centre 0.00
Domestic credit to private sector as a (% of SDP) 83.62
Bank accounts 1.01
Gross capital formation as a (% of GVA) 19.50
Incubators 9.40
Micro finance institutions (MUDRA) 97.30
Bank accounts with Aadhar seeding 82.64
Share of manufacturing and services as a (% of GSDP) 79.85
Internet subscribers 9.96
Online services transaction 11.44
Villages in state with internet connectivity 100.00
Services offered online by state government 37.32
Subsidies or benefits transferred through DBT 53.03
Citation Score 70.63
Circulation 100.00
GIs registered 0.01
Handlooms sales as a (% of GSDP) 0.08
High and medium high tech manufacturing entities 0.20
High-tech exports 34.99
Software exports 0.68
Grassroot innovations 5.07
Publication 39.25
Environment clearance approved 16.62
GSDP per capita growth rate 21.98
New Businesses 58.82
Startups 34.58
Industrial design filed 18.52
Patent filed (per unit of GSDP) 28.57
Trade mark filed 95.24
Overperforming
Performing within expected range
Underperforming
Strengths and Weaknesses are relative to 10 state of similar
population: Madhya Pradesh, Telangana, Kerala, Haryana, Andhra
Pradesh, Rajasthan, West Bengal, Punjab, Odisha, Bihar 174India Innovation Index 2021
Goa
5
UT and city states
Category Rank
Efficiency Ratio
GSDP per Capita
(2019-20)
0.426
₹ 343687 175India Innovation Index 2021
Scores
Score
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
14.93
20.94
28.76
7.53
9.45
8.92
4.77
13.07
Innovation
Enablers
Human
Capital
Investment
Knowledge
Workers
Business
Environment
Safety
and Legal
environment
Performers
Knowledge
output
Knowledge
diffusion
33.83
25.14 176India Innovation Index 2021
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Goa
Goa
Goa
Goa
Goa
Goa
Goa
Goa
Goa
Goa
Relative Performance
Country Comparison
Enablers
Human Capital
GoaBest Performing State
Investment
Knowledge Workers
Business Environment
India Innovation Index
Safety and Legal environment
Performers
Knowledge output
Knowledge diffusion
Innovation
Enablers
Human
Capital
Investment
Knowledge
Workers
Business
Environment
Safety and Legal
environment
Performers
Knowledge
output
Knowledge
diffusion
Score 177India Innovation Index 2021
Human Capital 28.76
Knowledge Worker 9.45
Safety and Legal Environment 25.14Investment 7.53
Business Environment 33.83
Knowledge Diffusion 4.77
Knowledge Output 13.07
India Innovation Index 14.93 Performers 8.92 Enablers 20.94
Schools with functional computer facility 49.87
NAS scores 73.04
Expenditure on school education as a (% of GSDP) 15.11
NER in school education 72.59
Accolades in STEM Activities 11.73
Pupil-Teacher ratio: Primary & Secondary 73.56
Percentage of schools having (ATL) labs 0.13
Secondary school level completion rate 100.00
Enrolment in PhD 20.42
Enrolment in engineering and technology 44.00
Percentage of Colleges connected through NMEICT 25.80
Higher education institutions- NAAC grade A and above 17.44
Enrolment in vocational education 2.46
Pupil Teacher Ratio- Higher Education 80.96
Tertiary mobility 0.00
Knowledge intensive employment 6.77
Females employed with advanced degrees 2.19
NGOs involved in knowledge intensive areas 1.20
No. of private R&D units 53.98
No. of R&D Institutions funded 10.82
Skill development training 0.00
IT/IP related Acts 95.09
Cyber cells 0.00
Social Media Monitoring Cells 0.00
Pendency rate 79.69
Charge sheeting Rate 13.59
Pendency Percentage- Corruption cases investigation 4.50
Rate of Cognizable Crime 84.46
Police personnel 28.19
Expenditure on higher and technical education 26.17
Expenditure on R&D 0.00
Expenditure on Sci, Tech and Env as a (% of GSDP) 21.58
NIRF ranking of top 5 universities 0.00
FDI inflow as a percentage of state GDP 2.56
Venture capital deals 0.00
Ease of Doing Business score 3.84
Cluster strength 52.82
Common facility centre 66.67
Domestic credit to private sector as a (% of SDP) 13.61
Bank accounts 1.10
Gross capital formation as a (% of GVA) 21.04
Incubators 13.53
Micro finance institutions (MUDRA) 94.69
Bank accounts with Aadhar seeding 81.67
Share of manufacturing and services as a (% of GSDP) 80.31
Internet subscribers 7.86
Online services transaction 7.18
Villages in state with internet connectivity 91.25
Services offered online by state government 31.26
Subsidies or benefits transferred through DBT 0.00
Citation Score 0.00
Circulation 13.67
GIs registered 0.03
Handlooms sales as a (% of GSDP) 0.01
High and medium high tech manufacturing entities 0.12
High-tech exports 86.24
Software exports 0.26
Grassroot innovations 4.59
Publication 0.00
Environment clearance approved 8.42
GSDP per capita growth rate 60.44
New Businesses 23.64
Startups 23.82
Industrial design filed 3.02
Patent filed (per unit of GSDP) 8.49
Trade mark filed 13.11
Strengths and Weaknesses are relative to 10 state of similar
population: Tripura, Chandigarh, Meghalaya, Puducherry, Manipur,
Sikkim, Nagaland, Mizoram, Arunachal Pradesh, Andaman and
Nicobar Islands
Key
Overperforming
Performing within expected range
Underperforming 178India Innovation Index 2021
Gujarat
14
Major states
Category Rank
Efficiency Ratio
GSDP per Capita
(2019-20)
0.547
₹ 187524 179India Innovation Index 2021
Scores
Score
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
12.41
16.05
22.94
5.79
8.03
8.78
4.68
12.88
Innovation
Enablers
Human
Capital
Investment
Knowledge
Workers
Business
Environment
Safety
and Legal
environment
Performers
Knowledge
output
Knowledge
diffusion
32.46
11.01 180India Innovation Index 2021
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Gujarat
Gujarat
Gujarat
Gujarat
Gujarat
Gujarat
Gujarat
Gujarat
Gujarat
Gujarat
Relative Performance
Country Comparison
Enablers
Human Capital
GujaratBest Performing State
Investment
Knowledge Workers
Business Environment
India Innovation Index
Safety and Legal environment
Performers
Knowledge output
Knowledge diffusion
Innovation
Enablers
Human
Capital
Investment
Knowledge
Workers
Business
Environment
Safety and Legal
environment
Performers
Knowledge
output
Knowledge
diffusion
Score 181India Innovation Index 2021
Human Capital 22.94
Knowledge Worker 8.03
Safety and Legal Environment 11.01Investment 5.79
Business Environment 32.46
Knowledge Diffusion 4.68
Knowledge Output 12.88
India Innovation Index 12.41 Performers 8.78 Enablers 16.05
Schools with functional computer facility 73.95
NAS scores 62.72
Expenditure on school education as a (% of GSDP) 10.36
NER in school education 50.31
Accolades in STEM Activities 40.95
Pupil-Teacher ratio: Primary & Secondary 58.65
Percentage of schools having (ATL) labs 0.58
Secondary school level completion rate 88.50
Enrolment in PhD 8.46
Enrolment in engineering and technology 16.92
Percentage of Colleges connected through NMEICT 25.28
Higher education institutions- NAAC grade A and above 1.51
Enrolment in vocational education 1.32
Pupil Teacher Ratio- Higher Education 61.17
Tertiary mobility 1.55
Knowledge intensive employment 1.90
Females employed with advanced degrees 2.70
NGOs involved in knowledge intensive areas 2.89
No. of private R&D units 22.47
No. of R&D Institutions funded 37.08
Skill development training 0.00
IT/IP related Acts 96.32
Cyber cells 4.20
Social Media Monitoring Cells 0.00
Pendency rate 52.58
Charge sheeting Rate 0.00
Pendency Percentage- Corruption cases investigation 4.20
Rate of Cognizable Crime 44.08
Police personnel 3.01
Expenditure on higher and technical education 3.21
Expenditure on R&D 1.62
Expenditure on Sci, Tech and Env as a (% of GSDP) 8.29
NIRF ranking of top 5 universities 33.20
FDI inflow as a percentage of state GDP 4.41
Venture capital deals 2.16
Ease of Doing Business score 23.26
Cluster strength 49.22
Common facility centre 2.81
Domestic credit to private sector as a (% of SDP) 17.48
Bank accounts 0.48
Gross capital formation as a (% of GVA) 4.59
Incubators 1.49
Micro finance institutions (MUDRA) 98.43
Bank accounts with Aadhar seeding 82.44
Share of manufacturing and services as a (% of GSDP) 66.14
Internet subscribers 4.78
Online services transaction 30.79
Villages in state with internet connectivity 97.13
Services offered online by state government 53.59
Subsidies or benefits transferred through DBT 60.00
Citation Score 44.91
Circulation 12.57
GIs registered 0.22
Handlooms sales as a (% of GSDP) 0.11
High and medium high tech manufacturing entities 0.14
High-tech exports 26.25
Software exports 0.43
Grassroot innovations 20.29
Publication 25.50
Environment clearance approved 0.00
GSDP per capita growth rate 38.46
New Businesses 19.64
Startups 9.1
Industrial design filed 4.52
Patent filed (per unit of GSDP) 8.49
Trade mark filed 11.40
Strengths and Weaknesses are relative to 10 state of similar
population: Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Karnataka, West Bengal,
Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Delhi, Madhya Pradesh, Kerala
Key
Overperforming
Performing within expected range
Underperforming 182India Innovation Index 2021
Haryana
3
Major states
Category Rank
Efficiency Ratio
GSDP per Capita
(2019-20)
0.442
₹ 195660 183India Innovation Index 2021
Scores
Score
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
16.35
22.68
25.08
7.57
8.35
10.02
3.74
16.29
Innovation
Enablers
Human
Capital
Investment
Knowledge
Workers
Business
Environment
Safety
and Legal
environment
Performers
Knowledge
output
Knowledge
diffusion
32.70
39.68 184India Innovation Index 2021
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Haryana
Haryana
Haryana
Haryana
Haryana
Haryana
Haryana
Haryana
Haryana
Haryana
Relative Performance
Country Comparison
Enablers
Human Capital
HaryanaBest Performing State
Investment
Knowledge Workers
Business Environment
India Innovation Index
Safety and Legal environment
Performers
Knowledge output
Knowledge diffusion
Innovation
Enablers
Human
Capital
Investment
Knowledge
Workers
Business
Environment
Safety and Legal
environment
Performers
Knowledge
output
Knowledge
diffusion
Score 185India Innovation Index 2021
Human Capital 25.08
Knowledge Worker 8.35
Safety and Legal Environment 39.68Investment 7.57
Business Environment 32.70
Knowledge Diffusion 3.74
Knowledge Output 16.29
India Innovation Index 16.35 Performers 10.02 Enablers 22.68
Schools with functional computer facility 52.21
NAS scores 62.72
Expenditure on school education as a (% of GSDP) 10.20
NER in school education 53.44
Accolades in STEM Activities 20.50
Pupil-Teacher ratio: Primary & Secondary 74.72
Percentage of schools having (ATL) labs 1.46
Secondary school level completion rate 95.66
Enrolment in PhD 11.30
Enrolment in engineering and technology 19.87
Percentage of Colleges connected through NMEICT 54.55
Higher education institutions- NAAC grade A and above 3.06
Enrolment in vocational education 4.43
Pupil Teacher Ratio- Higher Education 64.77
Tertiary mobility 0.00
Knowledge intensive employment 2.53
Females employed with advanced degrees 6.17
NGOs involved in knowledge intensive areas 2.19
No. of private R&D units 36.05
No. of R&D Institutions funded 14.32
Skill development training 2.87
IT/IP related Acts 87.73
Cyber cells 30.02
Social Media Monitoring Cells 24.02
Pendency rate 99.47
Charge sheeting Rate 51.18
Pendency Percentage- Corruption cases investigation 8.20
Rate of Cognizable Crime 63.59
Police personnel 6.73
Expenditure on higher and technical education 10.68
Expenditure on R&D 1.50
Expenditure on Sci, Tech and Env as a (% of GSDP) 1.17
NIRF ranking of top 5 universities 0.00
FDI inflow as a percentage of state GDP 2.74
Venture capital deals 29.08
Ease of Doing Business score 15.25
Cluster strength 42.02
Common facility centre 9.62
Domestic credit to private sector as a (% of SDP) 20.07
Bank accounts 0.74
Gross capital formation as a (% of GVA) 40.10
Incubators 1.89
Micro finance institutions (MUDRA) 97.00
Bank accounts with Aadhar seeding 86.01
Share of manufacturing and services as a (% of GSDP) 67.03
Internet subscribers 5.61
Online services transaction 15.62
Villages in state with internet connectivity 100.00
Services offered online by state government 33.17
Subsidies or benefits transferred through DBT 49.55
Citation Score 0.00
Circulation 10.58
GIs registered 0.03
Handlooms sales as a (% of GSDP) 0.59
High and medium high tech manufacturing entities 0.53
High-tech exports 19.14
Software exports 7.59
Grassroot innovations 17.63
Publication 0.00
Environment clearance approved 78.05
GSDP per capita growth rate 16.48
New Businesses 30.17
Startups 14.91
Industrial design filed 4.50
Patent filed (per unit of GSDP) 14.56
Trade mark filed 17.83
Strengths and Weaknesses are relative to 10 state of similar
population: Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Delhi, Telangana, Andhra
Pradesh, Rajasthan, Punjab, Odisha, Bihar, West Bengal
Key
Overperforming
Performing within expected range
Underperforming 186India Innovation Index 2021
Himachal
Pradesh
5
NE and Hill states
Category Rank
Efficiency Ratio
GSDP per Capita
(2019-20)
0.519
₹ 166895 187India Innovation Index 2021
Scores
Score
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
14.62
19.25
29.91
5.52
9.87
10.00
7.14
12.86
Innovation
Enablers
Human
Capital
Investment
Knowledge
Workers
Business
Environment
Safety
and Legal
environment
Performers
Knowledge
output
Knowledge
diffusion
27.89
23.04 188India Innovation Index 2021
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Relative Performance
Country Comparison
Enablers
Human Capital
Himanchal PradeshBest Performing State
Investment
Knowledge Workers
Business Environment
India Innovation Index
Safety and Legal environment
Performers
Knowledge output
Knowledge diffusion
Innovation
Enablers
Human
Capital
Investment
Knowledge
Workers
Business
Environment
Safety and Legal
environment
Performers
Knowledge
output
Knowledge
diffusion
Score 189India Innovation Index 2021
Human Capital 29.91
Knowledge Worker 9.87
Safety and Legal Environment 23.04Investment 5.52
Business Environment 27.89
Knowledge Diffusion 7.14
Knowledge Output 12.86
India Innovation Index 14.62 Performers 10.00 Enablers 19.25
Schools with functional computer facility 33.20
NAS scores 62.42
Expenditure on school education as a (% of GSDP) 20.46
NER in school education 75.00
Accolades in STEM Activities 66.53
Pupil-Teacher ratio: Primary & Secondary 84.90
Percentage of schools having (ATL) labs 0.33
Secondary school level completion rate 99.52
Enrolment in PhD 19.28
Enrolment in engineering and technology 7.71
Percentage of Colleges connected through NMEICT 57.32
Higher education institutions- NAAC grade A and above 1.01
Enrolment in vocational education 4.62
Pupil Teacher Ratio- Higher Education 59.37
Tertiary mobility 9.97
Knowledge intensive employment 2.39
Females employed with advanced degrees 3.38
NGOs involved in knowledge intensive areas 2.72
No. of private R&D units 7.78
No. of R&D Institutions funded 66.67
Skill development training 0.00
IT/IP related Acts 92.64
Cyber cells 3.70
Social Media Monitoring Cells 0.00
Pendency rate 97.24
Charge sheeting Rate 12.77
Pendency Percentage- Corruption cases investigation 4.30
Rate of Cognizable Crime 84.51
Police personnel 10.63
Expenditure on higher and technical education 26.36
Expenditure on R&D 2.99
Expenditure on Sci, Tech and Env as a (% of GSDP) 1.50
NIRF ranking of top 5 universities 15.68
FDI inflow as a percentage of state GDP 0.21
Venture capital deals 0.00
Ease of Doing Business score 32.82
Cluster strength 0.00
Common facility centre 0.00
Domestic credit to private sector as a (% of SDP) 9.26
Bank accounts 0.69
Gross capital formation as a (% of GVA) 21.31
Incubators 0.82
Micro finance institutions (MUDRA) 92.64
Bank accounts with Aadhar seeding 87.99
Share of manufacturing and services as a (% of GSDP) 71.70
Internet subscribers 6.94
Online services transaction 12.25
Villages in state with internet connectivity 97.86
Services offered online by state government 37.64
Subsidies or benefits transferred through DBT 41.35
Citation Score 53.09
Circulation 6.91
GIs registered 0.10
Handlooms sales as a (% of GSDP) 1.47
High and medium high tech manufacturing entities 0.08
High-tech exports 100.00
Software exports 0.01
Grassroot innovations 11.84
Publication 34.42
Environment clearance approved 69.99
GSDP per capita growth rate 21.98
New Businesses 11.48
Startups 6.14
Industrial design filed 2.26
Patent filed (per unit of GSDP) 14.04
Trade mark filed 5.10
Strengths and Weaknesses are relative to 10 state of similar
population: Jammu and Kashmir, Ladakh, Lakshadweep, Dadra and
Nagar Haveli, Goa, Uttarakhand, Tripura, Chandigarh, Meghalaya,
Puducherry
Key
Overperforming
Performing within expected range
Underperforming 190India Innovation Index 2021
Jammu and
Kashmir
6
UT and city states
Category Rank
Efficiency Ratio
GSDP per Capita
(2019-20)
0.478
₹ 85219 191India Innovation Index 2021
Scores
Score
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
12.83
17.36
22.70
5.77 5.82
8.30
4.66
11.94
Innovation
Enablers
Human
Capital
Investment
Knowledge
Workers
Business
Environment
Safety
and Legal
environment
Performers
Knowledge
output
Knowledge
diffusion
24.21
28.28 192India Innovation Index 2021
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Jammu and Kashmir
Jammu and Kashmir
Jammu and Kashmir
Jammu and Kashmir
Jammu and Kashmir
Jammu and KashmirJammu and Kashmir
Jammu and Kashmir
Jammu and Kashmir
Jammu and Kashmir
Relative Performance
Country Comparison
Enablers
Human Capital
Jammu and KashmirBest Performing State
Investment
Knowledge Workers
Business Environment
India Innovation Index
Safety and Legal environment
Performers
Knowledge output
Knowledge diffusion
Innovation
Enablers
Human
Capital
Investment
Knowledge
Workers
Business
Environment
Safety and Legal
environment
Performers
Knowledge
output
Knowledge
diffusion
Score 193India Innovation Index 2021
Human Capital 22.70
Knowledge Worker 5.82
Safety and Legal Environment 28.28Investment 5.77
Business Environment 24.21
Knowledge Diffusion 4.66
Knowledge Output 11.94
India Innovation Index 12.83 Performers 8.30 Enablers 17.36
Schools with functional computer facility 23.68
NAS scores 54.34
Expenditure on school education as a (% of GSDP) 22.94
NER in school education 19.38
Accolades in STEM Activities 40.76
Pupil-Teacher ratio: Primary & Secondary 82.63
Percentage of schools having (ATL) labs 0.16
Secondary school level completion rate 90.00
Enrolment in PhD 21.77
Enrolment in engineering and technology 6.60
Percentage of Colleges connected through NMEICT 31.00
Higher education institutions- NAAC grade A and above 2.71
Enrolment in vocational education 6.48
Pupil Teacher Ratio- Higher Education 44.98
Tertiary mobility 0.00
Knowledge intensive employment 0.54
Females employed with advanced degrees 6.71
NGOs involved in knowledge intensive areas 6.47
No. of private R&D units 0.22
No. of R&D Institutions funded 30.20
Skill development training 0.00
IT/IP related Acts 95.71
Cyber cells 0.00
Social Media Monitoring Cells 2.02
Pendency rate 84.80
Charge sheeting Rate 16.48
Pendency Percentage- Corruption cases investigation 2.10
Rate of Cognizable Crime 88.02
Police personnel 34.56
Expenditure on higher and technical education 13.73
Expenditure on R&D 5.46
Expenditure on Sci, Tech and Env as a (% of GSDP) 4.19
NIRF ranking of top 5 universities 29.72
FDI inflow as a percentage of state GDP 0.00
Venture capital deals 0.00
Ease of Doing Business score 5.76
Cluster strength 18.01
Common facility centre 6.58
Domestic credit to private sector as a (% of SDP) 18.06
Bank accounts 0.33
Gross capital formation as a (% of GVA) 18.03
Incubators 0.67
Micro finance institutions (MUDRA) 97.70
Bank accounts with Aadhar seeding 80.67
Share of manufacturing and services as a (% of GSDP) 63.04
Internet subscribers 3.89
Online services transaction 4.29
Villages in state with internet connectivity 97.48
Services offered online by state government 18.50
Subsidies or benefits transferred through DBT 16.18
Citation Score 37.02
Circulation 10.03
GIs registered 0.12
Handlooms sales as a (% of GSDP) 2.61
High and medium high tech manufacturing entities 0.00
High-tech exports 37.66
Software exports 0.01
Grassroot innovations 19.08
Publication 16.69
Environment clearance approved 84.63
GSDP per capita growth rate 43.96
New Businesses 16.10
Startups 10.61
Industrial design filed 0.13
Patent filed (per unit of GSDP) 4.60
Trade mark filed 2.66
Strengths and Weaknesses are relative to 10 state of similar population:
Ladakh, Himachal Pradesh, Lakshadweep, Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Goa,
Tripura, Uttarakhand, Chandigarh, Meghalaya, Puducherry
Key
Overperforming
Performing within expected range
Underperforming 194India Innovation Index 2021
Jharkhand
10
Major states
Category Rank
Efficiency Ratio
GSDP per Capita
(2019-20)
0.599
₹ 63210 195India Innovation Index 2021
Scores
Score
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
13.10
16.38
20.26
8.40
0.78
9.81
4.85
14.78
Innovation
Enablers
Human
Capital
Investment
Knowledge
Workers
Business
Environment
Safety
and Legal
environment
Performers
Knowledge
output
Knowledge
diffusion
24.99
27.45 196India Innovation Index 2021
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Jharkhand
Jharkhand
Jharkhand
Jharkhand
Jharkhand
Jharkhand
Jharkhand
Jharkhand
Jharkhand
Relative Performance
Country Comparison
Enablers
Human Capital
JharkhandBest Performing State
Investment
Knowledge Workers
Business Environment
India Innovation Index
Safety and Legal environment
Performers
Knowledge output
Knowledge diffusion
Innovation
Enablers
Human
Capital
Investment
Knowledge
Workers
Business
Environment
Safety and Legal
environment
Performers
Knowledge
output
Knowledge
diffusion
Score 197India Innovation Index 2021
Human Capital 20.26
Knowledge Worker 0.78
Safety and Legal Environment 27.45Investment 8.40
Business Environment 24.99
Knowledge Diffusion 4.85
Knowledge Output 14.78
India Innovation Index 13.10 Performers 9.81 Enablers 16.38
Schools with functional computer facility 73.39
NAS scores 62.45
Expenditure on school education as a (% of GSDP) 17.10
NER in school education 77.81
Accolades in STEM Activities 21.82
Pupil-Teacher ratio: Primary & Secondary 58.36
Percentage of schools having (ATL) labs 0.15
Secondary school level completion rate 80.10
Enrolment in PhD 7.28
Enrolment in engineering and technology 6.09
Percentage of Colleges connected through NMEICT 42.94
Higher education institutions- NAAC grade A and above 0.84
Enrolment in vocational education 1.41
Pupil Teacher Ratio- Higher Education 0.00
Tertiary mobility 10.05
Knowledge intensive employment 0.65
Females employed with advanced degrees 1.26
NGOs involved in knowledge intensive areas 2.09
No. of private R&D units 0.60
No. of R&D Institutions funded 1.91
Skill development training 0.00
IT/IP related Acts 84.05
Cyber cells 11.54
Social Media Monitoring Cells 4.61
Pendency rate 77.94
Charge sheeting Rate 31.31
Pendency Percentage- Corruption cases investigation 3.80
Rate of Cognizable Crime 90.78
Police personnel 6.21
Expenditure on higher and technical education 7.49
Expenditure on R&D 0.97
Expenditure on Sci, Tech and Env as a (% of GSDP) 6.80
NIRF ranking of top 5 universities 33.74
FDI inflow as a percentage of state GDP 16.35
Venture capital deals 0.00
Ease of Doing Business score 34.03
Cluster strength 12.00
Common facility centre 0.00
Domestic credit to private sector as a (% of SDP) 10.54
Bank accounts 0.45
Gross capital formation as a (% of GVA) 6.15
Incubators 0.43
Micro finance institutions (MUDRA) 97.53
Bank accounts with Aadhar seeding 90.76
Share of manufacturing and services as a (% of GSDP) 65.11
Internet subscribers 2.89
Online services transaction 3.54
Villages in state with internet connectivity 96.12
Services offered online by state government 26.48
Subsidies or benefits transferred through DBT 24.94
Citation Score 89.79
Circulation 1.95
GIs registered 0.00
Handlooms sales as a (% of GSDP) 1.19
High and medium high tech manufacturing entities 0.04
High-tech exports 6.84
Software exports 0.01
Grassroot innovations 9.66
Publication 56.18
Environment clearance approved 76.96
GSDP per capita growth rate 21.98
New Businesses 16.73
Startups 8.57
Industrial design filed 0.12
Patent filed (per unit of GSDP) 9.45
Trade mark filed 1.09
Strengths and Weaknesses are relative to 10 state of similar population:
Assam, Chhattisgarh, Uttarakhand, Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Lakshadweep,
Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Ladakh, Bihar, Odisha
Key
Overperforming
Performing within expected range
Underperforming 198India Innovation Index 2021
Karnataka
1
Major states
Category Rank
Efficiency Ratio
GSDP per Capita
(2019-20)
0.637
₹ 173028 199India Innovation Index 2021
Scores
Score
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
18.01
22.00
29.63
19.06
8.49
14.02
11.79
16.25
Innovation
Enablers
Human
Capital
Investment
Knowledge
Workers
Business
Environment
Safety
and Legal
environment
Performers
Knowledge
output
Knowledge
diffusion
33.91
18.93 200India Innovation Index 2021
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Karnataka
Karnataka
Karnataka
Karnataka
Karnataka
Karnataka
Karnataka
Karnataka
Karnataka
Karnataka
Relative Performance
Country Comparison
Enablers
Human Capital
KarnatakaBest Performing State
Investment
Knowledge Workers
Business Environment
India Innovation Index
Safety and Legal environment
Performers
Knowledge output
Knowledge diffusion
Innovation
Enablers
Human
Capital
Investment
Knowledge
Workers
Business
Environment
Safety and Legal
environment
Performers
Knowledge
output
Knowledge
diffusion
Score 201India Innovation Index 2021
Human Capital 29.63
Knowledge Worker 8.49
Safety and Legal Environment 18.93Investment 19.06
Business Environment 33.91
Knowledge Diffusion 11.79
Knowledge Output 16.25
India Innovation Index 18.01 Performers 14.02 Enablers 22.00
Schools with functional computer facility 46.34
NAS scores 75.05
Expenditure on school education as a (% of GSDP) 9.19
NER in school education 100.00
Accolades in STEM Activities 58.11
Pupil-Teacher ratio: Primary & Secondary 74.28
Percentage of schools having (ATL) labs 0.75
Secondary school level completion rate 95.48
Enrolment in PhD 16.85
Enrolment in engineering and technology 27.82
Percentage of Colleges connected through NMEICT 30.48
Higher education institutions- NAAC grade A and above 3.79
Enrolment in vocational education 1.08
Pupil Teacher Ratio- Higher Education 80.96
Tertiary mobility 4.21
Knowledge intensive employment 1.50
Females employed with advanced degrees 2.40
NGOs involved in knowledge intensive areas 3.30
No. of private R&D units 22.60
No. of R&D Institutions funded 34.61
Skill development training 4.74
IT/IP related Acts 0.00
Cyber cells 0.42
Social Media Monitoring Cells 12.87
Pendency rate 83.36
Charge sheeting Rate 18.85
Pendency Percentage- Corruption cases investigation 10.50
Rate of Cognizable Crime 87.52
Police personnel 3.22
Expenditure on higher and technical education 4.12
Expenditure on R&D 0.82
Expenditure on Sci, Tech and Env as a (% of GSDP) 3.55
NIRF ranking of top 5 universities 66.00
FDI inflow as a percentage of state GDP 7.93
Venture capital deals 66.67
Ease of Doing Business score 9.01
Cluster strength 49.22
Common facility centre 12.17
Domestic credit to private sector as a (% of SDP) 23.78
Bank accounts 0.71
Gross capital formation as a (% of GVA) 40.96
Incubators 2.86
Micro finance institutions (MUDRA) 98.40
Bank accounts with Aadhar seeding 86.42
Share of manufacturing and services as a (% of GSDP) 75.03
Internet subscribers 4.74
Online services transaction 13.99
Villages in state with internet connectivity 98.39
Services offered online by state government 54.23
Subsidies or benefits transferred through DBT 23.26
Citation Score 66.20
Circulation 13.42
GIs registered 0.62
Handlooms sales as a (% of GSDP) 0.45
High and medium high tech manufacturing entities 0.19
High-tech exports 37.29
Software exports 26.03
Grassroot innovations 2.17
Publication 38.50
Environment clearance approved 0.00
GSDP per capita growth rate 49.45
New Businesses 23.92
Startups 15.32
Industrial design filed 1.74
Patent filed (per unit of GSDP) 23.74
Trade mark filed 7.78
Strengths and Weaknesses are relative to 10 state of similar population:
Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal, Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh,
Telangana, Delhi, Madhya Pradesh, Kerala
Key
Overperforming
Performing within expected range
Underperforming 202India Innovation Index 2021
Kerala
8
Major states
Category Rank
Efficiency Ratio
GSDP per Capita
(2019-20)
0.505
₹ 163216 203India Innovation Index 2021
Scores
Score
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
13.67
18.17
26.75
7.85
6.15
9.17
4.16
14.17
Innovation
Enablers
Human
Capital
Investment
Knowledge
Workers
Business
Environment
Safety
and Legal
environment
Performers
Knowledge
output
Knowledge
diffusion
35.79
14.33 204India Innovation Index 2021
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Kerala
Kerala
Kerala
Kerala
Kerala
Kerala
Kerala
Relative Performance
Country Comparison
Enablers
Human Capital
KeralaBest Performing State
Investment
Knowledge Workers
Business Environment
India Innovation Index
Safety and Legal environment
Performers
Knowledge output
Knowledge diffusion
Innovation
Enablers
Human
Capital
Investment
Knowledge
Workers
Business
Environment
Safety and Legal
environment
Performers
Knowledge
output
Knowledge
diffusion
Score 205India Innovation Index 2021
Human Capital 26.75
Knowledge Worker 6.15
Safety and Legal Environment 14.33Investment 7.85
Business Environment 35.79
Knowledge Diffusion 4.16
Key
Knowledge Output 14.17
India Innovation Index 13.67 Performers 9.17 Enablers 18.17
Schools with functional computer facility 92.44
NAS scores 69.17
Expenditure on school education as a (% of GSDP) 16.20
NER in school education 70.63
Accolades in STEM Activities 11.47
Pupil-Teacher ratio: Primary & Secondary 70.57
Percentage of schools having (ATL) labs 0.84
Secondary school level completion rate 100.00
Enrolment in PhD 15.45
Enrolment in engineering and technology 34.64
Percentage of Colleges connected through NMEICT 13.51
Higher education institutions- NAAC grade A and above 8.28
Enrolment in vocational education 0.92
Pupil Teacher Ratio- Higher Education 75.57
Tertiary mobility 0.08
Knowledge intensive employment 0.60
Females employed with advanced degrees 5.96
NGOs involved in knowledge intensive areas 1.21
No. of private R&D units 6.99
No. of R&D Institutions funded 34.96
Skill development training 0.00
IT/IP related Acts 93.87
Cyber cells 14.43
Social Media Monitoring Cells 0.76
Pendency rate 97.34
Charge sheeting Rate 2.27
Pendency Percentage- Corruption cases investigation 12.22
Rate of Cognizable Crime 13.29
Police personnel 4.94
Expenditure on higher and technical education 5.82
Expenditure on R&D 0.61
Expenditure on Sci, Tech and Env as a (% of GSDP) 8.44
NIRF ranking of top 5 universities 48.73
FDI inflow as a percentage of state GDP 0.21
Venture capital deals 12.98
Ease of Doing Business score 1.28
Cluster strength 43.22
Common facility centre 21.58
Domestic credit to private sector as a (% of SDP) 23.25
Bank accounts 0.66
Gross capital formation as a (% of GVA) 38.27
Incubators 2.36
Micro finance institutions (MUDRA) 98.31
Bank accounts with Aadhar seeding 87.62
Share of manufacturing and services as a (% of GSDP) 69.24
Internet subscribers 5.75
Online services transaction 60.99
Villages in state with internet connectivity 100.00
Services offered online by state government 43.70
Subsidies or benefits transferred through DBT 17.98
Citation Score 42.75
Circulation 14.18
GIs registered 0.43
Handlooms sales as a (% of GSDP) 0.46
High and medium high tech manufacturing entities 0.00
High-tech exports 3.24
Software exports 1.20
Grassroot innovations 8.94
Publication 23.46
Environment clearance approved 88.52
GSDP per capita growth rate 0.00
New Businesses 28.95
Startups 10.46
Industrial design filed 0.91
Patent filed (per unit of GSDP) 7.73
Trade mark filed 8.04
Overperforming
Performing within expected range
Underperforming
Strengths and Weaknesses are relative to 10 state of similar population:
Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, Delhi, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan,
Punjab, Odisha, Bihar, West Bengal 206India Innovation Index 2021
Ladakh
9
UT and city states
Category Rank
Efficiency Ratio
GSDP per Capita
(2019-20)
0.041
N.A 207India Innovation Index 2021
Scores
Score
0
5
10
15
20
25
5.91
11.35
12.06
0.00
6.22
0.47
0.00
0.93
Innovation
Enablers
Human
Capital
Investment
Knowledge
Workers
Business
Environment
Safety
and Legal
environment
Performers
Knowledge
output
Knowledge
diffusion
11.27
27.21 208India Innovation Index 2021
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Ladakh
Ladakh
Ladakh
Ladakh
Ladakh
Ladakh
Ladakh
Ladakh
Relative Performance
Country Comparison
Enablers
Human Capital
LadakhBest Performing State
Investment
Knowledge Workers
Business Environment
India Innovation Index
Safety and Legal environment
Performers
Knowledge output
Knowledge diffusion
Innovation
Enablers
Human
Capital
Investment
Knowledge
Workers
Business
Environment
Safety and Legal
environment
Performers
Knowledge
output
Knowledge
diffusion
Score 209India Innovation Index 2021
Human Capital 12.06
Knowledge Worker 6.22
Safety and Legal Environment 27.21Investment 0.00
Business Environment 11.27
Knowledge Diffusion 0.00
Key
Knowledge Output 0.93
India Innovation Index 5.91 Performers 0.47 Enablers 11.35
Schools with functional computer facility 31.31
NAS scores 0.00
Expenditure on school education as a (% of GSDP) 0.00
NER in school education 0.00
Accolades in STEM Activities 0.00
Pupil-Teacher ratio: Primary & Secondary 89.58
Percentage of schools having (ATL) labs 0.00
Secondary school level completion rate 0.00
Enrolment in PhD 0.00
Enrolment in engineering and technology 0.00
Percentage of Colleges connected through NMEICT 0.00
Higher education institutions- NAAC grade A and above 0.00
Enrolment in vocational education 66.15
Pupil Teacher Ratio- Higher Education 80.96
Tertiary mobility 0.00
Knowledge intensive employment 0.00
Females employed with advanced degrees 0.00
NGOs involved in knowledge intensive areas 0.00
No. of private R&D units 0.00
No. of R&D Institutions funded 57.53
Skill development training 0.00
IT/IP related Acts 100.00
Cyber cells 0.00
Social Media Monitoring Cells 0.00
Pendency rate 96.81
Charge sheeting Rate 9.37
Pendency Percentage- Corruption cases investigation 0.00
Rate of Cognizable Crime 92.48
Police personnel 31.90
Expenditure on higher and technical education 0.00
Expenditure on R&D 0.00
Expenditure on Sci, Tech and Env as a (% of GSDP) 0.00
NIRF ranking of top 5 universities 0.00
FDI inflow as a percentage of state GDP 0.00
Venture capital deals 0.00
Ease of Doing Business score 0.00
Cluster strength 1.20
Common facility centre 0.00
Domestic credit to private sector as a (% of SDP) 0.00
Bank accounts 0.60
Gross capital formation as a (% of GVA) 0.00
Incubators 0.00
Micro finance institutions (MUDRA) 97.88
Bank accounts with Aadhar seeding 81.10
Share of manufacturing and services as a (% of GSDP) 0.00
Internet subscribers 0.00
Online services transaction 0.00
Villages in state with internet connectivity 72.88
Services offered online by state government 0.00
Subsidies or benefits transferred through DBT 0.00
Citation Score 0.00
Circulation 0.00
GIs registered 0.00
Handlooms sales as a (% of GSDP) 0.00
High and medium high tech manufacturing entities 0.00
High-tech exports 0.00
Software exports 0.00
Grassroot innovations 0.00
Publication 0.00
