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Report on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications
Designed b y
ALTERNATIVE PRODUCTS
and TECHNOLOGIES to
PLAST CS
and their ApplicationsREPORT ON
MAY 2022 Disclaimer:
While due care has been taken in collecting, analyzing, and compiling the
data, NITI Aayog does not guarantee or warrant the accuracy, reliability, or
completeness of the information and acknowledges no copyright of the
images. The mention of specific companies or certain projects or products
as plastics alternates is subject to the test requirements under the provision
of PWM rules. The Committee accepts no liability to any third party for any
loss or damage arising from any interpretation or use of the document or
reliance on any views expressed herein.
Report on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications iii
Composition of Committee to Develop an Alternative Product to Plastic:
Chairperson
Dr. V.K. Saraswat
Member (S&T), NITI Aayog
Vice Chairperson
Dr. Srivari Chandrasekhar
Secretary, Department of Science and Technology
Member Secretary
Shri Avinash Mishra
Adviser (NRE), NITI Aayog
Members
Shri Naresh Pal Gangwar
Additional Secretary, MoEFCC
Dr. Ashish Lele
Director, CSIR-NCL
Smt. Divya Sinha
Scientist E, CPCB
Dr. Virendra Gupta
Sr. Vice President & Head R&D Polymer, RIL
Shri Samir Kumar Biswas
Director General, CIPET
Shri Vimal Katiyar
Prof. IIT Guwahati
Dr. Mayank Diwedi
Director, DRDO
Shri A.K. Ghosh
Prof., IIT Delhi
Dr. Manatesh D. Chakraborty
Principal Scientist, ITC Ltd.
Shri Pradeep Srivastava
Executive Director, TIFAC, DST
Shri Sanjeev Kumar
Additional Director, DIITM, DRDO
Dr. Neeraj Sharma
Head, TDT, DST
Dr. Smita Mohanty
Director & Head, CIPET
Dr. Sangita Kasture
Scientist ‘F’, DBT
Smt. Rita Roy Choudhury
Assistant Secretary-General, FICCI
Smt. Geetanjali Vats
Senior Manager, HUL Message v MessageReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications vi Message vii MessageReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications viii Table of Contents
ix
Table of Contents
Message: Dr V.K. Saraswat, Member, NITI Aayog v
Message: Mr Amitabh Kant, CEO, NITI Aayog vii
Abbreviations xv
1. Chapter 1: Executive Summary 1
2. Chapter 2: Introduction 3
2.1 The plastics problem in India 4
2.2 Terms of reference 5
3. Chapter 3: Assessment of Global and Indian plastic production and usage 7
3.1 Global trends 7
3.2 Indian trends 9
4. Chapter 4: Environmental impacts of plastics including microplastics on land, marine
ecosystems, and climate change 11
4.1 Global plastics waste patterns 11
4.2 Trends in India 12
4.3 Plastic and climate 13
5. Chapter 5: Plastic Waste Management 15
5.1 Recycling overview (recycling units, people engaged, economic contribution) 15
5.2 Implementation status of extended producer responsibility (EPR) 18
5.3 Reducing environmental harms from plastics: technology employed, penetration level and efficiency–
Global and India 19
5.4 Emissions reduction through recycling and upcycling 28
5.5 Recycled plastic into useable products 31
5.6 Circular economy of plastic waste management 32 Table of ContentsReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications x
5.7 Micro-plastics pollution management 40
5.8 Single-use plastics 41
6. Plastic Alternatives 43
6.1 Bioplastics/biodegradable plastics/compostable plastics and other substitutes 45
6.2 Global action on plastic alternatives 48
6.3 Technology status on plastic alternatives with life cycle assessment development 51
6.4 Technology readiness level (TRL) mapping of products–Global and India 55
6.5 Development and production of plastic alternatives collaboratively 70
7. Roadmap for development of plastic alternatives in India 71
7.1 Investment areas and policy gaps for development of alternatives 71
7.2 R&D and implementation strategy 71
7.3 Cost-benefit analysis 73
8. Recommendations 77
9. Annexures 81 List of TablesReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications xi
List of Tables
Table 1: Plastic pollution prevention and collection technology inventory 21
Table 2: Best practices in plastic waste management 26
Table 3: Plastics circularity in the packaging sector 33
Table 4: Plastics circularity in the automotive sector 35
Table 5: Plastics circularity in the building and construction sector 35
Table 6: Potential resource efficiency and circularity scenarios for plastics sector in India 38
Table 7: Biodegradable bio plastics 52
Table 8: List of global manufacturers of bio-based/ biodegradable polymers and their products 57
Table 9: Polymer Production capabilities to be extended to the industries 67
Table 10: Indian companies operating in the area of bioplastics 69 List of FiguresReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications xii
List of Figures
Figure 1: Global production of plastics in million tons 7
Figure 2: Global primary and global plastic production (in million tons) according to type
between 1950-2018 (Geyer, 2020) 8
Figure 3: Plastic consumption by country (kg/capita) 9
Figure 4: India’s plastic consumption (2018-19) in KT 10
Figure 5: Global plastic production and disposal method (1950-2015) in million tons 11
Figure 6: Per capita plastic waste generation 13
Figure 7: The fates of plastic waste across the globe 15
Figure 8: Alternative system boundaries for using the life cycle analysis matrix model are used
within the defined case study frameworks 17
Figure 9: Schedule-I of plastic waste management rule 18
Figure 10: Recycling rates in selected high income countries 20
Figure 11: Future projections of global mismanaged plastic waste generation and distribution
per continent under three scenarios 43
Figure 12: Natural fibres based plastic substitute 44
Figure 13: Biotransformation technology process 46
Figure 14: Biodegradable cutlery–DRDO 47
Figure 15: Ello Jello edible cups and packaging 48
Figure 16: Shoe products using Bloom algae foam 49
Figure 17: Time lapse images of strawberry with lipid coating 49
Figure 18: Zero plastic paper packaging bottle 50
Figure 19: Edible/ biodegradable packaging products 50
Figure 20: Translucent paper packaging 51
Figure 21: TRL distribution for the emerging bio-based products 56
Figure 22: Water Retention (> 2 hrs) in coated Pineapple leaf paper plate 62
Figure 23: Images of CO derived (a) rigid and (b) flexible PUs 63
Figure 24: Technology development by CSIR-CSMCRI 65
Figure 25: Lab synthesized biopolymer and biodegradable products 68
Figure 26: Technology transfer, scale-up and commercialization by CSIR-NIIST Indian Standards 70 Abbreviations
xiii
Abbreviations
ABSAcrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene
BHETBis(hydroxyethylene) Terephthalate
BISBureau of Indian Standards
CAGRCompounded Annual Growth Rate
CIPET Central Institute of Petrochemicals Engineering & Technology
COCastor Oil
CoE SusPol Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Polymers
CPCBCentral Pollution Control Board
CSIR-NIIST
Council for Scientific and Industrial Research–National Institute for
Interdisciplinary Science and Technology
DCPCDepartment of Chemicals and Petrochemicals
DEGDiethylene Glycol
DESDeep Eutectic Solvent
DRDODefence Research and Development Organisation
EGEthylene Glycol
EPRExtended Producer Responsibility
EU European Union
FICCI Federation of Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industry
FYFinancial Year
GHGGreenhouse gas
GoIGovernment of India
GSTGoods and Services Tax
HCCBPL Hindustan Coca-Cola Beverages Private Limited AbbreviationsReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications xiv
HDPEHigh-Density Polyethylene
HDPsHost Defence Peptides
HEIsHigher Education Institutions
HIPSHigh-Impact Polystyrene
IIScIndian Institute of Science
IPIRTI Indian Plywood Industries Research & Training Institute
IRCIndian Road Congress
ISIndian Standards
ISOInternational Organization for Standardization
KTPAKilo Tons Per Annum
MEGMonoethylene Glycol
MoEF&CC Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change
MPWMismanaged Plastic Waste
MTMillion Tons
NCRMI National Coir Research and Management Institute
NGOsNon-Governmental Organizations
PAPolyamide
PBATPolybutyrate Adipate Terephthalate
PBSPolybutylene Succinate
PCPolycarbonate
PCCPollution Control Committee
PCLPolycaprolactone
PEPolyethylene
PEFPolyethylene Furanoate
PEGPolyethylene Glycol
PETPolyethylene Terephthalate
PGPropylene Glycol
PHAsPolyhydroxyalkanoates
PIBOProducers, Importers, and Brand Owners
PLAPolylactic acid
PPPolypropylene
PSPolystyrene AbbreviationsReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications
xv
PSFPolyester Staple Fibre
PUsPoylurethanes
PVAPolyvinyl Alcohol
PVCPolyvinyl Chloride
PWMPlastic Waste Management
PWPsPlastic Waste Processors
RE&CE Resource Efficiency and Circular Economy
ROPRing-Opening Polymerization
SAPSystems, Applications, and Products in Data Processing
SERBScience & Engineering Research Board
SOPStandard Operating Procedure
SPCBState Pollution Control Board
SRCSemi-Refined-κ-Carrageenan
SUPSingle-Use Plastic
TPATerephthalic Acid
TRLTechnology Readiness Level
UNUnited Nations
UNDPUnited Nations Development Programme
USAUnited States of America
WtEWaste to Energy Executive SummaryReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications
1
Executive
Summary
Chapter
1
Plastic is the classic example of a boon turned bane in society. Once proved to be a miracle, plastic
has become a peril to nature in several terms that affect marine life to land resources. Plastics have
outgrown most manufactured materials and have long been under environmental scrutiny. However,
despite several technological advancements, the end-of-life of plastic is still lacking. Between 1950
– 2015, the cumulative production of polymers, synthetic fibre and additives was 8300 million tons,
of which 4600 million tons (55 per cent) went straight to landfills or were discarded, 700 million
tons (8 per cent) incinerated, and only 500 million tons (6 per cent) was recycled. By 2050, as per
current production and waste management trends, had it continued at the same rate, it would have
generated 12,000 MT
1
.
=
12,000 MT Plastic WasteOne Billion Elephants
Single-use plastics (SUP), often referred to as disposable plastics, are commonly used for plastic
packaging and include items intended to be used only once before being thrown away or recycled.
They are non-biodegradable and harm our health, wildlife, and the environment. They take years
to disintegrate and further break down into smaller pieces of plastics known as microplastics
contaminating food and water, including oceans.
Therefore, for a developing country like India, that can ill afford these risks and contaminations to
food and water sources, it is necessary to design and implement effective legislation that regulates
plastics waste on the hand and encourages alternatives to plastics on the other.
Keeping in view the adverse impacts of littered plastic on terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, in
2019, Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi issued a call to phase out SUP by 2022. Subsequently, the
government has adopted a three-pronged approach in tacking this problem, viz. behavioural change,
institutional mechanisms, and extended producer responsibility. The Government of India (GoI) has
considered and enacted a range of environmental legislation governing plastics, particularly on the
1 https://www.wired.co.uk/article/global-total-plastic-waste-oceans Executive SummaryReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 2
end-of-life management and mitigation of plastic waste pollution. The policy push toward resource
efficiency, circular economy opportunities in plastics, and an emphasis on recycled plastics have
also been key focus areas.
The extent to which plastics can get recycled depends on a range of technical, economic, logistical,
and even sociocultural factors. Virgin plastic material can be recycled only 2-3 times only because
after every recycling, the plastic material deteriorates due to thermal pressure, and its life span is
reduced. Hence recycling, while useful is not the only approach that will address this issue. Material
innovation presents a large opportunity as well: A wide variety of natural materials are utilized
to meet society’s needs. Plant fibres for textiles are dominated by cotton, followed by jute, and
related plants and textiles have seen significant sustainable innovation in recent years. Similarly,
other approaches to manage plastics waste should include biodegradable plastics and compostable
plastics.
Some of these are early stage but hold significant promise. Bioplastic production all over the world
is still minimal when compared to conventional plastics and they are also 1.5-4 times more expensive
than their fossil-based counterpart and will require significant technology investment and scale to
drive down unit costs. Similarly, there are emerging technologies that have developed additives to
make completely biodegradable polyolefins, such as polypropylene (PP) and polyethylene (PE). These
biodegradable plastics are developing as a potential alternative to conventional plastics. At present,
both aerobic as well as anaerobic biodegradable plastics are available and over 150 compostable
plastic manufacturers have been certified by the Central Pollution Control Board. They manufacture
a wide range of products, including films, bags, cutlery items, straws, gloves, aprons, thermoformed
products etc.
While environmentally friendly biodegradable plastics are a desirable solution, it is essential that
they also fulfil required functional performance parameters (i.e. moisture barrier, heat sealability,
etc.) for them to see widescale adoption. Such scaling up from the lab to commercial processes will
be vital to achieve cost reduction and widespread adoption. There is an urgent need to upgrade
the infrastructure of government and private testing laboratories so that they are well equipped
to test plastics according to Indian Standards (IS) as mentioned in Schedule I of PWM Rules. The
manufacturers should also be encouraged through appropriate measures to shift from conventional
plastics to biodegradable plastics across categories. Introduction 3
Chapter
2
Introduction
Plastic derives its name from the Greek term plastikos which means capable of being shaped or
moulded. It has replaced a broad range of traditional materials and found innumerous applications
ranging from everyday single-use products such as packaging and bottles to long-lasting furniture,
clothes, automotive components, and building materials.
Plastics are obtained when monomers that can be synthetic or semi-synthetic organic (carbon-
containing) compounds, mainly derived from natural gas and crude oil, are blended with inorganic
compounds in a catalyst at defined parameters. Further, additives are added to make the plastics
heavy and durable, termed thermoset (e.g. sheet moulding compound (SMC), fibre reinforced plastic
(FRP). As a whole plastics weigh less, cost less, and offer outstanding technical properties
2
compared
to alternatives.
Additives like plasticizers make plastic more flexible, called thermoplastic (e.g. PET, LDPE, HDPE, PVC,
etc.). However, these additives damage both the environment and human health when they enter
our water and food systems and when they get released into the environment while recycling.
Thermoplastics constitute 94% of the total plastic waste generated and are recyclable, whereas the
thermosets are non-recyclable
3
.
In India, the plastics industry symbolizes a promising business segment that creates income and
employment opportunities for both skilled and semi-skilled persons and contributes to the ‘Make in
India’ initiative. Packaging materials account for 24% of the total domestic consumption of plastic,
followed by agriculture at 23%, and household items at 10%. Data from the packaging segment data
reveals that PE and PP account for around 33% and 29% of polymer usage respectively, followed
by polyethylene terephthalate (PET) at 17%, polyvinyl chloride (PVC) at 7%, and others at 14% in this
segment
4
. Finished plastic products also constitute a significant component of value-added product
exports.
2 d’Ambrières, W., 2019. Plastics recycling worldwide: current overview and desirable changes. Field Actions Science Reports. The
Journal of Field Actions, (Special Issue 19), pp.12-21
3 https://cpcb.nic.in/uploads/plasticwaste/LCA_Report_15.05.2018.pdf
4 https://chemicals.nic.in/sites/default/files/SUP_Expert_Committee_Report.pdf IntroductionReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 4
2.1 THE PLASTICS PROBLEM IN INDIA
India’s plastic consumption has been growing significantly and despite per capita usage levels lower
than most other developing and developed countries, plastic pollution has emerged as one of the
significant problems in the country.