Environment clearance approved 0.00
GSDP per capita growth rate 39.56
New Businesses 0.12
Startups 0.18
Industrial design filed 0.00
Patent filed (per unit of GSDP) 0.00
Trade mark filed 0.00
Overperforming
Performing within expected range
Underperforming
Strengths and Weaknesses are relative to 10 state of similar population:
Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Lakshadweep, Dadra and Nagar
Haveli, Goa, Tripura, Uttarakhand, Chandigarh, Meghalaya, Puducherry 210India Innovation Index 2021
Lakshadweep
8
UT and city states
Category Rank
Efficiency Ratio
GSDP per Capita
(2019-20)
0.092
N.A 211India Innovation Index 2021
Scores
Score
0
5
10
15
20
25
7.86
14.40
19.69
1.76
0.16
1.32 1.28 1.36
Innovation
Enablers
Human
Capital
Investment
Knowledge
Workers
Business
Environment
Safety
and Legal
environment
Performers
Knowledge
output
Knowledge
diffusion
17.66
32.75 212India Innovation Index 2021
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
LakshadweepLakshadweepLakshadweep
Lakshadweep
Lakshadweep
Lakshadweep
Lakshadweep
Lakshadweep
Lakshadweep
Lakshadweep
Relative Performance
Country Comparison
Enablers
Human Capital
LakshadweepBest Performing State
Investment
Knowledge Workers
Business Environment
India Innovation Index
Safety and Legal environment
Performers
Knowledge output
Knowledge diffusion
Innovation
Enablers
Human
Capital
Investment
Knowledge
Workers
Business
Environment
Safety and Legal
environment
Performers
Knowledge
output
Knowledge
diffusion
Score 213India Innovation Index 2021
Human Capital 19.69
Knowledge Worker 0.16
Safety and Legal Environment 32.75Investment 1.76
Business Environment 17.66
Knowledge Diffusion 1.28
Knowledge Output 1.36
India Innovation Index 7.86 Performers 1.32 Enablers 14.40
Schools with functional computer facility 97.78
NAS scores 60.56
Expenditure on school education as a (% of GSDP) 0.00
NER in school education 23.75
Accolades in STEM Activities 17.70
Pupil-Teacher ratio: Primary & Secondary 90.11
Percentage of schools having (ATL) labs 0.00
Secondary school level completion rate 74.08
Enrolment in PhD 0.00
Enrolment in engineering and technology 0.00
Percentage of Colleges connected through NMEICT 10.91
Higher education institutions- NAAC grade A and above 0.00
Enrolment in vocational education 1.72
Pupil Teacher Ratio- Higher Education 86.36
Tertiary mobility 0.00
Knowledge intensive employment 0.77
Females employed with advanced degrees 1.11
NGOs involved in knowledge intensive areas 0.00
No. of private R&D units 0.00
No. of R&D Institutions funded 0.00
Skill development training 0.00
IT/IP related Acts 82.21
Cyber cells 0.00
Social Media Monitoring Cells 0.00
Pendency rate 75.92
Charge sheeting Rate 19.88
Pendency Percentage- Corruption cases investigation 100.00
Rate of Cognizable Crime 88.05
Police personnel 20.48
Expenditure on higher and technical education 13.34
Expenditure on R&D 0.00
Expenditure on Sci, Tech and Env as a (% of GSDP) 0.00
NIRF ranking of top 5 universities 0.00
FDI inflow as a percentage of state GDP 0.00
Venture capital deals 0.00
Ease of Doing Business score 15.36
Cluster strength 9.60
Common facility centre 0.00
Domestic credit to private sector as a (% of SDP) 0.00
Bank accounts 0.51
Gross capital formation as a (% of GVA) 0.00
Incubators 0.00
Micro finance institutions (MUDRA) 74.10
Bank accounts with Aadhar seeding 87.67
Share of manufacturing and services as a (% of GSDP) 0.00
Internet subscribers 5.35
Online services transaction 46.93
Villages in state with internet connectivity 83.33
Services offered online by state government 4.78
Subsidies or benefits transferred through DBT 13.15
Citation Score 0.00
Circulation 11.10
GIs registered 0.00
Handlooms sales as a (% of GSDP) 0.00
High and medium high tech manufacturing entities 0.00
High-tech exports 0.00
Software exports 0.00
Grassroot innovations 6.04
Publication 0.00
Environment clearance approved 0.00
GSDP per capita growth rate 39.56
New Businesses 0.08
Startups 0.00
Industrial design filed 0.00
Patent filed (per unit of GSDP) 0.00
Trade mark filed 0.41
Strengths and Weaknesses are relative to 10 state of similar population:
Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Ladakh,
Uttarakhand, Assam, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Goa, Tripura
Key
Overperforming
Performing within expected range
Underperforming 214India Innovation Index 2021
Madhya
Pradesh
13
Major states
Category Rank
Efficiency Ratio
GSDP per Capita
(2019-20)
0.573
₹ 70015 215India Innovation Index 2021
Scores
Score
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
12.74
16.20
20.36
7.87
2.64
9.29
7.23
11.34
Innovation
Enablers
Human
Capital
Investment
Knowledge
Workers
Business
Environment
Safety
and Legal
environment
Performers
Knowledge
output
Knowledge
diffusion
30.74
19.38 216India Innovation Index 2021
Relative Performance
Country Comparison
Enablers
Human Capital
Madhya PradeshBest Performing State
Investment
Knowledge Workers
Business Environment
India Innovation Index
Safety and Legal environment
Performers
Knowledge output
Knowledge diffusion
Innovation
Enablers
Human
Capital
Investment
Knowledge
Workers
Business
Environment
Safety and Legal
environment
Performers
Knowledge
output
Knowledge
diffusion
Score
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Madhya Pradesh
Madhya Pradesh
Madhya Pradesh
Madhya Pradesh
Madhya Pradesh
Madhya Pradesh
Madhya Pradesh
Madhya Pradesh
Madhya Pradesh
Madhya Pradesh 217India Innovation Index 2021
Human Capital 20.36
Knowledge Worker 2.64
Safety and Legal Environment 19.38Investment 7.87
Business Environment 30.74
Knowledge Diffusion 7.23
Knowledge Output 11.34
India Innovation Index 12.74 Performers 9.29 Enablers 16.20
Schools with functional computer facility 13.28
NAS scores 60.74
Expenditure on school education as a (% of GSDP) 19.08
NER in school education 39.69
Accolades in STEM Activities 40.62
Pupil-Teacher ratio: Primary & Secondary 64.35
Percentage of schools having (ATL) labs 0.26
Secondary school level completion rate 88.58
Enrolment in PhD 8.00
Enrolment in engineering and technology 15.66
Percentage of Colleges connected through NMEICT 20.95
Higher education institutions- NAAC grade A and above 2.31
Enrolment in vocational education 1.42
Pupil Teacher Ratio- Higher Education 46.78
Tertiary mobility 0.45
Knowledge intensive employment 0.48
Females employed with advanced degrees 2.60
NGOs involved in knowledge intensive areas 3.86
No. of private R&D units 2.56
No. of R&D Institutions funded 8.69
Skill development training 1.88
IT/IP related Acts 96.93
Cyber cells 3.49
Social Media Monitoring Cells 0.35
Pendency rate 93.83
Charge sheeting Rate 9.27
Pendency Percentage- Corruption cases investigation 6.00
Rate of Cognizable Crime 71.74
Police personnel 2.84
Expenditure on higher and technical education 7.25
Expenditure on R&D 2.09
Expenditure on Sci, Tech and Env as a (% of GSDP) 6.97
NIRF ranking of top 5 universities 35.96
FDI inflow as a percentage of state GDP 0.28
Venture capital deals 16.34
Ease of Doing Business score 50.05
Cluster strength 30.01
Common facility centre 0.00
Domestic credit to private sector as a (% of SDP) 17.89
Bank accounts 0.45
Gross capital formation as a (% of GVA) 39.68
Incubators 1.01
Micro finance institutions (MUDRA) 97.47
Bank accounts with Aadhar seeding 89.41
Share of manufacturing and services as a (% of GSDP) 50.17
Internet subscribers 3.27
Online services transaction 4.91
Villages in state with internet connectivity 94.97
Services offered online by state government 33.81
Subsidies or benefits transferred through DBT 38.09
Citation Score 68.42
Circulation 18.85
GIs registered 0.15
Handlooms sales as a (% of GSDP) 0.46
High and medium high tech manufacturing entities 0.16
High-tech exports 46.52
Software exports 0.24
Grassroot innovations 3.14
Publication 42.85
Environment clearance approved 0.00
GSDP per capita growth rate 38.46
New Businesses 17.93
Startups 10.55
Industrial design filed 0.37
Patent filed (per unit of GSDP) 5.98
Trade mark filed 3.53
Strengths and Weaknesses are relative to 10 state of similar population:
Kerala, Haryana, Delhi, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan, Punjab,
Odisha, Bihar, West Bengal
Key
Overperforming
Performing within expected range
Underperforming 218India Innovation Index 2021
Maharashtra
4
Major states
Category Rank
Efficiency Ratio
GSDP per Capita
(2019-20)
0.609
₹ 173757 219India Innovation Index 2021
Scores
Score
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
16.06
19.97
25.75
6.76
7.49
12.16
6.76
17.55
Innovation
Enablers
Human
Capital
Investment
Knowledge
Workers
Business
Environment
Safety
and Legal
environment
Performers
Knowledge
output
Knowledge
diffusion
34.86
25.00 220India Innovation Index 2021
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Score
Maharashtra
Maharashtra
Maharashtra
Maharashtra
Maharashtra
Maharashtra
Maharashtra
Maharashtra
Maharashtra
Maharashtra
Relative Performance
Country Comparison
Enablers
Human Capital
MaharashtraBest Performing State
Investment
Knowledge Workers
Business Environment
India Innovation Index
Safety and Legal environment
Performers
Knowledge output
Knowledge diffusion
Innovation
Enablers
Human
Capital
Investment
Knowledge
Workers
Business
Environment
Safety and Legal
environment
Performers
Knowledge
output
Knowledge
diffusion
Score 221India Innovation Index 2021
Human Capital 25.75
Knowledge Worker 7.49
Safety and Legal Environment 25.00Investment 6.76
Business Environment 34.86
Knowledge Diffusion 6.76
Knowledge Output 17.55
India Innovation Index 16.06 Performers 12.16 Enablers 19.97
Schools with functional computer facility 71.07
NAS scores 66.46
Expenditure on school education as a (% of GSDP) 11.87
NER in school education 93.13
Accolades in STEM Activities 24.18
Pupil-Teacher ratio: Primary & Secondary 65.17
Percentage of schools having (ATL) labs 0.50
Secondary school level completion rate 98.03
Enrolment in PhD 7.32
Enrolment in engineering and technology 21.30
Percentage of Colleges connected through NMEICT 36.54
Higher education institutions- NAAC grade A and above 7.09
Enrolment in vocational education 2.71
Pupil Teacher Ratio- Higher Education 61.17
Tertiary mobility 4.16
Knowledge intensive employment 1.52
Females employed with advanced degrees 2.87
NGOs involved in knowledge intensive areas 6.80
No. of private R&D units 34.48
No. of R&D Institutions funded 14.60
Skill development training 0.00
IT/IP related Acts 96.32
Cyber cells 10.61
Social Media Monitoring Cells 9.03
Pendency rate 64.27
Charge sheeting Rate 24.30
Pendency Percentage- Corruption cases investigation 2.30
Rate of Cognizable Crime 75.91
Police personnel 6.39
Expenditure on higher and technical education 1.01
Expenditure on R&D 0.25
Expenditure on Sci, Tech and Env as a (% of GSDP) 2.80
NIRF ranking of top 5 universities 65.65
FDI inflow as a percentage of state GDP 7.20
Venture capital deals 0.00
Ease of Doing Business score 20.16
Cluster strength 85.23
Common facility centre 12.70
Domestic credit to private sector as a (% of SDP) 43.73
Bank accounts 0.49
Gross capital formation as a (% of GVA) 41.35
Incubators 1.43
Micro finance institutions (MUDRA) 98.19
Bank accounts with Aadhar seeding 86.12
Share of manufacturing and services as a (% of GSDP) 71.65
Internet subscribers 4.82
Online services transaction 4.76
Villages in state with internet connectivity 94.32
Services offered online by state government 24.56
Subsidies or benefits transferred through DBT 15.17
Citation Score 48.51
Circulation 18.23
GIs registered 0.46
Handlooms sales as a (% of GSDP) 0.02
High and medium high tech manufacturing entities 0.17
High-tech exports 21.03
Software exports 7.04
Grassroot innovations 1.45
Publication 27.16
Environment clearance approved 0.00
GSDP per capita growth rate 10.99
New Businesses 35.19
Startups 14.33
Industrial design filed 4.28
Patent filed (per unit of GSDP) 27.05
Trade mark filed 15.41
Strengths and Weaknesses are relative to 10 state of similar population:
Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, Karnataka, West Bengal, Rajasthan,
Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Delhi, Madhya Pradesh
Key
Overperforming
Performing within expected range
Underperforming 222India Innovation Index 2021
Manipur
1
NE and Hill states
Category Rank
Efficiency Ratio
GSDP per Capita
(2019-20)
0.357
₹ 60107 223India Innovation Index 2021
Scores
Score
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
19.37
28.55
25.32
11.44
12.78
10.19
8.66
11.71
Innovation
Enablers
Human
Capital
Investment
Knowledge
Workers
Business
Environment
Safety
and Legal
environment
Performers
Knowledge
output
Knowledge
diffusion
21.11
72.13 224India Innovation Index 2021
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Manipur
Manipur
Manipur
Manipur
Manipur
Manipur
Manipur
Manipur
Manipur
Manipur
Relative Performance
Country Comparison
Enablers
Human Capital
ManipurBest Performing State
Investment
Knowledge Workers
Business Environment
India Innovation Index
Safety and Legal environment
Performers
Knowledge output
Knowledge diffusion
Innovation
Enablers
Human
Capital
Investment
Knowledge
Workers
Business
Environment
Safety and Legal
environment
Performers
Knowledge
output
Knowledge
diffusion
Score 225India Innovation Index 2021
Human Capital 25.32
Knowledge Worker 12.78
Safety and Legal Environment 72.13Investment 11.44
Business Environment 21.11
Knowledge Diffusion 8.66
Knowledge Output 11.71
India Innovation Index 19.37 Performers 10.19 Enablers 28.55
Schools with functional computer facility 29.68
NAS scores 65.07
Expenditure on school education as a (% of GSDP) 27.87
NER in school education 100.00
Accolades in STEM Activities 8.51
Pupil-Teacher ratio: Primary & Secondary 84.08
Percentage of schools having (ATL) labs 1.46
Secondary school level completion rate 90.03
Enrolment in PhD 25.17
Enrolment in engineering and technology 1.39
Percentage of Colleges connected through NMEICT 38.44
Higher education institutions- NAAC grade A and above 1.69
Enrolment in vocational education 7.03
Pupil Teacher Ratio- Higher Education 66.57
Tertiary mobility 0.00
Knowledge intensive employment 0.37
Females employed with advanced degrees 3.18
NGOs involved in knowledge intensive areas 66.67
No. of private R&D units 2.95
No. of R&D Institutions funded 11.05
Skill development training 0.00
IT/IP related Acts 98.77
Cyber cells 88.84
Social Media Monitoring Cells 26.65
Pendency rate 90.11
Charge sheeting Rate 80.95
Pendency Percentage- Corruption cases investigation 0.00
Rate of Cognizable Crime 94.75
Police personnel 56.09
Expenditure on higher and technical education 1.88
Expenditure on R&D 16.99
Expenditure on Sci, Tech and Env as a (% of GSDP) 44.66
NIRF ranking of top 5 universities 0.00
FDI inflow as a percentage of state GDP 0.00
Venture capital deals 0.00
Ease of Doing Business score 0.00
Cluster strength 8.40
Common facility centre 0.00
Domestic credit to private sector as a (% of SDP) 10.48
Bank accounts 0.31
Gross capital formation as a (% of GVA) 24.84
Incubators 0.00
Micro finance institutions (MUDRA) 95.36
Bank accounts with Aadhar seeding 82.09
Share of manufacturing and services as a (% of GSDP) 66.09
Internet subscribers 3.55
Online services transaction 3.24
Villages in state with internet connectivity 81.59
Services offered online by state government 15.95
Subsidies or benefits transferred through DBT 6.18
Citation Score 0.00
Circulation 9.45
GIs registered 0.07
Handlooms sales as a (% of GSDP) 24.83
High and medium high tech manufacturing entities 0.00
High-tech exports 100.00
Software exports 0.00
Grassroot innovations 52.17
Publication 0.00
Environment clearance approved 0.00
GSDP per capita growth rate 60.44
New Businesses 20.57
Startups 13.98
Industrial design filed 0.29
Patent filed (per unit of GSDP) 7.07
Trade mark filed 1.08
Strengths and Weaknesses are relative to 10 state of similar population:
Sikkim, Nagaland, Mizoram, Arunachal Pradesh, Puducherry, Meghalaya,
Chandigarh, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Tripura, Goa
Key
Overperforming
Performing within expected range
Underperforming 226India Innovation Index 2021
Meghalaya
3
NE and Hill states
Category Rank
Efficiency Ratio
GSDP per Capita
(2019-20)
0.394
₹ 70718 227India Innovation Index 2021
Scores
Score
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
16.00
22.95
27.68
1.54
4.10
9.05
5.71
12.40
Innovation
Enablers
Human
Capital
Investment
Knowledge
Workers
Business
Environment
Safety
and Legal
environment
Performers
Knowledge
output
Knowledge
diffusion
17.00
64.44 228India Innovation Index 2021
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Meghalaya
Meghalaya
Meghalaya
Meghalaya
Meghalaya
Meghalaya
Meghalaya
Meghalaya
Meghalaya
Meghalaya
Relative Performance
Country Comparison
Enablers
Human Capital
MeghalayaBest Performing State
Investment
Knowledge Workers
Business Environment
India Innovation Index
Safety and Legal environment
Performers
Knowledge output
Knowledge diffusion
Innovation
Enablers
Human
Capital
Investment
Knowledge
Workers
Business
Environment
Safety and Legal
environment
Performers
Knowledge
output
Knowledge
diffusion
Score 229India Innovation Index 2021
Human Capital 27.68
Knowledge Worker 4.10
Safety and Legal Environment 64.44Investment 1.54
Business Environment 17.00
Knowledge Diffusion 5.71
Key
Knowledge Output 12.40
India Innovation Index 16.00 Performers 9.05 Enablers 22.95
Schools with functional computer facility 13.27
NAS scores 47.59
Expenditure on school education as a (% of GSDP) 24.32
NER in school education 100.00
Accolades in STEM Activities 11.51
Pupil-Teacher ratio: Primary & Secondary 78.63
Percentage of schools having (ATL) labs 0.04
Secondary school level completion rate 82.06
Enrolment in PhD 20.17
Enrolment in engineering and technology 1.49
Percentage of Colleges connected through NMEICT 37.58
Higher education institutions- NAAC grade A and above 6.43
Enrolment in vocational education 2.02
Pupil Teacher Ratio- Higher Education 64.77
Tertiary mobility 66.67
Knowledge intensive employment 0.00
Females employed with advanced degrees 1.05
NGOs involved in knowledge intensive areas 1.97
No. of private R&D units 1.90
No. of R&D Institutions funded 31.91
Skill development training 0.00
IT/IP related Acts 77.91
Cyber cells 85.52
Social Media Monitoring Cells 34.21
Pendency rate 61.67
Charge sheeting Rate 81.36
Pendency Percentage- Corruption cases investigation 14.30
Rate of Cognizable Crime 93.66
Police personnel 24.5
Expenditure on higher and technical education 1.67
Expenditure on R&D 0.84
Expenditure on Sci, Tech and Env as a (% of GSDP) 0.56
NIRF ranking of top 5 universities 15.26
FDI inflow as a percentage of state GDP 0.00
Venture capital deals 0.00
Ease of Doing Business score 0.00
Cluster strength 0.00
Common facility centre 0.00
Domestic credit to private sector as a (% of SDP) 11.93
Bank accounts 0.21
Gross capital formation as a (% of GVA) 9.51
Incubators 0.00
Micro finance institutions (MUDRA) 97.41
Bank accounts with Aadhar seeding 10.73
Share of manufacturing and services as a (% of GSDP) 68.46
Internet subscribers 3.40
Online services transaction 2.79
Villages in state with internet connectivity 74.08
Services offered online by state government 22.65
Subsidies or benefits transferred through DBT 24.04
Citation Score 29.48
Circulation 4.17
GIs registered 0.03
Handlooms sales as a (% of GSDP) 25.36
High and medium high tech manufacturing entities 0.00
High-tech exports 0.00
Software exports 0.10
Grassroot innovations 37.68
Publication 17.05
Environment clearance approved 0.00
GSDP per capita growth rate 5.49
New Businesses 40.19
Startups 4.08
Industrial design filed 0.00
Patent filed (per unit of GSDP) 7.73
Trade mark filed 0.50
Overperforming
Performing within expected range
Underperforming
Strengths and Weaknesses are relative to 10 state of similar population:
Puducherry, Manipur, Sikkim, Chandigarh, Nagaland, Mizoram, Arunachal
Pradesh, Tripura, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Goa 230India Innovation Index 2021
Mizoram
7
NE and Hill states
Category Rank
Efficiency Ratio
GSDP per Capita
(2019-20)
0.332
₹ 150531 231India Innovation Index 2021
Scores
Score
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
13.41
20.13
35.23
4.58
0.53
6.68
5.41
7.95
Innovation
Enablers
Human
Capital
Investment
Knowledge
Workers
Business
Environment
Safety
and Legal
environment
Performers
Knowledge
output
Knowledge
diffusion
20.47
39.84 232India Innovation Index 2021
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Mizoram
Mizoram
Mizoram
Mizoram
Mizoram
Mizoram
Mizoram
Mizoram
Mizoram
Mizoram
Relative Performance
Country Comparison
Enablers
Human Capital
MizoramBest Performing State
Investment
Knowledge Workers
Business Environment
India Innovation Index
Safety and Legal environment
Performers
Knowledge output
Knowledge diffusion
Innovation
Enablers
Human
Capital
Investment
Knowledge
Workers
Business
Environment
Safety and Legal
environment
Performers
Knowledge
output
Knowledge
diffusion
Score 233India Innovation Index 2021
Human Capital 35.23
Knowledge Worker 0.53
Safety and Legal Environment 39.84Investment 4.58
Business Environment 20.47
Knowledge Diffusion 5.41
Knowledge Output 7.95
India Innovation Index 13.41 Performers 6.68 Enablers 20.13
Schools with functional computer facility 48.04
NAS scores 70.21
Expenditure on school education as a (% of GSDP) 59.08
NER in school education 100.00
Accolades in STEM Activities 51.16
Pupil-Teacher ratio: Primary & Secondary 83.93
Percentage of schools having (ATL) labs 0.15
Secondary school level completion rate 100.28
Enrolment in PhD 54.36
Enrolment in engineering and technology 3.55
Percentage of Colleges connected through NMEICT 32.55
Higher education institutions- NAAC grade A and above 6.34
Enrolment in vocational education 4.67
Pupil Teacher Ratio- Higher Education 77.37
Tertiary mobility 0.00
Knowledge intensive employment 0.00
Females employed with advanced degrees 1.65
NGOs involved in knowledge intensive areas 2.66
No. of private R&D units 0.00
No. of R&D Institutions funded 0.00
Skill development training 0.00
IT/IP related Acts 95.71
Cyber cells 0.00
Social Media Monitoring Cells 23.12
Pendency rate 97.08
Charge sheeting Rate 32.75
Pendency Percentage- Corruption cases investigation 7.40
Rate of Cognizable Crime 89.52
Police personnel 38.72
Expenditure on higher and technical education 5.93
Expenditure on R&D 0.00
Expenditure on Sci, Tech and Env as a (% of GSDP) 17.62
NIRF ranking of top 5 universities 14.04
FDI inflow as a percentage of state GDP 0.00
Venture capital deals 0.00
Ease of Doing Business score 3.44
Cluster strength 18.01
Common facility centre 0.00
Domestic credit to private sector as a (% of SDP) 8.02
Bank accounts 0.26
Gross capital formation as a (% of GVA) 0.00
Incubators 0.00
Micro finance institutions (MUDRA) 94.48
Bank accounts with Aadhar seeding 76.71
Share of manufacturing and services as a (% of GSDP) 48.44
Internet subscribers 5.42
Online services transaction 6.52
Villages in state with internet connectivity 70.74
Services offered online by state government 23.92
Subsidies or benefits transferred through DBT 46.97
Citation Score 0.00
Circulation 19.01
GIs registered 0.08
Handlooms sales as a (% of GSDP) 21.23
High and medium high tech manufacturing entities 0.00
High-tech exports 0.00
Software exports 0.00
Grassroot innovations 44.69
Publication 0.00
Environment clearance approved 0.00
GSDP per capita growth rate 90.65
New Businesses 2.62
Startups 2.11
Industrial design filed 0.00
Patent filed (per unit of GSDP) 7.43
Trade mark filed 0.98
Strengths and Weaknesses are relative to 10 state of similar population:
Nagaland, Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Manipur, Puducherry, Meghalaya,
Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Chandigarh, Tripura, Goa
Key
Overperforming
Performing within expected range
Underperforming 234India Innovation Index 2021
Nagaland
10
NE and Hill states
Category Rank
Efficiency Ratio
GSDP per Capita
(2019-20)
0.117
₹ 83622 235India Innovation Index 2021
Scores
Score
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
11.00
19.69
24.55
2.15
3.022.31
1.61
3.01
Innovation
Enablers
Human
Capital
Investment
Knowledge
Workers
Business
Environment
Safety
and Legal
environment
Performers
Knowledge
output
Knowledge
diffusion
18.82
49.93 236India Innovation Index 2021
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Nagaland
Nagaland
Nagaland
Nagaland
Nagaland
Relative Performance
Country Comparison
Enablers
Human Capital
NagalandBest Performing State
Investment
Knowledge Workers
Business Environment
India Innovation Index
Safety and Legal environment
Performers
Knowledge output
Knowledge diffusion
Innovation
Enablers
Human
Capital
Investment
Knowledge
Workers
Business
Environment
Safety and Legal
environment
Performers
Knowledge
output
Knowledge
diffusion
Score 237India Innovation Index 2021
Human Capital 24.55
Knowledge Worker 3.02
Safety and Legal Environment 49.93Investment 2.15
Business Environment 18.82
Knowledge Diffusion 1.61
Key
Knowledge Output 3.01
India Innovation Index 11.00 Performers 2.31 Enablers 19.69
Schools with functional computer facility 42.39
NAS scores 55.08
Expenditure on school education as a (% of GSDP) 29.64
NER in school education 32.19
Accolades in STEM Activities 7.45
Pupil-Teacher ratio: Primary & Secondary 85.38
Percentage of schools having (ATL) labs 0.18
Secondary school level completion rate 86.85
Enrolment in PhD 20.06
Enrolment in engineering and technology 2.03
Percentage of Colleges connected through NMEICT 52.47
Higher education institutions- NAAC grade A and above 5.50
Enrolment in vocational education 5.17
Pupil Teacher Ratio- Higher Education 75.57
Tertiary mobility 0.00
Knowledge intensive employment 0.00
Females employed with advanced degrees 3.71
NGOs involved in knowledge intensive areas 9.74
No. of private R&D units 0.00
No. of R&D Institutions funded 7.98
Skill development training 0.00
IT/IP related Acts 97.55
Cyber cells 12.82
Social Media Monitoring Cells 12.82
Pendency rate 82.72
Charge sheeting Rate 37.90
Pendency Percentage- Corruption cases investigation 14.30
Rate of Cognizable Crime 96.16
Police personnel 79.26
Expenditure on higher and technical education 3.49
Expenditure on R&D 0.00
Expenditure on Sci, Tech and Env as a (% of GSDP) 10.47
NIRF ranking of top 5 universities 0.00
FDI inflow as a percentage of state GDP 0.00
Venture capital deals 0.00
Ease of Doing Business score 0.00
Cluster strength 7.20
Common facility centre 0.00
Domestic credit to private sector as a (% of SDP) 0.00
Bank accounts 0.12
Gross capital formation as a (% of GVA) 2.76
Incubators 1.42
Micro finance institutions (MUDRA) 92.30
Bank accounts with Aadhar seeding 77.64
Share of manufacturing and services as a (% of GSDP) 59.87
Internet subscribers 3.61
Online services transaction 4.35
Villages in state with internet connectivity 89.71
Services offered online by state government 18.18
Subsidies or benefits transferred through DBT 13.60
Citation Score 0.00
Circulation 1.50
GIs registered 0.04
Handlooms sales as a (% of GSDP) 0.00
High and medium high tech manufacturing entities 0.00
High-tech exports 39.58
Software exports 0.00
Grassroot innovations 30.92
Publication 0.00
Environment clearance approved 0.00
GSDP per capita growth rate 38.46
New Businesses 0.00
Startups 0.00
Industrial design filed 0.00
Patent filed (per unit of GSDP) 0.00
Trade mark filed 0.37
Overperforming
Performing within expected range
Underperforming
Strengths and Weaknesses are relative to 10 state of similar population:
Mizoram, Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Manipur, Puducherry, Meghalaya,
Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Chandigarh, Tripura, Goa 238India Innovation Index 2021
Odisha
16
Major states
Category Rank
Efficiency Ratio
GSDP per Capita
(2019-20)
0.503
₹ 94199 239India Innovation Index 2021
Scores
Score
0
5
10
15
20
25
11.42
15.19
24.62
4.76
2.12
7.64
3.46
11.82
Innovation
Enablers
Human
Capital
Investment
Knowledge
Workers
Business
Environment
Safety
and Legal
environment
Performers
Knowledge
output
Knowledge
diffusion
22.80
21.66 240India Innovation Index 2021
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Odisha
Odisha
Odisha
Odisha
Odisha
Odisha
Odisha
Odisha
Odisha
Odisha
Relative Performance
Country Comparison
Enablers
Human Capital
OdishaBest Performing State
Investment
Knowledge Workers
Business Environment
India Innovation Index
Safety and Legal environment
Performers
Knowledge output
Knowledge diffusion
Innovation
Enablers
Human
Capital
Investment
Knowledge
Workers
Business
Environment
Safety and Legal
environment
Performers
Knowledge
output
Knowledge
diffusion
Score 241India Innovation Index 2021
Human Capital 24.62
Knowledge Worker 2.12
Safety and Legal Environment 21.66Investment 4.76
Business Environment 22.80
Knowledge Diffusion 3.46
Knowledge Output 11.82
India Innovation Index 11.42 Performers 7.64 Enablers 15.19
Schools with functional computer facility 25.46
NAS scores 68.23
Expenditure on school education as a (% of GSDP) 16.21
NER in school education 27.50
Accolades in STEM Activities 41.54
Pupil-Teacher ratio: Primary & Secondary 76.60
Percentage of schools having (ATL) labs 0.24
Secondary school level completion rate 91.09
Enrolment in PhD 5.48
Enrolment in engineering and technology 23.11
Percentage of Colleges connected through NMEICT 29.44
Higher education institutions- NAAC grade A and above 2.39
Enrolment in vocational education 3.06
Pupil Teacher Ratio- Higher Education 62.97
Tertiary mobility 13.25
Knowledge intensive employment 0.37
Females employed with advanced degrees 1.15
NGOs involved in knowledge intensive areas 3.58
No. of private R&D units 2.48
No. of R&D Institutions funded 10.53
Skill development training 0.00
IT/IP related Acts 90.18
Cyber cells 20.55
Social Media Monitoring Cells 0.00
Pendency rate 20.26
Charge sheeting Rate 26.98
Pendency Percentage- Corruption cases investigation 1.30
Rate of Cognizable Crime 83.68
Police personnel 3.44
Expenditure on higher and technical education 3.75
Expenditure on R&D 0.92
Expenditure on Sci, Tech and Env as a (% of GSDP) 3.39
NIRF ranking of top 5 universities 51.55
FDI inflow as a percentage of state GDP 0.07
Venture capital deals 0.00
Ease of Doing Business score 0.00
Cluster strength 7.20
Common facility centre 7.06
Domestic credit to private sector as a (% of SDP) 12.46
Bank accounts 0.49
Gross capital formation as a (% of GVA) 4.69
Incubators 1.48
Micro finance institutions (MUDRA) 98.31
Bank accounts with Aadhar seeding 85.73
Share of manufacturing and services as a (% of GSDP) 62.32
Internet subscribers 3.44
Online services transaction 7.74
Villages in state with internet connectivity 87.21
Services offered online by state government 28.39
Subsidies or benefits transferred through DBT 28.65
Citation Score 60.32
Circulation 0.19
GIs registered 0.23
Handlooms sales as a (% of GSDP) 2.08
High and medium high tech manufacturing entities 0.09
High-tech exports 0.29
Software exports 1.07
Grassroot innovations 17.39
Publication 34.36
Environment clearance approved 64.67
GSDP per capita growth rate 21.98
New Businesses 14.70
Startups 7.13
Industrial design filed 0.40
Patent filed (per unit of GSDP) 6.79
Trade mark filed 1.17
Strengths and Weaknesses are relative to 10 state of similar
population: Punjab, Bihar, Haryana, Kerala, Chhattisgarh, Madhya
Pradesh, Jharkhand, Assam, Delhi, Uttarakhand
Key
Overperforming
Performing within expected range
Underperforming 242India Innovation Index 2021
Puducherry
4
UT and city states
Category Rank
Efficiency Ratio
GSDP per Capita
(2019-20)
0.503
₹ 94199 243India Innovation Index 2021
Scores
Score
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
15.88
20.86
36.80
1.47
6.84
10.89
8.31
13.47
Innovation
Enablers
Human
Capital
Investment
Knowledge
Workers
Business
Environment
Safety
and Legal
environment
Performers
Knowledge
output
Knowledge
diffusion
30.30
28.91 244India Innovation Index 2021
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Puducherry
Puducherry
Puducherry
Puducherry
Puducherry
Puducherry
Puducherry
Puducherry
Puducherry
Puducherry
Relative Performance
Country Comparison
Enablers
Human Capital
PuducherryBest Performing State
Investment
Knowledge Workers
Business Environment
India Innovation Index
Safety and Legal environment
Performers
Knowledge output
Knowledge diffusion
Innovation
Enablers
Human
Capital
Investment
Knowledge
Workers
Business
Environment
Safety and Legal
environment
Performers
Knowledge
output
Knowledge
diffusion
Score 245India Innovation Index 2021
Human Capital 36.80
Knowledge Worker 6.84
Safety and Legal Environment 28.91Investment 1.47
Business Environment 30.30
Knowledge Diffusion 8.31
Knowledge Output 13.47
India Innovation Index 15.88 Performers 10.89 Enablers 20.86
Schools with functional computer facility 88.53
NAS scores 63.75
Expenditure on school education as a (% of GSDP) 18.10
NER in school education 15.00
Accolades in STEM Activities 32.77
Pupil-Teacher ratio: Primary & Secondary 80.75
Percentage of schools having (ATL) labs 0.81
Secondary school level completion rate 100.00
Enrolment in PhD 28.00
Enrolment in engineering and technology 66.67
Percentage of Colleges connected through NMEICT 66.67
Higher education institutions- NAAC grade A and above 7.96
Enrolment in vocational education 2.38
Pupil Teacher Ratio- Higher Education 84.56
Tertiary mobility 22.71
Knowledge intensive employment 2.78
Females employed with advanced degrees 7.32
NGOs involved in knowledge intensive areas 5.62
No. of private R&D units 33.80
No. of R&D Institutions funded 0.00
Skill development training 0.00
IT/IP related Acts 95.09
Cyber cells 20.33
Social Media Monitoring Cells 0.00
Pendency rate 0.00
Charge sheeting Rate 41.19
Pendency Percentage- Corruption cases investigation 62.50
Rate of Cognizable Crime 71.66
Police personnel 9.65
Expenditure on higher and technical education 2.19
Expenditure on R&D 0.00
Expenditure on Sci, Tech and Env as a (% of GSDP) 1.00
NIRF ranking of top 5 universities 14.97
FDI inflow as a percentage of state GDP 0.04
Venture capital deals 0.00
Ease of Doing Business score 2.56
Cluster strength 44.42
Common facility centre 0.00
Domestic credit to private sector as a (% of SDP) 19.40
Bank accounts 0.82
Gross capital formation as a (% of GVA) 18.63
Incubators 2.26
Micro finance institutions (MUDRA) 99.00
Bank accounts with Aadhar seeding 89.88
Share of manufacturing and services as a (% of GSDP) 72.25
Internet subscribers 3.87
Online services transaction 10.65
Villages in state with internet connectivity 100.00
Services offered online by state government 17.54
Subsidies or benefits transferred through DBT 94.27
Citation Score 54.74
Circulation 17.69
GIs registered 0.03
Handlooms sales as a (% of GSDP) 0.83
High and medium high tech manufacturing entities 0.15
High-tech exports 87.97
Software exports 1.77
Grassroot innovations 4.83
Publication 30.54
Environment clearance approved 66.10
GSDP per capita growth rate 38.46
New Businesses 14.03
Startups 0.00
Industrial design filed 0.50
Patent filed (per unit of GSDP) 28.73
Trade mark filed 4.85
Strengths and Weaknesses are relative to 10 state of similar population:
Meghalaya, Manipur, Sikkim, Chandigarh, Nagaland, Mizoram, Arunachal
Pradesh, Tripura, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Goa
Key
Overperforming
Performing within expected range
Underperforming 246India Innovation Index 2021
Punjab
6
Major states
Category Rank
Efficiency Ratio
GSDP per Capita
(2019-20)
0.505
₹ 133322 247India Innovation Index 2021
Scores
Score
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
15.35
20.41
29.62
4.55
5.81
10.30
4.39
16.21
Innovation
Enablers
Human
Capital
Investment
Knowledge
Workers
Business
Environment
Safety
and Legal
environment
Performers
Knowledge
output
Knowledge
diffusion
29.52
32.55 248India Innovation Index 2021
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Punjab
Punjab
Punjab
Punjab
Punjab
Punjab
Punjab
Punjab
Punjab
Punjab
Relative Performance
Country Comparison
Enablers
Human Capital
PunjabBest Performing State
Investment
Knowledge Workers
Business Environment
India Innovation Index
Safety and Legal environment
Performers
Knowledge output
Knowledge diffusion
Innovation
Enablers
Human
Capital
Investment
Knowledge
Workers
Business
Environment
Safety and Legal
environment
Performers
Knowledge
output
Knowledge
diffusion
Score 249India Innovation Index 2021
Human Capital 29.62
Knowledge Worker 5.81
Safety and Legal Environment 32.55Investment 4.55
Business Environment 29.52
Knowledge Diffusion 4.39
Knowledge Output 16.21
India Innovation Index 15.35 Performers 10.30 Enablers 20.41
Schools with functional computer facility 56.89
NAS scores 65.40
Expenditure on school education as a (% of GSDP) 10.63
NER in school education 100.00
Accolades in STEM Activities 21.58
Pupil-Teacher ratio: Primary & Secondary 70.47
Percentage of schools having (ATL) labs 0.54
Secondary school level completion rate 100.00
Enrolment in PhD 22.31
Enrolment in engineering and technology 15.38
Percentage of Colleges connected through NMEICT 26.32
Higher education institutions- NAAC grade A and above 5.99
Enrolment in vocational education 1.92
Pupil Teacher Ratio- Higher Education 77.37
Tertiary mobility 45.44
Knowledge intensive employment 3.11
Females employed with advanced degrees 7.26
NGOs involved in knowledge intensive areas 1.03
No. of private R&D units 9.02
No. of R&D Institutions funded 13.08
Skill development training 6.27
IT/IP related Acts 95.09
Cyber cells 0.00
Social Media Monitoring Cells 21.95
Pendency rate 98.99
Charge sheeting Rate 27.50
Pendency Percentage- Corruption cases investigation 7.20
Rate of Cognizable Crime 84.82
Police personnel 13.61
Expenditure on higher and technical education 2.16
Expenditure on R&D 3.18
Expenditure on Sci, Tech and Env as a (% of GSDP) 0.39
NIRF ranking of top 5 universities 49.40
FDI inflow as a percentage of state GDP 0.50
Venture capital deals 0.00
Ease of Doing Business score 8.77
Cluster strength 28.81
Common facility centre 0.00
Domestic credit to private sector as a (% of SDP) 21.57
Bank accounts 0.75
Gross capital formation as a (% of GVA) 33.52
Incubators 1.12
Micro finance institutions (MUDRA) 96.89
Bank accounts with Aadhar seeding 85.11
Share of manufacturing and services as a (% of GSDP) 61.43
Internet subscribers 5.62
Online services transaction 9.47
Villages in state with internet connectivity 100.00
Services offered online by state government 29.35
Subsidies or benefits transferred through DBT 61.12
Citation Score 48.31
Circulation 11.85
GIs registered 0.01
Handlooms sales as a (% of GSDP) 0.03
High and medium high tech manufacturing entities 0.09
High-tech exports 19.18
Software exports 0.25
Grassroot innovations 3.86
Publication 25.10
Environment clearance approved 66.12
GSDP per capita growth rate 27.47
New Businesses 11.93
Startups 5.73
Industrial design filed 1.84
Patent filed (per unit of GSDP) 42.25
Trade mark filed 10.86
Strengths and Weaknesses are relative to 10 state of similar
population: Odisha, Bihar, Haryana, Kerala, Chhattisgarh, Madhya
Pradesh, Jharkhand, Assam, Delhi, Uttarakhand
Key
Overperforming
Performing within expected range
Underperforming 250India Innovation Index 2021
Rajasthan
12
Major states
Category Rank
Efficiency Ratio
GSDP per Capita
(2019-20)
0.379
₹ 88463 251India Innovation Index 2021
Scores
Score
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
12.88
18.68
25.67
5.61
3.02
7.09
4.37
9.80
Innovation
Enablers
Human
Capital
Investment
Knowledge
Workers
Business
Environment
Safety
and Legal
environment
Performers
Knowledge
output
Knowledge
diffusion
33.39
25.70 252India Innovation Index 2021
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Rajasthan
Rajasthan
Rajasthan
Rajasthan
Rajasthan
Rajasthan
Rajasthan
Rajasthan
Rajasthan
Rajasthan
Relative Performance
Country Comparison
Enablers
Human Capital
RajasthanBest Performing State
Investment
Knowledge Workers
Business Environment
India Innovation Index
Safety and Legal environment
Performers
Knowledge output
Knowledge diffusion
Innovation
Enablers
Human
Capital
Investment
Knowledge
Workers
Business
Environment
Safety and Legal
environment
Performers
Knowledge
output
Knowledge
diffusion
Score 253India Innovation Index 2021
Human Capital 25.67
Knowledge Worker 3.02
Safety and Legal Environment 25.70Investment 5.61
Business Environment 33.39
Knowledge Diffusion 4.37
Knowledge Output 9.80
India Innovation Index 12.88 Performers 7.09 Enablers 18.68
Schools with functional computer facility 44.21
NAS scores 74.21
Expenditure on school education as a (% of GSDP) 15.81
NER in school education 58.75
Accolades in STEM Activities 37.09
Pupil-Teacher ratio: Primary & Secondary 76.75
Percentage of schools having (ATL) labs 0.29
Secondary school level completion rate 97.12
Enrolment in PhD 10.89
Enrolment in engineering and technology 6.50
Percentage of Colleges connected through NMEICT 31.86
Higher education institutions- NAAC grade A and above 0.76
Enrolment in vocational education 3.49
Pupil Teacher Ratio- Higher Education 55.78
Tertiary mobility 19.89
Knowledge intensive employment 1.22
Females employed with advanced degrees 3.83
NGOs involved in knowledge intensive areas 2.48
No. of private R&D units 3.98
No. of R&D Institutions funded 9.44
Skill development training 1.35
IT/IP related Acts 94.48
Cyber cells 0.00
Social Media Monitoring Cells 0.37
Pendency rate 79.37
Charge sheeting Rate 44.18
Pendency Percentage- Corruption cases investigation 4.00
Rate of Cognizable Crime 81.69
Police personnel 2.99
Expenditure on higher and technical education 0.96
Expenditure on R&D 0.74
Expenditure on Sci, Tech and Env as a (% of GSDP) 0.65
NIRF ranking of top 5 universities 48.63
FDI inflow as a percentage of state GDP 0.58
Venture capital deals 10.41
Ease of Doing Business score 29.86
Cluster strength 37.21
Common facility centre 0.00
Domestic credit to private sector as a (% of SDP) 18.61
Bank accounts 0.48
Gross capital formation as a (% of GVA) 36.94
Incubators 1.07
Micro finance institutions (MUDRA) 98.50
Bank accounts with Aadhar seeding 88.15
Share of manufacturing and services as a (% of GSDP) 55.46
Internet subscribers 4.10
Online services transaction 14.25
Villages in state with internet connectivity 97.82
Services offered online by state government 32.85
Subsidies or benefits transferred through DBT 100.00
Citation Score 52.17
Circulation 11.68
GIs registered 0.19
Handlooms sales as a (% of GSDP) 0.19
High and medium high tech manufacturing entities 0.11
High-tech exports 11.92
Software exports 0.32
Grassroot innovations 5.56
Publication 28.53
Environment clearance approved 0.00
GSDP per capita growth rate 32.97
New Businesses 18.79
Startups 8.62
Industrial design filed 0.64
Patent filed (per unit of GSDP) 4.83
Trade mark filed 5.12
Strengths and Weaknesses are relative to 10 state of similar
population: Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Delhi, West Bengal, Madhya
Pradesh, Kerala, Haryana, Punjab, Odisha, Bihar
Key
Overperforming
Performing within expected range
Underperforming 254India Innovation Index 2021
Sikkim
6
NE and Hill states
Category Rank
Efficiency Ratio
GSDP per Capita
(2019-20)
0.330
₹ 295355 255India Innovation Index 2021
Scores
Score
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
13.85
20.83
28.83
5.88
2.53
6.87
5.62
8.12
Innovation
Enablers
Human
Capital
Investment
Knowledge
Workers
Business
Environment
Safety
and Legal
environment
Performers
Knowledge
output
Knowledge
diffusion
21.32
45.60 256India Innovation Index 2021
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Sikkim
Sikkim
Sikkim
Sikkim
Sikkim
Sikkim
Sikkim
Sikkim
Sikkim
Sikkim
Relative Performance
Country Comparison
Enablers
Human Capital
SikkimBest Performing State
Investment
Knowledge Workers
Business Environment
India Innovation Index
Safety and Legal environment
Performers
Knowledge output
Knowledge diffusion
Innovation
Enablers
Human
Capital
Investment
Knowledge
Workers
Business
Environment
Safety and Legal
environment
Performers
Knowledge
output
Knowledge
diffusion
Score 257India Innovation Index 2021
Human Capital 28.83
Knowledge Worker 2.53
Safety and Legal Environment 45.60Investment 5.88
Business Environment 21.32
Knowledge Diffusion 5.62
Knowledge Output 8.12
India Innovation Index 13.8 Performers 6.87 Enablers 20.83
Schools with functional computer facility 60.38
NAS scores 64.42
Expenditure on school education as a (% of GSDP) 15.99
NER in school education 37.81
Accolades in STEM Activities 54.56
Pupil-Teacher ratio: Primary & Secondary 87.36
Percentage of schools having (ATL) labs 0.31
Secondary school level completion rate 100.00
Enrolment in PhD 46.19
Enrolment in engineering and technology 18.87
Percentage of Colleges connected through NMEICT 25.97
Higher education institutions- NAAC grade A and above 0.00
Enrolment in vocational education 3.17
Pupil Teacher Ratio- Higher Education 46.78
Tertiary mobility 0.00
Knowledge intensive employment 6.54
Females employed with advanced degrees 2.30
NGOs involved in knowledge intensive areas 1.91
No. of private R&D units 4.61
No. of R&D Institutions funded 0.00
Skill development training 0.00
IT/IP related Acts 99.39
Cyber cells 41.55
Social Media Monitoring Cells 0.00
Pendency rate 98.88
Charge sheeting Rate 36.97
Pendency Percentage- Corruption cases investigation 0.00
Rate of Cognizable Crime 94.45
Police personnel 50.16
Expenditure on higher and technical education 29.61
Expenditure on R&D 0.00
Expenditure on Sci, Tech and Env as a (% of GSDP) 12.30
NIRF ranking of top 5 universities 0.00
FDI inflow as a percentage of state GDP 0.00
Venture capital deals 0.00
Ease of Doing Business score 0.00
Cluster strength 7.20
Common facility centre 0.00
Domestic credit to private sector as a (% of SDP) 5.44
Bank accounts 0.56
Gross capital formation as a (% of GVA) 5.81
Incubators 0.00
Micro finance institutions (MUDRA) 97.41
Bank accounts with Aadhar seeding 90.15
Share of manufacturing and services as a (% of GSDP) 72.39
Internet subscribers 6.92
Online services transaction 5.43
Villages in state with internet connectivity 97.65
Services offered online by state government 14.04
Subsidies or benefits transferred through DBT 6.97
Citation Score 0.00
Circulation 20.09
GIs registered 0.01
Handlooms sales as a (% of GSDP) 0.50
High and medium high tech manufacturing entities 0.00
High-tech exports 88.50
Software exports 0.20
Grassroot innovations 41.55
Publication 0.00
Environment clearance approved 72.47
GSDP per capita growth rate 71.43
New Businesses 1.37
Startups 0.00
Industrial design filed 0.69
Patent filed (per unit of GSDP) 4.33
Trade mark filed 2.93
Strengths and Weaknesses are relative to 10 state of similar population:
Manipur, Nagaland, Mizoram, Arunachal Pradesh, Puducherry, Meghalaya,
Chandigarh, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Tripura, Goa
Key
Overperforming
Performing within expected range
Underperforming 258India Innovation Index 2021
Tamil
Nadu
5
Major states
Category Rank
Efficiency Ratio
GSDP per Capita
(2019-20)
0.658
₹ 168449 259India Innovation Index 2021
Scores
Score
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
15.69
18.93
30.88
9.75
6.99
12.45
6.60
18.29
Innovation
Enablers
Human
Capital
Investment
Knowledge
Workers
Business
Environment
Safety
and Legal
environment
Performers
Knowledge
output
Knowledge
diffusion
36.06
10.97 260India Innovation Index 2021
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Tamil Nadu
Tamil Nadu
Tamil Nadu
Tamil Nadu
Tamil Nadu
Tamil Nadu
Tamil Nadu
Tamil Nadu
Tamil Nadu
Tamil Nadu
Relative Performance
Country Comparison
Enablers
Human Capital
Tamil NaduBest Performing State
Investment
Knowledge Workers
Business Environment
India Innovation Index
Safety and Legal environment
Performers
Knowledge output
Knowledge diffusion
Innovation
Enablers
Human
Capital
Investment
Knowledge
Workers
Business
Environment
Safety and Legal
environment
Performers
Knowledge
output
Knowledge
diffusion
Score 261India Innovation Index 2021
Human Capital 30.88
Knowledge Worker 6.99
Safety and Legal Environment 10.97Investment 9.75
Business Environment 36.06
Knowledge Diffusion 6.60
Knowledge Output 18.29
India Innovation Index 15.69 Performers 12.45 Enablers 18.93
Schools with functional computer facility 76.55
NAS scores 63.11
Expenditure on school education as a (% of GSDP) 11.37
NER in school education 51.88
Accolades in STEM Activities 26.85
Pupil-Teacher ratio: Primary & Secondary 76.94
Percentage of schools having (ATL) labs 1.29
Secondary school level completion rate 99.51
Enrolment in PhD 29.23
Enrolment in engineering and technology 55.75
Percentage of Colleges connected through NMEICT 21.65
Higher education institutions- NAAC grade A and above 7.64
Enrolment in vocational education 0.63
Pupil Teacher Ratio- Higher Education 77.37
Tertiary mobility 13.53
Knowledge intensive employment 1.16
Females employed with advanced degrees 3.92
NGOs involved in knowledge intensive areas 2.61
No. of private R&D units 21.48
No. of R&D Institutions funded 21.00
Skill development training 4.82
IT/IP related Acts 95.09
Cyber cells 2.46
Social Media Monitoring Cells 6.68
Pendency rate 81.39
Charge sheeting Rate 5.56
Pendency Percentage- Corruption cases investigation 6.70
Rate of Cognizable Crime 0.00
Police personnel 4.68
Expenditure on higher and technical education 14.47
Expenditure on R&D 1.31
Expenditure on Sci, Tech and Env as a (% of GSDP) 0.30
NIRF ranking of top 5 universities 68.74
FDI inflow as a percentage of state GDP 1.67
Venture capital deals 14.29
Ease of Doing Business score 15.68
Cluster strength 74.43
Common facility centre 22.64
Domestic credit to private sector as a (% of SDP) 28.28
Bank accounts 0.64
Gross capital formation as a (% of GVA) 34.25
Incubators 2.77
Micro finance institutions (MUDRA) 98.88
Bank accounts with Aadhar seeding 84.16
Share of manufacturing and services as a (% of GSDP) 70.05
Internet subscribers 4.74
Online services transaction 17.71
Villages in state with internet connectivity 99.67
Services offered online by state government 46.25
Subsidies or benefits transferred through DBT 23.48
Citation Score 57.97
Circulation 12.57
GIs registered 0.52
Handlooms sales as a (% of GSDP) 2.22
High and medium high tech manufacturing entities 0.16
High-tech exports 21.57
Software exports 5.55
Grassroot innovations 5.31
Publication 33.55
Environment clearance approved 91.45
GSDP per capita growth rate 60.44
New Businesses 16.59
Startups 8.23
Industrial design filed 2.43
Patent filed (per unit of GSDP) 33.77
Trade mark filed 7.04
Strengths and Weaknesses are relative to 10 state of similar population:
Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, Karnataka, West Bengal, Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh,
Telangana, Delhi, Madhya Pradesh, Kerala
Key
Overperforming
Performing within expected range
Underperforming 262India Innovation Index 2021
Telangana
2
Major states
Category Rank
Efficiency Ratio
GSDP per Capita
(2019-20)
0.759
₹ 173672 263India Innovation Index 2021
Scores
Score
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
17.66
20.08
26.96
6.49
9.17
15.24
10.86
19.61
Innovation
Enablers
Human
Capital
Investment
Knowledge
Workers
Business
Environment
Safety
and Legal
environment
Performers
Knowledge
output
Knowledge
diffusion
36.54
21.24 264India Innovation Index 2021
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Telangana
Telangana
Telangana
Telangana
Telangana
Telangana
Telangana
Telangana
Telangana
Telangana
Relative Performance
Country Comparison
Enablers
Human Capital
TelanganaBest Performing State
Investment
Knowledge Workers
Business Environment
India Innovation Index
Safety and Legal environment
Performers
Knowledge output
Knowledge diffusion
Innovation
Enablers
Human
Capital
Investment
Knowledge
Workers
Business
Environment
Safety and Legal
environment
Performers
Knowledge
output
Knowledge
diffusion
Score 265India Innovation Index 2021
Human Capital 26.96
Knowledge Worker 9.17
Safety and Legal Environment 21.24Investment 6.49
Business Environment 36.54
Knowledge Diffusion 10.86
Knowledge Output 19.61
India Innovation Index 17.66 Performers 15.24 Enablers 20.08
Schools with functional computer facility 35.34
NAS scores 67.09
Expenditure on school education as a (% of GSDP) 12.43
NER in school education 83.75
Accolades in STEM Activities 17.21
Pupil-Teacher ratio: Primary & Secondary 77.95
Percentage of schools having (ATL) labs 0.63
Secondary school level completion rate 99.25
Enrolment in PhD 10.77
Enrolment in engineering and technology 32.98
Percentage of Colleges connected through NMEICT 48.48
Higher education institutions- NAAC grade A and above 4.32
Enrolment in vocational education 1.23
Pupil Teacher Ratio- Higher Education 77.37
Tertiary mobility 1.30
Knowledge intensive employment 2.09
Females employed with advanced degrees 3.78
NGOs involved in knowledge intensive areas 2.57
No. of private R&D units 40.43
No. of R&D Institutions funded 19.73
Skill development training 4.42
IT/IP related Acts 94.48
Cyber cells 3.61
Social Media Monitoring Cells 2.88
Pendency rate 93.04
Charge sheeting Rate 13.59
Pendency Percentage- Corruption cases investigation 1.20
Rate of Cognizable Crime 78.27
Police personnel 3.54
Expenditure on higher and technical education 2.42
Expenditure on R&D 1.14
Expenditure on Sci, Tech and Env as a (% of GSDP) 0.40
NIRF ranking of top 5 universities 57.02
FDI inflow as a percentage of state GDP 2.21
Venture capital deals 8.57
Ease of Doing Business score 55.99
Cluster strength 28.81
Common facility centre 0.00
Domestic credit to private sector as a (% of SDP) 31.34
Bank accounts 0.69
Gross capital formation as a (% of GVA) 40.19
Incubators 3.69
Micro finance institutions (MUDRA) 98.45
Bank accounts with Aadhar seeding 88.82
Share of manufacturing and services as a (% of GSDP) 72.40
Internet subscribers 5.13
Online services transaction 30.92
Villages in state with internet connectivity 98.49
Services offered online by state government 53.91
Subsidies or benefits transferred through DBT 22.81
Citation Score 60.65
Circulation 10.08
GIs registered 0.19
Handlooms sales as a (% of GSDP) 0.66
High and medium high tech manufacturing entities 0.27
High-tech exports 92.95
Software exports 15.56
Grassroot innovations 3.86
Publication 37.28
Environment clearance approved 74.27
GSDP per capita growth rate 32.97
New Businesses 36.31
Startups 12.92
Industrial design filed 1.21
Patent filed (per unit of GSDP) 23.26
Trade mark filed 8.81
Strengths and Weaknesses are relative to 10 state of similar
population: Andhra Pradesh, Delhi, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh,
Kerala, Haryana, West Bengal, Punjab, Odisha, Bihar
Key
Overperforming
Performing within expected range
Underperforming 266India Innovation Index 2021
Tripura
8
NE and Hill states
Category Rank
Efficiency Ratio
GSDP per Capita
(2019-20)
0.167
₹ 100217 267India Innovation Index 2021
Scores
Score
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
11.43
19.58
26.43
1.32
2.36
3.27
1.07
5.47
Innovation
Enablers
Human
Capital
Investment
Knowledge
Workers
Business
Environment
Safety
and Legal
environment
Performers
Knowledge
output
Knowledge
diffusion
25.42
42.37 268India Innovation Index 2021
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Tripura
Tripura
Tripura
Tripura
Tripura
Tripura
Tripura
Tripura
Tripura
Tripura
Relative Performance
Country Comparison
Enablers
Human Capital
TripuraBest Performing State
Investment
Knowledge Workers
Business Environment
India Innovation Index
Safety and Legal environment
Performers
Knowledge output
Knowledge diffusion
Innovation
Enablers
Human
Capital
Investment
Knowledge
Workers
Business
Environment
Safety and Legal
environment
Performers
Knowledge
output
Knowledge
diffusion
Score 269India Innovation Index 2021
Human Capital 26.43
Knowledge Worker 2.36
Safety and Legal Environment 42.37Investment 1.32
Business Environment 25.42
Knowledge Diffusion 1.07
Knowledge Output 5.47
India Innovation Index 11.43 Performers 3.27 Enablers 19.58
Schools with functional computer facility 15.08
NAS scores 57.91
Expenditure on school education as a (% of GSDP) 24.76
NER in school education 100.00
Accolades in STEM Activities 20.92
Pupil-Teacher ratio: Primary & Secondary 76.99
Percentage of schools having (ATL) labs 0.40
Secondary school level completion rate 95.82
Enrolment in PhD 11.52
Enrolment in engineering and technology 4.39
Percentage of Colleges connected through NMEICT 0.00
Higher education institutions- NAAC grade A and above 70.91
Enrolment in vocational education 8.78
Pupil Teacher Ratio- Higher Education 43.18
Tertiary mobility 0.00
Knowledge intensive employment 0.03
Females employed with advanced degrees 0.88
NGOs involved in knowledge intensive areas 6.04
No. of private R&D units 0.00
No. of R&D Institutions funded 12.89
Skill development training 0.00
IT/IP related Acts 94.48
Cyber cells 6.91
Social Media Monitoring Cells 6.91
Pendency rate 83.20
Charge sheeting Rate 28.73
Pendency Percentage- Corruption cases investigation 100.00
Rate of Cognizable Crime 93.64
Police personnel 31.83
Expenditure on higher and technical education 7.05
Expenditure on R&D 0.00
Expenditure on Sci, Tech and Env as a (% of GSDP) 2.41
NIRF ranking of top 5 universities 0.00
FDI inflow as a percentage of state GDP 0.00
Venture capital deals 0.00
Ease of Doing Business score 0.00
Cluster strength 0.00
Common facility centre 0.00
Domestic credit to private sector as a (% of SDP) 9.94
Bank accounts 0.54
Gross capital formation as a (% of GVA) 29.84
Incubators 0.77
Micro finance institutions (MUDRA) 98.22
Bank accounts with Aadhar seeding 93.15
Share of manufacturing and services as a (% of GSDP) 50.83
Internet subscribers 3.72
Online services transaction 4.03
Villages in state with internet connectivity 96.41
Services offered online by state government 21.37
Subsidies or benefits transferred through DBT 83.71
Citation Score 0.00
Circulation 4.06
GIs registered 0.01
Handlooms sales as a (% of GSDP) 3.97
High and medium high tech manufacturing entities 0.00
High-tech exports 0.14
Software exports 0.00
Grassroot innovations 20.05
Publication 0.00
Environment clearance approved 0.00
GSDP per capita growth rate 71.43
New Businesses 3.69
Startups 5.18
Industrial design filed 0.00
Patent filed (per unit of GSDP) 6.06
Trade mark filed 0.67
Strengths and Weaknesses are relative to 10 state of similar population:
Chandigarh, Goa, Meghalaya, Puducherry, Manipur, Sikkim, Nagaland,
Mizoram, Arunachal Pradesh, Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Key
Overperforming
Performing within expected range
Underperforming 270India Innovation Index 2021
Uttar
Pradesh
7
Major states
Category Rank
Efficiency Ratio
GSDP per Capita
(2019-20)
0.719
₹ 51255 271India Innovation Index 2021
Scores
Score
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
14.22
16.54
17.24
6.31
2.82
11.90
6.18
17.62
Innovation
Enablers
Human
Capital
Investment
Knowledge
Workers
Business
Environment
Safety
and Legal
environment
Performers
Knowledge
output
Knowledge
diffusion
40.80
15.55 272India Innovation Index 2021
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Uttar Pradesh
Uttar Pradesh
Uttar Pradesh
Uttar Pradesh
Uttar Pradesh
Uttar Pradesh
Uttar Pradesh
Uttar Pradesh
Uttar Pradesh
Uttar Pradesh
Relative Performance
Country Comparison
Enablers
Human Capital
Uttar PradeshBest Performing State
Investment
Knowledge Workers
Business Environment
India Innovation Index
Safety and Legal environment
Performers
Knowledge output
Knowledge diffusion
Innovation
Enablers
Human
Capital
Investment
Knowledge
Workers
Business
Environment
Safety and Legal
environment
Performers
Knowledge
output
Knowledge
diffusion
Score 273India Innovation Index 2021
Human Capital 17.24
Knowledge Worker 2.82
Safety and Legal Environment 15.55Investment 6.31
Business Environment 40.80
Knowledge Diffusion 6.18
Knowledge Output 17.62
India Innovation Index 14.22 Performers 11.90 Enablers 16.54
Schools with functional computer facility 17.70
NAS scores 0.00
Expenditure on school education as a (% of GSDP) 16.72
NER in school education 73.75
Accolades in STEM Activities 10.95
Pupil-Teacher ratio: Primary & Secondary 59.62
Percentage of schools having (ATL) labs 0.29
Secondary school level completion rate 87.05
Enrolment in PhD 8.18
Enrolment in engineering and technology 9.00
Percentage of Colleges connected through NMEICT 51.95
Higher education institutions- NAAC grade A and above 9.29
Enrolment in vocational education 1.69
Pupil Teacher Ratio- Higher Education 35.98
Tertiary mobility 9.68
Knowledge intensive employment 0.53
Females employed with advanced degrees 3.69
NGOs involved in knowledge intensive areas 4.57
No. of private R&D units 3.22
No. of R&D Institutions funded 3.48
Skill development training 3.77
IT/IP related Acts 74.85
Cyber cells 0.25
Social Media Monitoring Cells 0.13
Pendency rate 22.86
Charge sheeting Rate 20.80
Pendency Percentage- Corruption cases investigation 1.40
Rate of Cognizable Crime 84.11
Police personnel 3.73
Expenditure on higher and technical education 0.38
Expenditure on R&D 0.56
Expenditure on Sci, Tech and Env as a (% of GSDP) 1.14
NIRF ranking of top 5 universities 64.60
FDI inflow as a percentage of state GDP 0.44
Venture capital deals 8.59
Ease of Doing Business score 57.71
Cluster strength 60.02
Common facility centre 1.04
Domestic credit to private sector as a (% of SDP) 15.71
Bank accounts 0.63
Gross capital formation as a (% of GVA) 42.27
Incubators 0.56
Micro finance institutions (MUDRA) 96.29
Bank accounts with Aadhar seeding 86.89
Share of manufacturing and services as a (% of GSDP) 62.29
Internet subscribers 66.67
Online services transaction 6.56
Villages in state with internet connectivity 99.67
Services offered online by state government 28.39
Subsidies or benefits transferred through DBT 58.43
Citation Score 64.34
Circulation 10.95
GIs registered 0.39
Handlooms sales as a (% of GSDP) 1.51
High and medium high tech manufacturing entities 0.09
High-tech exports 26.06
Software exports 3.02
Grassroot innovations 19.81
Publication 36.13
Environment clearance approved 82.63
GSDP per capita growth rate 21.98
New Businesses 31.17
Startups 15.03
Industrial design filed 0.38
Patent filed (per unit of GSDP) 12.27
Trade mark filed 2.97
Strengths and Weaknesses are relative to 10 state of similar population:
Karnataka, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal, Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh,
Telangana, Delhi, Madhya Pradesh, Kerala
Key
Overperforming
Performing within expected range
Underperforming 274India Innovation Index 2021
Uttarakhand
2
NE and Hill states
Category Rank
Efficiency Ratio
GSDP per Capita
(2019-20)
0.600
₹ 178050 275India Innovation Index 2021
Scores
Score
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
17.67
22.09
29.40
11.28
8.10
13.25
10.16
16.35
Innovation
Enablers
Human
Capital
Investment
Knowledge
Workers
Business
Environment
Safety
and Legal
environment
Performers
Knowledge
output
Knowledge
diffusion
25.44
36.23 276India Innovation Index 2021
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Uttarakhand
Uttarakhand
Uttarakhand
Uttarakhand
Uttarakhand
Uttarakhand
Uttarakhand
Uttarakhand
Uttarakhand
Uttarakhand
Relative Performance
Country Comparison
Enablers
Human Capital
UttarakhandBest Performing State
Investment
Knowledge Workers
Business Environment
India Innovation Index
Safety and Legal environment
Performers
Knowledge output
Knowledge diffusion
Innovation
Enablers
Human
Capital
Investment
Knowledge
Workers
Business
Environment
Safety and Legal
environment
Performers
Knowledge
output
Knowledge
diffusion
Score 277India Innovation Index 2021
Human Capital 29.40
Knowledge Worker 8.10
Safety and Legal Environment 36.23Investment 11.28
Business Environment 25.44
Knowledge Diffusion 10.16
Knowledge Output 16.35
India Innovation Index 17.67 Performers 13.25 Enablers 22.09
Schools with functional computer facility 34.65
NAS scores 66.67
Expenditure on school education as a (% of GSDP) 66.67
NER in school education 90.31
Accolades in STEM Activities 26.96
Pupil-Teacher ratio: Primary & Secondary 75.78
Percentage of schools having (ATL) labs 0.20
Secondary school level completion rate 93.67
Enrolment in PhD 37.29
Enrolment in engineering and technology 16.64
Percentage of Colleges connected through NMEICT 0.00
Higher education institutions- NAAC grade A and above 0.11
Enrolment in vocational education 4.13
Pupil Teacher Ratio- Higher Education 59.37
Tertiary mobility 9.37
Knowledge intensive employment 2.96
Females employed with advanced degrees 6.42
NGOs involved in knowledge intensive areas 6.14
No. of private R&D units 6.13
No. of R&D Institutions funded 40.68
Skill development training 0.00
IT/IP related Acts 87.12
Cyber cells 32.70
Social Media Monitoring Cells 32.70
Pendency rate 91.02
Charge sheeting Rate 18.85
Pendency Percentage- Corruption cases investigation 7.00
Rate of Cognizable Crime 71.98
Police personnel 7.25
Expenditure on higher and technical education 60.89
Expenditure on R&D 5.40
Expenditure on Sci, Tech and Env as a (% of GSDP) 2.52
NIRF ranking of top 5 universities 23.06
FDI inflow as a percentage of state GDP 0.16
Venture capital deals 0.00
Ease of Doing Business score 22.72
Cluster strength 12.00
Common facility centre 0.00
Domestic credit to private sector as a (% of SDP) 9.97
Bank accounts 0.65
Gross capital formation as a (% of GVA) 15.85
Incubators 1.12
Micro finance institutions (MUDRA) 96.12
Bank accounts with Aadhar seeding 83.80
Share of manufacturing and services as a (% of GSDP) 75.49
Internet subscribers 0.61
Online services transaction 8.25
Villages in state with internet connectivity 97.29
Services offered online by state government 22.65
Subsidies or benefits transferred through DBT 31.69
Citation Score 100.00
Circulation 36.97
GIs registered 0.03
Handlooms sales as a (% of GSDP) 0.73
High and medium high tech manufacturing entities 0.18
High-tech exports 22.56
Software exports 0.13
Grassroot innovations 2.17
Publication 63.94
Environment clearance approved 91.32
GSDP per capita growth rate 10.99
New Businesses 15.14
Startups 8.89
Industrial design filed 0.89
Patent filed (per unit of GSDP) 12.74
Trade mark filed 6.51
Strengths and Weaknesses are relative to 10 state of similar population:
Assam, Jharkhand, Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Lakshadweep, Chhattisgarh,
Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Ladakh, Goa, Tripura
Key
Overperforming
Performing within expected range
Underperforming 278India Innovation Index 2021
West
Bengal
11
Major states
Category Rank
Efficiency Ratio
GSDP per Capita
(2019-20)
Ratio Major
states
₹ 80651 279India Innovation Index 2021
Scores
Score
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
17.67
15.37
18.42
5.35
3.34
10.60
6.02
15.17
Innovation
Enablers
Human
Capital
Investment
Knowledge
Workers
Business
Environment
Safety
and Legal
environment
Performers
Knowledge
output
Knowledge
diffusion
34.35
15.39 280India Innovation Index 2021
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
West Bengal
West Bengal
West Bengal
West Bengal
West Bengal
West Bengal
West Bengal
West Bengal
West Bengal
West Bengal
Relative Performance
Country Comparison
Enablers
Human Capital
West BengalBest Performing State
Investment
Knowledge Workers
Business Environment
India Innovation Index
Safety and Legal environment
Performers
Knowledge output
Knowledge diffusion
Innovation
Enablers
Human
Capital
Investment
Knowledge
Workers
Business
Environment
Safety and Legal
environment
Performers
Knowledge
output
Knowledge
diffusion
Score 281India Innovation Index 2021
Human Capital 18.42
Knowledge Worker 3.34
Safety and Legal Environment 15.39Investment 5.35
Business Environment 34.35
Knowledge Diffusion 6.02
Knowledge Output 15.17
India Innovation Index 12.98 Performers 10.60 Enablers 15.37
Schools with functional computer facility 13.66
NAS scores 0.00
Expenditure on school education as a (% of GSDP) 18.15
NER in school education 100.00
Accolades in STEM Activities 4.41
Pupil-Teacher ratio: Primary & Secondary 63.62
Percentage of schools having (ATL) labs 0.17
Secondary school level completion rate 96.11
Enrolment in PhD 9.67
Enrolment in engineering and technology 7.92
Percentage of Colleges connected through NMEICT 58.53
Higher education institutions- NAAC grade A and above 3.03
Enrolment in vocational education 0.00
Pupil Teacher Ratio- Higher Education 48.58
Tertiary mobility 9.32
Knowledge intensive employment 0.68
Females employed with advanced degrees 2.37
NGOs involved in knowledge intensive areas 3.95
No. of private R&D units 7.83
No. of R&D Institutions funded 5.01
Skill development training 4.73
IT/IP related Acts 98.16
Cyber cells 9.17
Social Media Monitoring Cells 0.56
Pendency rate 7.39
Charge sheeting Rate 7.93
Pendency Percentage- Corruption cases investigation 0.00
Rate of Cognizable Crime 89.68
Police personnel 1.57
Expenditure on higher and technical education 0.96
Expenditure on R&D 0.86
Expenditure on Sci, Tech and Env as a (% of GSDP) 2.52
NIRF ranking of top 5 universities 66.55
FDI inflow as a percentage of state GDP 0.51
Venture capital deals 0.00
Ease of Doing Business score 26.32
Cluster strength 58.82
Common facility centre 3.16
Domestic credit to private sector as a (% of SDP) 19.95
Bank accounts 0.56
Gross capital formation as a (% of GVA) 34.46
Incubators 0.34
Micro finance institutions (MUDRA) 98.76
Bank accounts with Aadhar seeding 85.69
Share of manufacturing and services as a (% of GSDP) 68.81
Internet subscribers 3.76
Online services transaction 26.29
Villages in state with internet connectivity 99.98
Services offered online by state government 66.67
Subsidies or benefits transferred through DBT 2.25
Citation Score 72.73
Circulation 8.45
GIs registered 0.29
Handlooms sales as a (% of GSDP) 6.63
High and medium high tech manufacturing entities 0.07
High-tech exports 6.50
Software exports 1.60
Grassroot innovations 2.66
Publication 42.50
Environment clearance approved 66.85
GSDP per capita growth rate 54.95
New Businesses 23.41
Startups 9.31
Industrial design filed 1.94
Patent filed (per unit of GSDP) 9.50
Trade mark filed 3.17
Strengths and Weaknesses are relative to 10 state of similar population:
Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Delhi, Madhya Pradesh, Kerala,
Haryana, Karnataka, Punjab, Odisha
Key
Overperforming
Performing within expected range
Underperforming 282India Innovation Index 2021
Efficiency of
Innovation
It is crucial to assess how efficiently
the states use available resources to
obtain innovative solutions. 283India Innovation Index 2021
The figure 22 maps the efficiency of the states with respect to
their innovation scores, which is measured for each state by
dividing its performance scores with the enablers scores. The
states that score an efficiency of less than 1 have not been able to
attain a level of performance proportionate to the strength of their
enabling factors.