Plastics have become an integral part of society and we have come to rely on them in all spheres
of life. Researchers have estimated that more than 8300 million tons of plastics have been produced
since 1950
5
. Historically, plastics were predominantly made from petrochemical products and this
dependence continues. Presently, ~4% of fossil fuel extracted annually ends up being used as raw
materials for plastics production. Technically, it is the natural gas liquid fraction or low-value gaseous
fraction from petroleum refining that is mainly used to make plastics
6
.
India produced approximately 3.47 million tons of plastics waste per annum, as per the Central
Pollution Control Board (CPCB) report
7
with the per capita waste growing from 700 gms to 2500
gms over the last five years. Unfortunately, only a small amount of this plastic waste gets recycled.
A majority of this waste leaks into the environment through various polluting pathways. India
collects only 60% of its plastic waste with the remaining 40% remaining uncollected and enters the
environment directly as waste. These numbers are relatively small compared to developed nations
but these trends are not sustainable given simply the volume of plastics in India. Alternatives to
plastics will play a significant role going forward.
The Hon’ble Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi, in his 2019 Independence Day speech, announced
the goal the phasing out of SUP by 2022. Since then, the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate
Change, Government of India, has notified the Plastic Waste Management (PWM) Amendment Rules,
2021, which prohibit specified SUP items that have low utility and high littering potential by July 1,
2022. However, SUP is not confined to the plastic manufacturing or processing sector alone. A range
of manufacturing and services sectors such as agriculture, public health, medical equipment, food
services, etc., are all critically dependent on SUP. Thus, a well-designed and systematic strategy
is needed to combat the SUP problem otherwise there is a risk of exacerbating the problem. In
addition to policy and regulation, it will be critical to ensure that these policies and regulations get
implemented and best practices aligned to the 5Rs (redesign, reduce, reuse, recover, recycle) of a
circular economy approach to plastics get adopted at national scale.
In view of this, NITI Aayog, under the Chairmanship of Hon’ble Member Dr V.K. Saraswat, set up a
committee to identify alternatives to plastics as well as technologies that make plastics biodegradable.
The committee also assessed infrastructure needs, market readiness, and appropriate regulatory
and policy approaches to facilitate the transition to plastic alternatives and sustainable plastics.
The relative advantages and disadvantages of substitution, conversion technologies, and necessary
procedures were carefully considered while developing alternatives.
5 UNEP. Our planet is drowning in plastic pollution—it’s time for change! https://www.unep.org/interactive/beat-plastic-pollution
6 Lebreton L., and Andrady A. Future scenarios of global plastic waste generation and disposal. Palgrave Commun. 2019, 5, 6.
https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-018-0212-7
7 Management Rules, 2016. https://cpcb.nic.in/uploads/plasticwaste/Annual_Report_2019-20_PWM.pdf IntroductionReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 5
SWOC Analysis
Strengths
Improved human health and
environment
Waste minimization
Wider applications
Weakness
Confusion in classification of
the type of plastic
Lack of infrastructure and
policy support
Not completely carbon neutal
Opportunities
Development of novel
applications where there are
no equivalent non-plastic
alternatives
Challenges
Unit cost
Scalability of domestic R&D
Social and economic
impact due to transition to
biodegradable plastics
2.2 TERMS OF REFERENCE
The terms of reference of the committee were as follows:
1. To assess the status of the development of bio-degradable plastics and materials globally
2. To assess the directions of research and development being carried by global majors
involved in plastics
3. Understand the status of domestic R&D by public and private polymer manufacturers,
R&D institutions/strategies to catalyze the research and development of bio-degradable
plastics and the role of public-funded R&D projects in this domain.
4. To identify research in bio-degradable polymers that needs to be carried out to meet
the requirements of the automobile industry, the agriculture sector and other industrial
applications
5. To understand how the scaleup of R&D activity, the translation of R&D into commercialization
uses, and production could be funded by the industry and what roles would the government
and the private sector need to take for large scale commercialization of plastics alternatives
and biodegradable plastics
6. To identify how industry partners would facilitate and would be responsible for the
identification of different products and the application thereof for R&D teams to conduct
research accordingly
7. To determine how the committee would need to approve project proposals, monitor
progress and coordinate commercialization with the industry
8. To assess how finances for the research programme would be borne by the Department
of Science and Technology.
9. To asses how major R&D projects could be supported by the Government of India or
jointly by the Government of India and Industry. IntroductionReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 6 Assessment of Global and Indian plastic production and usage
7
Chapter
3
Assessment of
Global and Indian
plastic production
and usage
3.1 GLOBAL TRENDS
Since their invention, plastics have transformed the way we live and have become omnipresent
in our lives: be it clothing, transportation, communication, health care, manufacturing equipment,
money, or almost any other sphere of life. Deemed a miracle material, plastics helped free people
from socio-economic constraints imposed by scarce natural resources. No wonder plastics were
called the materials of the 21
st
century.
Global annual plastic production in million tonnes
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
19501960197019801990200020102020
Forecast
2030
56%
More than half of all the
plastics ever produced have
been made since 2000.
Figure 1: Global production of plastics in million tons
Source: Plastic Atlas 2019 | Plastic soup foundation
Globally, 97-99% of these plastics are derived from fossil fuel feedstock while the remaining 1-3%
come from bio (plant) based plastics
8
. The amount of plastic that is produced in the world every
year has increased exponentially in just a human lifetime, i.e. from 2 million tons in 1950 to 381
million tons in 2015
9
. production. The global per capita consumption (2014-15) was 28 kgs.
8 https://gridarendal-website-live.s3.amazonaws.com/production/documents/:s_document/554/original/UNEP-CHW-PWPWG.1-
INF-4.English.pdf?1594295332
9 https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.1700782 Assessment of Global and Indian plastic production and usageReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 8
More than half the total amount of plastic produced was only brought to market after 2000. The
expectation is that production will further increase to about 600 million tons in 2025 (Figure 1). This
is roughly twice the total weight of the world’s population today
10
! The packaging industry dominates
the consumption by about 42%, followed by the building and construction sector utilizing 19% of
the total plastic created.
Many SUP products such as face masks, medical equipment, shopping bags, coffee cups, and cling
film are everyday “essentials” in our lives adding tremendous value. The production of SUP has
doubled since 2005 alone and is expected to increase by a further third between 2020 and 2025.
Today, they are the most common type of plastic produced, consuming over a third of all polymers,
the building blocks of plastics made every year. China is the largest producer of SUP, followed by
the US and India.
1950
1952
1954
1956
1958
1960
1962
1964
1966
1968
1970
1972
1974
1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
2014
2016
2018
500.0
450.0
400.0
350.0
300.0
250.0
200.0
150.0
100.0
50.0
0.0
Primary production of plastics in Mt
Other
Textiles
Industrial Machinery
Consumer & Institutional Products
Electrical/Electronic
Building & Construction
Transportation
Packaging
Figure 2: Global primary and global plastic production (in million tons) according to type between
1950-2018 (Geyer, 2020)
10 https://www.plasticsoupfoundation.org/en/plastic-facts-and-figures/ Assessment of Global and Indian plastic production and usageReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications
9
CANADA
UNITED KINGDOM
NETHERLANDS GERMAN Y
POLAND
ITALY
EGYPT
TURKEY
IRAN
RUSSIA
KAZAKHSTAN
CHINA
INDIA
THAILA ND
SOUTH
KOREA
JAPAN
BELGIU M
TAIWA N
SOUTH KORE A
CZECH REPUBLI C
ISRAE L
USA
SAUDI ARABI A
GERMAN Y
ITAL Y
AUSTR IA
NETHE RLAND S
CANAD A
TURKE Y
MALAY SIA
POLAN D
HUNGAR Y
SWITZE RLAND
JAPA N
FRANC E
SPAI N
UAE
THAIL AND
CHIN A
OMAN
AUSTRALI A
BAHRAI N
KUWAI T
QATA R
UNITE D KINGDO M
IRAN
SERBI A
MEXIC O
BULGAR IA
CHIL E
RUSSI A
ARGEN TINA
LEBANO N
VIETNA M
JORDA N
ROMAN IA
BRAZI L
TUNIS IA
SOUTH AFRIC A
kg/cap ita
100
80
60
40
20
PERU
COLOMB IA
ALGERI A
MOROC CO
INDONE SIA
EGYP T
UKRAIN E
KAZAK HSTAN
INDI A
KENY A
UZBEK ISTAN
GHAN A
PAKIST AN
NIGER IA
TANZAN IA
LIBY A
IRAQ
YEME N
ETHIOP IA
TAIWAN
VIETNAM
MALAYSIA
INDONE SIA
AUSTRALIA
PLAST ICS CONSUMPTIO N PER CAPITA
BELGIUM
FRANCE
SPAIN
MORO CCO
GHANA
ALGERIA
NIGERIA
SAUDI ARABIA
SOUTH AFRICA
TANZAN IA
KENYA
ETHIOPIA
USA
MEXICO
COLOMBIA
PERUBRAZIL
CHILE
ARGENTINA
Figure 3: Plastic consumption by country (kg/capita)
Source: UNEP Baseline report on plastic waste
China is among the most prominent plastic consumers accounting for 20% of the global plastic
consumption and is followed by Western Europe, which accounts for 18% of the worldwide plastic
consumption and then United States of America (USA). However, in terms of plastic consumption
per capita, China is ranked much lower than other countries. On the contrary, the European Union
(EU) is one of the largest per capita consumers of plastic (Figure 3).
3.2 INDIAN TRENDS
The Indian plastics industry started in 1945 and has been growing over the years. From 0.9 million
tons in 1990 to 18.45 million tons in 2018, plastic consumption has grown 20 times since then
11
.
The plastics industry is one of the biggest generators of employment in the country, valued to be
around INR 5.1 lakh crore (USD 73 billion). Owing to near universal use of plastics in wide range of
sectors, the plastics industry is one of the fastest growing in India.
There are over 30,000 units that produce plastic materials in India. Approximately 90% of these units
are small and medium-sized enterprises. The Plastic industry employs about 4 million people. In
Financial Year (FY) 20 (till January 2020), plastic exports stood at USD 7.045 billion, with the highest
contribution from plastic raw materials at USD 2.91 billion; plastic sheets, films, and plates at USD
1.22 billion; and packaging materials at USD 722.47 million
12
.
11 https://www.plastindia.org/plastic-industry-status-report.php
12 https://www.ibef.org/exports/plastic-industry-india.aspx Assessment of Global and Indian plastic production and usageReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 10
From a demand-side perspective, packaging shares 24% of total domestic consumption, followed by
agriculture (23%), household items (including home furnishings: 10%) (Figure 4).
CPVC, 130, 1%
LDPE, 755, 4%
LLD, 2105, 11%
HD, 2440, 13%
PP, 5082, 28%
PVC, 3188, 17%
Paste PVC, 120, 1%
PS, 275, 1%
EPS, 104, 1%
PET, 965, 5%
Bopet, 673, 4%
Eng Plastics, 913, 5%
Thermoset, 1510, 8%
EVA, 190, 1%
Figure 4: India’s plastic consumption (2018-19) in KT
Source: India Plastics Industry Report 2019, PlastIndia Foundation Environmental impacts of plastics including microplastics on land, marine ecosystems, and climate change
11
Chapter
4
Environmental impacts
of plastics including
microplastics on land,
marine ecosystems,
and climate change
Some plastic products such as building and construction materials (35 years), industrial machinery (20
years), plastic products in the transportation sector (13 years), electrical/electronic plastic products (8
years), and textiles (5 years) have long life spans. However, a majority of plastic products encountered
every day have a short life cycle lasting between one day (e.g., disposable plastic cups, plates,
takeaway containers, plastic bags, etc.) to three years (e.g., food and drink containers, cosmetics,
agricultural film, etc.)
13
. None of these commonly used plastics is biodegradable.
4.1 GLOBAL PLASTICS WASTE PATTERNS
Incinerated
700m
Recycled then
Discarded
300m
Recycled still
in use
100m
Primary plastic
still in use
2500m
Straight to Landfill
or discarded
4600m
Plastic used once
5800mTotal primary plastic
Production
8300m
Recycled 500m
Recycled then incinerated
100m
Balance of plastic production and fate (m = million tonnes)
8300m produced * 4900m discarded + 800m incinerated + 2600m still in use (100m of recycled plastic)
Figure 5: Global plastic production and disposal method (1950-2015) in million tons
Source: based on Geyer et al. (2017). Production, use, and fate of all plastics ever made.
This is a visualization from OurWorldinData.org, where you find data and research on how the world is changing. Licensed
under CC-BY-SA by Hannah Ritchie and Max Roser (2018).
13 https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/mean-product-lifetime-plastic Environmental impacts of plastics including microplastics on land, marine ecosystems, and climate changeReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 12
Most global plastics waste is generated in Asia but the US, the EU, and Japan lead in terms of per
capita plastic packaging waste.
Between 1950 – 2015, the cumulative production of polymers, synthetic fibres and additives was 8300
million tons, of which 4600 million tons (55 per cent) went straight to landfills or were discarded,
700 million tons were incinerated (Figure 5).
Plastic overconsumption and mismanagement is a growing menace across the globe and is leading
to overflowing landfills, blocked rivers, and threatened marine ecosystems. This has a negative impact
on sectors that are critical to many economies, including tourism, shipping, and fisheries
14
. There
are the hundreds of thousands of landfills, drains and rivers choked with plastic waste, especially
in the developing world.
The production and disposal of plastics are also responsible for significant greenhouse gas
emissions. In addition, the loss of natural resources resulting from current waste management
systems represents a missed economic opportunity. For example, estimates suggest that 95% of the
material value of used plastic packaging, or USD 80–120 billion, is lost annually
15
.
As per the 2018 UNEP report, plastic litter in the Asia-Pacific region alone costs its tourism, fishing,
and shipping industries USD 1.3 billion per year. In Europe, cleaning plastic waste from coasts and
beaches costs about €630 million per year. Studies suggest that the total economic damage to the
world’s marine ecosystems caused by plastic amounts to at least USD 13 billion every year. Thus,
the economic, health and environmental reasons to act are clear.
According to the Plastic Waste Makers Index 2021, Singapore tops the list of the countries in per
capita SUP waste generation at 76 kg followed by Australia at 56 kg. The report also states that in
absolute terms China (25.36 MT) is the largest producer of SUP followed by the US (17.19 MT) and
India (5.58 MT). Japan closely follows India with 4.7 MT of annual plastic waste.
Lately, another worrying aspect of plastics, microplastics, has been gaining attention. Plastics can
deteriorate and fragment into minute particles when exposed to ultra-violet sunlight, water, and salts.
They can be ingested by simple life forms and enter the food chain. Their pervasive dominance
means that they are now embedded in, quite literally, every habitat in the world, even in the most
isolated ecosystems. One sample of microplastics found in the Arctic snow amounted to more than
10,000 of them per litre of melted snow.
4.2 TRENDS IN INDIA
Approximately 3.4 million tons per annum of plastic waste was generated in India in 2019-20 while
the per capita waste generation trend for the last five years (2016-20) has almost doubled over the
previous five years (Figure 6).
Goa, Delhi & Kerala have reported the highest per capita plastic waste generation, while Nagaland,
Sikkim and Tripura have reported the lowest per capita plastic waste generation.
14 https://blogs.worldbank.org/eastasiapacific/plastic-waste-growing-menace-and-wasted-opportunity
15 https://www.oecd.org/environment/waste/policy-highlights-improving-plastics-management.pdf Environmental impacts of plastics including microplastics on land, marine ecosystems, and climate changeReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications
13
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
Plastic waste per capita (gm/year)
2015-162016-172017-182018-192019-20
Figure 6: Per capita plastic waste generation
Source: CPCB Annual Report 2019-20
The waste management infrastructure in the States/UTs was strengthened through the Swachh
Bharat Mission and presently, a portion of the plastic waste generated by States/UTs is utilized for
different purposes such as recycling, road construction, waste to energy plants, waste to oil plants,
and cement plants for co-processing. However, texact quantities of plastic waste utilized for these
has not provided by most of the states/UTs
16
.
4.3 PLASTIC AND CLIMATE
Nearly every piece of plastic begins as a fossil fuel, and greenhouse gases (GHG) are emitted at
each stage of the plastic lifecycle: 1) fossil fuel extraction and transport, 2) plastic refining and
manufacture, 3) managing plastic waste, and 4) ongoing effects within oceans, waterways, and various
ecosystem landscapes.
As per a recent CIEL report
17
, at current levels, greenhouse gas emissions from the plastic lifecycle
threaten the ability of the global community to keep global temperature rise below 1.5°C degrees.
If plastic production and use grows as currently planned, by 2030, these emissions could reach 1.34
gigatons per year, equivalent to the emissions released by more than 295 new 500-megawatt coal-
fired power plants. By 2050, the cumulation of these greenhouse gas emissions from plastic could
reach over 56 gigatons, or 10 – 13% per cent of the entire remaining carbon budget.
16 https://cpcb.nic.in/uploads/plasticwaste/Annual_Report_2019-20_PWM.pdf
17 https://www.ciel.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Plastic-and-Climate-FINAL-2019.pdf Plastic Waste Management
15
Chapter
5
Plastic Waste
Management
5.1 RECYCLING OVERVIEW (RECYCLING UNITS, PEOPLE ENGAGED,
ECONOMIC CONTRIBUTION)
Globally, between 10-60% of plastic waste gets recycled across different countries; it averages 30% in
most countries in the EU and only about 10% in the US. Additionally, in many developed nations, a
larger fraction of plastics waste gets thermally treated to recover energy as opposed getting recycled
for material recovery. For instance, in Japan, Sweden, and Denmark, thermal treatment covers 56%,
81.7%, and 57.1% of the total plastic waste generated, respectively. However, material recycling of
plastics tends to reduce the environmental footprint of plastic use and consumption significantly
with astudy estimating that we save approximately 3.8 barrels of petroleum by recycling a tonne of
plastic waste, thereby reducing our reliance on fossil fuels
18
.
India does better in this aspect due to a large informal sector workforce (comprised of individual
waste pickers and waste traders) making a living by collecting, sorting, recycling, and selling valuable
plastic materials recovered. Approximately 60% of plastic waste gets collected for recycling and
recovery in India, which is much higher than in developed countries.
79%
12%
9%
Dumping
Incineration
Recycling
Figure 7: The fates of plastic waste across the globe
Source: Ronald Geyer et al 2017. “Production, use, and fate of all plastics ever made.” Science Advances Vol. 3
18 Oblak, P., Gonzalez-Gutierrez, J., Zupančič, B., Aulova, A. and Emri, I., 2015. Processability and mechanical properties of extensively
recycled high density polyethylene. Polymer Degradation and stability, 114, pp.133-145. Plastic Waste ManagementReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 16
The Indian recycling industry relies significantly on the unorganized sector, such as waste pickers and
waste collectors, to collect plastics. The collected plastic is further transferred to small aggregators,
from where it reaches a medium or large dealer and finally goes to recycling units. Other unorganized
players are also involved in unit operations, including shredding, flaking, and washing the plastic.
The value of processed plastic increases as plastic waste moves up the value chain.
Value extraction pathways
Recycling and energy recovery from plastics waste can be carried out in three ways
19
:
i. Mechanical recycling–This recycling method reprocesses the plastic waste into a secondary
plastic material via primary and secondary recycling options. Primary recycling is the
preferred technique as it does not require much energy and resources to create operational
units as it is free from any contamination. This is followed by secondary recycling, where
the unit operations increase significantly due to activities like de-dusting, washing and
cleaning. Both primary and secondary recycling are the most prevalent form of recycling
in India and constitute 94.17 % of the total plastic waste being recycled. However, derived
secondary products through these processes are lower grade or economic value and
cannot replace the original commodity or the outcome. Hence, this process of recycling
only delays the final disposal of the plastic.
ii. Chemical or feedstock recycling–Under this process, tertiary recycling methods are used
to convert the plastic waste into oil, gas or its monomeric constituents through chemical
conversion, which can further be used as fuel. It is the least preferred method in India
with only 0.83% of the plastic waste getting processed due to high capital and operational
expenditure as well as the non-availability of scalable technologies in India.
iii. The third option of quaternary recycling offers two possibilities, viz., energy recovery and
alternate use, both of which cannot be considered recycling. Energy recovery is carried
out at ‘Waste to Energy’ (WtE) plants and incineration facilities or through co-processing in
cement kilns. However, these WtE processes applied to plastics waste convert land-based
pollution to water and air pollution unless expensive pollution control equipment is in
place. Under alternate use, the collected plastic waste is used for a purpose other than
for which it was created, such as road-making with plastic waste, which is now a mandate
as per the Indian Road Congress (IRC). This is a relatively less preferred method as it
has high capital and operational costs, ambiguity around suitability and acceptability of
technology, as well as risks of converting land-based pollution to air and water pollution.
However, this is still selected over simply dumping or landfilling plastics and contributes to
managing 5% of the plastic waste in India. Moreover, an increasing number of businesses
and authorities at the local, state and national levels are moving towards this method as
it offers fast and interim solutions for plastic waste, which is otherwise non-recyclable or
difficult to recycle.
Thus, there is a general hierarchy within plastic recycling based on the degree to which the polymer
stays intact, which overlaps with the inner (material remains unchanged) and outer loops (material not
intact) of circular economy principles. This is captured in the categorization of primary (most intact),
secondary, tertiary and quaternary recycling (least intact). Hence, primary recycling is considered the
most optimal (inner loop) and quaternary recycling (outer loop) the least. At this point in time in
19 Indian Plastics Industry Report, PlastIndia foundation, 2019. https://www.plastindia.org/plastic-industry-status-report.php Plastic Waste ManagementReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications
17
India, plastic recycling occurs mainly through mechanical recycling from mixed waste streams and
is categorized as secondary recycling (open-loop recycling). In this system, the plastic is downcycled,
meaning it is only partially re-used for the same purpose due to quality reduction. Some of these
quality and quantity recycling gaps are a result of plastic waste being collected in a mixed stream,
consisting of different polymers and even materials (metals, cardboard, rubber and more).
Furthermore, plastic products can contain a mix of materials and polymers, including multilayer
materials, copolymers, stickers, fillers and additives, which complicate the recycling process. These
conditions vary enormously across plastic applications and sector, and hence across waste streams.
To summarize, presently, recycling takes place for a limited selection of the total plastic waste streams,
with only a few recycling technologies applied on a large scale, while the process itself is complex and
suboptimal due to quality limitations. However, there are alternative, innovative recycling technologies
that might fill these gaps and surpass the limits and boundaries associated with existing recycling
methods from different waste streams (Figure 8). This includes tertiary recycling options where the
plastic waste is recycled to monomers or feedstocks with thermochemical methods. Other chemical
recycling options are being developed as well, such as depolymerization, which breaks polymer bonds
using chemicals, or dissolution with solvents that keep polymers intact. Unfortunately, it is still not
fully known which existing or innovative recycling technologies theoretically offer environmental
benefits for each plastic application, and hence which technologies would fit best in a circular
economy approach to managing plastics waste in India.
ecoinvent 3.4
Avoided
Product
Production
+
Processing
Raw
materials
Sorting
reprocessing
Case study
addition
Waste
polymer
Avoided
heat and
electricity
Waste
products
Waste
polymer
1-Efficiency
Efficiency
System boundaries
Waste
polymer
Recycling technology
(with additional
conditions)
Avoided
heat and
electricity
Energy
Chemicals
Energy, water
Emissions
Emissions
Emissions
Figure 8: Alternative system boundaries for using the life cycle analysis matrix model are used within the
defined case study frameworks
In the current scenario, many adverse effects of plastics can be addressed by recycling as it represents
one of the most promising areas in the plastics industry today. Recycling provides options to reduce
carbon dioxide emissions, oil usage, and the quantities of waste requiring disposal. Life cycle analysis
exhibits that it is the most environmentally friendly option with present processing technologies,
ranging from processing PP/PE or PET in France or Asia and irrespective of whether the energy
performance of current incineration facilities is low or high. The same analysis supports that GHG
emissions can be reduced by 20–50% by using recycled plastic instead of raw plastic. Plastic Waste ManagementReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 18
5.2 IMPLEMENTATION STATUS OF EXTENDED PRODUCER
RESPONSIBILITY (EPR)
In 1999, the Ministry of Environment and Forests (then MoEF) notified the first-ever law on plastics
in the form of The Plastics Manufacture, Sale and Usage Rules. Since then, the country’s waste
management regulations have evolved significantly.
Plastic Waste (Management and Handling) Rules 2011 were introduced in the country to address
the issue of Plastic Waste Management (PWM) under the Environment Protection Act in 1986 by
the Ministry of Environment and Forests, Climate Change (MoEF&CC). These were notified in 2016
and amended in 2018, 2021 and 2022. The PWM Rules 2016 stress the minimization of plastic waste,
segregation at source, recycling, and implementing the polluters pay principle for the sustainability
of the waste management system.
Rule 10 of the PWM Rules specifies that the degree of degradability and degree of disintegration
of compostable and biodegradable plastic material shall be as per the protocols of the IS listed in
Schedule-I (Figure 9).
1.
IS / ISO 14851: 1999 Determination of the ultimate aerobic biodegradability of plastic materials
in an aqueous medium-Method by measuring the oxygen demand in a closed Respirometer
2.
IS / ISO 14852: 1999 Determination of the ultimate aerobic biodegradability of plastic materials
in an aqueous medium-Method by analysis of evolved carbon dioxide
3.
IS / ISO 14853: 2005 Plastics- Determination of the ultimate anaerobic biodegradation of plastic
materials in an aqueous system-Method by measurement of biogas production
4.
IS /ISO 14855-1: 2005 Determination of the ultimate aerobic biodegradability of plastic materials
under controlled composting conditions-Method by analysis of evolved carbon dioxide (Part-1
General method)
5.
IS / ISO 14855-2: 2007 Determination of the ultimate aerobic biodegradability of plastic materials
under controlled composting conditions-Method by analysis of evolved carbon dioxide (Part-2:
Gravimetric measurement of carbon dioxide evolved in a laboratory- scale test)
6.
IS / ISO 15985: 2004 Plastics- Determination of the ultimate anaerobic biodegradation and
disintegration under high-solids anaerobic digestion conditions- Methods by analysis of released
biogas
7.
IS /ISO 16929: 2002 Plastics- Determination of degree of disintegration of plastic materials under
defined composting conditions in a pilot - scale test
8.
IS / ISO 17556: 2003 Plastics- Determination of ultimate aerobic biodegradability in soil by
measuring the oxygen demand in a Respirometer or the amount of carbon dioxide evolved
9.
IS / ISO 20200:2004 Plastics- Determination of degree of disintegration of plastic materials under
simulated composting conditions in a laboratory - scale test
Figure 9: Schedule-I of plastic waste management rule Plastic Waste ManagementReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications
19
As the proposed amendment to Rule 10 as per the draft Notification dated 18
th
January 2022, the
determination of the degree of degradability and degree of disintegration of plastic material shall
be as per the protocols of the IS listed in Schedule I to the rules, following appropriate standards
developed by Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) and certified by CPCB. The compostable plastic
materials shall conform to the Indian Standard: IS 17088:2008 titled Specifications for Compostable
Plastics, as amended from time to time.
The guidelines for effective implementation of EPR for “extended producer responsibility for plastic
packaging” have been given legal force through the PWM Amendment Rules, dated 6
th
October 2021
and notified on 16
th
February 2022. They apply to both pre-consumer and post-consumer plastic
packaging waste. Producers, Importers, and Brand Owners (PIBOs) must fulfil EPR obligations by
ensuring that plastic waste is processed through Plastic Waste Processors (PWPs), as per an action
plan to meet EPR targets. They are required to obtain certificates from PWP according to the quantity
of plastic waste processed and use such certificates to meet their EPR targets. Provisions and targets
for reuse (by brand owners), recycling (by PIBOs), and use of recycled plastic (by PIBOs) have also
been laid out. Registration of PIBOs (operating in one or two states) and PWP shall be done by the
State Pollution Control Board (SPCB) or the Pollution Control Committee (PCC) through the centralized
Extended Producer Responsibility portal developed by CPCB.
The guidelines have recognized and included biodegradable plastics, as certified by regulatory entities
Central Pollution Control Board, BIS, Central Institute of Petrochemicals Engineering & Technology,
for adoption and will be exempted from EPR targets.
5.3 REDUCING ENVIRONMENTAL HARMS FROM PLASTICS: TECHNOLOGY
EMPLOYED, PENETRATION LEVEL AND EFFICIENCY–GLOBAL AND INDIA
Several approaches are available to address the environmental side effects of rapidly growing plastics
production, use, and disposal.
i. Modifications in the design of the product, such as using the alternative materials in
place of plastics, could decrease the production, use, and discarding of plastics in the
first place. Variations in design practices, such as through product weight reduction, could
reduce plastic waste generation. Adoption of biobased or biodegradable plastics could
reduce the adverse environmental impacts of plastics by reducing their ecological footprint.
ii. Improving the waste management systems by implementing higher waste collection and
recycling rates would allow plastic waste to be captured before creating problems in the
natural environment.
iii. Organizing clean up and remediation events, such as beach clean-ups and technologies
to collect plastics from oceans, would facilitate the removal of plastics already present in
the natural environment.
Each of these approaches has substantial possibilities and a set of associated risks and costs. The
usage of alternative materials instead of plastics can reduce plastic use; however, it may amplify
environmental burdens elsewhere. Replacing plastics may also nullify the use-phase energy savings
(in transport, for example) that plastics can create in the first place. Using bio-based or biodegradable
plastics may also have unintended consequences. In particular, improved biodegradability can
intensify the spreading of microplastic fragments in the environment if degradation is incomplete.
Consequently, clean up, and remediation activities can come at a high cost and are unlikely to
address microplastic pollution effectively. Plastic Waste ManagementReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 20
Recycling rates–Despite recent efforts, plastic recycling continues to be an economically marginal
activity. Current recycling rates are thought to be 14–18% at the global level. The remainder of plastic
waste is either incinerated (24%) or disposed of in a landfill or the natural environment (58–62%).
These recycling rates are substantially lower than those for other widely used materials. Recycling
rates for primary industrial metals – steel, aluminium, copper, etc. – and paper are thought to exceed
50%. Plastic recycling rates also vary significantly across different countries, waste streams, and
polymer types. Some polymers are more widely recycled than others. Recycling rates for PET and
high-density polyethylene (HDPE) commonly exceed 10%, while those for polystyrene (PS) and PP
are closer to zero. Recycling rates in the EU average 30% and are thought to be considerably higher
in some EU Member States (Figure 10). Recycling rates in other high-income countries are typically
in the order of 10%. Recycling rates in low- to middle-income countries are largely unknown but
may be significant in situations where there is a well-established and effective informal sector. Data
indicates that plastics recycling rates may be approaching 20–40% in some developing country cities.