The Innovation Efficiency Ratio is the ratio of the Output Sub-
Index, i.e., Performers score over the Input Sub-Index, i.e.,
Enabler’s score. It shows the innovation output obtained by the
states with its given inputs.
Delhi (1.07) is the only one scoring an efficiency of more than 1.
This sheds light on the fact that most of the states in India have
not efficiently enabled their existing system to result in better
performance. 284India Innovation Index 2021
Figure 22 Innovation Index vs. Innovation Efficiency
Overall, 19 states/UTs have scored above the national average on Enablers. Out of
these 19 states/UTs, only 10 states have fared high on the Performance pillar as well.
It must be noted that emphasizing the relationship between input and output
indicators does shed light on the effectiveness of innovation systems and policies;
however, the innovation efficiency ratios must be approached with care. The two
sub-indices propagate uncertainty over the ratio, which can impact their state’s
ranks. For instance, a state scoring low on enablers but high on performance would
drive the ratio to a higher value. This is not a challenge specific to the Innovation
Index but the result of statistical property that is the case with the ratios in general.
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
Innovation Efficiency
Innovation Index
0.3
0.2
0.1
Ladakh
Lakshadweep
Nagaland
Tripura
Odisha
Bihar
Assam
West Bengal
Uttar Pradesh
Telengana
Delhi
Chandigarh
Rajasthan
Jharkhand
Himachal PradeshKerela
Punjab
Haryana
Goa
Meghalaya
Manipur
Andaman and Nicobar islands
Gujarat
Karnataka
Tamil Nadu
Dadar and Nagar Haveli & Daman and Diu
Chattisgarh
Mizoram
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 2628 285India Innovation Index 2021
Figure 23 Enablers vs. Performers
The efficiency of the states can also be measured concerning the country average
scores by plotting Enablers scores against Performance scores. The figure has been
divided into four quadrants.
• Top-right quadrant: States which have scored high in both the Enablers and
Performance scores than their respective national averages. UT/city States like
Delhi, Chandigarh, Puducherry and Major States such as Karnataka, Maharashtra,
Telangana, Haryana lie in this quadrant. Uttarakhand and Manipur are the only
north east and hilly states to lie in the quadrant.
• Top-left quadrant: States which have scored higher on performance dimension
but have scored lower on the enabler’s dimension, than their respective national
averages. States like West Bengal, Jharkhand, Tamil Nadu, Punjab, and Uttar
Pradesh lie in this quadrant.
• The bottom right quadrant: States which have scored higher on the enablers
dimension, but have scored lower on performance’s dimension than their
respective national averages. States like, Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Tripura, and
Andaman and Nicobar Islands, among others lie in this quadrant.
• The bottom left quadrant: States which have performed poorly on both the
dimensions lie in this quadrant. Most of the states fall under this quadrant, which
is a cause of concern. It further demonstrates that the goal of innovation has not
permeated beyond major city-states, to the rest of the country.
Performaer
Enablers
Manipur
Lakshadweep
Nagaland
Tripura
Odisha
Bihar
Assam
West Bengal
Uttar Pradesh
Uttarakhand
Telengana
Delhi
Chandigarh
Rajasthan
Jharkhand
Kerela
Punjab
Puducherry
Haryana
Maharashtra
Andaman and Nicobar islands
Andhra Pradesh
Karnataka
Tamil Nadu
Dadar and Nagar Haveli & Daman and Diu
Chattisgarh
Mizoram
Sikkim
0 2 4 6 8 101214161820222426
25
20
15
Average
Average
10
5
0
2830 286India Innovation Index 2021
Learnings and
Recommendations 287India Innovation Index 2021
This section captures the broad learnings and recommendations
drawn from this detailed report. By looking at India’s average
innovation score (14.56), we learnt that this score is arguably
insufficient given India’s ambitious targets to enter into the top 25
nations concerning the global innovation index.
Figure 24 Top Performers across Pillars
Figure 25 Bottom Performers across Pillars
0
Human
capital
Business
Environment
InvestmentKnowledge
workers
Safety
and legal
environment
Knowledge
output
Knowledge
diffusion
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Chandigarh
Delhi Karnataka Maharashtra Telangana
0
Human
capital
Business
Environment
InvestmentKnowledge
workers
Safety
and legal
environment
Knowledge
output
Knowledge
diffusion
10
20
30
40
50
60
Chhattisgarh
Lakshadweep Nagaland Tripura Ladakh 288India Innovation Index 2021
By seeing the top performers, it is clear that the given states/UTs have performed
well on almost each pillar. There are a few exceptions, as Maharashtra and
Telangana didn’t perform well on the pillars of investment, knowledge workers, and
safety and legal environment. This was due to their low performance on certain
indicators. For example, Maharashtra and Telangana performed relatively poor in
terms of expenditure on higher and technical education (6th and 11th from below).
They also performed low in expenditure on science, technology and environment
as a percentage of GSDP. Moreover, Telangana performed low in NGOs involved in
knowledge-intensive areas. Its performance was average with respect to the number
of women employed with advanced degrees. Telangana also had just 5 cyber cells.
Both Maharashtra and Telangana had low number of police personnel (per lakh
of the population) – about 175 and 131 respectively, which is below the national
average of 371.
Likewise, Chandigarh, a high overall performer, scored low on investment and
knowledge diffusion. For example, its expenditure on science, technology, and
environment (as a percentage of GSDP) was 0. It also received a low FDI inflow of
₹2,558 (in lakhs), which is much lower than the national average of ₹4,69,955 (in
lakhs) and below the UTs average of ₹3,21,953.
Coming to low performing states, they performed lower in terms of investment and
knowledge workers. For example, Nagaland and Lakshadweep’s expenditure on
science, technology, and environment (as a percentage of GSDP) was zero. Tripura’s
share was low at 0.01%. Nagaland and Tripura received no FDI inflows and no
venture capital deals. Both of them had 33 and 38 NGOs involved in knowledge-
intensive areas, respectively, which is much below the national average of 240.
Chhattisgarh had about 0.08 number of private R&D units in the state (per lakh
population), much below the national average of 0.49.
In contrast, Nagaland and Tripura had zero such units. Their performance on
percentage of females employed with advanced degrees out of total employed
was also average. On the contrary, their counterparts like Manipur and Arunachal
(North-Eastern and Hilly States) were among the top performers in the investment
pillar. Similarly, Jharkhand, a close neighbour of Chhattisgarh, performed exceedingly
well in the investment pillar. Poor performance in ‘enablers’ is bound to reflect in
‘performers’. This is what happened with the low-performing states/UTs, showing
poor performance in both outcome pillars.
Having shown the regional disparities, we have some learnings and 289India Innovation Index 2021
recommendations. We learn that it is not the case that innovation has expanded or
reduced in a region based on categories, i.e., innovation is present/absent in all the
three categories – Major States, North-Eastern and Hilly States, and UTs and city-
states. This makes the regional distribution equal. Also, it means that if one creates
an environment for innovation, that place will perform well in the outcome pillars.
Barring Ladakh, which is relatively new and has its data-discrepancies, innovation
can flow across the country. Although North-Eastern and Hilly States find it a little
tricky, even they have shown the potency to make their space in the innovation
landscape. Therefore, some general recommendations follow based on our analysis,
and previous chapters.
• First, we have consistently seen that the overall spending on R&D has been
relatively low across the country. This was even reflected in the overall share of
GERD as a percentage of GDP, at about 0.7 per cent. It is also important to note
that countries that spend less on GERD fail to retain their human capital in the
long-run. The ability to innovate is dependent on the quality of human capital. It
rests on the opportunities in terms of research and development. Lower spending
on R&D, and less innovative opportunities may lead people to move from one
region to another region - state/ country for better opportunity. This phenomenon
is known as brain drain and reduces the competitive edge of a state, further
impacting the country’s overall economy. Therefore, GERD needs considerable
improvement and should touch at least 2%, which would play an instrumental
role in India achieving the goal of a 5 trillion economy and further influence its
innovative footprint across the globe.
• Second, the role of the private sector in research and development needs to pick
up pace. The role of the business/private sector is yet to overtake the government
sector, unlike countries like South Korea, USA, and Germany, where the presence
of the private sector is quite evident. Empirical evidence from these countries has
shown that public expenditure is productive up to some extent; however, once the
growth follows a trajectory it is desirable to shift to R&D - mostly driven by the
private sector. Therefore, it is important for India to find that inflexion point after
which private sector takes over the government sector. 290India Innovation Index 2021
• Third, from analysis we have seen that although the country has performed well
in the human capital pillar, however it has not performed well in the knowledge
worker pillar. This contrasts with the expectation that the two tend to move
simultaneously. This implies that the expenditure on human capital has been
unable to create that knowledge base in the country, which could be due to the
intricate reasons of bureaucracy, administration, outreach, etc. Moreover, it was
also observed that innovation is skewed against the manufacturing sector due
to the problems pertaining to and the missing middle. This requires inexorable
efforts to overcome challenges and make the best use possible.
• Fourth, we are yet to take full advantage of our demographic dividend. It seems
that India has been able to provide a conducive environment for businesses
to thrive, in terms of a business environment, safety, and a legal environment,
but we have not been able to support the same in terms of investment and
knowledge workers. Given, that about 60% of the population lies in the working
age category, there lies a huge scope for innovation within the country, whereby
the energy and potential of this age group can be channelized.
• Fifth, one needs to sincerely fill the gap between industry demand and what
we produce through our education systems. Universities have the potential to
become the go-to-place for industries, for any sort of innovation.
• Sixth, India is among the top 10 performing developing economies in stimulating
global trade in creative goods. Indian creative exports grew from US$ 4.4 billion
in 2003 to US$ 20.7 billion in 2019. Improving demographics, better access to
ICTs and dynamic shifts to digital platforms associated with creative products
and services, promise a progressive future for India’s creative economy. Therefore,
India needs to undertake efforts in creative goods and services, which have been
ignored for a long time.
• Seventh, Innovation leads to the creation of economically-useful knowledge, in
the form of intangible assets that can be an output of a production process as
well as an input into the creation of new output. These include creative works,
scientific works, discoveries, inventions, computer software, and systems created
within businesses.
55
In India, intangible assets like patents and trademarks filing
process are complex and face procedural delays.
55
Opportunities to observe and measure intangible inputs to innovation: Definitions, operationalization,
and examples Sallie Kellera,1, Gizem Korkmaza, Carol Robbinsb, and Stephanie Shippa 291India Innovation Index 2021
• And finally, we need to break silos and start working in tandem, i.e., no state/UT
can thrive alone endlessly without taking care of its peers. This involves learning
from peers, and providing adequate support to other states/UTs to ensure
inclusive growth. This promotes the spirit of competitive federalism, which forces
states/UTs to perform well, and ensures encompassing growth.
According to the Economic Survey 2021-22 of India, the average pendency for
final decision in acquiring patents in India is 42 months as of 2020. This is much
higher than 20.8, 20, 15.8 and 15 months respectively for USA, China, Korea
and Japan. Even though India reduced average pendency for final decisions in
acquiring patents from 64 months in 2017 to 52 months in 2019 and further to
42 months in 2020.
56
However, for Intangibles to create spill-overs, it is important
to encourage more start-ups to file patents across India.
56
Economic Survey 2021-22 292India Innovation Index 2021
The Way
Forward
India Innovation Index 2021 report
provides a comprehensive study
on the innovation landscape of the
country. 293India Innovation Index 2021
The objective of the report is to assess innovation at the state level
by ranking the states and union territories on their performance in
fostering an innovative ecosystem. The states can utilize it to identify
their strengths and weaknesses, compared to their peers, and develop
a better policy framework to drive innovation at the sub-national level.
This is the third edition of the India Innovation Index, and the current
edition has mapped its framework to the Global Innovation Index
strengthening the index from the core. The 2021 edition has increased
the number of indicators from 36 to 66 individual indicators, across 7
core pillars. Further, the methodology has been modified to consolidate
the statistical basis of the index and attempts to provide a crisp
and accurate outcome. The coming editions of the index need to be
expanded by introducing 19 indicators across all sub-pillars, especially
knowledge absorption. It would further enhance the data granularity of
current indicators. Future editions can be strengthened by focusing on
certain important elements such as: 294India Innovation Index 2021
Focus on factors that lead to better performance
Focus on challenges that cause low performance
Peer to peer learning and state-specific policies
01
02
03
The states that have consistently shown strong performance and the areas of
strength for various states need to be critically analysed and the knowledge of the
best practices needs to be disseminated to promote innovation. For instance, the
achievement of North-Eastern states, including Mizoram, Manipur, Assam, Tripura,
and Meghalaya in accomplishing 100 per cent net enrolment in primary school
education can be studied as a successful case-study.
In the same manner, the critical challenges faced by the low performing states and
the areas of weaknesses of various states need to identify to promote economic well-
being, by fostering innovation in the region.
The index is based on the foundational principle of competitive federalism by ranking
the states based on their innovation development efforts and achievements. It can
be utilised to create a peer group specific to individual states, to promote peer-to-
peer learning based on their core characteristics. It will also help in identifying the
challenges, and the drivers for each state, to establish context-specific strategies and
policy recommendations to promote innovation.
As the world is reeling from the effects of the Covid-19 pandemic, India has still been
able to make significant headway in reinvigorating the economy and promoting
innovation-driven growth, as attested by the report. The momentum gained in the
year 2021 has to be further expanded by exploring the innovation landscape in
the States and Union Territories across the country. The future editions of the India
Innovation Index will continue to investigate the innovation ecosystem of the country. 295India Innovation Index 2021
Appendix 296India Innovation Index 2021
EnablersDefinitions
Human Capital
School Education
Schools with ICT labsPercentage of schools with ICT labs
Assessment in reading, mathematics, and science
(Class V NAS Scores, 2015, Cycle 4)
Mean Assessment scores in Reading, Mathematics
and Science for class V
Expenditure on school education as a % of GSDP Expenditure by STATE GOVT./ Other Sources as a %
of their Gross State Domestic Product
NER in school educationTotal enrolment in Grades I-V/ 6-11 age group
divided by Population age 6 to 11 years
Secondary school level completion rate with respect
to Primary School level completion rate
Total Secondary school completion rate to the total
Primary School Completion Rate
Pupil-Teacher ratio: Primary & Secondary Total enrolment in institutions divided by total
teachers in institutions
Accolades in STEM Activities/ 1000 Students in
States i.e.: INSPIRE Awards, NTSE Scholarship,
Olympiads, Any other State/ national/ international
level awards
Ratio of INSPIRE Awards, NTSE Scholarship,
Olympiads, Any other State/ national/ international
level awards to 1000 students
Percentage of schools having Science/ Technology
Tinkering/ Innovation labs like Atal Tinkering Labs
(ATL’s)
Percentage of schools having Science/ Technology
Tinkering/ Innovation labs like Atal Tinkering Labs
(ATL’s)
Tertiary and Higher education
Enrolment in engineering and technology (at UG, PG & Diploma level)
Intake in Engineering and Technology at UG, PG and Diploma level (per lakh of population between 18-23 years)
Enrolment in PhD per lakh of population Number of pupils enrolled in Phd programs in states
Higher education institutions with NAAC grade A and above
Number of higher education institutions with NAAC grade A and above (% of total institutions graded by NAAC in the state)
Pupil Teacher Ratio- Higher Education Pupil-teacher ratio, higher education
Colleges connected through NMEICTPercentage of colleges connected through ICT (National Mission in Education through ICT)
Enrolment in vocational education or skill development courses / lakh of population
Enrolment in vocational education in states per lakh of population
Tertiary in-bound mobility (non state students coming to study in the state)
Number of non-domicile students coming to study in state (vocational/tertiary education).NIRF data for top 100 colleges of the state is the source.
Appendix A : Indicator and Definitions 297India Innovation Index 2021 Investment
Research & Development
Expenditure on higher and technical education State government expenditure on higher and
technical education (per lakh of population)
Expenditure on Science, Technology and
Environment
State government on Research and Development/
Science, Technology and Environment (% of GSDP);
Average of three years
Expenditure on R&DState government on Research and Development (%
of GSDP); Average of three years
NIRF ranking of top 5 universitiesAverage ranking of universities in a state according
to NIRF 2020 rankings
Knowledge Workers
Workforce
Knowledge-intensive employmentNumber of people employed as 1. Managers 2.
professionals and 3. Technicians and associate
professionals as a percentage of total people
employed
Private R&D units in stat
e
Number of private R&D units in the state (per lakh of
population)
NGOs involved in knowledge intensive areas Number of NGO's involved in knowledge intensive
areas ( per lakh of population)
R & D Institutions funded by States/UT’s Number of R&D Institutions funded by the state ( per
lakh of population)
Skill development trainingNo. of people trained in skill development center in
state / 1000 employment
% of females employed with advanced degrees out
of total employed.
Percentage of women employed with advanced
degrees (PG, Mphil, D.Phil, PhD) to total employees
Business Environment
Trade, competition & market scale
Ease of Doing BusinessEase of Doing Business Score- Implementation percentage
Common Facility Centers Number of Common Facility Centres in the state (per lakh of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises- MSME)
Share of manufacturing & services as a % of GSVAContrbution of manufacturing and services sector to GSDP as a percentage of GSDP
Gross capital formation as a % of GSDP/ GVA Gross CapitalFormation of a state as percentage of Gross State Domestic Product
Market Sophistication
Venture capital dealsNumber of Venture capital investment deals
proportion to GSDP

FDI inflowsShare of FDI net inflows to the total state GDP 298India Innovation Index 2021
Safety and Legal Environment
Security/Safety Environment
Information Technology / Intellectual Property
related Acts (Rate of offences)
Incidence of crimes under Information Technology
/ Intellectual Property related Acts per one lakh of
population
Cyber crime police stationsNo. of Cyber Cells per lakh of population
Rate of Cognizable CrimeCognizable crimes comprise of heinous or serious
offences such as murder, rape, kidnapping, theft,
dowry death etc, under both Indian Penal Code
(IPC) and Special & Local Laws (SLL). This indicator
measures the rate of cognizable crime per lakh
population.
Police personnel/lakh of populationNumber of police personnel in the state per one lakh
population
Social Media Monitoring CellsNo. of Social Media Monitoring Cells per lakh
population
Credit
Number of bank accounts / 100000 population Total number of banks accounts in a state per 1000
of state population
Percentage of bank accounts with Aadhar seedingNumber of bank accounts linked with Aadhar
divided by totalnumber of bank accounts in the state
Domestic credit to private sector, % SDP State wise credit given by Scheduled Commercial
Banks
Micro finance institutions Loan portfolio (MUDRA
etc.)
Amount of loans disbursed to the total amount
sanctioned under MUDRA scheme
Digital Infrastructure
Internet subscribersNumber of wireless subscriber in the region
Total number of online services transaction / 1000 population
Total amount of online services transactions (per thousand population)
No. of services offered online by STATE GOVT./ Other Sources
Number of services offered online by state government
Percentage of villages in state with internet connectivity
Number of villages in a state with internet connectivity by total number of villages in the state
Percentage of subsidies or benefits transferred through digital platform
Percentage of funds disbursed through Electronic Mode
Incubator centers in stateNumber of Incubator centres in the state (per lakh population)
Cluster StrengthNumber of stars accorded to each state for its performance in all clusters using three star methodology. Cluster strength represents the potential of a region’s cluster portfolio measured by summing up the performance across individual clusters on the basis of Employment creation, Specialization and location Quotient. 299India Innovation Index 2021 Legal Regulatory Environment
Pendency of court casesPercentage of court cases pending
Charge Sheeting RateThe NCRB defines Charge-sheeting rate as Cases
Chargesheeted/Cases disposed off by Police)*100.
The charge-sheeting rate in its entirety is available
with NCRB.
Pendency Percentage- Corruption cases
investigation
Cases investigated / total cases reported under
Prevention of Corruption Act 1988
Knowledge Impact
Startups in the statePercentage of New Businesses registered with the
State Startup program.
New Businesses- No. of companies registered
during previous FY
State/UT-wise Registration of Companies during
January 2020 to March 2021
GSDP per capita growth rateGrowth rate of Gross State Domestic Product
Environment clearance of proposals/project Number of projects/ proposals approved for
environment clearance.
Intangible Assets
Patents filed from stateNumber of patent applications filed in the state (per lakh of popuation)
Industrial designs by originNumber of designs contained in industrial design applications filed (per lakh population)
Trademark application filedNumber of trade mark applications filed in Indian
states (per lakh population)
Performance
Knowledge Output
Knowledge creation
Grass root innovationsNumber of grassroot innovators in the state per lakh
of population
PublicationsComposite score using combined matric for
Publications (PU) and number of colleges in NIRF
Ranking 2021 (Top 100) 300India Innovation Index 2021
Creative Goods and Services
GIs registeredNumber of Geographical Indications in states
Circulation by all newspapers/ State populationState/UT –Wise Circulation of newspapers divided
by state population
Handicraft sales/gsdp; Handloom sales Handicraft sales in Indian States as a percent of
their GSDP
Knowledge Diffusion
Knowledge Dissemination
High-tech exports as a % of total exports High tech exports as a percentage of total exports in Indian states. High-technology exports contain technical products with a high intensity of R&D, defined by the Eurostat classification, which is based on Standard International Trade Classification (SITC) Revision 4 and the Organisation for Economic Co operation and Development (OECD) definition. Commodities belong to the following sectors: aerospace; computers & office machines; electronics; telecommunications; pharmacy; scientific instruments; electrical machinery; chemistry; non-electrical machinery; and armament.
ICT exports State wise Software Exports made by registered
units through STPI [Telecommunications, computers
and information services export (% of total export) ]
High and medium-high-tech manufacturing entities Number of high tech and medium high-tech
manufacturing entities (per crore of GSDP)-
companies with investment in plant and machinery
above ten crore rupees in the state
CitationsComposite score using combined matric for Quality
of Publications (QP) and number of colleges in NIRF
Ranking 2021 (Top 100) 301India Innovation Index 2021
EnablersYearData Sources
Human Capital
School Education
Schools with ICT labs2019-20UDISE+
Assessment in reading, mathematics, and science
(Class V NAS Scores, 2015, Cycle 4)
2017-18NCERT
Expenditure on school education as a % of GSDP 2017-18Ministry of Education/RBI
NER in school education2019-20UDISE+
Secondary school level completion rate with respect
to Primary School level completion rate
2019-20UDISE+
Pupil-Teacher ratio: Primary & Secondary 2019-20UDISE+
Accolades in STEM Activities/ 1000 Students in
States i.e.: INSPIRE Awards, NTSE Scholarship,
Olympiads, Any other State/ national/ international
level awards
2019-20DST, NCERT, Science
Olympiad Foundation,
National Innovation
Foundation- India
Percentage of schools having Science/ Technology
Tinkering/ Innovation labs like Atal Tinkering Labs
(ATL's)
2021Atal Innovation Mission
Investment
Research & Development
Expenditure on higher and technical education 2017-18Ministry of Education
Expenditure on Science, Technology and Environment
2020-21STATE GOVT/RBI
Expenditure on R&D2020-21DST
NIRF ranking of top 5 universities2020-21NIRF
Tertiary and Higher education
Enrolment in engineering and technology (at UG, PG & Diploma level)
2020-21AICTE
Enrolment in PhD per lakh of population 2019-20AISHE
Higher education institutions with NAAC grade A and above
2020-21NAAC
Pupil Teacher Ratio- Higher Education 2019-20AISHE
Colleges connected through NMEICT2019-20AISHE
Enrolment in vocational education or skill development courses / lakh of population
2019-20AICTE
Tertiary in-bound mobility (non state students
coming to study in the state)
2021NIRF
Appendix B : Data Availability and Sources 302India Innovation Index 2021
Knowledge Workers
Workforce
Knowledge-intensive employment2019-20PLFS
Private R&D units in state2020-21DST
NGOs involved in knowledge intensive areas 2019-20NGO-Darpan
R & D Institutions funded by States/UT’s 2020-21DST
Skill development training2020-21PMKVY
% of females employed with advanced degrees out
of total employed.
2019-20PLFS
Business Environment
Trade, competition & market scale
Ease of Doing Business2020DIPP
Common Facility Centers 2020-21MSME
Share of manufacturing & services as a % of GSVA2020-21RBI DBIE
Gross capital formation as a % of GSDP/ GVA 2020-21RBI
Incubator centers in state2020-21Startup India
Cluster Strength2019-20PLFS (EAC_PM)
Credit
Number of bank accounts / 100000 population 2020-21RBI
Percentage of bank accounts with Aadhar seeding2020-21Department of Financial Services, Ministry of Finance
Domestic credit to private sector, % SDP 2020-21RBI DBIE
Micro finance institutions Loan portfolio (MUDRA etc.)
2020-21MUDRA
Market Sophistication
Venture capital deals2017DIPP
FDI inflows2020-21DIPP 303India Innovation Index 2021 Digital Infrastructure
Internet subscribers2020-21TRAI
Total number of online services transaction / 1000
population
2020-21Etaal
No. of services offered online by STATE GOVT./
Other Sources
2020-21Etaal
Percentage of villages in state with internet
connectivity
2020-21LOK SABHA
Percentage of subsidies or benefits transferred
through digital platform
2019-20DBT, GoI
Legal Regulatory Environment
Pendency of court cases2021National Judicial Data Grid
Charge Sheeting Rate2020NCRB
Pendency Percentage- Corruption cases investigation
2020NCRB
Safety and Legal Environment
Security/Safety Environment
Information Technology / Intellectual Property related Acts (Rate of offences)
2020NCRB
Cyber crime police stations2020BPRD, MHA
Rate of Cognizable Crime2020NCRB
Police personnel/lakh of population2020BPRD, MHA
Social Media Monitoring Cells2020BPRD, MHA
PerformanceYearData Sources
Knowledge Output
Knowledge creation
Grass root innovations2019NIF
Publications2021NIRF 304India Innovation Index 2021 Knowledge Impact
Startups in the state2021Startup India
New Businesses- No. of companies registered
during previous FY
2020-21MCA
GSDP per capita growth rate2019-20SDG Report - NITI Aayog
Environment clearance of proposals/project 2020State Environment
Impact Assesment
authority
Intangible Assets
Patents filed from state2019-20IP India, under DPIIT
Industrial designs by origin2019-20DIPP
Trademark application filed2019-20DIPP
Creative Goods and Services
GIs registered2019-20DIPP
Circulation by all newspapers/ State population2021RNI
Handicraft sales/gsdp; Handloom sales 2019-20Ministry of Textiles
Knowledge Diffusion
Knowledge Dissemination
High-tech exports as a % of total exports 2020-21DGCIS
ICT exports 2019-20STPI
High and medium-high-tech manufacturing entities 2018-19DIPP/DGCIS/STATE GOVT
Citations 2021NIRF 305India Innovation Index 2021 Appendix C: III 2022 framework – new indicators
Pillars/indicatorsDefinitions
Indicators
Investment
Research & Development
Average Revenue of top 3 R&D companies in the
state.
Average of Revenue of top 3 R&D companies in the
state.
Expenditure on providing tertiary education Average of three years Expenditure on providing
tertiary education by state government. Tertiary
Education refers to all forms of formal education
post-secondary level, and included technical and
vocational education, along with higher education
GERD financed by private sectorGross expenditure on R&D performed by private
enterprise (in Rs CR) as a percentage of GSDP
Knowledge Workers
Workforce
R&D personnel employed in stateRatio of total number of R&D personnel employed in state to Total employed population. R&D personnel refer to researchers working under Research institutes , Universities and colleges under Department of higher education , Department of Science and Technology.
Knowledge absorption
Grants and subsidies given by the state for GI protection as a % of GSDP
Total Grants and subsidies given by state budget for Geographical Indications protection. Geographical
Indications protect signs that indicate that a product
originates in a given geographical area and its
qualities, reputation, or other characteristics are
essentially due to its geographical origin
Expenditure support on tech upgradation as a % of
GSDP
Technology upgradation would ordinarily mean
induction of state-of-the-art or near state-of-the-
art technology. It implies the upgradation of existing
infrastructure to improve cost-efficiency trade-offs
in production. For instance, under manufacturing
sector specified units in agro-industry, msme, textile,
food processing , pharma , auto components.And
in service sector would include software , hardware
related machinery in Information Technology &
Information Technology enabled Services (IT &ITeS)
, Transport , Logistics and financial services which
enable innovation across products in a region.
Joint ventures with foreign companies Number of Joint Ventures by state government with
foreign companies 306India Innovation Index 2021
High-tech importsHigh tech imports as a percentage of total imports
in Indian states. High-technology imports contain
technical products with a high intensity of R&D,
defined by the Eurostat classification, which is
based on Standard International Trade Classification
(SITC) Revision 4 and the Organisation for Economic
Co operation and Development (OECD) definition.
Commodities belong to the following sectors:
aerospace; computers & office machines; electronics;
telecommunications; pharmacy; scientific
instruments; electrical machinery; chemistry; non-
electrical machinery; and armament.
R&D funding in state universities by industry R&D funding in states universities either by
individuals or corporates as a % of GDSP
Support to start-ups by state as a percentage of
state budgets
Amount of funds allocated in state budget for
support to start ups in the state as a percentage of
total state budget
Business Environment
Digital Infrastructure
No. of digital payment transactions / 1000
population
No. of digital payment transactions / 1000
population
IT spending by state as % of total annual budgetExpenditure by state's department of Information
Technology as a percentage of their budget.
Closure of R & D businessesNumber of R&D Businesses that were winded down
within 5 years.
Performance
Knowledge Output
Knowledge creation
IP Commercialization as a % of GSDPIntellectual Property (IP) is, in very simple terms, a set of exclusive rights for different types of creations. They include patents, utility models, trademarks, industrial designs, and copyright are among the most important IP rights. IP Commercialisation is the process of bringing the IPRs to the market for them to be exploited in return for business profits and growth. To reap the economic benefits from IPRs, states have to make them available in the market ( as sales) , under particular conditions and for a specific return. It can be measured by the revenue generated by no. of IP licenses approved at the central level. States do not file IP data, but it does have IP licensing centres that come under the purview of central authorities. 307India Innovation Index 2021
Knowledge Impact
No. of companies getting ISO 14001 environment
certificates
Number of companies getting ISO 140001
certification since last year
Percentage of state budget spent on awareness and
advertisement of innovation efforts and funds
Amount of funds from state budget spent on
awareness and advertising as a percentage of state
budget
No. of companies getting ISO 9001 quality
certificates
Number of companies getting ISO 9001 certification
since last year
Intangible Assets
Copyrights filedNumber of copyright applications filed by indian states (per lakh population)
Patents for ICs by statePatents filled for Integrated circuits state wise (per
lakh population)
Knowledge Diffusion
Creative Goods and Services
Production of Audio-visual contentIncrease in the Number of audio-visual content (feature films, OTT, television programmes) from last year
Annual viewership of audio-visual content Annual viewership of audio-visual content (including television and OTT platforms)
Entertainment & media output( cable and satellite penetration statewise)percentage
percentage of population with access to cable and satellite television
Regional Books publishing and circulation Number of books published in fiction+non-fiction
category in languages under 8th Schedule of the
Indian Constitution; 308India Innovation Index 2021 Appendix D : Best case and worst case scenarios based on world
Pillar Sub pillarStateUtopia Dystopia
Human Capital School
Education
Percentage of school functional computer
facility
100 0
NAS scores58.15 0
Expenditure on school education as a % of
GSDP
30.15 5.4
NER in school education100 68
Accolades in STEM Activities/ 1000
Students
25.26 0.16
Pupil-Teacher ratio: Primary & Secondary-8.3 -69.09
Percentage of schools having ATL labs100 0
Secondary school level completion rate 100 0
Tertiary
and Higher
education
Enrolment in PhD per lakh of population145.37 0
Enrolment in engineering and technology
(at UG, PG & Diploma level) per lakh of
population
4985.72 0
Higher education institutions with NAAC
grade A and above %
87.61 0
Percentage of Colleges connected through
NMEICT
57.75 0
Enrolment in vocational education or skill
development courses / lakh of population
0.20 0.00
Tertiary mobility 366.19 0
Pupil Teacher Ratio- Higher Education-4.42 -37.11
Investment Research & Development
Expenditure on higher and technical education
76567406.15 0.00
Expenditure on R&D4.76 0.00
Expenditure on Science, Technology and Environment as a % of GSDP
0.62 0.00
NIRF ranking of top 5 universities 98.98 0.00
Market Sophistication
FDI inflow as a percentage of state GDP33.88 0.00
Venture capital deals5.16 0.00
Knowledge Workers
Workforce Knowledge intensive employment 62.30 0.75
NGOs involved in knowledge intensive areas %
17.12 0.00
Number of private R&D units in the state (per lakh population)
3.56 0.00
Number of R&D Institutions funded by the state (per lakh population)
0.63 0.00
Skill development training PMKVY per lakh population
12.08 0.00
% of females employed with advanced degrees out of total employed.