20052006200720082009201020112012201320142015
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Plastics recycling rate
EU USA Australia Japan
Figure 10: Recycling rates in selected high income countries
Source: OECD: Improving Markets for Recycled Plastics: Trends, Prospects and Policy Response (2018)
Recycled plastics market share–Production statistics for recycled plastics are mainly unknown,
however, data provided in Geyer, Jambeck and Law allows some rough approximations. A global
plastics recycling rate of 18% and plastics waste generation of 258 MTPA (both resins only) translate
into approximately 46 million tons of recycled plastics production per year. This represents 12% of
total global plastics production but is likely to be an upper estimate because, in some cases, the
material that is reported as “recycled” may refer only to the material diverted towards recycling:
some proportion of this is likely to become recycling residues that require disposal
20
.
While governments have an essential role to play, these efforts are more effective when coupled
with private industry action and technological innovation, especially given the global nature of the
problem and the range of stakeholders involved. To that end, both for-profit and non-governmental
organizations (NGOs) are trying to reduce the negative impacts of plastic pollution by developing
new technologies designed to remediate plastic pollution in the environment. For example, new
technologies and strategies to remediate plastic pollution have been compiled by Ubuntoo. This for-
profit company shares innovative solutions developed by private entities, NGOs, governments, and
academics in a web-based database. Additionally, for-profit entities such as Systems, Applications,
and Products in Data Processing (SAP), Modis, Cermaq, and Wilhelmsen supported the United Nations
20 https://www.oecd.org/environment/waste/policy-highlights-improving-plastics-management.pdf Plastic Waste ManagementReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications
21
(UN) Reboot the Ocean Challenge, to reduce marine plastic pollution
21
.
These innovative techniques to reduce the amount of global plastic pollution focus on different
life cycle stages of plastic, including production, consumption, and waste management, which can
involve landfilling, recycling, or repurposing (e.g., waste-to-energy). Approximately 80% of marine
plastic pollution arrives in the ocean from land-based sources. It is common for plastic to leak out of
waste management channels into the environment as mismanaged waste throughout the production,
consumption, and waste management stages of the plastic life cycle. For example, plastic can be
lost to the surrounding environment and transported to the oceans via waterways, winds, and tides
due to littering and improper waste management in open or uncontrolled landfills.
Microplastics can enter the environment through wastewater, storms, and catastrophic events, which
can carry materials of all kinds, including plastics, into the oceans. Technologies addressing these
issues are geared toward either 1) directly preventing plastic leakage into waterways or 2) collecting
existing plastic pollution. During the recycling phase, innovative recycling solutions, such as plastic-
to-fuel and bioremediation, are being explored. These technologies serve as good complements that
can work in tandem with policy efforts to combat marine plastic pollution (Table 1).
Table 1: Plastic pollution prevention and collection technology inventory
Methods Name Year Description Used
Location
invented
References
Prevention: macroplastics
Stormwater and wastewater filters
StormTrap
TrashTrap
2018
Mesh net system uses
water flow to capture
and remove trash,
floatables, and solids
from stormwater and
wastewater
Yes
United
States
TrashTrap:
Capture
floatables with
innovative
netting systems
22
PumpGuard 2016
Mesh nets remove
debris from
stormwater and
wastewater
Yes
United
States
Pump protection
solutions for
wastewater,
stormwater and
combined sewer
overflow (CSO)
discharges
CLEVER-
Volume
2019
Sensors allow port
authorities to certify
the amount of ship
waste reported in
comparison to the
volume reported to
MARPOL inspectors
No Portugal
CLEVER-Volume –
3D Modelling
23
21 Schmaltz, E., Melvin, E.C., Diana, Z., Gunady, E.F., Rittschof, D., Somarelli, J.A., Virdin, J. and Dunphy-Daly, M.M., 2020. Plastic pollution
solutions: emerging technologies to prevent and collect marine plastic pollution. Environment international, 144, p.106067.
22 https://stormtrap.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/TrashTrap-Specification.pdf
23 https://www.3dmodelling.eu/clever-volume/ Plastic Waste ManagementReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 22
Methods Name Year Description Used
Location
invented
References
Prevention: macroplastics
Miscellaneous leakage prevention
Unnamed
Invention by
Students at
Gering High
School
2017
Gravity-fed, three-
stage attachable filter
catches microplastics
(e.g., microfibers shed
from the laundry)
before they enter the
wastewater
No
United
States
These students
found a
way to keep
microplastics out
of your drinking
water
24
GoJelly
Project
2018
Jellyfish mucus
(secreted when they
reproduce or become
stressed) captures and
binds to nano-sized
particles, removing
microplastics from
wastewater
No
Unknown
(Funded by
EU)
Diaz, 2019
25
Laundry balls
Cora Ball2019
Balls placed in the
laundry machine
capture microfibers
shed when washing
synthetic fibres
Yes
United
States
Ball, 2020
26
Fibre Free2017
Balls placed in the
laundry machine
or dryer capture
microfibers shed when
washing or drying
synthetic fibres
No
United
States
Chou, 2018
27
Residential wastewater
treatment
Lint LUV-R2016
The water filter on
laundry machines
captures microfibers
when water is drained
through the machine
Yes Canada
Lint LUV-R
washing machine
discharge filter
28
24 https://www.marthastewart.com/1528235/high-school-students-invent-filter-microplastics
25 Diaz, S., 2019. A solution to microplastic pollution, thanks to jellyfish? Science News.
26 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.258
27 Chou, A., 2018. Fibre Free founders can help change your carbon footprint, one load of laundry at a time. Syracuse University:
Blackstone LaunchPad.
28 https://www.nationthailand.com/news/30371707 Plastic Waste ManagementReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications
23
Methods Name Year Description Used
Location
invented
References
Collection: macroplastics
Large-scale booms
Holy Turtle2018
1,000foot-long floating
unit is towed by two
marine vessels and
captures floating
waste; a large vent
hole protects marine
life
Yes
United
States
Kotecki, 2018
29
Drones and robots
FRED
(Floating
Robot for
Eliminating
Debris)
2019
Solar-powered vessel
with conveyor belts
collects floating debris
Yes5
United
States
About – Clear
Blue Sea
30
Jellyfishbot2018
A remote-controlled
robot collects garbage
from waterways
Yes France
A jellyfish robot
arrives in the
Old Port to
collect waste
31
BluePhin 2017
A battery-powered,
zero carbon emissions
robot uses artificial
intelligence to collect
floating waste
Unknown
United Arab
Emirates
BluePhin
Technologies
32
Collection: macroplastics
Boats and wheels
The
Interceptor
2019
Solar-powered
catamaran
autonomously extracts
floating plastics from
rivers, using barriers
and a conveyor belt
Yes Netherlands
How it works:
The interceptor
33
MariClean 2020
Catamaran fitted
with a conveyor belt
collects debris from
seas, straits and bays
No Canada Echavez, 2020
34
29 Kotecki, P., 2018. SodaStream built a 1000-foot-long contraption called the “Holy Turtle” to collect plastic from the ocean.
Business Insider
30 https://www.clearbluesea.org/about-3/
31 https://www.iadys.com/en/jellyfishbot-2/
32 BluePhin Technologies. https://bluephin.io/
33 https://theoceancleanup.com/rivers/
34 https://ideas.unite.un.org/Page/ViewIdea?ideaid=9164 Plastic Waste ManagementReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 24
Methods Name Year Description Used
Location
invented
References
Collection: macroplastics
Detection aids
Malolo I 2017
The unmanned aerial
robot detects marine
debris (especially
fishing gear) in the
open ocean for later
collection or satellite
tagging
Yes
United
States
Mayer, 2017
35
Unnamed
GPS Device
on Ghost
Nets
2019
Vessels place GPS
units on ghost nets
to mark them for
collection
Yes
United
States
Ocean Voyages
Institute, 2020
36
NetTag 2019
Low-cost transponders
allow fishers to locate
and recover lost nets
Yes5 England
E&T Editorial
Staff, 2019
37
Wikilimo 2019
Uses satellite imagery
to detect significant
garbage patches
in oceans; uses
numerical models
and machine learning
to identify optimum
routes for cleaning up
garbage patches
No
United
States
Machine learning
and satellite
imagery-based
oceanography
38
Waterway litter traps
SCG Litter
Trap
2019
A floating litter trap
uses a bypass flap
to leverage water
flow and pressure
to capture and trap
floating litter
Yes Thailand
Litter trap’ a
success blocking
trash from
the sea; SCG’s
Floating Litter
Trap to Prevent
Marine Debris
Entering Oceans
at Rayong
Estuaries and
Samut Sakhon
Canals
39
35 https://sanctuaries.noaa.gov/missions/nwhi2008/marinedebris.html
36 https://www.oceanvoyagesinstitute.org/
37 E&T Editorial Staff, 2019. Low-cost transponders could stop ‘ghost nets’ from wreaking havoc on marine life. Engineering
Technology
38 https://wikilimo.co/oceanography
39 https://www.scgchemicals.com/en/newsmedia/news-events/press-release/detail/449 Plastic Waste ManagementReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications
25
Methods Name Year Description Used
Location
invented
References
Collection: macroplastics
River booms
The
Litterboom
Project
2017
Large pipes anchored
across rivers catch
surface-level debris
Yes South Africa
About the
project
40
Plastic
Fischer Trash
Boom
2019
Boom made of PVC
pipe floaters and
galvanized steel
catching nets collect
surface plastics up to
60 cm deep
Yes Germany Our solutions
41
Sand filters
Barber Surf
Rake
Unknown
Tractor-towed machine
removes waste on
beaches
Yes
United
States
Surf Rake—
Tractor-towed
beach cleaner
machines
42
Barber Sand
Man
Unknown
Walk-behind sand
sifting machine uses
a vibrating screen to
shift debris from sand
and soil on beaches
Yes
United
States
Walk-behind
sand cleaner
43
Miscellaneous capture
Unnamed
Invention by
Anna Du
2018
Remotely operated
vehicle uses infrared
light to detect,
photograph, and help
remove microplastics
from waterways
No
United
States
Anna’s World
44
Unnamed
Invention
by Fionn
Ferreira
2019
Combination of oil
and magnetite powder
binds microplastics
for extraction with a
magnet
No Ireland
What is Fionn
About
45
40 https:// www.thelitterboomproject.com/about.
41 https://plasticfischer.com/trashbooms
42 http://www.hbarber.com/Cleaners/SurfRake/Default.html
43 http://www.hbarber.com/Cleaners/SandMan/Default.html
44 https:// www.annadu.org/
45 https://www. fionnferreira.com/about Plastic Waste ManagementReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 26
Methods Name Year Description Used
Location
invented
References
Collection: all
Vacuum
Hoola One 2019
Vacuums
approximately three
gallons of sand and
debris per minute
into a tank that
separates particles by
buoyancy, allowing for
plastic separation and
removal
Yes Canada
Hoola One
microplastic
removal machine
arrives in Hawaii,
2019
46
Air barrier
The Great
Bubble
Barrier
2019
Tubes placed
diagonally across
the bottom of the
waterway create a
bubble barrier by
pumping air, creating
a current that brings
debris to the surface
and guides it to a
catchment system
Yes Netherlands
Bubble barrier
catches micro-
plastics from
effluent sewage
treatment
47
The best practices as reported by the SPCBs/PCCs in their 2019-20 Annual Report are summarized
in Table 2 below:
Table 2: Best practices in plastic waste management
Sl. No. StateBest Practice
1 Andhra Pradesh
Plastic waste collected from local bodies or biomining sites is sent
for co-processing in cement plants
2 Arunachal Pradesh
Plastic banks were established in one district; Plastic was used in
Road Construction in variable districts
3 Goa
Non-biodegradable waste is sent to co-processing plants for which
bailing plants have been set up by Goa Waste Management Agency,
Local bodies as well as Village Panchayats
4 Gujarat 94000T of plastic waste was sent for incineration during 2019-20s.
5 Haryana
All municipal corporations have been directed to set up material
recovery facilities. 41 out of 81 MCs have set up the MRP
46 https://www.bigislandvideonews.com/2019/04/25/video-hoola-onemicroplastic-removal-machine-arrives-on-hawaii/
47 https://www.dutchwatersector.com/ news/bubble-barrier-catches-micro-plastics-from-effluent-sewage-treatment Plastic Waste ManagementReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications
27
Sl. No. StateBest Practice
6 Jharkhand
Reverse Vending machine has been installed at Ranchi, Dhanbad &
Jamshedpur cities for recycling of plastic bottles as a pilot project;
ULB-wise Action Plan prepared for management of plastic waste;
Plastic waste being co-processed/used in road construction
7 Kerela Plastic is used for tarring roads
8 Lakshadweep 10 Material Recovery facilities established
9 Madhya Pradesh
Over 1,00,000 tons of plastic waste are co-processed in cement
kilns; 75,000 tons are processed by recyclers; 2000 tons are used in
road construction within and outside the state; 150 tons are used in
pyrolysis plant
10 Maharashtra
Collection efficiency 78%; recycling & co-processing 62%; pyrolysis &
road construction >5000TPA each
11 Manipur
21 out of 27 units segregating plastic waste and sending it for
recycling, co-processing & road construction
12 Meghalaya
Co-processing to be initiated; plastic usage in road construction
started
13 Mizoram
308 plastic and bottle collection centres set up in 280 villages are
constructed; procured six nos. of bailing machines; agreement signed
with WMA for collection and processing of waste
14 Nagaland Usage of plastic waste in road construction initiated
15 Odisha
Plastic waste has been included in the Schedule of the rate
department for the use of the same in road construction
16 Puducherry Usage of plastic in road construction & co-processing initiated
17 Sikkim Usage of plastic waste in road construction initiated
18 Tamil Nadu
Collection efficiency of plastic waste is 92%, 468 MRFs established;
approx. 3,50,000 MT of plastic was sold, and INR 89,00,00,000 was
generated as revenue which was distributed to sanitary workers
during the period August 2017 to March 2020; 655 tons of plastic
waste were used for constructing 535 km of the road; 116 ULBs have
entered into an agreement with cement companies for disposing
of 20,000MT of plastic waste; more than 400 tons of waste used in
pyrolysis plants
19 Telangana 134 Dry Resource centres established in 111 ULBs
20 Uttarakhand
The use of plastic waste as fuel, RDF and waste in energy plants is
proposed; the use of plastic waste in road construction initiated Plastic Waste ManagementReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 28
Sl. No. StateBest Practice
21 A&N Island
Enforcement drive for enforcement of the ban on plastic items.
Exhibitions organized to promote an alternative to plastic items
22 Delhi
Environmental compensation of INR 88,00,000/- levied for violation of
PWM Rules
23 Himachal Pradesh
Plastic waste is used in waste to energy plants; co-processing, and
road construction
24 Karnataka
Plastic waste (approx. 75,000 tons) was sent for recycling, and around
50,000 tons was sent for co-processing
25 Uttar Pradesh
2 waste to oil units with a capacity of 2700 TPA set up; Plastic usage
in road construction initiated; Paper mills have tied up with cement
mills for co-processing their waste
Plastics and oceans
Different countries release disproportionate volumes of plastic waste into the ocean, and once plastic
enters the sea, it is transported by waves and currents to various depths and ocean ecosystems. The
top five countries in mismanaged plastic waste in this regard are China, Indonesia, the Philippines,
Vietnam, and Sri Lanka
48
. Additionally, Asian rivers have been estimated to represent 86% of the
total plastic releases into rivers globally, making China, India, Bangladesh, and Indonesia countries
of particular concern
49
.
Given the scope and cross-boundary nature of this problem, solutions will need to involve international
actors acting across multiple scales. Nations will need to work together to address the issues of
plastic in areas beyond national jurisdictions. The utility of technologies in the inventory table above
could be enhanced if policymakers and other stakeholders work together across jurisdictions to
ensure technologies are deployed in areas where they could do the most good
50
and are able to
reach viable scale quickly.
5.4 EMISSIONS REDUCTION THROUGH RECYCLING AND UPCYCLING
Waste management generates greenhouse gases both directly and indirectly. Direct emissions are
generated
during waste collection and transportation;
during waste pretreatment (sorting, crushing etc.);
in waste utilization processes;
48 Jamb Jambeck, J.R., Geyer, R., Wilcox, C., Siegler, T.R., Perryman, M., Andrady, A., Narayan, R. and Law, K.L., 2015. Plastic waste inputs
from land into the ocean. Science, 347(6223), pp.768-771
49 Leb Lebreton, L., Van Der Zwet, J., Damsteeg, J.W., Slat, B., Andrady, A. and Reisser, J., 2017. River plastic emissions to the world’s
oceans. Nature communications, 8(1), pp.1-10
50 Schmaltz, E., Melvin, E.C., Diana, Z., Gunady, E.F., Rittschof, D., Somarelli, J.A., Virdin, J. and Dunphy-Daly, M.M., 2020. Plastic pollution
solutions: emerging technologies to prevent and collect marine plastic pollution. Environment international, 144, p.106067. Plastic Waste ManagementReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications
29
in landfills during decomposition;
in waste combustion; and
in biological treatment
Additionally, indirect greenhouse gas emissions are connected to waste through other functions
such as
energy consumption related to the production, transportation and use of the material;
emissions from production processes (not related to energy consumption); and
emissions from the production and transportation of the raw materials for the products
Material recycling can also decrease both direct and indirect greenhouse gas emissions. Globally, the
energy savings from plastic waste recycling are estimated to be 3.5 billion barrels of oil, equivalent
to about $176 billion dollars
51
. Although several recycling technologies have been investigated, they
suffer universally from low benefits, high costs, and secondary pollution, leading to limited practical
applications. Therefore, developing cost-effective, environmentally friendly, and efficient approaches
to transform plastic waste into value-added products will be critical to prevent their dispersion into
the natural environment.
In addition, the development of effective catalytic-degradation technologies is essential for treating
non-recoverable plastic wastes. An attractive alternative is upcycling, which aims to realize embedded
value to incentivize large-scale valorization of plastic wastes and their conversion to high-value
and high-performance fuels, chemicals, and materials. The degradation of non-recoverable plastic
wastes is necessary to treat the omnipresent pollution. To overcome the inherent shortcomings
within conventional strategies, upcycling, which emphasizes recovering the intrinsic value in plastic
wastes, has been developed as a complementary and more attractive option. Comparatively, recycling
highlights a “closed-loop” for the plastic materials, whereas upscaling is an open-loop process with
multiple profit and economic value streams.
Moreover, upcycling processes provide new methods to handle real-world plastic wastes, which cannot
be exposed to thermomechanical recycling. Hence, there is no uncertainty that plastic waste upcycling
would contribute to the mitigation of solid waste contamination and the manufacture of high-
value products simultaneously, thus, leading to considerable economic and scientific opportunities.
Both recycling and upcycling are designed for the valorization of post-consumer plastic wastes to
stop the emission of plastic wastes into the natural environment; however, they cannot deal with
nonrecoverable plastic wastes. There is a wide variety of plastic waste which cannot be feasibly
collected and used under current economic and technical parameters, such as plastic fragments
mixed with sludge and plastic debris disseminated in the natural environment
52
.
Upcycling to Chemicals
Catalytic depolymerization to monomers
This is also called chemical recycling to monomers. It is an elementary form of chemical recycling
which facilitates the production of recovered plastic having properties similar to virgin plastic. It is
carried out by catalytic depolymerization of initial monomers into purified monomers. At present,
51 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666386421002186#bib28
52 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/353995174_Upcycling_and_catalytic_degradation_of_plastic_wastes Plastic Waste ManagementReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 30
catalytic depolymerization to monomers primarily focuses upon polyesters, particularly PET, because
the ester chemolysis is relatively uncomplicated.
Numerous catalytic depolymerization methods have been considered to convert PET to monomers.
Few examples include hydrolysis with water to terephthalic acid (TPA) and to ethylene glycol (EG)
under neutral, acidic, or primary conditions; alcoholysis with alcohol (methanol, ethanol,
etc.) to dialkyl terephthalate and EG; glycolysis with excess glycols (such as EG, diethylene
glycol (DEG), propylene glycol (PG), polyethylene glycol (PEG), 1,4-butanediol. and hexylene
glycol) toward bis(hydroxylethylene) terephthalate (BHET or other corresponding esters) via
a transesterification reaction; and aminolysis with amines (or ammonolysis with ammonia) toward
corresponding diamides of TPA and EG.
Catalytic hydrogenolysis to chemicals
Hydrogenolysis is a distinct type of depolymerization. It disrupts the chemical bonds, in particular,
C–C bonds, with the assistance of hydrogen (H2). In some cases, selective deconstruction of plastics
can be carried out through hydrogenolysis to short-chain products with values that are substantially
higher than the fully deconstructed monomers. Currently, plastic waste upcycling to derive value-
added chemicals via direct hydrogenolysis mainly focuses on PET and PE. However, when compared
with depolymerization, catalytic hydrogenolysis offers more accessible and promising options for
converting PET wastes into valuable chemicals and the drop-in combination of plastic valorization
with well-established industrial processes toward an ideal circular economy. Catalytic hydrogenation
of strong Polyamides (PAs) is complex since they have high resistance to most solvents because
of the multiple intermolecular solid hydrogen bonding interactions within the polymer chains. The
advantages of this catalytic system are its affordability and the exceptional reusability of the catalyst,
but silanes are very expensive.
Other routes to valuable chemicals
Direct hydrogenolysis of polyolefins, including PE and PP, often yields mixed alkanes with a broad
molecular distribution instead of well-defined monomers, even when elaborately designed catalytic
systems are used. The consumption of expensive H
2
, which fundamentally originates from non-
renewable fossil fuel resources, is a primary hindrance to the application of hydrogenolysis
technologies. Tandem catalysis, which refers to integrating several reaction steps into one-pot
catalytic systems in a suitable sequence through precise regulation of active sites, the chemical
environment, and the reaction conditions, offers a promising strategy to prevent unwanted side
reactions to tailor a reaction pathway and then achieve selective, efficient conversion of plastic waste
to target products. Recently, upcycling of PE to long-chain alkylaromatics was developed by tandem
hydrogenolysis/aromatization over a commonly used heterogeneous catalyst without consuming the
external hydrogen. The liquid alkylaromatics can be used as feedstocks to produce various daily
products, viz., surfactants, lubricants, refrigeration fluids, and insulating oils.
Upcycling to polymers
The monomers derived from plastic depolymerization are usually returned to the manufacturer
of the original plastic. In addition, the monomers and their derivates derived after further
chemical or enzymatic transformation can be used to produce new materials. Another option is to
incorporate plastic-derived monomers, oligomers, or even polymer fragments into new materials
through copolymerization with external building blocks. Aminolysis of PET and BPA-PC delivers Plastic Waste ManagementReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications
31
various modular frameworks for new polymer production. The use of plastic waste as the feedstock
in additive manufacturing creates a new path for plastic recycling and upcycling towards a circular
economy. In another example, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene in the waste from children’s toys was
successfully transformed into filaments comparable to virgin materials
53
.
5.5 RECYCLED PLASTIC INTO USEABLE PRODUCTS
The following types of plastics are converted into useable products
54
.
1. PET is recycled to make apparel, blankets, carpets, tote bags, other winter wear like fleeces,
containers for food, beverages, automotive parts, film, strapping and industrial end-use
items (e.g. geotextiles and roof insulation).
2. PP and HDPE are often collected by local scrap dealers to recover the costs of collection,
sorting and pre-processing. The PP is further divided into several categories such as
coloured, mixed colour, white, transparent and other recycling categories. The resin in
each category is the same. However, it requires sorting post collection and is subject to
independent unit operations. The value and demand for transparent PP are pretty high.
3. Plastic sheets are made up of plastic types ranging from LDPE, PP and HDPE. These are
procured at a rate of Rs 6–15/Kg by local scrap dealers as mixed plastic bags and sheets.
They are further sub-segregated manually to be channelized to the relevant pre-processing
and treatment facilities.
4. PVC can be divided into rigid PVC, soft PVC and footwear. Chlorinated PVC is considered to
be a lower grade of PVC as compared to unplasticized PVC as it degrades after undergoing
recycling. Also, as the PVC plastics go through the process of recycling, the colour of
the plastic starts to turn grey, which darkens further as the PVC plastic undergoes more
iterations of the recycling process.
5. Polycarbonates are thermoplastics bought by the scrap dealers at a rate of Rs 50/kg, and
they are used in engineering as they are rigid materials, and some grades are optically
transparent, which makes them display properties of glass without the brittleness. This
optical transparency gets diminished over multiple cycles of recycling, but it can still be
used for engineering purposes. Nylon, which is also known as polyamide (PA), is widely
used in household plastic items like clothing and toothbrushes and also has industrial
uses like in conveyor belts and as machinery parts. It is usually procured along with
various types of plastics and then sub-segregated and sorted manually to be further sold
to processors at a rate of Rs 20–35/Kg depending on the type and quality of the material.
The above mentioned are the major categories of plastics that are used, recycled and sold on the
market. However, the cost of recycled plastics and their products makes it hard to compete with
the products made from virgin material. There are two prime reasons for this.
First, the raw material used for the production of virgin plastic is a waste material from
the petroleum industry and therefore available at throw-away costs.
Second, the unorganized recycling business is labour dependent and intensive, mainly
53 Hou, Q., Zhen, M., Qian, H., Nie, Y., Bai, X., Xia, T., Rehman, M.L.U., Li, Q. and Ju, M., 2021. Upcycling and catalytic degradation of
plastic wastes. Cell Reports Physical Science, 2(8), p.100514.
54 Singh, S.G., 2021. Plastic Recycling: Decoded. Plastic Waste ManagementReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 32
due to sub-segregation and sorting, which is not done at the source in the country. This
adds costs to the recycled plastic raw material.
The imposition of GST
55
has had a significant impact on the plastic recycling sector. There existed a
taxation gap between recycled and virgin plastic products before GST was introduced. For instance,
recycled polyester staple fibre (PSF) had a 2% excise duty, while virgin PSF had a 12.5% excise duty.
After GST implementation, the taxes stood at 18% for both virgin and recycled plastics. Input costs
escalated by 16% due to the new tax regime. In a situation where market linkages for recycled
products are weak and the availability of plastic scrap is intermittent, the business models within
the recycling sector struggle to become viable. The plastic recyclers are the most affected if plastic
scrap is imported. These input cost escalations due to GST and customs duties are passed on by
the recyclers to the secondary waste collectors by reducing the rates of waste plastic. In 2017, GST
rates for domestic plastic scrap were reduced from 18 per cent to 5 per cent. However, the per-unit
rate of waste plastic is still not comparable to the pre-GST era. The reason is that in the pre-GST
taxation regime, domestic plastic scrap was tax-free. The selling prices for recycled granules have
been affected by similar GST rates on virgin and recycled granules. Recyclers are bound to keep the
selling price low to stay competitive with virgin granules. This has affected the revenue of recyclers
and also limits the market scale-up of recycled granules.
The market for recycled plastics/secondary raw material
The demand for recycled plastic raw materials can be segmented into two parts:
i. extended recyclers (recyclers who process scrap and convert it to end-products) and
ii. plastic product manufacturers (end product manufacturers who purchase recycled plastic
resins as raw material).
Formal recyclers face challenges in acquiring a high-quality supply of plastic waste as current
collection systems are dominated by the informal sector. Further, the processing cost of scrap is
high in the formal sector if occupational health and safety conditions are met. These factors make
it challenging for recycled plastic to compete with low cost virgin plastic. It is easier to compete
in segments that do not currently use plastics as raw material. For example, alternative building
materials made out of recycled plastics in the form of plastic bricks and planks can be used instead
of conventional materials such as clay and mortar bricks in building construction.
Plastic product manufacturers focus only on a limited market for post-consumer resin (recycled
plastic pellets). This is driven by the low grade of recycled plastic resins produced mainly due to
operations in a fragmented market. There is a potential to penetrate export markets, such as Europe,
where there has been a rise in the demand for sustainable products and circular consumption.
But to tap these markets, the manufacturers of post-consumer resin need to meet higher quality
standards demanded by foreign buyers.
5.6 CIRCULAR ECONOMY OF PLASTIC WASTE MANAGEMENT
56
Circular economy models retain the added value of goods as long as possible, reducing waste and
restricting the circulation of plastics in the economy without leakage into the natural environment.
55 https://cdn.cseindia.org/attachments/0.97245800_1570432310_factsheet3.pdf
56 https://www.teriin.org/sites/default/files/2021-12/Circular-Economy-Plastics-India-Roadmap.pdf Plastic Waste ManagementReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications
33
However, the manner in which most plastic products are created, used, and disposed of in the
present day does not capture the economic advantages of a more circular approach and end up
with severe harms to the environment. Also, nearly every piece of plastic begins as fossil fuel and
releases greenhouse gases during its extraction, processing, usage, and end-of-life at each point of
the plastic lifecycle.
The circularity roadmap for plastics presents an entire value chain and aims to decouple plastic
production from virgin fossil feedstock, incentivize plastic recycling and reuse, and reduce damage
by plastic litter while decreasing unnecessary plastic consumption. It has set three key objectives,
supported by a measurable action plan that may be monitored over short (0–2 years), medium (2–5
years), and long term (>5 years). These objectives are:
i. Adopting sustainable material solutions, such as the use of bio-based polymers, the
substitution of virgin polymer with recycled polymer, and the dematerialization of plastic
products
ii. Increase the supply of good quality secondary plastics feedstock; and
iii. Invent, innovate, and encourage alternative uses of plastics waste
It will also require monitoring these action points regularly and systematically along with appropriate
data collection and analysis to determine efficacy and need for adjustment in the steps defining
the roadmap.
A resource-efficient circular economy for plastics is one that minimizes wasteful use of plastics,
produces plastics from renewable sources, is powered by renewable energy, reuses and recycles
plastics within the economy without leakage to the environment, and generates no or minute waste
or emissions. There have been collaborative initiatives such as the United Nations Development
Programme (UNDP) India, in partnership with Hindustan Coca-Cola Beverages Private Limited (HCCBPL),
which encourages sustainable PWM practices and fosters a move towards a circular economy in
50 cities and towns in India, there are many challenges in adopting circularity of plastics in India.
Demand-side potential: key end-use sectors–Plastics are used for a variety of purposes across
application categories and end-use sectors. For instance, packaging is broadly categorized into rigid
packaging and flexible packaging. Flexible packaging has the largest share within the key end-uses.
It also forecasted to see strong growth in the future due to several advantages, such as ease in
handling and disposal, price advantage in transportation etc. (Table 3–5).