86.98 34.03 309India Innovation Index 2021 Business
Environment
Trade,
competition &
market scale
Ease of Doing Business86.8 20
Incubators per lakh population 3.55 0
Common facility centre per lakh
population
2.14 0
Gross capital formation as a % of GVA84.79 0
Share of manufacturing and services as a
percentage of GSDP
96.46 0
Cluster Strength94.3 12.65
Credit Number of bank accounts per lakh
population
140.45 0.42
Percentage of bank accounts with Aadhar
seeding
100 0
Domestic credit to private sector, % SDP266.61 1.92
Micro finance institutions Loan portfolio 100 0
Digital
Infrastructure
Internet subscribers2321.02 0
Percentage of villages in state with
internet connectivity
100 0
Percentage of subsidies or benefits
transferred through digital platform
100 11
No. of services offered online by STATE
GOVT./ Other Sources
100 0
Total number of online services
transaction / 1000 population
50743.95 0
Safety and Legal Environment
Security/Safety Environment
Information Technology / Intellectual Property related Acts (Rate of offences)
0-16.3
No. of cyber cells0.39 0
Rate of Cognizable Crime0-1808.8
Police personnel/lakh of population 1621.35 100.53
No. of Social Media Monitoring Cells per lakh population
0.13 0
Legal Regulatory Environment
Pendency rate 0-6.27
Charge sheeting Rate 0-91.7
Pendency Percentage- Corruption cases investigation
0-100 310India Innovation Index 2021 Knowledge
Output
Knowledge
creation
Grass root innovations414 0
Publication44.04 0
Knowledge
Impact
Startups in the state0.11 0
New Businesses- No. of companies
registered during previous FY
0.01 0
GSDP per capita growth rate 2019-20 8.2 -10
Environment clearance applications
approved percent
100 0
Intangible
Assets
Number of patent applications filed in the
state (per unit of GSDP)
8.21 0
Number of trade mark applications filed in
Indian states (per lakh population)
379.77 1.41
Number of designs contained in industrial
design applications filed (per lakh
population)
47.74 0.16
Knowledge
Diffusion
Knowledge
Dissemination
High-tech exports as a % of total exports69.6 0.13
Software exports %57 0
High and medium high tech
manufacturing entities percentage
85.06 0
Citation Score27.82 0
Creative
Goods and
Services
GIs registered7247 1
Circulation97.82 0
Handlooms sales as a percentage of
GSDP
7.84 0 311India Innovation Index 2021 Appendix E : Dimension and Pillar scores
States
III 2021
ENABLERS
PERFORMERS
Human capital
Business
Environment
Investment
Knowledge
workers
Safety
and legal
environment
Knowledge
output
Knowledge
diffusion

Andaman
and Nicobar
Islands
17.29 25.77 8.82 25.92 32.32 8.77 1.34 60.50 12.92 4.71
Andhra
Pradesh
13.32 18.66 7.99 28.97 37.06 4.48 4.04 18.74 10.94 5.03
Arunachal
Pradesh
15.46 21.76 9.16 25.36 17.85 17.12 3.16 45.32 7.98 10.34
Assam 11.29 15.59 7.00 24.44 20.28 5.01 1.93 26.26 10.55 3.45
Bihar 11.58 14.21 8.95 13.29 27.21 2.88 1.77 25.87 14.90 3.00
Chandigarh 27.88 28.10 27.65 33.56 33.00 4.61 22.44 46.89 41.96 13.34
Chhattisgarh10.97 17.72 4.22 26.39 29.17 2.37 1.66 29.00 7.33 1.12
Dadra and
Nagar Haveli
& Daman and
Diu
12.09 19.55 4.64 22.52 22.92 2.32 6.39 43.60 7.00 2.28
Delhi 27.00 26.04 27.96 29.66 39.28 11.34 14.61 35.31 39.63 16.28
Goa 14.93 20.94 8.92 28.76 33.83 7.53 9.45 25.14 13.07 4.77
Gujarat 12.41 16.05 8.78 22.94 32.46 5.79 8.03 11.01 12.88 4.68
Haryana 16.35 22.68 10.02 25.08 32.70 7.57 8.35 39.68 16.29 3.74
Himachal
Pradesh
14.62 19.25 10.00 29.91 27.89 5.52 9.87 23.04 12.86 7.14
Jammu and
Kashmir
12.83 17.36 8.30 22.70 24.21 5.77 5.82 28.28 11.94 4.66
Jharkhand 13.10 16.38 9.81 20.26 24.99 8.40 0.78 27.45 14.78 4.85
Karnataka 18.01 22.00 14.02 29.63 33.91 19.06 8.49 18.93 16.25 11.79
Kerala 13.67 18.17 9.17 26.75 35.79 7.85 6.15 14.33 14.17 4.16
Ladakh 5.91 11.35 0.47 12.06 11.27 0.00 6.22 27.21 0.93 0.00
Lakshadweep 7.86 14.40 1.32 19.69 17.66 1.76 0.16 32.75 1.36 1.28
Madhya
Pradesh
12.74 16.20 9.29 20.36 30.74 7.87 2.64 19.38 11.34 7.23
Maharashtra 16.06 19.97 12.16 25.75 34.86 6.76 7.49 25.00 17.55 6.76 312India Innovation Index 2021 Manipur 19.37 28.55 10.19 25.32 21.11 11.44 12.78 72.13 11.71 8.66
Meghalaya 16.00 22.95 9.05 27.68 17.00 1.54 4.10 64.44 12.40 5.71
Mizoram 13.41 20.13 6.68 35.23 20.47 4.58 0.53 39.84 7.95 5.41
Nagaland 11.00 19.69 2.31 24.55 18.82 2.15 3.02 49.93 3.01 1.61
Odisha 11.42 15.19 7.64 24.62 22.80 4.76 2.12 21.66 11.82 3.46
Puducherry 15.88 20.86 10.89 36.80 30.30 1.47 6.84 28.91 13.47 8.31
Punjab 15.35 20.41 10.30 29.62 29.52 4.55 5.81 32.55 16.21 4.39
Rajasthan 12.88 18.68 7.09 25.67 33.39 5.61 3.02 25.70 9.80 4.37
Sikkim 13.85 20.83 6.87 28.83 21.32 5.88 2.53 45.60 8.12 5.62
Tamil Nadu 15.69 18.93 12.45 30.88 36.06 9.75 6.99 10.97 18.29 6.60
Telangana 17.66 20.08 15.24 26.96 36.54 6.49 9.17 21.24 19.61 10.86
Tripura 11.43 19.58 3.27 26.43 25.42 1.32 2.36 42.37 5.47 1.07
Uttar Pradesh14.22 16.54 11.90 17.24 40.80 6.31 2.82 15.55 17.62 6.18
Uttarakhand 17.67 22.09 13.25 29.40 25.44 11.28 8.10 36.23 16.35 10.16
West Bengal 12.98 15.37 10.60 18.42 34.35 5.35 3.34 15.39 15.17 6.02 313India Innovation Index 2021 Appendix F : Peer groups
State/UT name Peer 1, Peer 2, Peer 3, Peer 4, Peer 5, Peer 6, Peer 7, Peer 8, Peer 9, Peer 10
Andaman and
Nicobar Islands Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim, Manipur, Puducherry, Meghalaya, Chandigarh,
Tripura, Goa
Andhra Pradesh Rajasthan, Telangana, Delhi, Madhya Pradesh, Kerala, Haryana, West Bengal, Punjab, Odisha, Bihar
Arunachal Pradesh Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim, Manipur, Puducherry, Meghalaya, Andaman and Nicobar Islands,
Chandigarh, Tripura, Goa
AssamJharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Uttarakhand, Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Lakshadweep, Himachal Pradesh,
Jammu and Kashmir, Ladakh, Bihar, Odisha
BiharOdisha, Punjab, Haryana, Kerala, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Jharkhand, Assam, Delhi,
Uttarakhand
Chandigarh Meghalaya, Puducherry, Tripura, Manipur, Sikkim, Nagaland, Mizoram, Arunachal Pradesh, Goa,
Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Chhattisgarh Jharkhand, Assam, Uttarakhand, Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Lakshadweep, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu
and Kashmir, Ladakh, Bihar, Odisha
Dadra and Nagar
Haveli & Daman
and DiuLakshadweep, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Ladakh, Uttarakhand, Assam, Jharkhand,
Chhattisgarh, Goa, Tripura
DelhiMadhya Pradesh, Telangana, Kerala, Haryana, Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan, West Bengal, Punjab,
Odisha, Bihar
GoaTripura, Chandigarh, Meghalaya, Puducherry, Manipur, Sikkim, Nagaland, Mizoram, Arunachal
Pradesh, Andaman and Nicobar Islands
GujaratTamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Karnataka, West Bengal, Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Delhi,
Madhya Pradesh, Kerala
HaryanaKerala, Madhya Pradesh, Delhi, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan, Punjab, Odisha, Bihar, West
Bengal
Himachal Pradesh Jammu and Kashmir, Ladakh, Lakshadweep, Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Goa, Uttarakhand, Tripura,
Chandigarh, Meghalaya, Puducherry
Jammu and Kashmir Ladakh, Himachal Pradesh, Lakshadweep, Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Goa, Tripura, Uttarakhand,
Chandigarh, Meghalaya, Puducherry
Jharkhand Assam, Chhattisgarh, Uttarakhand, Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Lakshadweep, Himachal Pradesh,
Jammu and Kashmir, Ladakh, Bihar, Odisha
Karnataka Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal, Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Delhi,
Madhya Pradesh, Kerala
KeralaHaryana, Madhya Pradesh, Delhi, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan, Punjab, Odisha, Bihar,
West Bengal
LadakhJammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Lakshadweep, Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Goa, Tripura,
Uttarakhand, Chandigarh, Meghalaya, Puducherry
Lakshadweep Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Ladakh, Uttarakhand, Assam,
Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Goa, Tripura
Madhya Pradesh Kerala, Haryana, Delhi, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan, Punjab, Odisha, Bihar, West Bengal
Maharashtra Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, Karnataka, West Bengal, Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana,
Delhi, Madhya Pradesh
ManipurSikkim, Nagaland, Mizoram, Arunachal Pradesh, Puducherry, Meghalaya, Chandigarh, Andaman and
Nicobar Islands, Tripura, Goa
Meghalaya Puducherry, Manipur, Sikkim, Chandigarh, Nagaland, Mizoram, Arunachal Pradesh, Tripura, Andaman
and Nicobar Islands, Goa 314India Innovation Index 2021 MizoramNagaland, Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Manipur, Puducherry, Meghalaya, Andaman and Nicobar
Islands, Chandigarh, Tripura, Goa
NagalandMizoram, Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Manipur, Puducherry, Meghalaya, Andaman and Nicobar
Islands, Chandigarh, Tripura, Goa
OdishaPunjab, Bihar, Haryana, Kerala, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Jharkhand, Assam, Delhi,
Uttarakhand
Puducherry Meghalaya, Manipur, Sikkim, Chandigarh, Nagaland, Mizoram, Arunachal Pradesh, Tripura, Andaman
and Nicobar Islands, Goa
PunjabOdisha, Bihar, Haryana, Kerala, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Jharkhand, Assam, Delhi,
Uttarakhand
Rajasthan Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Delhi, West Bengal, Madhya Pradesh, Kerala, Haryana, Punjab, Odisha,
Bihar
SikkimManipur, Nagaland, Mizoram, Arunachal Pradesh, Puducherry, Meghalaya, Chandigarh, Andaman
and Nicobar Islands, Tripura, Goa
Tamil Nadu Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, Karnataka, West Bengal, Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Delhi,
Madhya Pradesh, Kerala
Telangana Andhra Pradesh, Delhi, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Kerala, Haryana, West Bengal, Punjab, Odisha
, Bihar
TripuraChandigarh, Goa, Meghalaya, Puducherry, Manipur, Sikkim, Nagaland, Mizoram, Arunachal Pradesh,
Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Uttar Pradesh Karnataka, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal, Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Delhi, Madhya
Pradesh, Kerala
Uttarakhand Assam, Jharkhand, Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Lakshadweep, Chhattisgarh, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu
and Kashmir, Ladakh, Goa, Tripura
West Bengal Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Delhi, Madhya Pradesh, Kerala, Haryana, Karnataka, Punjab,
Odisha 315India Innovation Index 2021
Pillar Sub pillarIndicator Data
Human
Capital
School
Education
Percentage of school functional computer facility 60.05
NAS scores39.78
Expenditure on school education as a % of GSDP 9.75
NER in school education71.30
Accolades in STEM Activities/ 1000 Students 6.55
Pupil-Teacher ratio: Primary & Secondary10.33
Percentage of schools having ATL labs0.00
Secondary school level completion rate 106.63
Tertiary
and Higher
education
Enrolment in PhD per lakh of population3.68
Enrolment in engineering and technology (at UG, PG &
Diploma level) per lakh of population
762.48
Higher education institutions with NAAC grade A and
above %
11.11
Percentage of Colleges connected through NMEICT 14.80
Enrolment in vocational education or skill development
courses / lakh of population
0.01
Tertiary mobility 0.00
Pupil Teacher Ratio- Higher Education22.00
Investment
Research &
Development
Expenditure on higher and technical education
5.10
Expenditure on R&D as a (% of GSDP) 0.00
Expenditure on Science, Technology and Environment as a
% of GSDP
0.00
NIRF ranking of top 5 universities0.00
Market
Sophistication
FDI inflow as a percentage of state GDP0.00
Venture capital deals0.00
Knowledge
Workers
Workforce Knowledge intensive employment0.00
NGOs involved in knowledge intensive areas % 0.53
Number of private R&D units in the state (per lakh
population)
0.00
Number of R&D Institutions funded by the state (per lakh
population)
0.00
Skill development training PMKVY per lakh population 0.00
% of females employed with advanced degrees out of total
employed.
4.31
Appendix G : Indicator data
Andaman and Nicobar Islands 316India Innovation Index 2021
Business
Environment
Trade,
competition &
market scale
Ease of Doing Business4.64
Incubators per lakh population2.36
Common facility centre per lakh population0.00
Gross capital formation as a % of GVA29.21
Share of manufacturing and services as a percentage of
GSDP
63.92
Cluster Strength36.00
Credit Number of bank accounts per lakh population 1.01
Percentage of bank accounts with Aadhar seeding 93.26
Domestic credit to private sector, % SDP35.58
Micro finance institutions Loan portfolio 96.68
Digital
Infrastructure
Internet subscribers105.10
Percentage of villages in state with internet connectivity61.87
Percentage of subsidies or benefits transferred through
digital platform
48.60
No. of services offered online by STATE GOVT./ Other
Sources
69.00
Total number of online services transaction / 1000
population
10725.90
Safety
and Legal
Environment
Security/
Safety
Environment
Information Technology / Intellectual Property related Acts
(Rate of offences)
1.00
No. of cyber cells0.26
Rate of Cognizable Crime637.10
Police personnel/lakh of population1080.90
No. of Social Media Monitoring Cells per lakh population0.26
Legal
Regulatory
Environment
Pendency rate 1.51
Charge sheeting Rate 90.10
Pendency Percentage- Corruption cases investigation 97.10
Knowledge
Output
Knowledge
creation
Grass root innovations276.00
Publication0.00
Knowledge
Impact
Startups in the state0.02
New Businesses- No. of companies registered during
previous FY
0.00
GSDP per capita growth rate 2019-200.00
Environment clearance applications approved percent 0.00 317India Innovation Index 2021
Andhra Pradesh
Knowledge
Output
Intangible
Assets
Number of patent applications filed in the state (per unit of
GSDP)
0.56
Number of trade mark applications filed in Indian states
(per lakh population)
8.15
Number of designs contained in industrial design
applications filed (per lakh population)
0.00
Knowledge
Diffusion
Knowledge
Dissemination
High-tech exports as a % of total exports32.37
Software exports %0.00
High and medium high tech manufacturing entities
percentage
0.00
Citation Score0.00
Creative
Goods and
Services
GIs registered0.00
Circulation29.43
Handlooms sales as a percentage of GSDP0.00
Pillar Sub pillarIndicator Data
Human
Capital
School
Education
Percentage of school functional computer facility 35.07
NAS scores42.10
Expenditure on school education as a % of GSDP 6.56
NER in school education87.30
Accolades in STEM Activities/ 1000 Students 15.93
Pupil-Teacher ratio: Primary & Secondary19.03
Percentage of schools having ATL labs0.74
Secondary school level completion rate 98.59
Tertiary
and Higher
education
Enrolment in PhD per lakh of population13.52
Enrolment in engineering and technology (at UG, PG &
Diploma level) per lakh of population
2477.24
Higher education institutions with NAAC grade A and
above %
8.32
Percentage of Colleges connected through NMEICT 2.80
Enrolment in vocational education or skill development
courses / lakh of population
0.00
Tertiary mobility 3.61
Pupil Teacher Ratio- Higher Education19.00 318India Innovation Index 2021
Investment
Research &
Development
Expenditure on higher and technical education
0.31
Expenditure on R&D0.10
Expenditure on Science, Technology and Environment as a
% of GSDP
0.00
NIRF ranking of top 5 universities47.76
Market
Sophistication
FDI inflow as a percentage of state GDP0.22
Venture capital deals0.00
Knowledge
Workers
Workforce Knowledge intensive employment0.31
NGOs involved in knowledge intensive areas % 0.65
Number of private R&D units in the state (per lakh
population)
0.15
Number of R&D Institutions funded by the state (per lakh
population)
0.13
Skill development training PMKVY per lakh population 0.10
% of females employed with advanced degrees out of total
employed.
2.25
Business
Environment
Trade,
competition &
market scale
Ease of Doing Business52.40
Incubators per lakh population0.03
Common facility centre per lakh population0.06
Gross capital formation as a % of GVA56.53
Share of manufacturing and services as a percentage of
GSDP
49.83
Cluster strength27.00
Credit Number of bank accounts per lakh population 1.29
Percentage of bank accounts with Aadhar seeding 93.70
Domestic credit to private sector, % SDP62.62
Micro finance institutions Loan portfolio 96.65
Digital
Infrastructure
Internet subscribers92.09
Percentage of villages in state with internet connectivity88.94
Percentage of subsidies or benefits transferred through
digital platform
36.70
No. of services offered online by STATE GOVT./ Other
Sources
183.00
Total number of online services transaction / 1000
population
18736.10 319India Innovation Index 2021
Safety
and Legal
Environment
Security/
Safety
Environment
Information Technology / Intellectual Property related Acts
(Rate of offences)
0.70
No. of cyber cells0.00
Rate of Cognizable Crime452.70
Police personnel/lakh of population113.68
No. of Social Media Monitoring Cells per lakh population0.00
Legal
Regulatory
Environment
Pendency rate 0.31
Charge sheeting Rate 89.10
Pendency Percentage- Corruption cases investigation 97.30
Knowledge
Output
Knowledge
creation
Grass root innovations7.00
Publication11.07
Knowledge
Impact
Startups in the state0.01
New Businesses- No. of companies registered during
previous FY
0.00
GSDP per capita growth rate 2019-201.00
Environment clearance applications approved percent 93.72
Intangible
Assets
Number of patent applications filed in the state (per unit of
GSDP)
0.72
Number of trade mark applications filed in Indian states
(per lakh population)
8.83
Number of designs contained in industrial design
applications filed (per lakh population)
0.24
Knowledge
Diffusion
Knowledge
Dissemination
High-tech exports as a % of total exports30.98
Software exports %0.11
High and medium high tech manufacturing entities
percentage
0.31
Citation Score11.50
Creative
Goods and
Services
GIs registered18.00
Circulation11.55
Handlooms sales as a percentage of GSDP0.19 320India Innovation Index 2021
Pillar Sub pillarIndicator Data
Human
Capital
School
Education
Percentage of school functional computer facility 23.65
NAS scores36.89
Expenditure on school education as a % of GSDP 7.76
NER in school education93.50
Accolades in STEM Activities/ 1000 Students 1.43
Pupil-Teacher ratio: Primary & Secondary10.90
Percentage of schools having ATL labs0.22
Secondary school level completion rate 87.00
Tertiary
and Higher
education
Enrolment in PhD per lakh of population77.04
Enrolment in engineering and technology (at UG, PG &
Diploma level) per lakh of population
365.86
Higher education institutions with NAAC grade A and
above %
1.85
Percentage of Colleges connected through NMEICT 12.40
Enrolment in vocational education or skill development
courses / lakh of population
0.03
Tertiary mobility 0.00
Pupil Teacher Ratio- Higher Education28.00
Investment
Research &
Development
Expenditure on higher and technical education
3.68
Expenditure on R&D0.00
Expenditure on Science, Technology and Environment as a
% of GSDP
0.41
NIRF ranking of top 5 universities0.00
Market
Sophistication
FDI inflow as a percentage of state GDP0.03
Venture capital deals0.00
Knowledge
Workers
Workforce Knowledge intensive employment0.02
NGOs involved in knowledge intensive areas % 3.47
Number of private R&D units in the state (per lakh
population)
0.00
Number of R&D Institutions funded by the state (per lakh
population)
0.00
Skill development training PMKVY per lakh population 0.00
% of females employed with advanced degrees out of total
employed.
0.68
Arunachal Pradesh 321India Innovation Index 2021
Business
Environment
Trade,
competition &
market scale
Ease of Doing Business0.00
Incubators per lakh population0.00
Common facility centre per lakh population0.00
Gross capital formation as a % of GVA13.65
Share of manufacturing and services as a percentage of
GSDP
42.03
Cluster Strength33.00
Credit Number of bank accounts per lakh population 0.92
Percentage of bank accounts with Aadhar seeding 64.89
Domestic credit to private sector, % SDP24.21
Micro finance institutions Loan portfolio 96.48
Digital
Infrastructure
Internet subscribers95.39
Percentage of villages in state with internet connectivity57.72
Percentage of subsidies or benefits transferred through
digital platform
11.30
No. of services offered online by STATE GOVT./ Other
Sources
53.00
Total number of online services transaction / 1000
population
1740.90
Safety
and Legal
Environment
Security/
Safety
Environment
Information Technology / Intellectual Property related Acts
(Rate of offences)
2.10
No. of cyber cells0.07
Rate of Cognizable Crime164.50
Police personnel/lakh of population830.31
No. of Social Media Monitoring Cells per lakh population0.07
Legal
Regulatory
Environment
Pendency rate 1.51
Charge sheeting Rate 52.30
Pendency Percentage- Corruption cases investigation 91.40
Knowledge
Output
Knowledge
creation
Grass root innovations252.00
Publication0.00
Knowledge
Impact
Startups in the state0.00
New Businesses- No. of companies registered during
previous FY
0.00
GSDP per capita growth rate 2019-200.00
Environment clearance applications approved percent 0.00 322India Innovation Index 2021 Knowledge
Output
Intangible
Assets
Number of patent applications filed in the state (per unit of
GSDP)
0.50
Number of trade mark applications filed in Indian states
(per lakh population)
1.88
Number of designs contained in industrial design
applications filed (per lakh population)
0.00
Knowledge
Diffusion
Knowledge
Dissemination
High-tech exports as a % of total exports0.35
Software exports %0.00
High and medium high tech manufacturing entities
percentage
0.00
Citation Score0.00
Creative
Goods and
Services
GIs registered2.00
Circulation2.31
Handlooms sales as a percentage of GSDP5.23
Assam
Pillar Sub pillarIndicator Data
Human
Capital
School
Education
Percentage of school functional computer facility 12.70
NAS scores42.30
Expenditure on school education as a % of GSDP 7.85
NER in school education100.00
Accolades in STEM Activities/ 1000 Students 1.32
Pupil-Teacher ratio: Primary & Secondary15.40
Percentage of schools having ATL labs0.27
Secondary school level completion rate 93.34
Tertiary
and Higher
education
Enrolment in PhD per lakh of population18.03
Enrolment in engineering and technology (at UG, PG &
Diploma level) per lakh of population
203.52
Higher education institutions with NAAC grade A and
above %
3.15
Percentage of Colleges connected through NMEICT 17.60
Enrolment in vocational education or skill development
courses / lakh of population
0.01
Tertiary mobility 82.19
Pupil Teacher Ratio- Higher Education28.00 323India Innovation Index 2021
Investment
Research &
Development
Expenditure on higher and technical education
0.08
Expenditure on R&D0.16
Expenditure on Science, Technology and Environment as a
% of GSDP
0.02
NIRF ranking of top 5 universities53.70
Market
Sophistication
FDI inflow as a percentage of state GDP0.01
Venture capital deals0.00
Knowledge
Workers
Workforce Knowledge intensive employment0.07
NGOs involved in knowledge intensive areas % 0.70
Number of private R&D units in the state (per lakh
population)
0.05
Number of R&D Institutions funded by the state (per lakh
population)
0.06
Skill development training PMKVY per lakh population 0.00
% of females employed with advanced degrees out of total
employed.
1.03
Business
Environment
Trade,
competition &
market scale
Ease of Doing Business5.93
Incubators per lakh population0.02
Common facility centre per lakh population0.08
Gross capital formation as a % of GVA19.79
Share of manufacturing and services as a percentage of
GSDP
50.97
Cluster strength24.00
Credit Number of bank accounts per lakh population 0.96
Percentage of bank accounts with Aadhar seeding 11.94
Domestic credit to private sector, % SDP30.67
Micro finance institutions Loan portfolio 97.21
Digital
Infrastructure
Internet subscribers77.07
Percentage of villages in state with internet connectivity97.57
Percentage of subsidies or benefits transferred through
digital platform
19.10
No. of services offered online by STATE GOVT./ Other
Sources
90.00
Total number of online services transaction / 1000
population
2179.30 324India Innovation Index 2021
Safety
and Legal
Environment
Security/
Safety
Environment
Information Technology / Intellectual Property related Acts
(Rate of offences)
8.40
No. of cyber cells0.00
Rate of Cognizable Crime349.50
Police personnel/lakh of population207.49
No. of Social Media Monitoring Cells per lakh population0.00
Legal
Regulatory
Environment
Pendency rate 0.37
Charge sheeting Rate 47.10
Pendency Percentage- Corruption cases investigation 95.80
Knowledge
Output
Knowledge
creation
Grass root innovations31.00
Publication15.81
Knowledge
Impact
Startups in the state0.01
New Businesses- No. of companies registered during
previous FY
0.00
GSDP per capita growth rate 2019-202.00
Environment clearance applications approved percent 60.81
Intangible
Assets
Number of patent applications filed in the state (per unit of
GSDP)
0.43
Number of trade mark applications filed in Indian states
(per lakh population)
4.20
Number of designs contained in industrial design
applications filed (per lakh population)
0.01
Knowledge
Diffusion
Knowledge
Dissemination
High-tech exports as a % of total exports3.71
Software exports %0.01
High and medium high tech manufacturing entities
percentage
0.00
Citation Score15.83
Creative
Goods and
Services
GIs registered9.00
Circulation2.84
Handlooms sales as a percentage of GSDP0.15 325India Innovation Index 2021
Pillar Sub pillarIndicator Data
Human
Capital
School
Education
Percentage of school functional computer facility 13.83
NAS scores35.24
Expenditure on school education as a % of GSDP 5.17
NER in school education88.20
Accolades in STEM Activities/ 1000 Students 2.52
Pupil-Teacher ratio: Primary & Secondary42.20
Percentage of schools having ATL labs0.04
Secondary school level completion rate 75.20
Tertiary
and Higher
education
Enrolment in PhD per lakh of population2.59
Enrolment in engineering and technology (at UG, PG &
Diploma level) per lakh of population
218.09
Higher education institutions with NAAC grade A and
above %
1.06
Percentage of Colleges connected through NMEICT 18.20
Enrolment in vocational education or skill development
courses / lakh of population
0.00
Tertiary mobility 3.62
Pupil Teacher Ratio- Higher Education59.00
Investment
Research &
Development
Expenditure on higher and technical education
0.54
Expenditure on R&D0.03
Expenditure on Science, Technology and Environment as a
% of GSDP
0.03
NIRF ranking of top 5 universities16.03
Market
Sophistication
FDI inflow as a percentage of state GDP0.01
Venture capital deals0.00
Knowledge
Workers
Workforce Knowledge intensive employment0.13
NGOs involved in knowledge intensive areas % 0.52
Number of private R&D units in the state (per lakh
population)
0.01
Number of R&D Institutions funded by the state (per lakh
population)
0.04
Skill development training PMKVY per lakh population 0.44
% of females employed with advanced degrees out of total
employed.
0.58
Bihar 326India Innovation Index 2021
Business
Environment
Trade,
competition &
market scale
Ease of Doing Business2.78
Incubators per lakh population0.01
Common facility centre per lakh population0.03
Gross capital formation as a % of GVA44.27
Share of manufacturing and services as a percentage of
GSDP
67.27
Cluster Strength19.00
Credit Number of bank accounts per lakh population 0.97
Percentage of bank accounts with Aadhar seeding 89.99
Domestic credit to private sector, % SDP34.08
Micro finance institutions Loan portfolio 96.01
Digital
Infrastructure
Internet subscribers60.31
Percentage of villages in state with internet connectivity99.37
Percentage of subsidies or benefits transferred through
digital platform
39.00
No. of services offered online by STATE GOVT./ Other
Sources
82.00
Total number of online services transaction / 1000
population
1613.30
Safety
and Legal
Environment
Security/
Safety
Environment
Information Technology / Intellectual Property related Acts
(Rate of offences)
0.10
No. of cyber cells0.07
Rate of Cognizable Crime211.30
Police personnel/lakh of population76.20
No. of Social Media Monitoring Cells per lakh population0.07
Legal
Regulatory
Environment
Pendency rate 5.11
Charge sheeting Rate 73.60
Pendency Percentage- Corruption cases investigation 100.00
Knowledge
Output
Knowledge
creation
Grass root innovations37.00
Publication18.39
Knowledge
Impact
Startups in the state0.01
New Businesses- No. of companies registered during
previous FY
0.00
GSDP per capita growth rate 2019-201.00
Environment clearance applications approved percent 81.80 327India Innovation Index 2021 Knowledge
Output
Intangible
Assets
Number of patent applications filed in the state (per unit of
GSDP)
0.12
Number of trade mark applications filed in Indian states
(per lakh population)
3.40
Number of designs contained in industrial design
applications filed (per lakh population)
0.00
Knowledge
Diffusion
Knowledge
Dissemination
High-tech exports as a % of total exports4.14
Software exports %0.00
High and medium high tech manufacturing entities
percentage
0.00
Citation Score16.47
Creative
Goods and
Services
GIs registered13.00
Circulation0.01
Handlooms sales as a percentage of GSDP0.02
Chandigarh
Pillar Sub pillarIndicator Data
Human
Capital
School
Education
Percentage of school functional computer facility 99.14
NAS scores42.86
Expenditure on school education as a % of GSDP 3.47
NER in school education77.30
Accolades in STEM Activities/ 1000 Students 3.52
Pupil-Teacher ratio: Primary & Secondary16.87
Percentage of schools having ATL labs3.93
Secondary school level completion rate 99.51
Tertiary
and Higher
education
Enrolment in PhD per lakh of population94.65
Enrolment in engineering and technology (at UG, PG &
Diploma level) per lakh of population
1878.57
Higher education institutions with NAAC grade A and
above %
29.73
Percentage of Colleges connected through NMEICT 16.30
Enrolment in vocational education or skill development
courses / lakh of population
0.01
Tertiary mobility 0.00
Pupil Teacher Ratio- Higher Education28.00 328India Innovation Index 2021
Investment
Research &
Development
Expenditure on higher and technical education
1.98
Expenditure on R&D0.00
Expenditure on Science, Technology and Environment as a
% of GSDP
0.00
NIRF ranking of top 5 universities16.74
Market
Sophistication
FDI inflow as a percentage of state GDP0.08
Venture capital deals0.00
Knowledge
Workers
Workforce Knowledge intensive employment2.54
NGOs involved in knowledge intensive areas % 0.19
Number of private R&D units in the state (per lakh
population)
2.08
Number of R&D Institutions funded by the state (per lakh
population)
0.00
Skill development training PMKVY per lakh population 8.05
% of females employed with advanced degrees out of total
employed.
13.10
Business
Environment
Trade,
competition &
market scale
Ease of Doing Business0.00
Incubators per lakh population0.28
Common facility centre per lakh population0.00
Gross capital formation as a % of GVA12.42
Share of manufacturing and services as a percentage of
GSDP
83.88
Cluster strength43.00
Credit Number of bank accounts per lakh population 2.17
Percentage of bank accounts with Aadhar seeding 83.17
Domestic credit to private sector, % SDP249.73
Micro finance institutions Loan portfolio 96.51
Digital
Infrastructure
Internet subscribers144.96
Percentage of villages in state with internet connectivity100.00
Percentage of subsidies or benefits transferred through
digital platform
20.30
No. of services offered online by STATE GOVT./ Other
Sources
75.00
Total number of online services transaction / 1000
population
7884.60 329India Innovation Index 2021
Safety
and Legal
Environment
Security/
Safety
Environment
Information Technology / Intellectual Property related Acts
(Rate of offences)
0.50
No. of cyber cells0.09
Rate of Cognizable Crime271.60
Police personnel/lakh of population649.62
No. of Social Media Monitoring Cells per lakh population0.09
Legal
Regulatory
Environment
Pendency rate 0.07
Charge sheeting Rate 56.00
Pendency Percentage- Corruption cases investigation 85.70
Knowledge
Output
Knowledge
creation
Grass root innovations36.00
Publication15.22
Knowledge
Impact
Startups in the state0.06
New Businesses- No. of companies registered during
previous FY
0.01
GSDP per capita growth rate 2019-209.00
Environment clearance applications approved percent 78.33
Intangible
Assets
Number of patent applications filed in the state (per unit of
GSDP)
5.47
Number of trade mark applications filed in Indian states
(per lakh population)
206.07
Number of designs contained in industrial design
applications filed (per lakh population)
4.83
Knowledge
Diffusion
Knowledge
Dissemination
High-tech exports as a % of total exports42.48
Software exports %1.57
High and medium high tech manufacturing entities
percentage
0.00
Citation Score22.39
Creative
Goods and
Services
GIs registered0.00
Circulation62.53
Handlooms sales as a percentage of GSDP0.00 330India Innovation Index 2021
Pillar Sub pillarIndicator Data
Human
Capital
School
Education
Percentage of school functional computer facility 83.00
NAS scores36.16
Expenditure on school education as a % of GSDP 6.95
NER in school education89.50
Accolades in STEM Activities/ 1000 Students 14.03
Pupil-Teacher ratio: Primary & Secondary18.10
Percentage of schools having ATL labs0.20
Secondary school level completion rate 90.40
Tertiary
and Higher
education
Enrolment in PhD per lakh of population5.94
Enrolment in engineering and technology (at UG, PG &
Diploma level) per lakh of population
428.72
Higher education institutions with NAAC grade A and
above %
1.00
Percentage of Colleges connected through NMEICT 8.80
Enrolment in vocational education or skill development
courses / lakh of population
0.00
Tertiary mobility 66.88
Pupil Teacher Ratio- Higher Education26.00
Investment
Research &
Development
Expenditure on higher and technical education
0.96
Expenditure on R&D0.10
Expenditure on Science, Technology and Environment as a
% of GSDP
0.01
NIRF ranking of top 5 universities0.00
Market
Sophistication
FDI inflow as a percentage of state GDP0.00
Venture capital deals0.00
Knowledge
Workers
Workforce Knowledge intensive employment0.27
NGOs involved in knowledge intensive areas % 0.42
Number of private R&D units in the state (per lakh
population)
0.08
Number of R&D Institutions funded by the state (per lakh
population)
0.04
Skill development training PMKVY per lakh population 0.00
% of females employed with advanced degrees out of total
employed.
2.09
Chhattisgarh 331India Innovation Index 2021
Business
Environment
Trade,
competition &
market scale
Ease of Doing Business28.71
Incubators per lakh population0.03
Common facility centre per lakh population0.00
Gross capital formation as a % of GVA46.43
Share of manufacturing and services as a percentage of
GSDP
47.49
Cluster Strength14.00
Credit Number of bank accounts per lakh population 1.17
Percentage of bank accounts with Aadhar seeding 87.22
Domestic credit to private sector, % SDP41.88
Micro finance institutions Loan portfolio 96.16
Digital
Infrastructure
Internet subscribers80.13
Percentage of villages in state with internet connectivity90.56
Percentage of subsidies or benefits transferred through
digital platform
35.90
No. of services offered online by STATE GOVT./ Other
Sources
104.00
Total number of online services transaction / 1000
population
10894.80
Safety
and Legal
Environment
Security/
Safety
Environment
Information Technology / Intellectual Property related Acts
(Rate of offences)
0.50
No. of cyber cells0.11
Rate of Cognizable Crime352.90
Police personnel/lakh of population220.53
No. of Social Media Monitoring Cells per lakh population0.00
Legal
Regulatory
Environment
Pendency rate 0.18
Charge sheeting Rate 81.80
Pendency Percentage- Corruption cases investigation 87.78
Knowledge
Output
Knowledge
creation
Grass root innovations38.00
Publication0.00
Knowledge
Impact
Startups in the state0.01
New Businesses- No. of companies registered during
previous FY
0.00
GSDP per capita growth rate 2019-203.00
Environment clearance applications approved percent 65.61 332India Innovation Index 2021 Knowledge
Output
Intangible
Assets
Number of patent applications filed in the state (per unit of
GSDP)
0.31
Number of trade mark applications filed in Indian states
(per lakh population)
9.32
Number of designs contained in industrial design
applications filed (per lakh population)
0.23
Knowledge
Diffusion
Knowledge
Dissemination
High-tech exports as a % of total exports1.16
Software exports %0.03
High and medium high tech manufacturing entities
percentage
0.25
Citation Score0.00
Creative
Goods and
Services
GIs registered6.00
Circulation7.02
Handlooms sales as a percentage of GSDP0.08
Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu
Pillar Sub pillarIndicator Data
Human
Capital
School
Education
Percentage of school functional computer facility 90.45
NAS scores34.45
Expenditure on school education as a % of GSDP 0.00
NER in school education86.90
Accolades in STEM Activities/ 1000 Students 4.40
Pupil-Teacher ratio: Primary & Secondary23.51
Percentage of schools having ATL labs0.41
Secondary school level completion rate 99.92
Tertiary
and Higher
education
Enrolment in PhD per lakh of population0.00
Enrolment in engineering and technology (at UG, PG &
Diploma level) per lakh of population
784.17
Higher education institutions with NAAC grade A and
above %
0.00
Percentage of Colleges connected through NMEICT
Enrolment in vocational education or skill development
courses / lakh of population
0.08
Tertiary mobility 0.00
Pupil Teacher Ratio- Higher Education20.50 333India Innovation Index 2021
Investment
Research &
Development
Expenditure on higher and technical education
1.35
Expenditure on R&D0.00
Expenditure on Science, Technology and Environment as a
% of GSDP
0.00
NIRF ranking of top 5 universities0.00
Market
Sophistication
FDI inflow as a percentage of state GDP0.00
Venture capital deals0.00
Knowledge
Workers
Workforce Knowledge intensive employment4.16
NGOs involved in knowledge intensive areas % 0.17
Number of private R&D units in the state (per lakh
population)
1.36
Number of R&D Institutions funded by the state (per lakh
population)
0.00
Skill development training PMKVY per lakh population 0.00
% of females employed with advanced degrees out of total
employed.
2.08
Business
Environment
Trade,
competition &
market scale
Ease of Doing Business5.56
Incubators per lakh population0.00
Common facility centre per lakh population0.00
Gross capital formation as a % of GVA0.00
Share of manufacturing and services as a percentage of
GSDP
0.00
Cluster strength28.00
Credit Number of bank accounts per lakh population 0.88
Percentage of bank accounts with Aadhar seeding 84.88
Domestic credit to private sector, % SDP3.95
Micro finance institutions Loan portfolio 96.26
Digital
Infrastructure
Internet subscribers132.89
Percentage of villages in state with internet connectivity100.00
Percentage of subsidies or benefits transferred through
digital platform
47.00
No. of services offered online by STATE GOVT./ Other
Sources
38.00
Total number of online services transaction / 1000
population
33829.30 334India Innovation Index 2021
Safety
and Legal
Environment
Security/
Safety
Environment
Information Technology / Intellectual Property related Acts
(Rate of offences)
0.50
No. of cyber cells0.17
Rate of Cognizable Crime51.30
Police personnel/lakh of population142.02
No. of Social Media Monitoring Cells per lakh population0.17
Legal
Regulatory
Environment
Pendency rate 1.93
Charge sheeting Rate 71.50
Pendency Percentage- Corruption cases investigation 100.00
Knowledge
Output
Knowledge
creation
Grass root innovations51.00
Publication0.00
Knowledge
Impact
Startups in the state0.00
New Businesses- No. of companies registered during
previous FY
0.00
GSDP per capita growth rate 2019-20-2.80
Environment clearance applications approved percent 31.66
Intangible
Assets
Number of patent applications filed in the state (per unit of
GSDP)
0.01
Number of trade mark applications filed in Indian states
(per lakh population)
34.76
Number of designs contained in industrial design
applications filed (per lakh population)
7.84
Knowledge
Diffusion
Knowledge
Dissemination
High-tech exports as a % of total exports25.11
Software exports %0.00
High and medium high tech manufacturing entities
percentage
1.46
Citation Score0.00
Creative
Goods and
Services
GIs registered1.00
Circulation7.84
Handlooms sales as a percentage of GSDP0.00 335India Innovation Index 2021
Pillar Sub pillarIndicator Data
Human
Capital
School
Education
Percentage of school functional computer facility 93.88
NAS scores44.73
Expenditure on school education as a % of GSDP 1.89
NER in school education100.00
Accolades in STEM Activities/ 1000 Students 1.54
Pupil-Teacher ratio: Primary & Secondary29.87
Percentage of schools having ATL labs0.99
Secondary school level completion rate 97.70
Tertiary
and Higher
education
Enrolment in PhD per lakh of population96.91
Enrolment in engineering and technology (at UG, PG &
Diploma level) per lakh of population
554.23
Higher education institutions with NAAC grade A and
above %
23.08
Percentage of Colleges connected through NMEICT 20.30
Enrolment in vocational education or skill development
courses / lakh of population
0.01
Tertiary mobility 64.16
Pupil Teacher Ratio- Higher Education52.00
Investment
Research &
Development
Expenditure on higher and technical education
0.72
Expenditure on R&D0.00
Expenditure on Science, Technology and Environment as a
% of GSDP
0.00
NIRF ranking of top 5 universities69.98
Market
Sophistication
FDI inflow as a percentage of state GDP4.64
Venture capital deals0.63
Knowledge
Workers
Workforce Knowledge intensive employment1.10
NGOs involved in knowledge intensive areas % 2.84
Number of private R&D units in the state (per lakh
population)
2.37
Number of R&D Institutions funded by the state (per lakh
population)
0.00
Skill development training PMKVY per lakh population 0.92
% of females employed with advanced degrees out of total
employed.
10.59
Delhi 336India Innovation Index 2021
Business
Environment
Trade,
competition &
market scale
Ease of Doing Business19.17
Incubators per lakh population0.33
Common facility centre per lakh population0.00
Gross capital formation as a % of GVA16.53
Share of manufacturing and services as a percentage of
GSDP
77.03
Cluster Strength77.00
Credit Number of bank accounts per lakh population 1.83
Percentage of bank accounts with Aadhar seeding 82.64
Domestic credit to private sector, % SDP223.25
Micro finance institutions Loan portfolio 97.30
Digital
Infrastructure
Internet subscribers231.12
Percentage of villages in state with internet connectivity100.00
Percentage of subsidies or benefits transferred through
digital platform
58.20
No. of services offered online by STATE GOVT./ Other
Sources
117.00
Total number of online services transaction / 1000
population
5804.10
Safety
and Legal
Environment
Security/
Safety
Environment
Information Technology / Intellectual Property related Acts
(Rate of offences)
1.00
No. of cyber cells0.10
Rate of Cognizable Crime1309.50
Police personnel/lakh of population410.26
No. of Social Media Monitoring Cells per lakh population0.00
Legal
Regulatory
Environment
Pendency rate 0.30
Charge sheeting Rate 27.70
Pendency Percentage- Corruption cases investigation 90.50
Knowledge
Output
Knowledge
creation
Grass root innovations21.00
Publication17.29
Knowledge
Impact
Startups in the state0.04
New Businesses- No. of companies registered during
previous FY
0.01
GSDP per capita growth rate 2019-206.00
Environment clearance applications approved percent 16.62 337India Innovation Index 2021 Intangible
Assets
Number of patent applications filed in the state (per unit of
GSDP)
2.35
Number of trade mark applications filed in Indian states
(per lakh population)
361.69
Number of designs contained in industrial design
applications filed (per lakh population)
8.84
Knowledge
Diffusion
Knowledge
Dissemination
High-tech exports as a % of total exports32.71
Software exports %0.39
High and medium high tech manufacturing entities
percentage
0.17
Citation Score19.65
Creative
Goods and
Services
GIs registered1.00
Circulation97.82
Handlooms sales as a percentage of GSDP0.01
Goa
Pillar Sub pillarIndicator Data
Human
Capital
School
Education
Percentage of school functional computer facility 49.87
NAS scores42.47
Expenditure on school education as a % of GSDP 4.56
NER in school education91.23
Accolades in STEM Activities/ 1000 Students 3.06
Pupil-Teacher ratio: Primary & Secondary18.27
Percentage of schools having ATL labs0.13
Secondary school level completion rate 102.31
Tertiary
and Higher
education
Enrolment in PhD per lakh of population29.69
Enrolment in engineering and technology (at UG, PG &
Diploma level) per lakh of population
2193.59
Higher education institutions with NAAC grade A and
above %
15.28
Percentage of Colleges connected through NMEICT 14.90
Enrolment in vocational education or skill development
courses / lakh of population
0.01
Tertiary mobility 0.00
Pupil Teacher Ratio- Higher Education15.00 338India Innovation Index 2021
Investment
Research &
Development
Expenditure on higher and technical education
2.00
Expenditure on R&D0.00
Expenditure on Science, Technology and Environment as a
% of GSDP
0.13
NIRF ranking of top 5 universities0.00
Market
Sophistication
FDI inflow as a percentage of state GDP0.87
Venture capital deals0.00
Knowledge
Workers
Workforce Knowledge intensive employment4.21
NGOs involved in knowledge intensive areas % 0.21
Number of private R&D units in the state (per lakh
population)
1.92
Number of R&D Institutions funded by the state (per lakh
population)
0.07
Skill development training PMKVY per lakh population 0.00
% of females employed with advanced degrees out of total
employed.
1.90
Business
Environment
Trade,
competition &
market scale
Ease of Doing Business3.33
Incubators per lakh population0.48
Common facility centre per lakh population1.43
Gross capital formation as a % of GVA17.84
Share of manufacturing and services as a percentage of
GSDP
77.47
Cluster strength55.00
Credit Number of bank accounts per lakh population 1.97
Percentage of bank accounts with Aadhar seeding 81.67
Domestic credit to private sector, % SDP37.94
Micro finance institutions Loan portfolio 94.69
Digital
Infrastructure
Internet subscribers182.37
Percentage of villages in state with internet connectivity91.25
Percentage of subsidies or benefits transferred through
digital platform
11.00
No. of services offered online by STATE GOVT./ Other
Sources
98.00
Total number of online services transaction / 1000
population
3641.90 339India Innovation Index 2021
Safety
and Legal
Environment
Security/
Safety
Environment
Information Technology / Intellectual Property related Acts
(Rate of offences)
0.80
No. of cyber cells0.00
Rate of Cognizable Crime281.10
Police personnel/lakh of population511.78
No. of Social Media Monitoring Cells per lakh population0.00
Legal
Regulatory
Environment
Pendency rate 1.27
Charge sheeting Rate 83.90
Pendency Percentage- Corruption cases investigation 95.50
Knowledge
Output
Knowledge
creation
Grass root innovations19.00
Publication0.00
Knowledge
Impact
Startups in the state0.03
New Businesses- No. of companies registered during
previous FY
0.00
GSDP per capita growth rate 2019-201.00
Environment clearance applications approved percent 8.42
Intangible
Assets
Number of patent applications filed in the state (per unit of
GSDP)
0.70
Number of trade mark applications filed in Indian states
(per lakh population)
49.78
Number of designs contained in industrial design
applications filed (per lakh population)
1.44
Knowledge
Diffusion
Knowledge
Dissemination
High-tech exports as a % of total exports80.64
Software exports %0.15
High and medium high tech manufacturing entities
percentage
0.10
Citation Score0.00
Creative
Goods and
Services
GIs registered2.00
Circulation13.37
Handlooms sales as a percentage of GSDP0.00 340India Innovation Index 2021
Pillar Sub pillarIndicator Data
Human
Capital
School
Education
Percentage of school functional computer facility 73.95
NAS scores36.47
Expenditure on school education as a % of GSDP 3.12
NER in school education84.10
Accolades in STEM Activities/ 1000 Students 10.41
Pupil-Teacher ratio: Primary & Secondary28.57
Percentage of schools having ATL labs0.58
Secondary school level completion rate 88.50
Tertiary
and Higher
education
Enrolment in PhD per lakh of population12.29
Enrolment in engineering and technology (at UG, PG &
Diploma level) per lakh of population
843.66
Higher education institutions with NAAC grade A and
above %
1.32
Percentage of Colleges connected through NMEICT 14.60
Enrolment in vocational education or skill development
courses / lakh of population
0.01
Tertiary mobility 5.66
Pupil Teacher Ratio- Higher Education26.00
Investment
Research &
Development
Expenditure on higher and technical education
0.25
Expenditure on R&D0.08
Expenditure on Science, Technology and Environment as a
% of GSDP
0.05
NIRF ranking of top 5 universities32.86
Market
Sophistication
FDI inflow as a percentage of state GDP1.49
Venture capital deals0.11
Knowledge
Workers
Workforce Knowledge intensive employment1.18
NGOs involved in knowledge intensive areas % 0.49
Number of private R&D units in the state (per lakh
population)
0.80
Number of R&D Institutions funded by the state (per lakh
population)
0.23
Skill development training PMKVY per lakh population 0.00
% of females employed with advanced degrees out of total
employed.
2.35
Gujarat 341India Innovation Index 2021
Business
Environment
Trade,
competition &
market scale
Ease of Doing Business20.19
Incubators per lakh population0.05
Common facility centre per lakh population0.06
Gross capital formation as a % of GVA3.89
Share of manufacturing and services as a percentage of
GSDP
63.80
Cluster Strength52.00
Credit Number of bank accounts per lakh population 1.09
Percentage of bank accounts with Aadhar seeding 82.44
Domestic credit to private sector, % SDP48.19
Micro finance institutions Loan portfolio 98.43
Digital
Infrastructure
Internet subscribers110.87
Percentage of villages in state with internet connectivity97.13
Percentage of subsidies or benefits transferred through
digital platform
64.40
No. of services offered online by STATE GOVT./ Other
Sources
168.00
Total number of online services transaction / 1000
population
15623.50
Safety
and Legal
Environment
Security/
Safety
Environment
Information Technology / Intellectual Property related Acts
(Rate of offences)
0.60
No. of cyber cells0.02
Rate of Cognizable Crime1011.40
Police personnel/lakh of population122.78
No. of Social Media Monitoring Cells per lakh population0.00
Legal
Regulatory
Environment
Pendency rate 2.97
Charge sheeting Rate 97.10
Pendency Percentage- Corruption cases investigation 95.80
Knowledge
Output
Knowledge
creation
Grass root innovations84.00
Publication11.23
Knowledge
Impact
Startups in the state0.01
New Businesses- No. of companies registered during
previous FY
0.00
GSDP per capita growth rate 2019-203.00
Environment clearance applications approved percent 0.00 342India Innovation Index 2021 Intangible
Assets
Number of patent applications filed in the state (per unit of
GSDP)
0.70
Number of trade mark applications filed in Indian states
(per lakh population)
43.29
Number of designs contained in industrial design
applications filed (per lakh population)
2.16
Knowledge
Diffusion
Knowledge
Dissemination
High-tech exports as a % of total exports24.55
Software exports %0.24
High and medium high tech manufacturing entities
percentage
0.12
Citation Score12.49
Creative
Goods and
Services
GIs registered16.00
Circulation12.29
Handlooms sales as a percentage of GSDP0.01
Haryana
Pillar Sub pillarIndicator Data
Human
Capital
School
Education
Percentage of school functional computer facility 52.21
NAS scores36.47
Expenditure on school education as a % of GSDP 3.08
NER in school education85.10
Accolades in STEM Activities/ 1000 Students 5.26
Pupil-Teacher ratio: Primary & Secondary17.47
Percentage of schools having ATL labs1.46
Secondary school level completion rate 95.66
Tertiary
and Higher
education
Enrolment in PhD per lakh of population16.43
Enrolment in engineering and technology (at UG, PG &
Diploma level) per lakh of population
990.89
Higher education institutions with NAAC grade A and
above %
2.68
Percentage of Colleges connected through NMEICT 31.50
Enrolment in vocational education or skill development
courses / lakh of population
0.01
Tertiary mobility 0.00
Pupil Teacher Ratio- Higher Education24.00 343India Innovation Index 2021
Investment
Research &
Development
Expenditure on higher and technical education
0.82
Expenditure on R&D0.07
Expenditure on Science, Technology and Environment as a
% of GSDP
0.01
NIRF ranking of top 5 universities0.00
Market
Sophistication
FDI inflow as a percentage of state GDP0.93
Venture capital deals1.50
Knowledge
Workers
Workforce Knowledge intensive employment1.57
NGOs involved in knowledge intensive areas % 0.37
Number of private R&D units in the state (per lakh
population)
1.28
Number of R&D Institutions funded by the state (per lakh
population)
0.09
Skill development training PMKVY per lakh population 0.35
% of females employed with advanced degrees out of total
employed.
5.37
Business
Environment
Trade,
competition &
market scale
Ease of Doing Business13.24
Incubators per lakh population0.07
Common facility centre per lakh population0.21
Gross capital formation as a % of GVA34.00
Share of manufacturing and services as a percentage of
GSDP
64.66
Cluster strength46.00
Credit Number of bank accounts per lakh population 1.46
Percentage of bank accounts with Aadhar seeding 86.01
Domestic credit to private sector, % SDP55.04
Micro finance institutions Loan portfolio 97.00
Digital
Infrastructure
Internet subscribers130.25
Percentage of villages in state with internet connectivity100.00
Percentage of subsidies or benefits transferred through
digital platform
55.10
No. of services offered online by STATE GOVT./ Other
Sources
104.00
Total number of online services transaction / 1000
population
7926.80 344India Innovation Index 2021
Safety
and Legal
Environment
Security/
Safety
Environment
Information Technology / Intellectual Property related Acts
(Rate of offences)
2.00
No. of cyber cells0.12
Rate of Cognizable Crime658.60
Police personnel/lakh of population180.19
No. of Social Media Monitoring Cells per lakh population0.09
Legal
Regulatory
Environment
Pendency rate 0.03
Charge sheeting Rate 47.40
Pendency Percentage- Corruption cases investigation 91.80
Knowledge
Output
Knowledge
creation
Grass root innovations73.00
Publication0.00
Knowledge
Impact
Startups in the state0.02
New Businesses- No. of companies registered during
previous FY
0.00
GSDP per capita growth rate 2019-207.00
Environment clearance applications approved percent 78.05
Intangible
Assets
Number of patent applications filed in the state (per unit of
GSDP)
1.20
Number of trade mark applications filed in Indian states
(per lakh population)
67.73
Number of designs contained in industrial design
applications filed (per lakh population)
2.15
Knowledge
Diffusion
Knowledge
Dissemination
High-tech exports as a % of total exports17.90
Software exports %4.33
High and medium high tech manufacturing entities
percentage
0.45
Citation Score0.00
Creative
Goods and
Services
GIs registered2.00
Circulation10.35
Handlooms sales as a percentage of GSDP0.05 345India Innovation Index 2021
Pillar Sub pillarIndicator Data
Human
Capital
School
Education
Percentage of school functional computer facility 33.20
NAS scores36.30
Expenditure on school education as a % of GSDP 6.17
NER in school education92.00
Accolades in STEM Activities/ 1000 Students 16.84
Pupil-Teacher ratio: Primary & Secondary10.43
Percentage of schools having ATL labs0.33
Secondary school level completion rate 99.52
Tertiary
and Higher
education
Enrolment in PhD per lakh of population28.03
Enrolment in engineering and technology (at UG, PG &
Diploma level) per lakh of population
384.49
Higher education institutions with NAAC grade A and
above %
0.89
Percentage of Colleges connected through NMEICT 33.10
Enrolment in vocational education or skill development
courses / lakh of population
0.01
Tertiary mobility 36.51
Pupil Teacher Ratio- Higher Education27.00
Investment
Research &
Development
Expenditure on higher and technical education
2.02
Expenditure on R&D0.14
Expenditure on Science, Technology and Environment as a
% of GSDP
0.01
NIRF ranking of top 5 universities15.52
Market
Sophistication
FDI inflow as a percentage of state GDP0.07
Venture capital deals0.00
Knowledge
Workers
Workforce Knowledge intensive employment1.49
NGOs involved in knowledge intensive areas % 0.47
Number of private R&D units in the state (per lakh
population)
0.28
Number of R&D Institutions funded by the state (per lakh
population)
0.42
Skill development training PMKVY per lakh population 0.00
% of females employed with advanced degrees out of total
employed.
2.94
Himachal Pradesh 346India Innovation Index 2021
Business
Environment
Trade,
competition &
market scale
Ease of Doing Business28.49
Incubators per lakh population0.03
Common facility centre per lakh population0.00
Gross capital formation as a % of GVA18.07
Share of manufacturing and services as a percentage of
GSDP
69.17
Cluster Strength11.00
Credit Number of bank accounts per lakh population 1.39
Percentage of bank accounts with Aadhar seeding 87.99
Domestic credit to private sector, % SDP26.44
Micro finance institutions Loan portfolio 92.64
Digital
Infrastructure
Internet subscribers160.97
Percentage of villages in state with internet connectivity97.86
Percentage of subsidies or benefits transferred through
digital platform
47.80
No. of services offered online by STATE GOVT./ Other
Sources
118.00
Total number of online services transaction / 1000
population
6217.40
Safety
and Legal
Environment
Security/
Safety
Environment
Information Technology / Intellectual Property related Acts
(Rate of offences)
1.20
No. of cyber cells0.01
Rate of Cognizable Crime280.20
Police personnel/lakh of population240.52
No. of Social Media Monitoring Cells per lakh population0.00
Legal
Regulatory
Environment
Pendency rate 0.17
Charge sheeting Rate 84.70
Pendency Percentage- Corruption cases investigation 95.70
Knowledge
Output
Knowledge
creation
Grass root innovations49.00
Publication15.16
Knowledge
Impact
Startups in the state0.01
New Businesses- No. of companies registered during
previous FY
0.00
GSDP per capita growth rate 2019-206.00
Environment clearance applications approved percent 69.99 347India Innovation Index 2021 Intangible
Assets
Number of patent applications filed in the state (per unit of
GSDP)
1.15
Number of trade mark applications filed in Indian states
(per lakh population)
19.37
Number of designs contained in industrial design
applications filed (per lakh population)
1.08
Knowledge
Diffusion
Knowledge
Dissemination
High-tech exports as a % of total exports93.51
Software exports %0.00
High and medium high tech manufacturing entities
percentage
0.06
Citation Score14.77
Creative
Goods and
Services
GIs registered7.00
Circulation6.76
Handlooms sales as a percentage of GSDP0.11
Jammu and Kashmir
Pillar Sub pillarIndicator Data
Human
Capital
School
Education
Percentage of school functional computer facility 23.68
NAS scores31.60
Expenditure on school education as a % of GSDP 6.92
NER in school education74.20
Accolades in STEM Activities/ 1000 Students 10.36
Pupil-Teacher ratio: Primary & Secondary12.00
Percentage of schools having ATL labs0.16
Secondary school level completion rate 90.00
Tertiary
and Higher
education
Enrolment in PhD per lakh of population31.65
Enrolment in engineering and technology (at UG, PG &
Diploma level) per lakh of population
328.95
Higher education institutions with NAAC grade A and
above %
2.38
Percentage of Colleges connected through NMEICT 17.90
Enrolment in vocational education or skill development
courses / lakh of population
0.02
Tertiary mobility 0.00
Pupil Teacher Ratio- Higher Education35.00 348India Innovation Index 2021
Investment
Research &
Development
Expenditure on higher and technical education
1.05
Expenditure on R&D0.26
Expenditure on Science, Technology and Environment as a
% of GSDP
0.03
NIRF ranking of top 5 universities29.42
Market
Sophistication
FDI inflow as a percentage of state GDP0.00
Venture capital deals0.00
Knowledge
Workers
Workforce Knowledge intensive employment0.34
NGOs involved in knowledge intensive areas % 1.11
Number of private R&D units in the state (per lakh
population)
0.01
Number of R&D Institutions funded by the state (per lakh
population)
0.19
Skill development training PMKVY per lakh population 0.00
% of females employed with advanced degrees out of total
employed.
5.83
Business
Environment
Trade,
competition &
market scale
Ease of Doing Business5.00
Incubators per lakh population0.02
Common facility centre per lakh population0.14
Gross capital formation as a % of GVA15.29
Share of manufacturing and services as a percentage of
GSDP
60.81
Cluster strength26.00
Credit Number of bank accounts per lakh population 0.88
Percentage of bank accounts with Aadhar seeding 80.67
Domestic credit to private sector, % SDP49.73
Micro finance institutions Loan portfolio 97.70
Digital
Infrastructure
Internet subscribers90.34
Percentage of villages in state with internet connectivity97.48
Percentage of subsidies or benefits transferred through
digital platform
25.40
No. of services offered online by STATE GOVT./ Other
Sources
58.00
Total number of online services transaction / 1000
population
2179.10 349India Innovation Index 2021
Safety
and Legal
Environment
Security/
Safety
Environment
Information Technology / Intellectual Property related Acts
(Rate of offences)
0.70
No. of cyber cells0.00
Rate of Cognizable Crime216.70
Police personnel/lakh of population610.25
No. of Social Media Monitoring Cells per lakh population0.01
Legal
Regulatory
Environment
Pendency rate 0.95
Charge sheeting Rate 81.10
Pendency Percentage- Corruption cases investigation 97.90
Knowledge
Output
Knowledge
creation
Grass root innovations79.00
Publication7.35
Knowledge
Impact
Startups in the state0.01
New Businesses- No. of companies registered during
previous FY
0.00
GSDP per capita growth rate 2019-202.00
Environment clearance applications approved percent 84.63
Intangible
Assets
Number of patent applications filed in the state (per unit of
GSDP)
0.38
Number of trade mark applications filed in Indian states
(per lakh population)
10.12
Number of designs contained in industrial design
applications filed (per lakh population)
0.06
Knowledge
Diffusion
Knowledge
Dissemination
High-tech exports as a % of total exports35.21
Software exports %0.00
High and medium high tech manufacturing entities
percentage
0.00
Citation Score10.30
Creative
Goods and
Services
GIs registered9.00
Circulation9.82
Handlooms sales as a percentage of GSDP0.20 350India Innovation Index 2021
Pillar Sub pillarIndicator Data
Human
Capital
School
Education
Percentage of school functional computer facility 73.39
NAS scores36.32
Expenditure on school education as a % of GSDP 5.15
NER in school education92.90
Accolades in STEM Activities/ 1000 Students 5.59
Pupil-Teacher ratio: Primary & Secondary28.77
Percentage of schools having ATL labs0.15
Secondary school level completion rate 80.10
Tertiary
and Higher
education
Enrolment in PhD per lakh of population10.58
Enrolment in engineering and technology (at UG, PG &
Diploma level) per lakh of population
303.74
Higher education institutions with NAAC grade A and
above %
0.74
Percentage of Colleges connected through NMEICT 24.80
Enrolment in vocational education or skill development
courses / lakh of population
0.01
Tertiary mobility 36.80
Pupil Teacher Ratio- Higher Education60.00
Investment
Research &
Development
Expenditure on higher and technical education
0.57
Expenditure on R&D0.05
Expenditure on Science, Technology and Environment as a
% of GSDP
0.04
NIRF ranking of top 5 universities33.40
Market
Sophistication
FDI inflow as a percentage of state GDP5.54
Venture capital deals0.00
Knowledge
Workers
Workforce Knowledge intensive employment0.40
NGOs involved in knowledge intensive areas % 0.36
Number of private R&D units in the state (per lakh
population)
0.02
Number of R&D Institutions funded by the state (per lakh
population)
0.01
Skill development training PMKVY per lakh population 0.00
% of females employed with advanced degrees out of total
employed.
1.10
Jharkhand 351India Innovation Index 2021
Business
Environment
Trade,
competition &
market scale
Ease of Doing Business29.54
Incubators per lakh population0.02
Common facility centre per lakh population0.00
Gross capital formation as a % of GVA5.21
Share of manufacturing and services as a percentage of
GSDP
62.81
Cluster Strength21.00
Credit Number of bank accounts per lakh population 1.05
Percentage of bank accounts with Aadhar seeding 90.76
Domestic credit to private sector, % SDP29.81
Micro finance institutions Loan portfolio 97.53
Digital
Infrastructure
Internet subscribers67.02
Percentage of villages in state with internet connectivity96.12
Percentage of subsidies or benefits transferred through
digital platform
33.20
No. of services offered online by STATE GOVT./ Other
Sources
83.00
Total number of online services transaction / 1000
population
1798.70
Safety
and Legal
Environment
Security/
Safety
Environment
Information Technology / Intellectual Property related Acts
(Rate of offences)
2.60
No. of cyber cells0.05
Rate of Cognizable Crime166.80
Police personnel/lakh of population172.18
No. of Social Media Monitoring Cells per lakh population0.02
Legal
Regulatory
Environment
Pendency rate 1.38
Charge sheeting Rate 66.70
Pendency Percentage- Corruption cases investigation 96.20
Knowledge
Output
Knowledge
creation
Grass root innovations40.00
Publication24.74
Knowledge
Impact
Startups in the state0.01
New Businesses- No. of companies registered during
previous FY
0.00
GSDP per capita growth rate 2019-206.00
Environment clearance applications approved percent 76.96 352India Innovation Index 2021 Intangible
Assets
Number of patent applications filed in the state (per unit of
GSDP)
0.78
Number of trade mark applications filed in Indian states
(per lakh population)
4.13
Number of designs contained in industrial design
applications filed (per lakh population)
0.06
Knowledge
Diffusion
Knowledge
Dissemination
High-tech exports as a % of total exports6.40
Software exports %0.00
High and medium high tech manufacturing entities
percentage
0.04
Citation Score24.98
Creative
Goods and
Services
GIs registered0.00
Circulation1.90
Handlooms sales as a percentage of GSDP0.09
Karnataka
Pillar Sub pillarIndicator Data
Human
Capital
School
Education
Percentage of school functional computer facility 46.34
NAS scores43.64
Expenditure on school education as a % of GSDP 2.77
NER in school education100.00
Accolades in STEM Activities/ 1000 Students 14.72
Pupil-Teacher ratio: Primary & Secondary17.77
Percentage of schools having ATL labs0.75
Secondary school level completion rate 95.48
Tertiary
and Higher
education
Enrolment in PhD per lakh of population24.50
Enrolment in engineering and technology (at UG, PG &
Diploma level) per lakh of population
1386.83
Higher education institutions with NAAC grade A and
above %
3.32
Percentage of Colleges connected through NMEICT 17.60
Enrolment in vocational education or skill development
courses / lakh of population
0.01
Tertiary mobility 15.42
Pupil Teacher Ratio- Higher Education15.00 353India Innovation Index 2021
Investment
Research &
Development
Expenditure on higher and technical education
0.32
Expenditure on R&D0.04
Expenditure on Science, Technology and Environment as a
% of GSDP
0.02
NIRF ranking of top 5 universities65.33
Market
Sophistication
FDI inflow as a percentage of state GDP2.69
Venture capital deals3.44
Knowledge
Workers
Workforce Knowledge intensive employment0.93
NGOs involved in knowledge intensive areas % 0.56
Number of private R&D units in the state (per lakh
population)
0.80
Number of R&D Institutions funded by the state (per lakh
population)
0.22
Skill development training PMKVY per lakh population 0.57
% of females employed with advanced degrees out of total
employed.
2.08
Business
Environment
Trade,
competition &
market scale
Ease of Doing Business7.82
Incubators per lakh population0.10
Common facility centre per lakh population0.26
Gross capital formation as a % of GVA34.73
Share of manufacturing and services as a percentage of
GSDP
72.38
Cluster strength52.00
Credit Number of bank accounts per lakh population 1.41
Percentage of bank accounts with Aadhar seeding 86.42
Domestic credit to private sector, % SDP64.86
Micro finance institutions Loan portfolio 98.40
Digital
Infrastructure
Internet subscribers110.04
Percentage of villages in state with internet connectivity98.39
Percentage of subsidies or benefits transferred through
digital platform
31.70
No. of services offered online by STATE GOVT./ Other
Sources
170.00
Total number of online services transaction / 1000
population
7100.30 354India Innovation Index 2021
Safety
and Legal
Environment
Security/
Safety
Environment
Information Technology / Intellectual Property related Acts
(Rate of offences)
16.30
No. of cyber cells0.00
Rate of Cognizable Crime225.70
Police personnel/lakh of population125.95
No. of Social Media Monitoring Cells per lakh population0.05
Legal
Regulatory
Environment
Pendency rate 1.04
Charge sheeting Rate 78.80
Pendency Percentage- Corruption cases investigation 89.50
Knowledge
Output
Knowledge
creation
Grass root innovations9.00
Publication16.95
Knowledge
Impact
Startups in the state0.02
New Businesses- No. of companies registered during
previous FY
0.00
GSDP per capita growth rate 2019-201.00
Environment clearance applications approved percent 0.00
Intangible
Assets
Number of patent applications filed in the state (per unit of
GSDP)
1.95
Number of trade mark applications filed in Indian states
(per lakh population)
29.57
Number of designs contained in industrial design
applications filed (per lakh population)
0.83
Knowledge
Diffusion
Knowledge
Dissemination
High-tech exports as a % of total exports34.87
Software exports %14.84
High and medium high tech manufacturing entities
percentage
0.17
Citation Score18.42
Creative
Goods and
Services
GIs registered45.00
Circulation13.13
Handlooms sales as a percentage of GSDP0.04 355India Innovation Index 2021
Pillar Sub pillarIndicator Data
Human
Capital
School
Education
Percentage of school functional computer facility 92.44
NAS scores40.22
Expenditure on school education as a % of GSDP 4.88
NER in school education90.60
Accolades in STEM Activities/ 1000 Students 2.99
Pupil-Teacher ratio: Primary & Secondary20.33
Percentage of schools having ATL labs0.84
Secondary school level completion rate 100.99
Tertiary
and Higher
education
Enrolment in PhD per lakh of population22.46
Enrolment in engineering and technology (at UG, PG &
Diploma level) per lakh of population
1726.90
Higher education institutions with NAAC grade A and
above %
7.25
Percentage of Colleges connected through NMEICT 7.80
Enrolment in vocational education or skill development
courses / lakh of population
0.00
Tertiary mobility 0.30
Pupil Teacher Ratio- Higher Education18.00
Investment
Research &
Development
Expenditure on higher and technical education
0.45
Expenditure on R&D0.03
Expenditure on Science, Technology and Environment as a
% of GSDP
0.05
NIRF ranking of top 5 universities48.23
Market
Sophistication
FDI inflow as a percentage of state GDP0.07
Venture capital deals0.67
Knowledge
Workers
Workforce Knowledge intensive employment0.38
NGOs involved in knowledge intensive areas % 0.21
Number of private R&D units in the state (per lakh
population)
0.25
Number of R&D Institutions funded by the state (per lakh
population)
0.22
Skill development training PMKVY per lakh population 0.00
% of females employed with advanced degrees out of total
employed.
5.18
Kerala 356India Innovation Index 2021
Business
Environment
Trade,
competition &
market scale
Ease of Doing Business1.11
Incubators per lakh population0.08
Common facility centre per lakh population0.46
Gross capital formation as a % of GVA32.45
Share of manufacturing and services as a percentage of
GSDP
66.79
Cluster Strength47.00
Credit Number of bank accounts per lakh population 1.35
Percentage of bank accounts with Aadhar seeding 87.62
Domestic credit to private sector, % SDP63.47
Micro finance institutions Loan portfolio 98.31
Digital
Infrastructure
Internet subscribers133.51
Percentage of villages in state with internet connectivity100.00
Percentage of subsidies or benefits transferred through
digital platform
27.00
No. of services offered online by STATE GOVT./ Other
Sources
137.00
Total number of online services transaction / 1000
population
30948.80
Safety
and Legal
Environment
Security/
Safety
Environment
Information Technology / Intellectual Property related Acts
(Rate of offences)
1.00
No. of cyber cells0.06
Rate of Cognizable Crime1568.40
Police personnel/lakh of population152.49
No. of Social Media Monitoring Cells per lakh population0.00
Legal
Regulatory
Environment
Pendency rate 0.17
Charge sheeting Rate 94.90
Pendency Percentage- Corruption cases investigation 87.78
Knowledge
Output
Knowledge
creation
Grass root innovations37.00
Publication10.33
Knowledge
Impact
Startups in the state0.01
New Businesses- No. of companies registered during
previous FY
0.00
GSDP per capita growth rate 2019-2010.00
Environment clearance applications approved percent 88.52 357India Innovation Index 2021 Intangible
Assets
Number of patent applications filed in the state (per unit of
GSDP)
0.63
Number of trade mark applications filed in Indian states
(per lakh population)
30.55
Number of designs contained in industrial design
applications filed (per lakh population)
0.43
Knowledge
Diffusion
Knowledge
Dissemination
High-tech exports as a % of total exports3.03
Software exports %0.69
High and medium high tech manufacturing entities
percentage
0.00
Citation Score11.89
Creative
Goods and
Services
GIs registered31.00
Circulation13.87
Handlooms sales as a percentage of GSDP0.04
Ladakh
Pillar Sub pillarIndicator Data
Human
Capital
School
Education
Percentage of school functional computer facility 31.31
NAS scores0.00
Expenditure on school education as a % of GSDP 0.00
NER in school education68.00
Accolades in STEM Activities/ 1000 Students 0.11
Pupil-Teacher ratio: Primary & Secondary7.20
Percentage of schools having ATL labs0.00
Secondary school level completion rate
Tertiary
and Higher
education
Enrolment in PhD per lakh of population0.00
Enrolment in engineering and technology (at UG, PG &
Diploma level) per lakh of population
0.00
Higher education institutions with NAAC grade A and
above %
0.00
Percentage of Colleges connected through NMEICT
Enrolment in vocational education or skill development
courses / lakh of population
0.14
Tertiary mobility 0.00
Pupil Teacher Ratio- Higher Education15.00 358India Innovation Index 2021
Investment
Research &
Development
Expenditure on higher and technical education
0.00
Expenditure on R&D0.00
Expenditure on Science, Technology and Environment as a
% of GSDP
0.00
NIRF ranking of top 5 universities0.00
Market
Sophistication
FDI inflow as a percentage of state GDP0.00
Venture capital deals0.00
Knowledge
Workers
Workforce Knowledge intensive employment0.00
NGOs involved in knowledge intensive areas % 0.00
Number of private R&D units in the state (per lakh
population)
0.00
Number of R&D Institutions funded by the state (per lakh
population)
0.36
Skill development training PMKVY per lakh population 0.00
% of females employed with advanced degrees out of total
employed.