Table 3: Plastics circularity in the packaging sector
Circularity Aspect
Existing Practices/Scope (International
and Indian context)
Opportunities
Use of bio-plastics Around 60% of total bio-plastics
consumption in India is for packaging
Used in making bottles, loose-fill,
cups, pots, blows, flexible films, etc.
In India, selected FMCG companies
are aiming for 100% biodegradable
plastics for packaging ready-to-eat
and cosmetic products
Use of PBS as alternatives in
packaging, include the use in fresh
food packaging to enhance lifespan
With bans against SUPs and
economics of scale setting in for
bio-plastics, their share in the
packaging sector is expected to
increase Plastic Waste ManagementReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 34
Circularity Aspect
Existing Practices/Scope (International
and Indian context)
Opportunities
Reusable packaging
Pepsico India, scaling up its non-
returnable glass bottles for its
packaging
Leadec India provided reusable
crating solutions for automotive
components made of HDPE that can
be folded
Reffin aims to offer restaurants with
an alternative means of delivering
their food to consumers by using
tiffin carriers, generally made out of
stainless steel
Many reuse opportunities in
business-to business (B2B)
applications, which are generally
better understood and adopted at
scale already
Designing packaging solutions
in business to-consumer (B2C)
applications
Potential to meet individual needs.
Specificities for packaging, improved
user experience and create brand
loyalty
Replacing existing SUP containers
in the growing online food delivery
services by using re-usable
containers
Use of recycled
plastics
Commitment by large companies
(both Indian and MNCs) will move
to 100% recyclable plastic packaging
by 2025
Cargill Oils India, in association
with Dow Chemical, reformulated its
plastic material, making 90% of its
plastic packaging recyclable
Use recycled plastic in non-food
applications
Inclusion of pro-environment
message on the packages and
to nudge the consumer towards
responsible behaviour that includes
giving preference to products
containing recycled raw material
Re-design of
packaging
Lush handmade cosmetics have a
packaging free line
Cargill’s oil business in India has
redesigned its packaging by cutting
down on the amount of raw plastic
used across all products
Cremica Food Industries is reducing
lamination in packaging
Avoid use of extra packaging
material or create packaging free
line of products
Fewer types of standardized
plastics for specific uses in FMCG-
reduce plastic waste leakage and
improve recycling
Replacing packaging material like
shrink wraps with more durable and
reusable long lasting alternatives
Stay on tabs for beverages, flip flop
caps for FMCG products
Replacing multi-polymer plastic
packaging with single polymer
plastic packaging
Colour coding and labels
for disposing bio-based or
compostable after use Plastic Waste ManagementReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications
35
Table 4: Plastics circularity in the automotive sector
Circularity Aspect
Existing Practices/Scope (International
and Indian context)
Opportunities
Use of bio-plastics
Successful pilot experiments have
been completed on the use of
bio-based plastics for automotive
applications
The most important upcoming
market within the automotive sector
is technical applications. Currently,
the automotive and transport
sectors account for 1% of the bio-
plastics market segment
Bio-based polyesters, bio based PET
and PLA-blends in applications such
as headliners, sun visors and floor
mats, interior fabrics
Use of recycled
plastics
Currently, recycled plastic account
for 15% in vehicles
TATA Motors engaged in automotive
bumper recycling
Plastic fibres made from used
bottles in sound insulation layers in
dashboards
Use of plastics recycled from bumpers
to create new bumpers, as well as
plastics recycled from bottle caps to
make new auto parts
Use of recycled plastic content in
vehicles is expected to increase to
70%
Use of eco design
practices
BMW uses hemp as well as natural
fibres along with acrylic polymers
for manufacturing interior door
panels
Ford uses bio-polymers from
soyabean along with polyurethane
to manufacture head rests in select
models
Nissan Leaf uses natural fibres
from corn along with Sorona
(polytrimethylene terephthalate) for
manufacturing of rugs and mats
Natural fibres or biopolymers draw
significant interest from equipment
manufacturers due to their
biodegradability, low cost, low relative
density. high specific strength, and
renewable nature
Eco-design approach gets product
design environmental oriented
Table 5: Plastics circularity in the building and construction sector
Circularity Aspect
Existing Practices/Scope (International
and Indian context)
Opportunities
Use of alternative
materials
Bricks and planks made out of plastic
waste being used as alternatives to
traditional clay and mortar bricks in
construction
Biological nutrients and sustainable,
renewable materials can replace
materials that are heavily processed
and hard to reuse and recycle Plastic Waste ManagementReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 36
Circularity Aspect
Existing Practices/Scope (International
and Indian context)
Opportunities
Standardized
approaches
The utilization of Energy
Conservation Building Code and
implementation of green rating
systems like the Green Rating for
Integrated Habitat Assessment
(GRIHA) is leading to resource
efficient buildings in India
Assessing performance of secondary
materials in products replaces virgin
materials and in the design of
construction products
By standardizing technology,
construction companies can reduce
their cost of production
Use of recycled
plastics
Royal Melbourne Institute of
Technology researchers developed
a building material made from
cigarette butts mixed with plastic
waste, bitumen, and paraffin wax
Corepla along with Waste Free
Oceans built the first humanitarian
shelter prototype by collecting
plastic waste along the river
Benagluru-based non-profit Swach-
ha developed a solution that can
convert discarded plastic waste into
tiles and irrigation pipes. In asso-
ciation with the Bruhat Bengaluru
Mahanagara Palike (BBMP), Swach-
ha developed ‘Re-Tile’ tiles, which
customers can use on pavements
Recycled plastic blended with virgin
plastic lowers the cost
Recycled plastic can save the cost of
other materials, such as wood and
slate
Recycled plastics can be used to
make stronger concrete structures in
the form of sidewalks, driveways
Supply-side potential
Plastic feedstock–The feedstock process for making plastics causes emissions, and the economics also
impact the recycling efforts with the resulting plastics being primarily non-biodegradable. Polymers
such as polybutyrate adipate terephthalate (PBAT), polybutylene succinate (PBS), polycaprolactone
(PCL), and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) exist that are biodegradable fossil fuel-based polymers as their
chemical structures can be broken down by the action of microorganisms in the presence of light,
oxygen, and moisture.
Bio-based plastics are created using non-fossil-fuel feedstock, usually organic materials such as
plant fibres (flax, jute, hemp), wood (reclaimed wood fibres from mills and agricultural waste), and
starches; however, similar to the fossil fuel-based plastics, they exist in numerous grades and have
a wide variety of properties. They often have an appearance very close to conventional plastic
products and are difficult to distinguish by consumers other than by scientific analysis. If they
contain both renewable and fossil-fuel-based carbon, they are then only partially bio-based. There
is a considerable variation between the amount of bio-based constituents and the conditions under
which these polymers biodegrade. Plastic Waste ManagementReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications
37
Circularity scenarios: integrating demand-and supply-side potentials
Three scenarios have been defined for India to comprehend the potential impact of resource
efficiency and circular economy (RE&CE) measures from the demand and supply side of the plastics
sector (Table 6):
Business as a usual scenario: A standard economic growth model is assumed where plastic product
consumption and plastic waste generation increase at a fixed rate. Existing innovations and business
models at the downstream stage of the value chain focusing on PWM at the public and private
sector levels continue, with new ones emerging. However, these innovations and models are primarily
localized with no upscaling and replication. Further, no explicit circularity efforts are put in at the
upstream stages.
Moderate RE&CE scenario: Moderate reduction in virgin plastic demand by replacing it with recycled/
secondary plastic, which is derived from improved PWM. Businesses are aiming to comply with PWM
legislations and have initiated the implementation of EPR, predominantly for collection and resource
recovery targets. Legislative measures such as the ban on SUPs and on certain types of packaging are
coming into effect. The GoI is pushing towards developing affordable substitutes/alternatives to SUPs.
High ambition RE&CE scenario: The demand for virgin plastic is considerably reduced due to a
combination of circularity fostering actions that constitute increased recycling levels, effective
application of EPR over the entire value chain of plastics (including measures that aim to reduce
plastic consumption and reduce multi-polymer plastic), sustained and reinforced push by the GoI in
developing affordable substitutes/alternatives to plastics, and improved enforcement of legislative
measures such as banning the SUPs and certain types of difficult packaging. Plastic Waste ManagementReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 38
Table 6: Potential resource efficiency and circularity scenarios for
plastics sector in India
Sl. No.
Substitution
between Plastic
Polymers
Expansion of Segregated
Waste Collection
Increased Recycling or
Reprocessing into a Secondary
Material
Design for Recycling
Reduction in Plastic Consumption
Circularity Interventions
and Scenarios
Move to bio-based as alternative feedstock to fossil feedstock
Shift from multi polymer material to mono-polymer material
Improved collection and transportation infrastructure
Awareness generation
Increase mechanical recycling capacity and efficiency
Scale up chemical recycling capacity
Fewer types of plastics to reduce the complexity in plastic waste management
Design to enable easy disassembly at the EoL
Use of alternatives to plastics products and reduction in specific uses
Reuse of end use products
Design to bring in efficiency in plastic raw material use
Business as usual scenario
Bio-based plastics account for less than 1% of the plastics produced
Use of multi polymer material continues to grow
No change in segregation of waste plastic and collection levels. Important to note, collection levels in urban India are currently high but the issue is linked to unsegregated collection and irresponsible dumping and littering post collection
Limited increase in overall recycling of plastics (at rates witnessed over the last 3-5 years) brought by new localized initiatives and business models.
Increased awareness generation brought about by IEC activities
R&D process not initiated
Very limited substitution brought about in specific applications including those related to SUP Plastic Waste ManagementReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications
39
Sl. No.
Substitution
between Plastic
Polymers
Expansion of Segregated
Waste Collection
Increased Recycling or
Reprocessing into a Secondary
Material
Design for Recycling
Reduction in Plastic Consumption
Moderate RE&CE scenario (2035)
Percentage share of expan
-
sion in bio-based plastics infrastructure to will increase to 10% by 2035
Reason being that the ability of these types of plastics and their applications are limited
Expansion in infrastructure to support segregated collection and storage (eg. MRFS and transfer station) has been initiated
Improved awareness amongst stakeholders on source segregation
Moderate increase in overall recycling of plastic brought about by improvement in plastic collection and expansion of recycling capacity in the country by private and public sector; Overall recycling rate increases to 70 – 75%; the draft National Resource Efficiency policy targets 100% recycling and reuse for (PET) plastic by 2025
Pilot experiments around design for recycling
Some substitution brought about in all applications re
-
lated to SUP: Development of innovative alternative prod
-
ucts in a few plastic products, mostly in packaging related applications: Reducing over packaging: SUP product share decreases to 40% (reduction brought about mainly through reduction in single use plastic bags and Styrofoam products)
High ambition RE&CE scenario (2035)
Percentage share of bio-based plastics reaches 40% by 2035
Source segregation High increase in recycling is enforced in 90% of the cities in India: Infrastructure to support segregated collection and storage exist; Deposit refund systems/schemes supported by digital technology are in function that enhance collection of uncontaminated waste
High increase in recycling brought about by significant and step changing improvement in PWM across the country by private and public sector resulting in an overall recycling rate of plastics at 90 – 94%; Deposit refund systems/schemes supported by digital technology are in function that enhance supply of uncontaminated plastic waste for recycling
Happens and it positively impacts the recycling rates by reducing the costs linked to plastics separation from the end-of-life products and also improving the recycling per se due to reduced risk of contamination of mixed plastics
High substitution brought about in all applications related to SUP; Reducing over packaging, and development of innovative alternative products in all key end use applications; SUP product share decreases to 20% Plastic Waste ManagementReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 40
5.7 MICRO-PLASTICS POLLUTION MANAGEMENT
Microplastics are released by the continuous disintegration of macroplastics in the environment
(Cole et al., 2011, Jahnke et al., 2017). Microplastic (≤5 mm) and nanoplastic (≤100 nm) pollution
originates from both the direct emission of “microbeads’’ and “micro-exfoliates” present in
household cosmetics into household wastewater as well as from the breakdown of larger plastic
waste into small plastic pieces via photooxidation under solar irradiation, physical crushing, and
biodegradation in the natural environment. These can be consumed by various animal organisms
and also accumulate in plants, ultimately resulting in their magnification via food webs. Plastic
debris can act as the means for the collection and spread of hydrophobic organic pollutants, heavy
metals, and diseases. Although the direct toxicological impact of plastics on human health has not
been validated, the constantly rising plastic emissions will generate multiple harmful effects. For
instance, microplastics have entered the human food system through products such as seafood, tea,
and vegetables, and act as a significant threat to food safety and agricultural sustainability. Moreover,
microplastics have been detected in human placentas. Additionally, global GHG emissions from the
plastics lifecycle are expected to rise from 1.7 Gt of carbon dioxide (CO2) equivalent in 2015 to 6.5 Gt
in 2050 under current practices, contributing considerably to climate change.
Six technologies focus on microplastic pollution prevention, and all but one of these are directed
toward preventing microplastics from entering the water system through residential water. These
inventions, such as laundry balls and filtration systems, collect microplastics generated from
laundering synthetic fabrics in the household. For example, the “Cora Ball” is a ball that is placed
in a laundry machine and captures microfibers that are generated while washing synthetic clothing
items
57
. The “Lint LUV-R” is a filter that is installed outside of the washing machine that captures
synthetic microfibers in wastewater discharge
58
. Each of these technologies results in a significant
decrease in microfibers in wastewater, which is promising; however, these technologies require
consumers to purchase the systems, so current levels of use may not be widespread. Scholars have
noted that market-friendly solutions overestimate the value of consumer responsibility and cannot
keep pace with the rising environmental costs of the plastic pollution problem
59
.
Notably, residential solutions cannot combat the microplastic problem alone; industrial leakage from
processing plants is a key source of microplastic pollution. For example, while water treatment systems
that remove microplastics are currently marketed toward consumers for residential use (e.g., the
“Showerloop,” which filters water for reuse and eliminates microplastics simultaneously), government
institutions could enact policies to encourage their adoption in industrial settings. In addition,
governments may consider evaluating wastewater emissions standards to determine legal plastic
wastewater discharge amounts permitted
60
. For example, in Austria, the equivalent of approximately 2.7
million PET bottles by weight gets discharged annually into aquatic environments through industrial
microplastics in wastewater emissions. The governments could provide subsidies or tax incentives to
companies that institute new technology or practices to reduce plastic consumption. These financial
incentives could be used to promote the installation and adoption of these technologies or to scale
57 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.258
58 https://www.nationthailand.com/news/30371707
59 Dauvergne, P., 2018. Why is the global governance of plastic failing the oceans?. Global Environmental Change, 51, pp.22-31
60 https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Aaron-Scholz-Lechner/publication/273094646_The_discharge_of_certain_amounts_
of_industrial_microplastic_from_a_production_plant_into_the_River_Danube_is_permitted_by_the_Austrian_legislation/
links/59f5a654a6fdcc075ec4ca06/The-discharge-of-certain-amounts-of-industrial-microplastic-from-a-production-plant-into-
the-River-Danube-is-permitted-by-the-Austrian-legislation.pdf Plastic Waste ManagementReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications
41
up these efforts into larger systems that could be adopted for industrial use
61
.
Given the constant generation of microplastics from macroplastics in the environment, microplastic
prevention and collection technologies need to be paired with macroplastic prevention and collection
technologies in the background and in industrial wastewater systems.
5.8 SINGLE-USE PLASTICS
In the 4th UN Environment Assembly held in 2019, India piloted a resolution on addressing SUP
product pollution, recognizing the urgent need for the global community to focus on this fundamental
issue. During India’s Independence Day speech in 2019, Prime Minister Shri. Narendra Modi had
pledged to make India free of SUP by 2022.
MoEF&CC notified the PWM Amendment Rules on 12th August 2021, which prohibits identified
SUP items with low utility and high littering potential by 2022. The manufacture, import, stocking,
distribution, sale, and use of the following SUP, including PS and expanded PS, commodities shall
be prohibited with effect from the 1st July 2022:
a. earbuds with plastic sticks, plastic sticks for balloons, plastic flags, candy sticks, ice-cream
sticks, PS (thermocol) for decoration.
b. plates, cups, glasses, cutlery such as forks, spoons, knives, straws, trays, wrapping or packing
films around sweet boxes, invitation cards, cigarette packets, plastic or PVC banners less
than 100 microns, stirrers.
To stop littering due to lightweight plastic carry bags, with effect from 30th September 2021, the
thickness of plastic carry bags has been increased from 50 microns to 75 microns and 120 microns
with effect from 31st December 2022.
India plastic challenge – Hackathon 2021
To spur innovation and entrepreneurship in tackling plastic waste pollution and eliminating SUP,
MoEF&CC announced the “India Plastic Challenge – Hackathon 2021”. The unique competition called
upon startups, entrepreneurs, and students of Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) to develop
innovative solutions to mitigate plastic pollution and develop alternatives to SUPs.
Further, to engage with and reach out to school students across the country and spread awareness
about plastic pollution caused by littered SUP items, a pan-India essay writing competition for school
students was also announced. Zero Circle Plastic Alternatives Pvt. Ltd, which provides seaweed-based
packaging solutions and Dharaksha Eco Solutions, which specializes in packaging material made from
crop stubble waste, were the winners in identifying solutions that eliminate SUPs.
61 https://law.nus.edu.sg/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/012_2019_MandyFang_Jolenelin.pdf Plastic Waste ManagementReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 42 Plastic Alternatives
43
Chapter
6
Plastic
Alternatives
As per a research study by Laurent Lebreton & Anthony Andrady, future demand (Figure 11) for
plastic will nearly triple by 2060. India would become the largest mismanaged plastic waste (MPW)
generating country by 2035, and the demand would reach 46.3 (38.6–52.0) MT/yr by 2060, followed
by China with 33 (28.1–36.8) MT/yr.
2020 2030 2040 2050 2060
Mt y
-1
250
200
150
100
50
0
Scenario A - Business as usual
Scenario B - Improve waste management
Scenario C - Reduce plastic use
and improve waste management
Figure 11: Future projections of global mismanaged plastic waste generation and distribution per
continent under three scenarios
The study also draws two alternate scenarios – a) improve waste management infrastructure as per
capita GDP grows and b) reduce plastic use demand per capita with a fraction of plastic in municipal
solid waste capped at 10% by 2020 and 5% by 2040, waste management gradually improves as in
the previous scenario. Plastic AlternativesReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 44
Material Polymer
Common
biomass source
Examples of
common uses
Terrestrial Aquatic
C-dC-iB B
Cotton Cellulose
Cotton plant
(Gossypium sp.)
Clothing, other
fabrics
H H H H
Hemp Cellulose
Hemp (Cannabis
sativa)
Clothing, other
fabrics
H H H H
Flax/Linen Cellulose
Flax/linseed (Linum
usitatissimum)
Clothing, other
fabrics
H H H H
Jute
Cellulose
& lignin
(Corchorus sp.)
Sacks, carpets,
clothing, rope,
other fabrics
H H H H
Coir fibre
Cellulose
& lignin
Coconut (outer
shell)
Mats, brushes,
sacking, rope,
fishing nets
H H H
Ramie Cellulose
China grass
(Boehmeria nivea)
Clothing,
other fabrics,
industrial
sewing thread,
H H H H
Abaca/Manila
hemp
Cellulose,
lignin
& pectin
Banana (Musa
textiliis, inedible)
Tea bags,
banknotes,
matting, rope
H H H H
Pina
Cellulose &
lignin
Pineapple leaf
(Ananas comosus)
Clothing, other
fabrics
H H H H
Sisal(Agave sislana)
Textiles, bags,
rope, twine
H H H H
Figure 12: Natural fibres based plastic substitute
Figure 12
62
lists a variety of common plant materials, the component polymer(s), plant source, and
examples of everyday uses. It also provides a qualitative estimate of degradation properties under
various terrestrial and aquatic conditions. Generally, degradation rates will be higher under warmer
conditions.
Such natural fibres produced in many countries provide an essential source of income for farmers
and play an important role in eradicating poverty and environmental pollution. A wide variety of
natural materials are utilized to meet many of society’s needs. The production of plant fibres for
textiles is dominated by cotton, followed by jute and related plants and could play an important
role in reducing plastic usage in India.
62 https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/25485/plastic_alternative.pdf Plastic AlternativesReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications
45
Some of the other sustainable alternatives that should be considered to deal with plastic waste
are to use of biodegradable plastics, biodegradable bioplastics, and compostable plastics. These
provide an alternative to conventional plastic usage, though often, there is confusion about the
differences among the terms bioplastics, biodegradable plastics, compostable plastics, and oxo-
degradable plastics
63
.
1. Bio-plastics encompass many materials that are either bio-sourced or biodegradable or
both and are made from renewable biomass resources, most often corn starch/ sugarcane/
cassava – which might be either biodegradable or not.
2. Biodegradable plastic means that plastics, other than compostable plastics, which undergo
complete degradation by biological processes under ambient environmental (terrestrial
or in water) conditions, in specified time periods, without leaving any micro plastics, or
visible, distinguishable or toxic residue, which has adverse environment impacts, adhering
to laid down standards of BIS and certified by CPCB.
3. Compostable plastics mean plastics that undergo degradation by biological processes
during composting to yield CO
2
, water, inorganic compounds and biomass at a rate
consistent with other known compostable materials, excluding conventional petro-based
plastics, and do not leave visible, distinguishable or toxic residue. These can be plant-
based, but can also be petroleum-based as well. BASF’s Ecoflex® is an excellent example of
a compostable polymer, which is partly petroleum-based but is compostable at industrial
compost facilities.
4. Oxo-degradable/ oxydegradable/ oxo-biodegradable plastics are conventional plastics
such as PE, which include an additive to help them break down into smaller fragments,
which could lead to microplastic leakage in the environment.
6.1 BIOPLASTICS/ BIODEGRADABLE PLASTICS/ COMPOSTABLE
PLASTICS AND OTHER SUBSTITUTES
Bioplastics constitute about 1% (or 2.1 million metric tons) of all the plastics produced annually
according to the industry association European Bioplastics. Although this represents a small fraction
of plastic production, bioplastic production is expected to increase by 300,000 metric tons between
2019 and 2024. Bioplastics could address the need to reduce fossil fuel consumption however, they
do not address plastic pollution, especially in marine environments.
At present, common commercially produced biodegradable bioplastics include Polylactic acid
(PLA), PBAT, PBS and Poly (hydroxyalkanoates) (PHA). PBAT, PLA and their composites are the best
performance and economically viable biodegradable plastics available in the market.
Biodegradable plastic
Recently, there have been emerging technologies that have developed additives, that when used
in the formulation, make it possible to manufacture completely biodegradable polyolefins such as
PP and PE. These biodegradable plastics are evolving as a potential alternative to conventional
plastics. Biodegradable plastics are recyclable, which reduces negative environmental impacts and
enhances economic sustainability. These plastics, if due to some reasons, are not picked up for
63 https://gridarendal-website-live.s3.amazonaws.com/production/documents/:s_document/554/original/UNEP-CHW-PWPWG.1-
INF-4.English. pdf?1594295332 Plastic AlternativesReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 46
recycling, biodegrade in the ambient environment. At present, both aerobic as well as anaerobic
biodegradable plastics are available.
Biotransformation process
Figure 13: Biotransformation technology process
A UK-based company has developed an additive which, when added to the masterbatch of polyolefins,
i.e., PE and PP, onsets the degradation. The plastic weathers to a biodegradable wax, a non-toxic
substance on which microbes feed, leaving no microplastics. Known as the “biotransformation
process”, once active, it combines the effects of light, air, and moisture to create a catalytic effect
that causes the polymer chains to lose over 90% of their original structure (Figure 13). The dormancy
period of the technology is created by balancing the stabilizers with active ingredients to allow use,
reuse, and recycling.
Polypropylene-based speciality film
A Malaysian company has developed a technology on anaerobic biodegradable PP-based
speciality film and this has been tested at the Eden Research Laboratory, USA. This new
PP has achieved 84% biodegradation
64
. The testing of the further improved film has been
initiated in India and has shown promising results.
Biodegradable cutlery
Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) Lab DFRL has developed technology for
biodegradable cutlery (Figure 14). It is produced through the reinforcement of natural fiber (agro-
waste) into matrix/resin, which is a polymer of renewable resources and is formed through a
compression or injection process. Biodegradable tableware (spoon, fork, spork, bowl, khullad, plate,
teacup) can be used as an alternative to plastic tableware as natural biopolymers offer significant
benefits such as degradability, biocompatibility, and biological safety as compared to plastic that
persists in the environment with environmental hazards. The biodegradable cutlery is suitable for
serving hot and cold meals. Biodegradability occurs within 180 days and is compostable in 90 days
in the natural environment.
64 Eden Research Laboratory, NE. Report Number: 0920171127B Plastic AlternativesReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications
47
Figure 14: Biodegradable cutlery–DRDO
A renowned industrial firm in India has developed a novel process for biodegradable plastic
(TRL 6 level
65
). The developed PBAT grades showed good performance in terms of physical and
mechanical properties. The developed grades are also compounded with various fillers for
ease of downstream processing and enhancing product properties required for applications
in flexible as well as rigid packaging and agriculture mulch films, among others.
As per the UNEP report, a cross-section of countries across the world–Europe (Italy, Greece), Africa
(Benin, Cameroon, Niger), Asia (South Korea, Vietnam, Cambodia), and the Middle East (Saudi Arabia,
UAE)–have encouraged biodegradable plastic bags through either bans on non-biodegradable plastic
or incentives for biodegradable plastics.
Compostable plastics
Presently, over 150 compostable plastic manufacturers have
been certified by CPCB, and they are manufacturing a wide
range of products, including films, bags, cutlery items, straws,
gloves, aprons, thermoformed products etc. The installed
capacity of the compostable plastics is approximately 3,00,000
TPA, and the list of certified compostable plastics is available
on the CPCB website.
DRDO & Ecolastic Products Pvt Ltd (Hyderabad) have jointly
developed technology to make compostable plastics. This
technology of starch-based compostable bags/films is being
commercialized and it is competitive and meets the performance
requirements of most short-life applications. This technology
65 RIL Integrated Annual Report-2020-21, 2019-20 & 2018-19. Plastic AlternativesReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 48
for making bags, cups, plates, molded cutlery and toothbrushes, thermoformed boxes, etc., is ready
and already in commercial use in places such as Tirupati for Prasadam bags.
Composting plastics requires a separate composting facility with specific environmental conditions,
according to widely accepted International and Indian standards. The necessary conditions for the
decomposition of compostable bags do not exist in municipal landfills. Compostable plastic packaging
is not a blanket solution but rather one for specific, targeted applications
66
.
6.2 GLOBAL ACTION ON PLASTIC ALTERNATIVES
Various governments across the world have come up with creative policies to mitigate the plastic
threat; for instance, since 2004, the government of Luxemburg, along with Valorlux, has replaced
the country’s SUP bag with the Öko-Tut, an eco-sac reusable bag. This resulted in an 85% drop in
plastic consumption in the first nine years of the initiative. This has cut down on the use of 1.1
billion SUP bags
67
.
Costa Rica planned to eliminate plastic bags, bottles, cutlery, straws, and coffee stirrers by 2021.
The objective was to replace 80% of the country’s disposable plastic packaging with non-petroleum
renewable materials that can biodegrade within six months, even in a marine environment. Renewable
choices include cassava bags, sugar cane takeaway boxes, and wooden coffee stirrers. By 2017, the
country discarded 1.5 million plastic bottles every day.
The Government of Baja California, Mexico, passed a restrictive law to reduce SUP. Alternatives in the
region include straws made of agave fibers or avocado pits, cutlery made of cornstarch, Kraft paper
bags, Greenware cups and containers made from plants, and hot beverage cups made of bamboo
fibers and waxed with PLA, all of which are certified to be 100% compostable.
Edible Seaweed Cups
Seaweed can grow up to 60 times faster than land-based plants, making it an important carbon
sink. An Indonesian company, in 2016, in response to the plastic waste crisis, made edible seaweed
cups under the Ello Jello brand that come in various colours and flavours, from orange to green
(Figure 15). The company also produces edible food wrapping and single-use sachets, typically used
for instant coffee or food condiments.
Figure 15: Ello Jello edible cups and packaging
66 https://chemicals.nic.in/sites/default/files/SUP_Expert_Committee_Report.pdf
67 https://www.rd.com/list/ways-other-countries-are-replacing-plastic/ Plastic AlternativesReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications
49
Algae-blended ethylene-vinyl acetate
A US based firm has created algae-blended ethylene-vinyl acetate transforming air and water
pollution (ammonia, phosphates, and carbon dioxide) into plant biomass rich in proteins. The
material called Bloom, a bouncy and flexible foam is used in the soles of most shoes (Figure 16).
It replaces the incumbent material traditionally made from petroleum.
Figure 16: Shoe products using Bloom algae foam
Lipids and Glycerolipids Coating
Figure 17: Time lapse images of strawberry with lipid coating
A California based company has formulated a plant-derived (lipids and glycerolipids) edible,
odourless, colourless, and tasteless coating (Figure 17). This can help in eliminating the packaging
of fruits and vegetables and increasing the shelf life
68
.
Zero plastic recycled paper bottle
A UK firm
69
has invented the only commercially available zero plastic recycled paper bottle in the
world. From seal packing to the inner lining of the bottle, everything is made from a sustainably
sourced material (Figure 18). Feasibility studies are carried out to design for each product and use
across multiple industries, from pharmaceutical & cosmetics to foodstuffs & drinks and home care
and cleaning products. The company was recently acquired by HP Inc.
68 https://www.apeel.com/
69 https://www.choosepackaging.co.uk/about-us Plastic AlternativesReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 50
Figure 18: Zero plastic paper packaging bottle
Edible packaging products
London based startup has made seaweed-based sustainability packaging material that is entirely
biodegradable and edible and that can be home composted in 4-6 weeks (Figure 19). So far, the
packaging has been used to create thin films and coatings for cardboard, takeaway boxes, as well
as sachets for condiments
70
.
Figure 19: Edible/ biodegradable packaging products
Wood-based paper packaging
In 2020, a Scotland-based paper manufacturing company developed a sustainable wood-based
alternative to plastic packaging (Figure 20). It is a translucent, functional barrier paper that preserves
the quality of food and cosmetics just as well as conventional plastics while ensuring a limited
impact on the environment. This pioneering paper is fully recyclable, compostable, bio-degradable,
and offers a sustainable alternative to SUP packaging
71
.