0.00
Business
Environment
Trade,
competition &
market scale
Ease of Doing Business0.00
Incubators per lakh population0.00
Common facility centre per lakh population0.00
Gross capital formation as a % of GVA0.00
Share of manufacturing and services as a percentage of
GSDP
0.00
Cluster strength12.00
Credit Number of bank accounts per lakh population 1.25
Percentage of bank accounts with Aadhar seeding 81.10
Domestic credit to private sector, % SDP1.11
Micro finance institutions Loan portfolio 97.88
Digital
Infrastructure
Internet subscribers0.00
Percentage of villages in state with internet connectivity72.88
Percentage of subsidies or benefits transferred through
digital platform
0.00
No. of services offered online by STATE GOVT./ Other
Sources
0.00
Total number of online services transaction / 1000
population
0.00 359India Innovation Index 2021
Safety
and Legal
Environment
Security/
Safety
Environment
Information Technology / Intellectual Property related Acts
(Rate of offences)
0.00
No. of cyber cells0.00
Rate of Cognizable Crime136.10
Police personnel/lakh of population569.05
No. of Social Media Monitoring Cells per lakh population0.00
Legal
Regulatory
Environment
Pendency rate 0.20
Charge sheeting Rate 88.00
Pendency Percentage- Corruption cases investigation 100.00
Knowledge
Output
Knowledge
creation
Grass root innovations0.00
Publication0.00
Knowledge
Impact
Startups in the state0.00
New Businesses- No. of companies registered during
previous FY
0.00
GSDP per capita growth rate 2019-202.80
Environment clearance applications approved percent 0.00
Intangible
Assets
Number of patent applications filed in the state (per unit of
GSDP)
0.00
Number of trade mark applications filed in Indian states
(per lakh population)
0.00
Number of designs contained in industrial design
applications filed (per lakh population)
0.00
Knowledge
Diffusion
Knowledge
Dissemination
High-tech exports as a % of total exports0.00
Software exports %0.00
High and medium high tech manufacturing entities
percentage
0.00
Citation Score0.00
Creative
Goods and
Services
GIs registered0.00
Circulation0.00
Handlooms sales as a percentage of GSDP0.00 360India Innovation Index 2021
Pillar Sub pillarIndicator Data
Human
Capital
School
Education
Percentage of school functional computer facility 97.78
NAS scores35.22
Expenditure on school education as a % of GSDP 0.00
NER in school education75.60
Accolades in STEM Activities/ 1000 Students 4.56
Pupil-Teacher ratio: Primary & Secondary6.83
Percentage of schools having ATL labs0.00
Secondary school level completion rate 74.08
Tertiary
and Higher
education
Enrolment in PhD per lakh of population0.00
Enrolment in engineering and technology (at UG, PG &
Diploma level) per lakh of population
0.00
Higher education institutions with NAAC grade A and
above %
0.00
Percentage of Colleges connected through NMEICT 6.30
Enrolment in vocational education or skill development
courses / lakh of population
0.01
Tertiary mobility 0.00
Pupil Teacher Ratio- Higher Education12.00
Investment
Research &
Development
Expenditure on higher and technical education
1.02
Expenditure on R&D0.00
Expenditure on Science, Technology and Environment as a
% of GSDP
0.00
NIRF ranking of top 5 universities0.00
Market
Sophistication
FDI inflow as a percentage of state GDP0.00
Venture capital deals0.00
Knowledge
Workers
Workforce Knowledge intensive employment0.48
NGOs involved in knowledge intensive areas % 0.00
Number of private R&D units in the state (per lakh
population)
0.00
Number of R&D Institutions funded by the state (per lakh
population)
0.00
Skill development training PMKVY per lakh population 0.00
% of females employed with advanced degrees out of total
employed.
0.96
Lakshadweep 361India Innovation Index 2021
Business
Environment
Trade,
competition &
market scale
Ease of Doing Business13.33
Incubators per lakh population0.00
Common facility centre per lakh population0.00
Gross capital formation as a % of GVA0.00
Share of manufacturing and services as a percentage of
GSDP
0.00
Cluster Strength19.00
Credit Number of bank accounts per lakh population 1.13
Percentage of bank accounts with Aadhar seeding 87.67
Domestic credit to private sector, % SDP0.06
Micro finance institutions Loan portfolio 74.10
Digital
Infrastructure
Internet subscribers124.08
Percentage of villages in state with internet connectivity83.33
Percentage of subsidies or benefits transferred through
digital platform
22.70
No. of services offered online by STATE GOVT./ Other
Sources
15.00
Total number of online services transaction / 1000
population
23814.20
Safety
and Legal
Environment
Security/
Safety
Environment
Information Technology / Intellectual Property related Acts
(Rate of offences)
2.90
No. of cyber cells0.00
Rate of Cognizable Crime216.20
Police personnel/lakh of population392.65
No. of Social Media Monitoring Cells per lakh population0.00
Legal
Regulatory
Environment
Pendency rate 1.51
Charge sheeting Rate 77.80
Pendency Percentage- Corruption cases investigation 0.00
Knowledge
Output
Knowledge
creation
Grass root innovations25.00
Publication0.00
Knowledge
Impact
Startups in the state0.00
New Businesses- No. of companies registered during
previous FY
0.00
GSDP per capita growth rate 2019-202.80
Environment clearance applications approved percent 0.00 362India Innovation Index 2021 Intangible
Assets
Number of patent applications filed in the state (per unit of
GSDP)
0.00
Number of trade mark applications filed in Indian states
(per lakh population)
1.55
Number of designs contained in industrial design
applications filed (per lakh population)
0.00
Knowledge
Diffusion
Knowledge
Dissemination
High-tech exports as a % of total exports0.00
Software exports %0.00
High and medium high tech manufacturing entities
percentage
0.00
Citation Score0.00
Creative
Goods and
Services
GIs registered0.00
Circulation10.86
Handlooms sales as a percentage of GSDP0.00
Madhya Pradesh
Pillar Sub pillarIndicator Data
Human
Capital
School
Education
Percentage of school functional computer facility 13.28
NAS scores35.32
Expenditure on school education as a % of GSDP 5.75
NER in school education80.70
Accolades in STEM Activities/ 1000 Students 10.32
Pupil-Teacher ratio: Primary & Secondary24.63
Percentage of schools having ATL labs0.26
Secondary school level completion rate 88.58
Tertiary
and Higher
education
Enrolment in PhD per lakh of population11.63
Enrolment in engineering and technology (at UG, PG &
Diploma level) per lakh of population
780.73
Higher education institutions with NAAC grade A and
above %
2.03
Percentage of Colleges connected through NMEICT 12.10
Enrolment in vocational education or skill development
courses / lakh of population
0.01
Tertiary mobility 1.65
Pupil Teacher Ratio- Higher Education34.00 363India Innovation Index 2021
Investment
Research &
Development
Expenditure on higher and technical education
0.56
Expenditure on R&D0.10
Expenditure on Science, Technology and Environment as a
% of GSDP
0.04
NIRF ranking of top 5 universities35.59
Market
Sophistication
FDI inflow as a percentage of state GDP0.09
Venture capital deals0.84
Knowledge
Workers
Workforce Knowledge intensive employment0.30
NGOs involved in knowledge intensive areas % 0.66
Number of private R&D units in the state (per lakh
population)
0.09
Number of R&D Institutions funded by the state (per lakh
population)
0.06
Skill development training PMKVY per lakh population 0.23
% of females employed with advanced degrees out of total
employed.
2.26
Business
Environment
Trade,
competition &
market scale
Ease of Doing Business43.44
Incubators per lakh population0.04
Common facility centre per lakh population0.00
Gross capital formation as a % of GVA33.65
Share of manufacturing and services as a percentage of
GSDP
48.40
Cluster strength36.00
Credit Number of bank accounts per lakh population 1.04
Percentage of bank accounts with Aadhar seeding 89.41
Domestic credit to private sector, % SDP49.27
Micro finance institutions Loan portfolio 97.47
Digital
Infrastructure
Internet subscribers75.78
Percentage of villages in state with internet connectivity94.97
Percentage of subsidies or benefits transferred through
digital platform
44.90
No. of services offered online by STATE GOVT./ Other
Sources
106.00
Total number of online services transaction / 1000
population
2491.60 364India Innovation Index 2021
Safety
and Legal
Environment
Security/
Safety
Environment
Information Technology / Intellectual Property related Acts
(Rate of offences)
0.50
No. of cyber cells0.01
Rate of Cognizable Crime511.10
Police personnel/lakh of population120.02
No. of Social Media Monitoring Cells per lakh population0.00
Legal
Regulatory
Environment
Pendency rate 0.39
Charge sheeting Rate 88.10
Pendency Percentage- Corruption cases investigation 94.00
Knowledge
Output
Knowledge
creation
Grass root innovations13.00
Publication18.87
Knowledge
Impact
Startups in the state0.01
New Businesses- No. of companies registered during
previous FY
0.00
GSDP per capita growth rate 2019-203.00
Environment clearance applications approved percent 0.00
Intangible
Assets
Number of patent applications filed in the state (per unit of
GSDP)
0.49
Number of trade mark applications filed in Indian states
(per lakh population)
13.39
Number of designs contained in industrial design
applications filed (per lakh population)
0.17
Knowledge
Diffusion
Knowledge
Dissemination
High-tech exports as a % of total exports43.50
Software exports %0.14
High and medium high tech manufacturing entities
percentage
0.13
Citation Score19.04
Creative
Goods and
Services
GIs registered11.00
Circulation18.44
Handlooms sales as a percentage of GSDP0.04 365India Innovation Index 2021
Pillar Sub pillarIndicator Data
Human
Capital
School
Education
Percentage of school functional computer facility 71.07
NAS scores38.65
Expenditure on school education as a % of GSDP 3.58
NER in school education97.80
Accolades in STEM Activities/ 1000 Students 6.19
Pupil-Teacher ratio: Primary & Secondary24.07
Percentage of schools having ATL labs0.50
Secondary school level completion rate 98.03
Tertiary
and Higher
education
Enrolment in PhD per lakh of population10.65
Enrolment in engineering and technology (at UG, PG &
Diploma level) per lakh of population
1061.76
Higher education institutions with NAAC grade A and
above %
6.21
Percentage of Colleges connected through NMEICT 21.10
Enrolment in vocational education or skill development
courses / lakh of population
0.01
Tertiary mobility 15.22
Pupil Teacher Ratio- Higher Education26.00
Investment
Research &
Development
Expenditure on higher and technical education
0.08
Expenditure on R&D0.01
Expenditure on Science, Technology and Environment as a
% of GSDP
0.02
NIRF ranking of top 5 universities64.98
Market
Sophistication
FDI inflow as a percentage of state GDP2.44
Venture capital deals0.00
Knowledge
Workers
Workforce Knowledge intensive employment0.95
NGOs involved in knowledge intensive areas % 1.16
Number of private R&D units in the state (per lakh
population)
1.23
Number of R&D Institutions funded by the state (per lakh
population)
0.09
Skill development training PMKVY per lakh population 0.00
% of females employed with advanced degrees out of total
employed.
2.50
Maharashtra 366India Innovation Index 2021
Business
Environment
Trade,
competition &
market scale
Ease of Doing Business17.50
Incubators per lakh population0.05
Common facility centre per lakh population0.27
Gross capital formation as a % of GVA35.06
Share of manufacturing and services as a percentage of
GSDP
69.12
Cluster Strength82.00
Credit Number of bank accounts per lakh population 1.10
Percentage of bank accounts with Aadhar seeding 86.12
Domestic credit to private sector, % SDP117.67
Micro finance institutions Loan portfolio 98.19
Digital
Infrastructure
Internet subscribers111.77
Percentage of villages in state with internet connectivity94.32
Percentage of subsidies or benefits transferred through
digital platform
24.50
No. of services offered online by STATE GOVT./ Other
Sources
77.00
Total number of online services transaction / 1000
population
2413.90
Safety
and Legal
Environment
Security/
Safety
Environment
Information Technology / Intellectual Property related Acts
(Rate of offences)
0.60
No. of cyber cells0.04
Rate of Cognizable Crime435.80
Police personnel/lakh of population174.87
No. of Social Media Monitoring Cells per lakh population0.04
Legal
Regulatory
Environment
Pendency rate 2.24
Charge sheeting Rate 73.50
Pendency Percentage- Corruption cases investigation 97.70
Knowledge
Output
Knowledge
creation
Grass root innovations6.00
Publication11.96
Knowledge
Impact
Startups in the state0.02
New Businesses- No. of companies registered during
previous FY
0.01
GSDP per capita growth rate 2019-208.00
Environment clearance applications approved percent 0.00 367India Innovation Index 2021 Intangible
Assets
Number of patent applications filed in the state (per unit of
GSDP)
2.22
Number of trade mark applications filed in Indian states
(per lakh population)
58.51
Number of designs contained in industrial design
applications filed (per lakh population)
2.04
Knowledge
Diffusion
Knowledge
Dissemination
High-tech exports as a % of total exports19.66
Software exports %4.01
High and medium high tech manufacturing entities
percentage
0.14
Citation Score13.49
Creative
Goods and
Services
GIs registered33.00
Circulation17.83
Handlooms sales as a percentage of GSDP0.00
Manipur
Pillar Sub pillarIndicator Data
Human
Capital
School
Education
Percentage of school functional computer facility 29.68
NAS scores37.84
Expenditure on school education as a % of GSDP 8.40
NER in school education100.00
Accolades in STEM Activities/ 1000 Students 2.25
Pupil-Teacher ratio: Primary & Secondary11.00
Percentage of schools having ATL labs1.46
Secondary school level completion rate 90.03
Tertiary
and Higher
education
Enrolment in PhD per lakh of population36.59
Enrolment in engineering and technology (at UG, PG &
Diploma level) per lakh of population
69.53
Higher education institutions with NAAC grade A and
above %
1.48
Percentage of Colleges connected through NMEICT 22.20
Enrolment in vocational education or skill development
courses / lakh of population
0.02
Tertiary mobility 0.00
Pupil Teacher Ratio- Higher Education23.00 368India Innovation Index 2021
Investment
Research &
Development
Expenditure on higher and technical education
0.14
Expenditure on R&D0.81
Expenditure on Science, Technology and Environment as a
% of GSDP
0.28
NIRF ranking of top 5 universities0.00
Market
Sophistication
FDI inflow as a percentage of state GDP0.00
Venture capital deals0.00
Knowledge
Workers
Workforce Knowledge intensive employment0.23
NGOs involved in knowledge intensive areas % 11.42
Number of private R&D units in the state (per lakh
population)
0.11
Number of R&D Institutions funded by the state (per lakh
population)
0.07
Skill development training PMKVY per lakh population 0.00
% of females employed with advanced degrees out of total
employed.
2.77
Business
Environment
Trade,
competition &
market scale
Ease of Doing Business0.00
Incubators per lakh population0.00
Common facility centre per lakh population0.00
Gross capital formation as a % of GVA21.06
Share of manufacturing and services as a percentage of
GSDP
63.76
Cluster strength18.00
Credit Number of bank accounts per lakh population 0.86
Percentage of bank accounts with Aadhar seeding 82.09
Domestic credit to private sector, % SDP29.65
Micro finance institutions Loan portfolio 95.36
Digital
Infrastructure
Internet subscribers82.29
Percentage of villages in state with internet connectivity81.59
Percentage of subsidies or benefits transferred through
digital platform
16.50
No. of services offered online by STATE GOVT./ Other
Sources
50.00
Total number of online services transaction / 1000
population
1641.80 369India Innovation Index 2021
Safety
and Legal
Environment
Security/
Safety
Environment
Information Technology / Intellectual Property related Acts
(Rate of offences)
0.20
No. of cyber cells0.35
Rate of Cognizable Crime95.00
Police personnel/lakh of population942.93
No. of Social Media Monitoring Cells per lakh population0.11
Legal
Regulatory
Environment
Pendency rate 0.62
Charge sheeting Rate 18.50
Pendency Percentage- Corruption cases investigation 100.00
Knowledge
Output
Knowledge
creation
Grass root innovations216.00
Publication0.00
Knowledge
Impact
Startups in the state0.02
New Businesses- No. of companies registered during
previous FY
0.00
GSDP per capita growth rate 2019-201.00
Environment clearance applications approved percent 0.00
Intangible
Assets
Number of patent applications filed in the state (per unit of
GSDP)
0.58
Number of trade mark applications filed in Indian states
(per lakh population)
4.10
Number of designs contained in industrial design
applications filed (per lakh population)
0.14
Knowledge
Diffusion
Knowledge
Dissemination
High-tech exports as a % of total exports98.91
Software exports %0.00
High and medium high tech manufacturing entities
percentage
0.00
Citation Score0.00
Creative
Goods and
Services
GIs registered5.00
Circulation9.24
Handlooms sales as a percentage of GSDP1.95 370India Innovation Index 2021
Pillar Sub pillarIndicator Data
Human
Capital
School
Education
Percentage of school functional computer facility 13.27
NAS scores27.67
Expenditure on school education as a % of GSDP 7.33
NER in school education100.00
Accolades in STEM Activities/ 1000 Students 3.00
Pupil-Teacher ratio: Primary & Secondary14.77
Percentage of schools having ATL labs0.04
Secondary school level completion rate 82.06
Tertiary
and Higher
education
Enrolment in PhD per lakh of population29.32
Enrolment in engineering and technology (at UG, PG &
Diploma level) per lakh of population
74.44
Higher education institutions with NAAC grade A and
above %
5.63
Percentage of Colleges connected through NMEICT 21.70
Enrolment in vocational education or skill development
courses / lakh of population
0.01
Tertiary mobility 244.12
Pupil Teacher Ratio- Higher Education24.00
Investment
Research &
Development
Expenditure on higher and technical education
0.13
Expenditure on R&D0.04
Expenditure on Science, Technology and Environment as a
% of GSDP
0.00
NIRF ranking of top 5 universities15.10
Market
Sophistication
FDI inflow as a percentage of state GDP0.00
Venture capital deals0.00
Knowledge
Workers
Workforce Knowledge intensive employment0.00
NGOs involved in knowledge intensive areas % 0.34
Number of private R&D units in the state (per lakh
population)
0.07
Number of R&D Institutions funded by the state (per lakh
population)
0.20
Skill development training PMKVY per lakh population 0.00
% of females employed with advanced degrees out of total
employed.
0.91
Meghalaya 371India Innovation Index 2021
Business
Environment
Trade,
competition &
market scale
Ease of Doing Business0.00
Incubators per lakh population0.00
Common facility centre per lakh population0.00
Gross capital formation as a % of GVA8.06
Share of manufacturing and services as a percentage of
GSDP
66.04
Cluster Strength11.00
Credit Number of bank accounts per lakh population 0.71
Percentage of bank accounts with Aadhar seeding 10.73
Domestic credit to private sector, % SDP33.49
Micro finance institutions Loan portfolio 97.41
Digital
Infrastructure
Internet subscribers78.87
Percentage of villages in state with internet connectivity74.08
Percentage of subsidies or benefits transferred through
digital platform
32.40
No. of services offered online by STATE GOVT./ Other
Sources
71.00
Total number of online services transaction / 1000
population
1416.20
Safety
and Legal
Environment
Security/
Safety
Environment
Information Technology / Intellectual Property related Acts
(Rate of offences)
3.60
No. of cyber cells0.34
Rate of Cognizable Crime114.70
Police personnel/lakh of population455.56
No. of Social Media Monitoring Cells per lakh population0.13
Legal
Regulatory
Environment
Pendency rate 2.40
Charge sheeting Rate 18.10
Pendency Percentage- Corruption cases investigation 85.70
Knowledge
Output
Knowledge
creation
Grass root innovations156.00
Publication7.51
Knowledge
Impact
Startups in the state0.00
New Businesses- No. of companies registered during
previous FY
0.01
GSDP per capita growth rate 2019-209.00
Environment clearance applications approved percent 0.00 372India Innovation Index 2021 Intangible
Assets
Number of patent applications filed in the state (per unit of
GSDP)
0.64
Number of trade mark applications filed in Indian states
(per lakh population)
1.89
Number of designs contained in industrial design
applications filed (per lakh population)
0.00
Knowledge
Diffusion
Knowledge
Dissemination
High-tech exports as a % of total exports0.00
Software exports %0.06
High and medium high tech manufacturing entities
percentage
0.00
Citation Score8.20
Creative
Goods and
Services
GIs registered2.00
Circulation4.08
Handlooms sales as a percentage of GSDP1.99
Mizoram
Pillar Sub pillarIndicator Data
Human
Capital
School
Education
Percentage of school functional computer facility 48.04
NAS scores40.83
Expenditure on school education as a % of GSDP 17.81
NER in school education100.00
Accolades in STEM Activities/ 1000 Students 12.97
Pupil-Teacher ratio: Primary & Secondary11.10
Percentage of schools having ATL labs0.15
Secondary school level completion rate 100.28
Tertiary
and Higher
education
Enrolment in PhD per lakh of population79.02
Enrolment in engineering and technology (at UG, PG &
Diploma level) per lakh of population
177.01
Higher education institutions with NAAC grade A and
above %
5.56
Percentage of Colleges connected through NMEICT 18.80
Enrolment in vocational education or skill development
courses / lakh of population
0.01
Tertiary mobility 0.00
Pupil Teacher Ratio- Higher Education17.00 373India Innovation Index 2021
Investment
Research &
Development
Expenditure on higher and technical education
0.45
Expenditure on R&D0.00
Expenditure on Science, Technology and Environment as a
% of GSDP
0.11
NIRF ranking of top 5 universities13.90
Market
Sophistication
FDI inflow as a percentage of state GDP0.00
Venture capital deals0.00
Knowledge
Workers
Workforce Knowledge intensive employment0.00
NGOs involved in knowledge intensive areas % 0.46
Number of private R&D units in the state (per lakh
population)
0.00
Number of R&D Institutions funded by the state (per lakh
population)
0.00
Skill development training PMKVY per lakh population 0.00
% of females employed with advanced degrees out of total
employed.
1.43
Business
Environment
Trade,
competition &
market scale
Ease of Doing Business2.99
Incubators per lakh population0.00
Common facility centre per lakh population0.00
Gross capital formation as a % of GVA0.00
Share of manufacturing and services as a percentage of
GSDP
46.72
Cluster strength26.00
Credit Number of bank accounts per lakh population 0.79
Percentage of bank accounts with Aadhar seeding 76.71
Domestic credit to private sector, % SDP23.15
Micro finance institutions Loan portfolio 94.48
Digital
Infrastructure
Internet subscribers125.77
Percentage of villages in state with internet connectivity70.74
Percentage of subsidies or benefits transferred through
digital platform
52.80
No. of services offered online by STATE GOVT./ Other
Sources
75.00
Total number of online services transaction / 1000
population
3306.80 374India Innovation Index 2021
Safety
and Legal
Environment
Security/
Safety
Environment
Information Technology / Intellectual Property related Acts
(Rate of offences)
0.70
No. of cyber cells0.00
Rate of Cognizable Crime189.60
Police personnel/lakh of population674.54
No. of Social Media Monitoring Cells per lakh population0.09
Legal
Regulatory
Environment
Pendency rate 0.18
Charge sheeting Rate 65.30
Pendency Percentage- Corruption cases investigation 92.60
Knowledge
Output
Knowledge
creation
Grass root innovations185.00
Publication0.00
Knowledge
Impact
Startups in the state0.00
New Businesses- No. of companies registered during
previous FY
0.00
GSDP per capita growth rate 2019-2012.00
Environment clearance applications approved percent 0.00
Intangible
Assets
Number of patent applications filed in the state (per unit of
GSDP)
0.61
Number of trade mark applications filed in Indian states
(per lakh population)
3.74
Number of designs contained in industrial design
applications filed (per lakh population)
0.00
Knowledge
Diffusion
Knowledge
Dissemination
High-tech exports as a % of total exports0.00
Software exports %0.00
High and medium high tech manufacturing entities
percentage
0.00
Citation Score0.00
Creative
Goods and
Services
GIs registered6.00
Circulation18.59
Handlooms sales as a percentage of GSDP1.66 375India Innovation Index 2021
Pillar Sub pillarIndicator Data
Human
Capital
School
Education
Percentage of school functional computer facility 42.39
NAS scores32.03
Expenditure on school education as a % of GSDP 8.94
NER in school education78.30
Accolades in STEM Activities/ 1000 Students 1.98
Pupil-Teacher ratio: Primary & Secondary10.10
Percentage of schools having ATL labs0.18
Secondary school level completion rate 86.85
Tertiary
and Higher
education
Enrolment in PhD per lakh of population29.16
Enrolment in engineering and technology (at UG, PG &
Diploma level) per lakh of population
101.22
Higher education institutions with NAAC grade A and
above %
4.82
Percentage of Colleges connected through NMEICT 30.30
Enrolment in vocational education or skill development
courses / lakh of population
0.01
Tertiary mobility 0.00
Pupil Teacher Ratio- Higher Education18.00
Investment
Research &
Development
Expenditure on higher and technical education
0.27
Expenditure on R&D0.00
Expenditure on Science, Technology and Environment as a
% of GSDP
0.06
NIRF ranking of top 5 universities0.00
Market
Sophistication
FDI inflow as a percentage of state GDP0.00
Venture capital deals0.00
Knowledge
Workers
Workforce Knowledge intensive employment0.00
NGOs involved in knowledge intensive areas % 1.67
Number of private R&D units in the state (per lakh
population)
0.00
Number of R&D Institutions funded by the state (per lakh
population)
0.05
Skill development training PMKVY per lakh population 0.00
% of females employed with advanced degrees out of total
employed.
3.23
Nagaland 376India Innovation Index 2021
Business
Environment
Trade,
competition &
market scale
Ease of Doing Business0.00
Incubators per lakh population0.05
Common facility centre per lakh population0.00
Gross capital formation as a % of GVA2.34
Share of manufacturing and services as a percentage of
GSDP
57.75
Cluster Strength17.00
Credit Number of bank accounts per lakh population 0.58
Percentage of bank accounts with Aadhar seeding 77.64
Domestic credit to private sector, % SDP0.00
Micro finance institutions Loan portfolio 92.30
Digital
Infrastructure
Internet subscribers83.90
Percentage of villages in state with internet connectivity89.71
Percentage of subsidies or benefits transferred through
digital platform
23.10
No. of services offered online by STATE GOVT./ Other
Sources
57.00
Total number of online services transaction / 1000
population
2209.50
Safety
and Legal
Environment
Security/
Safety
Environment
Information Technology / Intellectual Property related Acts
(Rate of offences)
0.40
No. of cyber cells0.05
Rate of Cognizable Crime69.40
Police personnel/lakh of population1300.93
No. of Social Media Monitoring Cells per lakh population0.05
Legal
Regulatory
Environment
Pendency rate 1.08
Charge sheeting Rate 60.30
Pendency Percentage- Corruption cases investigation 85.70
Knowledge
Output
Knowledge
creation
Grass root innovations128.00
Publication0.00
Knowledge
Impact
Startups in the state0.00
New Businesses- No. of companies registered during
previous FY
0.00
GSDP per capita growth rate 2019-203.00
Environment clearance applications approved percent 0.00 377India Innovation Index 2021 Intangible
Assets
Number of patent applications filed in the state (per unit of
GSDP)
0.00
Number of trade mark applications filed in Indian states
(per lakh population)
1.42
Number of designs contained in industrial design
applications filed (per lakh population)
0.00
Knowledge
Diffusion
Knowledge
Dissemination
High-tech exports as a % of total exports37.01
Software exports %0.00
High and medium high tech manufacturing entities
percentage
0.00
Citation Score0.00
Creative
Goods and
Services
GIs registered3.00
Circulation1.47
Handlooms sales as a percentage of GSDP0.00
Odisha
Pillar Sub pillarIndicator Data
Human
Capital
School
Education
Percentage of school functional computer facility 25.46
NAS scores39.68
Expenditure on school education as a % of GSDP 4.89
NER in school education76.80
Accolades in STEM Activities/ 1000 Students 10.55
Pupil-Teacher ratio: Primary & Secondary16.17
Percentage of schools having ATL labs0.24
Secondary school level completion rate 91.09
Tertiary
and Higher
education
Enrolment in PhD per lakh of population7.97
Enrolment in engineering and technology (at UG, PG &
Diploma level) per lakh of population
1152.07
Higher education institutions with NAAC grade A and
above %
2.09
Percentage of Colleges connected through NMEICT 17.00
Enrolment in vocational education or skill development
courses / lakh of population
0.01
Tertiary mobility 48.53
Pupil Teacher Ratio- Higher Education25.00 378India Innovation Index 2021
Investment
Research &
Development
Expenditure on higher and technical education
0.29
Expenditure on R&D0.04
Expenditure on Science, Technology and Environment as a
% of GSDP
0.02
NIRF ranking of top 5 universities51.02
Market
Sophistication
FDI inflow as a percentage of state GDP0.02
Venture capital deals0.00
Knowledge
Workers
Workforce Knowledge intensive employment0.23
NGOs involved in knowledge intensive areas % 0.61
Number of private R&D units in the state (per lakh
population)
0.09
Number of R&D Institutions funded by the state (per lakh
population)
0.07
Skill development training PMKVY per lakh population 0.00
% of females employed with advanced degrees out of total
employed.
1.00
Business
Environment
Trade,
competition &
market scale
Ease of Doing Business0.00
Incubators per lakh population0.05
Common facility centre per lakh population0.15
Gross capital formation as a % of GVA3.97
Share of manufacturing and services as a percentage of
GSDP
60.11
Cluster strength17.00
Credit Number of bank accounts per lakh population 1.10
Percentage of bank accounts with Aadhar seeding 85.73
Domestic credit to private sector, % SDP34.89
Micro finance institutions Loan portfolio 98.31
Digital
Infrastructure
Internet subscribers79.83
Percentage of villages in state with internet connectivity87.21
Percentage of subsidies or benefits transferred through
digital platform
36.50
No. of services offered online by STATE GOVT./ Other
Sources
89.00
Total number of online services transaction / 1000
population
3925.70 379India Innovation Index 2021
Safety
and Legal
Environment
Security/
Safety
Environment
Information Technology / Intellectual Property related Acts
(Rate of offences)
1.60
No. of cyber cells0.08
Rate of Cognizable Crime295.20
Police personnel/lakh of population129.31
No. of Social Media Monitoring Cells per lakh population0.00
Legal
Regulatory
Environment
Pendency rate 5.00
Charge sheeting Rate 70.90
Pendency Percentage- Corruption cases investigation 98.70
Knowledge
Output
Knowledge
creation
Grass root innovations72.00
Publication15.13
Knowledge
Impact
Startups in the state0.01
New Businesses- No. of companies registered during
previous FY
0.00
GSDP per capita growth rate 2019-206.00
Environment clearance applications approved percent 64.67
Intangible
Assets
Number of patent applications filed in the state (per unit of
GSDP)
0.56
Number of trade mark applications filed in Indian states
(per lakh population)
4.46
Number of designs contained in industrial design
applications filed (per lakh population)
0.19
Knowledge
Diffusion
Knowledge
Dissemination
High-tech exports as a % of total exports0.27
Software exports %0.61
High and medium high tech manufacturing entities
percentage
0.07
Citation Score16.78
Creative
Goods and
Services
GIs registered17.00
Circulation0.19
Handlooms sales as a percentage of GSDP0.16 380India Innovation Index 2021
Pillar Sub pillarIndicator Data
Human
Capital
School
Education
Percentage of school functional computer facility 88.53
NAS scores37.07
Expenditure on school education as a % of GSDP 5.46
NER in school education72.80
Accolades in STEM Activities/ 1000 Students 8.35
Pupil-Teacher ratio: Primary & Secondary13.30
Percentage of schools having ATL labs0.81
Secondary school level completion rate 102.18
Tertiary
and Higher
education
Enrolment in PhD per lakh of population40.71
Enrolment in engineering and technology (at UG, PG &
Diploma level) per lakh of population
3323.82
Higher education institutions with NAAC grade A and
above %
6.98
Percentage of Colleges connected through NMEICT 38.50
Enrolment in vocational education or skill development
courses / lakh of population
0.01
Tertiary mobility 83.15
Pupil Teacher Ratio- Higher Education13.00
Investment
Research &
Development
Expenditure on higher and technical education
0.17
Expenditure on R&D0.00
Expenditure on Science, Technology and Environment as a
% of GSDP
0.01
NIRF ranking of top 5 universities14.82
Market
Sophistication
FDI inflow as a percentage of state GDP0.01
Venture capital deals0.00
Knowledge
Workers
Workforce Knowledge intensive employment1.73
NGOs involved in knowledge intensive areas % 0.96
Number of private R&D units in the state (per lakh
population)
1.20
Number of R&D Institutions funded by the state (per lakh
population)
0.00
Skill development training PMKVY per lakh population 0.00
% of females employed with advanced degrees out of total
employed.
6.36
Puducherry 381India Innovation Index 2021
Business
Environment
Trade,
competition &
market scale
Ease of Doing Business2.22
Incubators per lakh population0.08
Common facility centre per lakh population0.00
Gross capital formation as a % of GVA15.79
Share of manufacturing and services as a percentage of
GSDP
69.69
Cluster Strength48.00
Credit Number of bank accounts per lakh population 1.57
Percentage of bank accounts with Aadhar seeding 89.88
Domestic credit to private sector, % SDP53.27
Micro finance institutions Loan portfolio 99.00
Digital
Infrastructure
Internet subscribers89.75
Percentage of villages in state with internet connectivity100.00
Percentage of subsidies or benefits transferred through
digital platform
94.90
No. of services offered online by STATE GOVT./ Other
Sources
55.00
Total number of online services transaction / 1000
population
5405.30
Safety
and Legal
Environment
Security/
Safety
Environment
Information Technology / Intellectual Property related Acts
(Rate of offences)
0.80
No. of cyber cells0.08
Rate of Cognizable Crime512.60
Police personnel/lakh of population225.28
No. of Social Media Monitoring Cells per lakh population0.00
Legal
Regulatory
Environment
Pendency rate 6.27
Charge sheeting Rate 57.10
Pendency Percentage- Corruption cases investigation 37.50
Knowledge
Output
Knowledge
creation
Grass root innovations20.00
Publication13.45
Knowledge
Impact
Startups in the state0.00
New Businesses- No. of companies registered during
previous FY
0.00
GSDP per capita growth rate 2019-203.00
Environment clearance applications approved percent 66.10 382India Innovation Index 2021 Intangible
Assets
Number of patent applications filed in the state (per unit of
GSDP)
2.36
Number of trade mark applications filed in Indian states
(per lakh population)
18.43
Number of designs contained in industrial design
applications filed (per lakh population)
0.24
Knowledge
Diffusion
Knowledge
Dissemination
High-tech exports as a % of total exports82.26
Software exports %1.01
High and medium high tech manufacturing entities
percentage
0.13
Citation Score15.23
Creative
Goods and
Services
GIs registered2.00
Circulation17.31
Handlooms sales as a percentage of GSDP0.07
Punjab
Pillar Sub pillarIndicator Data
Human
Capital
School
Education
Percentage of school functional computer facility 56.89
NAS scores38.03
Expenditure on school education as a % of GSDP 3.20
NER in school education100.00
Accolades in STEM Activities/ 1000 Students 5.53
Pupil-Teacher ratio: Primary & Secondary20.40
Percentage of schools having ATL labs0.54
Secondary school level completion rate 100.75
Tertiary
and Higher
education
Enrolment in PhD per lakh of population32.44
Enrolment in engineering and technology (at UG, PG &
Diploma level) per lakh of population
766.65
Higher education institutions with NAAC grade A and
above %
5.25
Percentage of Colleges connected through NMEICT 15.20
Enrolment in vocational education or skill development
courses / lakh of population
0.01
Tertiary mobility 166.41
Pupil Teacher Ratio- Higher Education17.00 383India Innovation Index 2021
Investment
Research &
Development
Expenditure on higher and technical education
0.17
Expenditure on R&D0.15
Expenditure on Science, Technology and Environment as a
% of GSDP
0.00
NIRF ranking of top 5 universities48.90
Market
Sophistication
FDI inflow as a percentage of state GDP0.17
Venture capital deals0.00
Knowledge
Workers
Workforce Knowledge intensive employment1.94
NGOs involved in knowledge intensive areas % 0.18
Number of private R&D units in the state (per lakh
population)
0.32
Number of R&D Institutions funded by the state (per lakh
population)
0.08
Skill development training PMKVY per lakh population 0.76
% of females employed with advanced degrees out of total
employed.
6.32
Business
Environment
Trade,
competition &
market scale
Ease of Doing Business7.61
Incubators per lakh population0.04
Common facility centre per lakh population0.00
Gross capital formation as a % of GVA28.43
Share of manufacturing and services as a percentage of
GSDP
59.26
Cluster strength35.00
Credit Number of bank accounts per lakh population 1.47
Percentage of bank accounts with Aadhar seeding 85.11
Domestic credit to private sector, % SDP59.01
Micro finance institutions Loan portfolio 96.89
Digital
Infrastructure
Internet subscribers130.41
Percentage of villages in state with internet connectivity100.00
Percentage of subsidies or benefits transferred through
digital platform
65.40
No. of services offered online by STATE GOVT./ Other
Sources
92.00
Total number of online services transaction / 1000
population
4807.40 384India Innovation Index 2021
Safety
and Legal
Environment
Security/
Safety
Environment
Information Technology / Intellectual Property related Acts
(Rate of offences)
0.80
No. of cyber cells0.00
Rate of Cognizable Crime274.60
Police personnel/lakh of population286.50
No. of Social Media Monitoring Cells per lakh population0.09
Legal
Regulatory
Environment
Pendency rate 0.06
Charge sheeting Rate 70.40
Pendency Percentage- Corruption cases investigation 92.80
Knowledge
Output
Knowledge
creation
Grass root innovations16.00
Publication11.05
Knowledge
Impact
Startups in the state0.01
New Businesses- No. of companies registered during
previous FY
0.00
GSDP per capita growth rate 2019-205.00
Environment clearance applications approved percent 66.12
Intangible
Assets
Number of patent applications filed in the state (per unit of
GSDP)
3.47
Number of trade mark applications filed in Indian states
(per lakh population)
41.24
Number of designs contained in industrial design
applications filed (per lakh population)
0.88
Knowledge
Diffusion
Knowledge
Dissemination
High-tech exports as a % of total exports17.94
Software exports %0.14
High and medium high tech manufacturing entities
percentage
0.07
Citation Score13.44
Creative
Goods and
Services
GIs registered1.00
Circulation11.59
Handlooms sales as a percentage of GSDP0.00 385India Innovation Index 2021
Pillar Sub pillarIndicator Data
Human
Capital
School
Education
Percentage of school functional computer facility 44.21
NAS scores43.16
Expenditure on school education as a % of GSDP 4.77
NER in school education86.80
Accolades in STEM Activities/ 1000 Students 9.43
Pupil-Teacher ratio: Primary & Secondary16.07
Percentage of schools having ATL labs0.29
Secondary school level completion rate 97.12
Tertiary
and Higher
education
Enrolment in PhD per lakh of population15.83
Enrolment in engineering and technology (at UG, PG &
Diploma level) per lakh of population
324.01
Higher education institutions with NAAC grade A and
above %
0.67
Percentage of Colleges connected through NMEICT 18.40
Enrolment in vocational education or skill development
courses / lakh of population
0.01
Tertiary mobility 72.84
Pupil Teacher Ratio- Higher Education29.00
Investment
Research &
Development
Expenditure on higher and technical education
0.07
Expenditure on R&D0.04
Expenditure on Science, Technology and Environment as a
% of GSDP
0.00
NIRF ranking of top 5 universities48.13
Market
Sophistication
FDI inflow as a percentage of state GDP0.20
Venture capital deals0.54
Knowledge
Workers
Workforce Knowledge intensive employment0.76
NGOs involved in knowledge intensive areas % 0.42
Number of private R&D units in the state (per lakh
population)
0.14
Number of R&D Institutions funded by the state (per lakh
population)
0.06
Skill development training PMKVY per lakh population 0.16
% of females employed with advanced degrees out of total
employed.
3.33
Rajasthan 386India Innovation Index 2021
Business
Environment
Trade,
competition &
market scale
Ease of Doing Business25.92
Incubators per lakh population0.04
Common facility centre per lakh population0.00
Gross capital formation as a % of GVA31.32
Share of manufacturing and services as a percentage of
GSDP
53.50
Cluster Strength42.00
Credit Number of bank accounts per lakh population 1.09
Percentage of bank accounts with Aadhar seeding 88.15
Domestic credit to private sector, % SDP51.17
Micro finance institutions Loan portfolio 98.50
Digital
Infrastructure
Internet subscribers95.06
Percentage of villages in state with internet connectivity97.82
Percentage of subsidies or benefits transferred through
digital platform
100.00
No. of services offered online by STATE GOVT./ Other
Sources
103.00
Total number of online services transaction / 1000
population
7228.50
Safety
and Legal
Environment
Security/
Safety
Environment
Information Technology / Intellectual Property related Acts
(Rate of offences)
0.90
No. of cyber cells0.00
Rate of Cognizable Crime331.20
Police personnel/lakh of population122.36
No. of Social Media Monitoring Cells per lakh population0.00
Legal
Regulatory
Environment
Pendency rate 1.29
Charge sheeting Rate 54.20
Pendency Percentage- Corruption cases investigation 96.00
Knowledge
Output
Knowledge
creation
Grass root innovations23.00
Publication12.57
Knowledge
Impact
Startups in the state0.01
New Businesses- No. of companies registered during
previous FY
0.00
GSDP per capita growth rate 2019-204.00
Environment clearance applications approved percent 0.00 387India Innovation Index 2021 Intangible
Assets
Number of patent applications filed in the state (per unit of
GSDP)
0.40
Number of trade mark applications filed in Indian states
(per lakh population)
19.44
Number of designs contained in industrial design
applications filed (per lakh population)
0.30
Knowledge
Diffusion
Knowledge
Dissemination
High-tech exports as a % of total exports11.14
Software exports %0.18
High and medium high tech manufacturing entities
percentage
0.09
Citation Score14.51
Creative
Goods and
Services
GIs registered14.00
Circulation11.42
Handlooms sales as a percentage of GSDP0.01
Sikkim
Pillar Sub pillarIndicator Data
Human
Capital
School
Education
Percentage of school functional computer facility 60.38
NAS scores37.46
Expenditure on school education as a % of GSDP 4.82
NER in school education80.10
Accolades in STEM Activities/ 1000 Students 13.83
Pupil-Teacher ratio: Primary & Secondary8.73
Percentage of schools having ATL labs0.31
Secondary school level completion rate 108.40
Tertiary
and Higher
education
Enrolment in PhD per lakh of population67.15
Enrolment in engineering and technology (at UG, PG &
Diploma level) per lakh of population
940.92
Higher education institutions with NAAC grade A and
above %
0.00
Percentage of Colleges connected through NMEICT 15.00
Enrolment in vocational education or skill development
courses / lakh of population
0.01
Tertiary mobility 0.00
Pupil Teacher Ratio- Higher Education34.00 388India Innovation Index 2021
Investment
Research &
Development
Expenditure on higher and technical education
2.27
Expenditure on R&D0.00
Expenditure on Science, Technology and Environment as a
% of GSDP
0.08
NIRF ranking of top 5 universities0.00
Market
Sophistication
FDI inflow as a percentage of state GDP0.00
Venture capital deals0.00
Knowledge
Workers
Workforce Knowledge intensive employment4.07
NGOs involved in knowledge intensive areas % 0.33
Number of private R&D units in the state (per lakh
population)
0.16
Number of R&D Institutions funded by the state (per lakh
population)
0.00
Skill development training PMKVY per lakh population 0.00
% of females employed with advanced degrees out of total
employed.
2.00
Business
Environment
Trade,
competition &
market scale
Ease of Doing Business0.00
Incubators per lakh population0.00
Common facility centre per lakh population0.00
Gross capital formation as a % of GVA4.93
Share of manufacturing and services as a percentage of
GSDP
69.83
Cluster strength17.00
Credit Number of bank accounts per lakh population 1.20
Percentage of bank accounts with Aadhar seeding 90.15
Domestic credit to private sector, % SDP16.32
Micro finance institutions Loan portfolio 97.41
Digital
Infrastructure
Internet subscribers160.50
Percentage of villages in state with internet connectivity97.65
Percentage of subsidies or benefits transferred through
digital platform
17.20
No. of services offered online by STATE GOVT./ Other
Sources
44.00
Total number of online services transaction / 1000
population
2755.60 389India Innovation Index 2021
Safety
and Legal
Environment
Security/
Safety
Environment
Information Technology / Intellectual Property related Acts
(Rate of offences)
0.10
No. of cyber cells0.16
Rate of Cognizable Crime100.40
Police personnel/lakh of population851.27
No. of Social Media Monitoring Cells per lakh population0.00
Legal
Regulatory
Environment
Pendency rate 0.07
Charge sheeting Rate 61.20
Pendency Percentage- Corruption cases investigation 100.00
Knowledge
Output
Knowledge
creation
Grass root innovations172.00
Publication0.00
Knowledge
Impact
Startups in the state0.00
New Businesses- No. of companies registered during
previous FY
0.00
GSDP per capita growth rate 2019-203.00
Environment clearance applications approved percent 72.47
Intangible
Assets
Number of patent applications filed in the state (per unit of
GSDP)
0.36
Number of trade mark applications filed in Indian states
(per lakh population)
11.14
Number of designs contained in industrial design
applications filed (per lakh population)
0.33
Knowledge
Diffusion
Knowledge
Dissemination
High-tech exports as a % of total exports82.75
Software exports %0.11
High and medium high tech manufacturing entities
percentage
0.00
Citation Score0.00
Creative
Goods and
Services
GIs registered1.00
Circulation19.65
Handlooms sales as a percentage of GSDP0.04 390India Innovation Index 2021
Pillar Sub pillarIndicator Data
Human
Capital
School
Education
Percentage of school functional computer facility 76.55
NAS scores36.70
Expenditure on school education as a % of GSDP 3.43
NER in school education84.60
Accolades in STEM Activities/ 1000 Students 6.86
Pupil-Teacher ratio: Primary & Secondary15.93
Percentage of schools having ATL labs1.29
Secondary school level completion rate 99.51
Tertiary
and Higher
education
Enrolment in PhD per lakh of population42.50
Enrolment in engineering and technology (at UG, PG &
Diploma level) per lakh of population
2779.33
Higher education institutions with NAAC grade A and
above %
6.69
Percentage of Colleges connected through NMEICT 12.50
Enrolment in vocational education or skill development
courses / lakh of population
0.00
Tertiary mobility 49.55
Pupil Teacher Ratio- Higher Education17.00
Investment
Research &
Development
Expenditure on higher and technical education
1.11
Expenditure on R&D0.06
Expenditure on Science, Technology and Environment as a
% of GSDP
0.00
NIRF ranking of top 5 universities68.04
Market
Sophistication
FDI inflow as a percentage of state GDP0.57
Venture capital deals0.74
Knowledge
Workers
Workforce Knowledge intensive employment0.72
NGOs involved in knowledge intensive areas % 0.45
Number of private R&D units in the state (per lakh
population)
0.76
Number of R&D Institutions funded by the state (per lakh
population)
0.13
Skill development training PMKVY per lakh population 0.58
% of females employed with advanced degrees out of total
employed.
3.41
Tamil Nadu 391India Innovation Index 2021
Business
Environment
Trade,
competition &
market scale
Ease of Doing Business13.61
Incubators per lakh population0.10
Common facility centre per lakh population0.49
Gross capital formation as a % of GVA29.04
Share of manufacturing and services as a percentage of
GSDP
67.58
Cluster Strength73.00
Credit Number of bank accounts per lakh population 1.32
Percentage of bank accounts with Aadhar seeding 84.16
Domestic credit to private sector, % SDP76.78
Micro finance institutions Loan portfolio 98.88
Digital
Infrastructure
Internet subscribers109.97
Percentage of villages in state with internet connectivity99.67
Percentage of subsidies or benefits transferred through
digital platform
31.90
No. of services offered online by STATE GOVT./ Other
Sources
145.00
Total number of online services transaction / 1000
population
8986.60
Safety
and Legal
Environment
Security/
Safety
Environment
Information Technology / Intellectual Property related Acts
(Rate of offences)
0.80
No. of cyber cells0.01
Rate of Cognizable Crime1808.80
Police personnel/lakh of population148.54
No. of Social Media Monitoring Cells per lakh population0.03
Legal
Regulatory
Environment
Pendency rate 1.17
Charge sheeting Rate 91.70
Pendency Percentage- Corruption cases investigation 93.30
Knowledge
Output
Knowledge
creation
Grass root innovations22.00
Publication14.77
Knowledge
Impact
Startups in the state0.01
New Businesses- No. of companies registered during
previous FY
0.00
GSDP per capita growth rate 2019-201.00
Environment clearance applications approved percent 91.45 392India Innovation Index 2021 Intangible
Assets
Number of patent applications filed in the state (per unit of
GSDP)
2.77
Number of trade mark applications filed in Indian states
(per lakh population)
26.72
Number of designs contained in industrial design
applications filed (per lakh population)
1.16
Knowledge
Diffusion
Knowledge
Dissemination
High-tech exports as a % of total exports20.17
Software exports %3.16
High and medium high tech manufacturing entities
percentage
0.13
Citation Score16.13
Creative
Goods and
Services
GIs registered38.00
Circulation12.29
Handlooms sales as a percentage of GSDP0.17
Telangana
Pillar Sub pillarIndicator Data
Human
Capital
School
Education
Percentage of school functional computer facility 35.34
NAS scores39.01
Expenditure on school education as a % of GSDP 3.75
NER in school education94.80
Accolades in STEM Activities/ 1000 Students 4.44
Pupil-Teacher ratio: Primary & Secondary15.23
Percentage of schools having ATL labs0.63
Secondary school level completion rate 99.25
Tertiary
and Higher
education
Enrolment in PhD per lakh of population15.65
Enrolment in engineering and technology (at UG, PG &
Diploma level) per lakh of population
1644.52
Higher education institutions with NAAC grade A and
above %
3.78
Percentage of Colleges connected through NMEICT 28.00
Enrolment in vocational education or skill development
courses / lakh of population
0.01
Tertiary mobility 4.77
Pupil Teacher Ratio- Higher Education17.00 393India Innovation Index 2021
Investment
Research &
Development
Expenditure on higher and technical education
0.19
Expenditure on R&D0.05
Expenditure on Science, Technology and Environment as a
% of GSDP
0.00
NIRF ranking of top 5 universities56.44
Market
Sophistication
FDI inflow as a percentage of state GDP0.75
Venture capital deals0.44
Knowledge
Workers
Workforce Knowledge intensive employment1.31
NGOs involved in knowledge intensive areas % 0.44
Number of private R&D units in the state (per lakh
population)
1.44
Number of R&D Institutions funded by the state (per lakh
population)
0.13
Skill development training PMKVY per lakh population 0.53
% of females employed with advanced degrees out of total
employed.
3.29
Business
Environment
Trade,
competition &
market scale
Ease of Doing Business48.60
Incubators per lakh population0.13
Common facility centre per lakh population0.00
Gross capital formation as a % of GVA34.07
Share of manufacturing and services as a percentage of
GSDP
69.84
Cluster strength35.00
Credit Number of bank accounts per lakh population 1.39
Percentage of bank accounts with Aadhar seeding 88.82
Domestic credit to private sector, % SDP84.86
Micro finance institutions Loan portfolio 98.45
Digital
Infrastructure
Internet subscribers119.01
Percentage of villages in state with internet connectivity98.49
Percentage of subsidies or benefits transferred through
digital platform
31.30
No. of services offered online by STATE GOVT./ Other
Sources
169.00
Total number of online services transaction / 1000
population
15692.20 394India Innovation Index 2021
Safety
and Legal
Environment
Security/
Safety
Environment
Information Technology / Intellectual Property related Acts
(Rate of offences)
0.90
No. of cyber cells0.01
Rate of Cognizable Crime393.00
Police personnel/lakh of population130.88
No. of Social Media Monitoring Cells per lakh population0.01
Legal
Regulatory
Environment
Pendency rate 0.44
Charge sheeting Rate 83.90
Pendency Percentage- Corruption cases investigation 98.80
Knowledge
Output
Knowledge
creation
Grass root innovations16.00
Publication16.42
Knowledge
Impact
Startups in the state0.01
New Businesses- No. of companies registered during
previous FY
0.01
GSDP per capita growth rate 2019-204.00
Environment clearance applications approved percent 74.27
Intangible
Assets
Number of patent applications filed in the state (per unit of
GSDP)
1.91
Number of trade mark applications filed in Indian states
(per lakh population)
33.48
Number of designs contained in industrial design
applications filed (per lakh population)
0.58
Knowledge
Diffusion
Knowledge
Dissemination
High-tech exports as a % of total exports86.92
Software exports %8.87
High and medium high tech manufacturing entities
percentage
0.23
Citation Score16.87
Creative
Goods and
Services
GIs registered14.00
Circulation9.86
Handlooms sales as a percentage of GSDP0.05 395India Innovation Index 2021
Pillar Sub pillarIndicator Data
Human
Capital
School
Education
Percentage of school functional computer facility 15.08
NAS scores33.68
Expenditure on school education as a % of GSDP 7.46
NER in school education100.00
Accolades in STEM Activities/ 1000 Students 5.37
Pupil-Teacher ratio: Primary & Secondary15.90
Percentage of schools having ATL labs0.40
Secondary school level completion rate 95.82
Tertiary
and Higher
education
Enrolment in PhD per lakh of population16.74
Enrolment in engineering and technology (at UG, PG &
Diploma level) per lakh of population
219.01
Higher education institutions with NAAC grade A and
above %
62.12
Percentage of Colleges connected through NMEICT 0.00
Enrolment in vocational education or skill development
courses / lakh of population
0.02
Tertiary mobility 0.00
Pupil Teacher Ratio- Higher Education36.00
Investment
Research &
Development
Expenditure on higher and technical education
0.54
Expenditure on R&D0.00
Expenditure on Science, Technology and Environment as a
% of GSDP
0.01
NIRF ranking of top 5 universities0.00
Market
Sophistication
FDI inflow as a percentage of state GDP0.00
Venture capital deals0.00
Knowledge
Workers
Workforce Knowledge intensive employment0.02
NGOs involved in knowledge intensive areas % 1.03
Number of private R&D units in the state (per lakh
population)
0.00
Number of R&D Institutions funded by the state (per lakh
population)
0.08
Skill development training PMKVY per lakh population 0.00
% of females employed with advanced degrees out of total
employed.
0.77
Tripura 396India Innovation Index 2021
Business
Environment
Trade,
competition &
market scale
Ease of Doing Business0.00
Incubators per lakh population0.03
Common facility centre per lakh population0.00
Gross capital formation as a % of GVA25.31
Share of manufacturing and services as a percentage of
GSDP
49.04
Cluster Strength11.00
Credit Number of bank accounts per lakh population 1.18
Percentage of bank accounts with Aadhar seeding 93.15
Domestic credit to private sector, % SDP28.22
Micro finance institutions Loan portfolio 98.22
Digital
Infrastructure
Internet subscribers86.28
Percentage of villages in state with internet connectivity96.41
Percentage of subsidies or benefits transferred through
digital platform
85.50
No. of services offered online by STATE GOVT./ Other
Sources
67.00
Total number of online services transaction / 1000
population
2047.30
Safety
and Legal
Environment
Security/
Safety
Environment
Information Technology / Intellectual Property related Acts
(Rate of offences)
0.90
No. of cyber cells0.03
Rate of Cognizable Crime115.10
Police personnel/lakh of population568.07
No. of Social Media Monitoring Cells per lakh population0.03
Legal
Regulatory
Environment
Pendency rate 1.05
Charge sheeting Rate 69.20
Pendency Percentage- Corruption cases investigation 0.00
Knowledge
Output
Knowledge
creation
Grass root innovations83.00
Publication0.00
Knowledge
Impact
Startups in the state0.01
New Businesses- No. of companies registered during
previous FY
0.00
GSDP per capita growth rate 2019-203.00
Environment clearance applications approved percent 0.00 397India Innovation Index 2021 Intangible
Assets
Number of patent applications filed in the state (per unit of
GSDP)
0.50
Number of trade mark applications filed in Indian states
(per lakh population)
2.53
Number of designs contained in industrial design
applications filed (per lakh population)
0.00
Knowledge
Diffusion
Knowledge
Dissemination
High-tech exports as a % of total exports0.13
Software exports %0.00
High and medium high tech manufacturing entities
percentage
0.00
Citation Score0.00
Creative
Goods and
Services
GIs registered1.00
Circulation3.97
Handlooms sales as a percentage of GSDP0.31
Uttar Pradesh
Pillar Sub pillarIndicator Data
Human
Capital
School
Education
Percentage of school functional computer facility 17.70
NAS scores0.00
Expenditure on school education as a % of GSDP 5.04
NER in school education91.60
Accolades in STEM Activities/ 1000 Students 2.86
Pupil-Teacher ratio: Primary & Secondary27.90
Percentage of schools having ATL labs0.29
Secondary school level completion rate 87.05
Tertiary
and Higher
education
Enrolment in PhD per lakh of population11.89
Enrolment in engineering and technology (at UG, PG &
Diploma level) per lakh of population
448.84
Higher education institutions with NAAC grade A and
above %
8.14
Percentage of Colleges connected through NMEICT 30.00
Enrolment in vocational education or skill development
courses / lakh of population
0.01
Tertiary mobility 35.44
Pupil Teacher Ratio- Higher Education40.00 398India Innovation Index 2021
Investment
Research &
Development
Expenditure on higher and technical education
0.03
Expenditure on R&D0.03
Expenditure on Science, Technology and Environment as a
% of GSDP
0.01
NIRF ranking of top 5 universities63.94
Market
Sophistication
FDI inflow as a percentage of state GDP0.15
Venture capital deals0.44
Knowledge
Workers
Workforce Knowledge intensive employment0.33
NGOs involved in knowledge intensive areas % 0.78
Number of private R&D units in the state (per lakh
population)
0.11
Number of R&D Institutions funded by the state (per lakh
population)
0.02
Skill development training PMKVY per lakh population 0.46
% of females employed with advanced degrees out of total
employed.
3.21
Business
Environment
Trade,
competition &
market scale
Ease of Doing Business50.09
Incubators per lakh population0.02
Common facility centre per lakh population0.02
Gross capital formation as a % of GVA35.84
Share of manufacturing and services as a percentage of
GSDP
60.09
Cluster strength61.00
Credit Number of bank accounts per lakh population 1.31
Percentage of bank accounts with Aadhar seeding 86.89
Domestic credit to private sector, % SDP43.50
Micro finance institutions Loan portfolio 96.29
Digital
Infrastructure
Internet subscribers1547.35
Percentage of villages in state with internet connectivity99.67
Percentage of subsidies or benefits transferred through
digital platform
63.00
No. of services offered online by STATE GOVT./ Other
Sources
89.00
Total number of online services transaction / 1000
population
3327.20 399India Innovation Index 2021
Safety
and Legal
Environment
Security/
Safety
Environment
Information Technology / Intellectual Property related Acts
(Rate of offences)
4.10
No. of cyber cells0.00
Rate of Cognizable Crime287.40
Police personnel/lakh of population133.85
No. of Social Media Monitoring Cells per lakh population0.00
Legal
Regulatory
Environment
Pendency rate 4.84
Charge sheeting Rate 76.90
Pendency Percentage- Corruption cases investigation 98.60
Knowledge
Output
Knowledge
creation
Grass root innovations82.00
Publication15.91
Knowledge
Impact
Startups in the state0.02
New Businesses- No. of companies registered during
previous FY
0.00
GSDP per capita growth rate 2019-206.00
Environment clearance applications approved percent 82.63
Intangible
Assets
Number of patent applications filed in the state (per unit of
GSDP)
1.01
Number of trade mark applications filed in Indian states
(per lakh population)
11.26
Number of designs contained in industrial design
applications filed (per lakh population)
0.18
Knowledge
Diffusion
Knowledge
Dissemination
High-tech exports as a % of total exports24.37
Software exports %1.72
High and medium high tech manufacturing entities
percentage
0.08
Citation Score17.90
Creative
Goods and
Services
GIs registered28.00
Circulation10.72
Handlooms sales as a percentage of GSDP0.12 400India Innovation Index 2021
Pillar Sub pillarIndicator Data
Human
Capital
School
Education
Percentage of school functional computer facility 34.65
NAS scores38.77
Expenditure on school education as a % of GSDP 20.10
NER in school education96.90
Accolades in STEM Activities/ 1000 Students 6.89
Pupil-Teacher ratio: Primary & Secondary16.73
Percentage of schools having ATL labs0.20
Secondary school level completion rate 93.67
Tertiary
and Higher
education
Enrolment in PhD per lakh of population54.21
Enrolment in engineering and technology (at UG, PG &
Diploma level) per lakh of population
829.81
Higher education institutions with NAAC grade A and
above %
0.10
Percentage of Colleges connected through NMEICT 0.00
Enrolment in vocational education or skill development
courses / lakh of population
0.01
Tertiary mobility 34.29
Pupil Teacher Ratio- Higher Education27.00
Investment
Research &
Development
Expenditure on higher and technical education
4.66
Expenditure on R&D0.26
Expenditure on Science, Technology and Environment as a
% of GSDP
0.02
NIRF ranking of top 5 universities22.82
Market
Sophistication
FDI inflow as a percentage of state GDP0.05
Venture capital deals0.00
Knowledge
Workers
Workforce Knowledge intensive employment1.85
NGOs involved in knowledge intensive areas % 1.05
Number of private R&D units in the state (per lakh
population)
0.22
Number of R&D Institutions funded by the state (per lakh
population)
0.26
Skill development training PMKVY per lakh population 0.00
% of females employed with advanced degrees out of total
employed.
5.59
Uttarakhand 401India Innovation Index 2021
Business
Environment
Trade,
competition &
market scale
Ease of Doing Business19.72
Incubators per lakh population0.04
Common facility centre per lakh population0.00
Gross capital formation as a % of GVA13.44
Share of manufacturing and services as a percentage of
GSDP
72.82
Cluster Strength21.00
Credit Number of bank accounts per lakh population 1.33
Percentage of bank accounts with Aadhar seeding 83.80
Domestic credit to private sector, % SDP28.32
Micro finance institutions Loan portfolio 96.12
Digital
Infrastructure
Internet subscribers14.10
Percentage of villages in state with internet connectivity97.29
Percentage of subsidies or benefits transferred through
digital platform
39.20
No. of services offered online by STATE GOVT./ Other
Sources
71.00
Total number of online services transaction / 1000
population
4184.40
Safety
and Legal
Environment
Security/
Safety
Environment
Information Technology / Intellectual Property related Acts
(Rate of offences)
2.10
No. of cyber cells0.13
Rate of Cognizable Crime506.80
Police personnel/lakh of population188.16
No. of Social Media Monitoring Cells per lakh population0.13
Legal
Regulatory
Environment
Pendency rate 0.56
Charge sheeting Rate 78.80
Pendency Percentage- Corruption cases investigation 93.00
Knowledge
Output
Knowledge
creation
Grass root innovations9.00
Publication28.16
Knowledge
Impact
Startups in the state0.01
New Businesses- No. of companies registered during
previous FY
0.00
GSDP per capita growth rate 2019-208.00
Environment clearance applications approved percent 91.32 402India Innovation Index 2021 Intangible
Assets
Number of patent applications filed in the state (per unit of
GSDP)
1.05
Number of trade mark applications filed in Indian states
(per lakh population)
24.73
Number of designs contained in industrial design
applications filed (per lakh population)
0.43
Knowledge
Diffusion
Knowledge
Dissemination
High-tech exports as a % of total exports21.10
Software exports %0.08
High and medium high tech manufacturing entities
percentage
0.15
Citation Score29.25
Creative
Goods and
Services
GIs registered2.00
Circulation36.17
Handlooms sales as a percentage of GSDP0.06
West Bengal
Pillar Sub pillarIndicator Data
Human
Capital
School
Education
Percentage of school functional computer facility 13.66
NAS scores0.00
Expenditure on school education as a % of GSDP 5.47
NER in school education100.00
Accolades in STEM Activities/ 1000 Students 1.22
Pupil-Teacher ratio: Primary & Secondary25.13
Percentage of schools having ATL labs0.17
Secondary school level completion rate 96.11
Tertiary
and Higher
education
Enrolment in PhD per lakh of population14.06
Enrolment in engineering and technology (at UG, PG &
Diploma level) per lakh of population
395.00
Higher education institutions with NAAC grade A and
above %
2.65
Percentage of Colleges connected through NMEICT 33.80
Enrolment in vocational education or skill development
courses / lakh of population
0.00
Tertiary mobility 34.12
Pupil Teacher Ratio- Higher Education33.00 403India Innovation Index 2021
Investment
Research &
Development
Expenditure on higher and technical education
0.07
Expenditure on R&D0.04
Expenditure on Science, Technology and Environment as a
% of GSDP
0.02
NIRF ranking of top 5 universities65.87
Market
Sophistication
FDI inflow as a percentage of state GDP0.17
Venture capital deals0.00
Knowledge
Workers
Workforce Knowledge intensive employment0.43
NGOs involved in knowledge intensive areas % 0.68
Number of private R&D units in the state (per lakh
population)
0.28
Number of R&D Institutions funded by the state (per lakh
population)
0.03
Skill development training PMKVY per lakh population 0.57
% of females employed with advanced degrees out of total
employed.
2.06
Business
Environment
Trade,
competition &
market scale
Ease of Doing Business22.85
Incubators per lakh population0.01
Common facility centre per lakh population0.07
Gross capital formation as a % of GVA29.22
Share of manufacturing and services as a percentage of
GSDP
66.38
Cluster strength60.00
Credit Number of bank accounts per lakh population 1.21
Percentage of bank accounts with Aadhar seeding 85.69
Domestic credit to private sector, % SDP54.72
Micro finance institutions Loan portfolio 98.76
Digital
Infrastructure
Internet subscribers87.31
Percentage of villages in state with internet connectivity99.98
Percentage of subsidies or benefits transferred through
digital platform
13.00
No. of services offered online by STATE GOVT./ Other
Sources
209.00
Total number of online services transaction / 1000
population
13343.10 404India Innovation Index 2021
Safety
and Legal
Environment
Security/
Safety
Environment
Information Technology / Intellectual Property related Acts
(Rate of offences)
0.30
No. of cyber cells0.04
Rate of Cognizable Crime186.60
Police personnel/lakh of population100.53
No. of Social Media Monitoring Cells per lakh population0.00
Legal
Regulatory
Environment
Pendency rate 5.81
Charge sheeting Rate 89.40
Pendency Percentage- Corruption cases investigation 100.00
Knowledge
Output
Knowledge
creation
Grass root innovations11.00
Publication18.72
Knowledge
Impact
Startups in the state0.01
New Businesses- No. of companies registered during
previous FY
0.00
GSDP per capita growth rate 2019-200.00
Environment clearance applications approved percent 66.85
Intangible
Assets
Number of patent applications filed in the state (per unit of
GSDP)
0.78
Number of trade mark applications filed in Indian states
(per lakh population)
12.05
Number of designs contained in industrial design
applications filed (per lakh population)
0.93
Knowledge
Diffusion
Knowledge
Dissemination
High-tech exports as a % of total exports6.08
Software exports %0.91
High and medium high tech manufacturing entities
percentage
0.06
Citation Score20.23
Creative
Goods and
Services
GIs registered21.00
Circulation8.26
Handlooms sales as a percentage of GSDP0.52 405India Innovation Index 2021 Appendix H : Weightage of Indicators
Sub pillarIndicator weights Indicator
weights out
of 1

Human
capital
Schools with functional computer facility 0.07659 0.05
NAS scores0.10076 0.07
Expenditure on school education as( a % of GSDP) 0.11996 0.08
NER in school education0.05587 0.04
Accolades in STEM Activities0.11085 0.07
Pupil-Teacher ratio: Primary & Secondary0.07466 0.05
Percentage of schools having (ATL) labs0.1491 0.10
Secondary school level completion rate 0.07588 0.05
Enrolment in PhD 0.12652 0.08
Enrolment in engineering and technology 0.12695 0.08
Higher education institutions- NAAC grade A and above 0.12643 0.08
Percentage of Colleges connected through NMEICT 0.09916 0.06
Enrolment in vocational education or skill development
courses / lakh of population
0.10427 0.07
Tertiary mobility 0.12144 0.08
Pupil Teacher Ratio- Higher Education0.07495 0.05
Business
Environment
Ease of Doing Business0.10685 0.07
Incubators per lakh population0.11624 0.08
Common facility centre per lakh population0.11736 0.08
Gross capital formation as a (% of GVA)0.12137 0.08
Share of manufacturing and services as a (%of GSDP) 0.09127 0.06
Cluster Strength0.11389 0.08
Number of bank accounts per lakh population0.12991 0.09
Bank accounts with Aadhar seeding0.07598 0.05
Domestic credit to private sector, % SDP0.11322 0.08
Micro finance institutions (MUDRA)0.06511 0.04
Internet subscribers0.12423 0.08
Villages with internet connectivity0.07273 0.05
Subsidies or benefits transferred through DBT0.0792 0.05
No. of services offered online by state govt0.06583 0.04
Online service transaction0.10211 0.07 406India Innovation Index 2021 Investment Expenditure on higher and technical education 0.17901 0.15
Expenditure on R&D0.24056 0.20
Expenditure on Science, Technology and Environment as a
% of GSDP
0.20514 0.17
NIRF ranking of top 5 universities0.12076 0.10
FDI inflow as a percentage of state GDP0.24136 0.20
Venture capital deals0.21336 0.18
Safety
and Legal
environment
Information Technology / Intellectual Property related Acts (Rate
of offences)
0.1207 0.08
No. of Cyber Cells per lakh of population0.2624 0.17
Rate of Cognizable Crime0.16188 0.11
Police personnel/lakh of population0.25526 0.17
No. of Social Media Monitoring Cells per lakh population 0.24309 0.16
Pendency rate 0.12236 0.08
Charge sheeting Rate 0.23719 0.16
Pendency Percentage- Corruption cases investigation 0.12328 0.08
Knowledge
worker Knowledge intensive employment0.21990 0.19
NGOs involved in knowledge intensive areas %0.18823 0.16
Number of private R&D units in the state (per lakh population)0.17067 0.15
Number of R&D Institutions funded by the state (per lakh
population)
0.15175 0.13
Skill development training PMKVY per lakh population 0.20411 0.18
% of females employed with advanced degrees out of total
employed.
0.22339 0.19
Knowledge
worker Grass root innovations0.09216 0.07
Publication0.14076 0.11
Startups in the state0.18829 0.15
New Businesses- No. of companies registered during previous FY0.18001 0.14
GSDP per capita growth rate0.03946 0.03
Environment clearance approved 0.07473 0.06
Patent filed in the state (per unit of GSDP)0.17876 0.14
Trade mark filed 0.17399 0.14
Knowledge
diffusion High-tech exports as a % of total exports0.07465 0.06
Software exports %0.22615 0.19
High and medium high tech manufacturing entities percentage 0.23011 0.19
Citation Score0.09869 0.08
GIs registered0.23028 0.19
Circulation0.16898 0.14
Handlooms sales as a percentage of GSDP0.18859 0.15 India Innovation Index 2021 Institute for Competitiveness, India is the Indian knot in the global network of the
Institute for Strategy and Competitiveness at Harvard Business School. Institute for
Competitiveness, India is an international initiative centered in India, dedicated to
enlarging and purposeful disseminating of the body of research and knowledge on
competition and strategy, as pioneered over the last 25 years by Professor Michael
Porter of the Institute for Strategy and Competitiveness at Harvard Business School.
Institute for Competitiveness, India conducts & supports indigenous research;
offers academic & executive courses; provides advisory services to the Corporate
& the Governments and organises events. The institute studies competition and its
implications for company strategy; the competitiveness of nations, regions & cities
and thus generate guidelines for businesses and those in governance; and suggests
& provides solutions for socio-economic problems.
www.competitiveness.in India Innovation Index 2021 Sansad Marg, New Delhi, India
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