70 https://www.notpla.com/products-2/
71 https://sylvicta.arjowiggins.com/news/new-translucnet-barrier-paper/ Plastic AlternativesReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications
51
Figure 20: Translucent paper packaging
6.3 TECHNOLOGY STATUS ON PLASTIC ALTERNATIVES WITH
LIFECYCLE ASSESSMENT DEVELOPMENT
The total global production of both bio-based and biodegradable plastics in 2019 was 2.1 million tons
per annum. The estimated production growth is a remarkable 14 % over four years and implies that
if plastic production stays constant in the next ten years, biodegradable plastics will rise to about
2 % of the total plastic market. The global market for bioplastics and biopolymers is projected to
reach US $14.9 Billion by 2024, registering a compounded annual growth rate (CAGR) of 15.6% over
the analysis period.
Besides Poly Lactic Acid (PLA), which accounts for 24 % of the global production capacity for
biodegradable polymers, mainly starch blends (44 %), other biodegradable polyesters, including PBS
and PBAT, Ecoflex (23%) and polyhydroxyalkonates (PHAs) (6 %) are being produced at industrial scale.
An average of 200-kilo tons per annum is produced per type of biodegradable plastic. This value
represents approximately 0.0005 % of all plastics produced every year. This small fraction demonstrates
the efforts needed to displace the fossil-carbon giant in addition to the enormous market potential
of biodegradable plastics.
It is estimated that, as of 2020, more than 61.6% of bioplastics are used in packaging. Due to its
bio-based nature, it is predicted that Southeast Asia will see the most considerable increase in
terms of production capacity
72
. This can be attributed to the agrarian economy and the agricultural
residues available in Southeast Asia, that will be further utilized to produce biodegradable Bioplastics.
However, the growth of bioplastics also depends on consumer demand and awareness among the
people. It is also imperative to make it more affordable so that it can have a broader and better
reach. Another important aspect of bioplastics is the time taken to biodegrade and place (in a
household or in separate facilities). All this depends on the policies and the standards adopted by
countries across the globe, which are altered according to their needs and requirements.
72 European Bioplastics e.V. Bioplastics market data. https://www.european-bioplastics.org/market/ (accessed December 8, 2021) Plastic AlternativesReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 52
Current global technology and manufacturing perspectives:
A summary of bioplastic is given in Table 3 for PBAT, PBS, PLA & PHS, covering raw materials and
catalyst, polymerization process, current resin manufacturers and their product trade name and
Grades and their critical applications (Table 7).
Table 7: Biodegradable bio plastics
PBATPBSPLAPHA
Poly (butylene adi-
pate terephthalate)
73
74
Poly (butylene suc-
cinate)
75
Poly (lactic acid)
76
Poly (hydroxyal-
kanoates)
77
Raw Materials
Terephthalic
Acid
Adipic Acid
Butanediol
Ti-based cata-
lyst
Succinic Acid
Butanediol
Ti-based cat-
alyst
Bio-derived monomers
– Lactic acid & Lactide
Sugarcane to Lactic
acid by the fermen-
tation process
Lactic acid to
lactide by polymer-
ization- depolymer-
ization process
Produced by
microorgan-
isms, including
through bacteri-
al fermentation
of sugars or
lipids.
Process
Melt Polycondensa-
tion Polymerization
Melt Polycondensa-
tion Polymerization
Ring-Opening Polymer-
ization (ROP) of lactide
for PLA (Catalyst: Tin
compound)
The polymer is
obtained by ex-
traction from a
microorganism.
Manufacturers
& Trade Names
BASF
(Germany)–
Ecoflex
Novamont (Italy)
– Origo-Bi
Xinjiang Blue
Ridge (China) –
Tunhe
Lotte fine
chemicals (S.
Korea)–Enpol
Mitsubishi
chemical
performance
polymers
(Japan)–BioPBS
Hexing
Chemical
(China)
Xinfu
Pharmaceutical
(China)
Showa High
Polymer –
Bionolle
NatureWorks (Joint-
venture between
Cargill (US) and PTT
(Thailand) – Ingeo®
Biopolymer
Total-Corbion (Joint-
Venture between
Total (France) and
Corbion (NL)
Kaneka –
Japan
Bio-on –
Italy
Yield10
Bioscience
73 An overview on synthesis, properties and applications of poly (butylene-adipate-co-terephthalate)–PBAT.” Advanced Industrial
and Engineering Polymer Research 3(1) 19-26 (2020).
74 Poly (butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) Polyester Synthesis Process and Product Development; Polymer Science, Series C
volume 63, 102–111(2021)
75 Synthesis and properties of poly (butylene succinate): Efficiency of different transesterification catalysts. Journal of Polymer
Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry. 49(24),5301-12(2011)
76 Synthesis and Biological Application of Polylactic Acid, Molecules 25, 5023 (2020)
77 Bacterial Production of Hydroxyalkanoates (PHA); Universal Journal of Microbiology Research 4(1), 23-30 (2016) Plastic AlternativesReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications
53
PBATPBSPLAPHA
Grades &
Applications
Ecovio® F2331–
BASF (ecoflex®
F & PLA)
This grade
possesses
high melt
strength, good
thermostability
up to 230°C
and good
mechanical
properties. It
is used for the
manufacturing
of packaging
films, hygienic
films and
carrier bags.
Ecovio® M2351 –
BASF (ecoflex®
F & PLA)
This is
suitable for
producing black,
transparent and
coloured mulch
films.
Ecovio® T2308–
BASF (ecoflex®
F & PLA)
BioPBS™ FD92–
Mitsubishi
chemical
Paper coatings,
sealants
in flexible
packaging, hot
beverage cups,
boxes and
utensils for
freshly cooked
food.
Ingeo® Biopolymer
6204D –
NatureWorks
Thermoplastic fibre-
grade resin
Potential
applications include
woven & knitted
100% continuous
filament apparel,
intimate staple
blend fabrics
including blends
with cotton, wool,
other fibres,
woven and knitted
fabrics, netting for
civil engineering
applications as well
as home furnishing
Ingeo™ Biopolymer
4032D–NatureWorks
For lamination and
other packaging
applications. It
provides a barrier
to flavour, grease
and oil resistance
Ecomp® 142–
Kafrit group
Biode-
gradable
polyhydroxy-
alkanoate
(PHA)-based
compound,
used for
film appli-
cations such
as shopping
bags.
Ecomp®
420–Kafrit
group
Biode-
gradable
starch-based
polyhydroxy-
alkanoate
(PHA) com-
pound. Used
to produce
twin-wall
sheets of 4
mm
It is a
thermoformable
version for food
trays and cups.
Ecovio® IA1652
BASF (ecoflex®
F & PLA)
Mineral filler
& PLA in
high content.
For injection
moulding.
This grade is
a printable,
sealable and
easy to colour
compound
Ingeo™ Biopolymer
2500HP-
NatureWorks
FDA approved, so
this may therefore
be also used in
food packaging,
a high-viscosity
PLA for extrusion
applications
PLA Blend A -Total
Corbion
It possesses heat
resistance like PP,
PS and ABS.
For Blend A the
PLA homopolymers Plastic AlternativesReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 54
PBATPBSPLAPHA
have been
nucleated
with a small
amount of PDLA
homopolymers
and a traditional
nucleant, used in
injection moulding
applications,
recommended
for bioplastic
products, consumer
electronics, high
heat packaging,
automotive
interiors, apparel
and many more.
PLA Blend B-Total
Corbion
In Blend B, talc is
added to Blend
A for higher
temperature
resistance. Used in
injection moulding
applications.
Recommended
for bioplastic
products, consumer
electronics, high
heat packaging,
automotive
interiors, apparel
and many more
PLA Blend C-Total
Corbion
PLA Blend C by
Total Corbion PLA
is the impact
modified version of
Blend A. Used in
injection moulding
applications Plastic AlternativesReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications
55
Status of biodegradable resin and monomers manufacturing in India:
Currently, there is no manufacturer of essential synthetic biodegradable plastics (PBAT, PBS, PLA &
PHA) in India. Hence, there is an immediate need for commercial manufacturing not only for resin
but also for monomers to cater to the demand for biodegradable plastics on a sustainable basis
as an alternative to current resin for SUP applications. This is a manufacturing area critical for the
uninterrupted and economical supply of raw materials to resin manufacturers and resin supply to
product manufacturers.
6.4 TECHNOLOGY READINESS LEVEL (TRL) MAPPING OF
PRODUCTS–GLOBAL AND INDIA
The current bio-PET production only includes 32 % of bio-derived Monoethylene Glycol (MEG), while
the remaining 68 % is fossil-carbon-derived TPA. The disadvantage of biomass as a precursor consists
of its highly oxygenated nature biomass that will hinder the synthesis of linear alkyl plastics (e g.,
bio-PE).
New methods have also evolved to minimize the use of such compounds and move towards greener
compounds that are biodegradable and non-toxic. Such compounds in this context are known
as Deep Eutectic Solvent (DES), which is a combination of two or more solids that form, through
hydrogen bond formation, a eutectic liquid mixture at a temperature lower than the melting point of
each compound that is part of the DES
78
. DESs popularly used in this process are Choline Chloride:
Urea, Choline Chloride: Oxalic acid, Potassium Carbonate: Glycerol.
In the case of DES, the cellulosic and lignin part is utilized in the production of bioplastic, which is
biodegradable. Similarly, in the case of paper plates, dissolved lignin can be obtained from DES, and
the subsequent lignin can be used as a replacement for binders in concenters, a soil conditioner,
as a filler, or as an active ingredient of phenolic resins, and as an adhesive for linoleum
79
. DES can
be reused again for the same purpose.
In recent years, a large number of researchers have been attracted to synthesizing biodegradable
polymers that could substitute commercially available polyolefins, which are readily utilized as SUPs,
particularly in food-contact articles.
Global themes like sustainable growth and circular economy focus on replacing petro-based
products with bio-based renewable products, recycling non-biodegradable products, cleaner and
greener processes to produce commodity products, and replacing hazardous chemicals with safer
alternatives. One such specific area of concern is to replace conventional plastics with bioplastic,
which in turn will reduce pollution and also pay the way for creating wealth out of waste. However,
transforming the theoretical possibility into market-ready products that are priced affordably is the
biggest hurdle being faced by companies so far.
The key metric used to assess the maturity of these evolving technologies related to each bio-based
product is the TRL. It provides us with an idea of how long it took to be commercially viable from
its conceptualization stage.
78 Ramón D. J., and Guillena G. Deep eutectic solvents: Synthesis, properties, and applications, 2019, 1–370. https://doi.
org/10.1002/9783527818488
79 American Institute of Chemical Engineers. Lignin for sustainable industrial uses. AIChE Annual Meeting, 2017. https://www.
aiche.org/conferences/aiche-annual-meeting/2017/proceeding/session/lignin-sustainable-industrial-uses (accessed December
8, 2021). Plastic AlternativesReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 56
50%
11%
11%
28%
TRL 8
TRL 7
TRL 6
TRL 5
Figure 21: TRL distribution for the emerging bio-based products
Figure 21 shows that half of the products are under development and are currently being tested in
laboratory conditions that mimic relevant environmental conditions, and very few have managed to
upscale their technologies where mass production is possible. A TRL of 4-5 is shown for technologies
based on second-generation feedstock, compared to a level of 8-9 for first-generation feedstock.
i. R&D efforts–Global Institutions
The two varieties of plastics available and researched today are bio-based plastics and biodegradable
plastics. SUP is a major environmental concern world over, and there is a continuing interest in
the area of bioplastics and also in developing an alternative solution for reducing plastic pollution
and carbon footprints. Utilizing agro wastes/ agro-residues for making value-added products as
an alternative to plastic use in many fields is progressing and thereby achieving circular economy
outcomes.
c. A novel food packaging material based on biodegradable PCL/Ag-kaolinite nanocomposites
80
developed by the University of Science and Technology, Houari Boumediene, Algeria (Prof.
A. S. Hadj-Hamou & team)
d. Biodegradable polymer nanofibers possessing a special property of slow-release-system
which could be utilized in several agri-food applications
81
, developed by the Center for Exact
Sciences and Technology (Dept. of Chemistry) at Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar),
São Carlos, Brazil (Prof. Daniel S. Correa & team) have recently developed.
e. A state-of-art review on recent progress in the field of Nanobiotechnology, particularly in
the Food Packaging applications
82
developed by the University of Waikato, Hamilton, New
Zealand (Prof. Aydin Berenjian & team) reported.
80 Benhacine F., Ouargli A., and Hadj-Hamou A. S. Preparation and characterization of novel food packaging materials based on
biodegradable PCL/Ag-kaolinite nanocomposites with controlled release properties. Polymer-Plastics Technology and Materials,
2019, 58: 3, 328-340. https://doi.org/10.1080/03602559.2018.1471714
81 Martins D., Scagion V.P., Schneider R., Lemos A.C.C., Oliveira J., and Correa D.S. (2019) Biodegradable polymer nanofibers applied
in slow release systems for agri-food applications. In: Gutiérrez T. (eds) Polymers for agri-food applications. Springer, Cham. pp.
291-316. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-19416-1_15
82 Jafarizadeh-Malmiri H., Sayyar Z., Anarjan N., and Berenjian A. (2019) Nanobiotechnology in food packaging. In: Nanobiotechnology
in food: Concepts, applications and perspectives. Springer, Cham. pp. 69-79. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05846-3_5 Plastic AlternativesReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications
57
f. The degradation mechanisms, as well as recycling of various films, were developed using
biodegradable polymers
83
reviewed by the University of Palermo, Italy (Prof. Andrea Maio
& team at the Dept of Engineering).
g. Studies from ETH Zürich, Switzerland, have shown that microbes can use films made from
PBAT as food. They used the carbon from the polymer to generate energy and also to
form biomass. It implies that PBAT biologically degrades in the soil and does not remain
there as microplastic as PE does.
ii. R&D efforts – Global Industry
a. A recent development is polyethene furanoate (PEF) by the Dutch company Avantium,
which is proving to be a high-performing bio-plastic.
b. Cereplast has successfully commercialized an injection-moulding grade of algae-based
bioplastics–Biopropylene 109D, which is made with 20% post-industrial algae biomatter
and targets thin-walled applications
84
.
c. Mango Materials (USA) is a biotech start-up that converts methane to plastic by feeding
methane to bacteria, which makes a biodegradable polymer.
d. Floreon Transforming Packaging (UK) manufactures high-performance bioplastics from
biodegradable ingredients.
e. Vericool (USA) filed a patent application for a shipping container whose insulating material
is compostable.
f. Grow Plastics (USA) has recently been given an NSF grant for its work on high-performance
biodegradable sandwich core structures.
Table 8 below provides a list of global companies or manufacturers engaged in manufacturing bio-
based or biodegradable polymers and their products. The TRL mapping mentioned below is based
on the information available with TIFAC. The time to reach level 8 or 9 is considerable for many of
the above-mentioned companies and it may take on an average ten years from the time R&D begins.
Along with this time, significant investments were made into such companies by angel investors or
government funding.
Table 8: List of global manufacturers of bio-based/ biodegradable polymers
and their products
Sl.
No.
Company Name Product/ Technology
Biodegradability
or Compostability
conditions
Applications
1
Novamont
(Italy)
TRL-9
Starch blends (Mater-
Bi®);
Bio-Lubricants
(Matrol-Bi)
Industrial
Mater-Bi are for films for carry bags,
waste bags, extruded and moulded
articles for food service, coating on
paper & other substrates.
83 Scaffaro R., Maio A., Sutera F., Gulino E. F., and Morreale M. Degradation and recycling of films based on biodegradable polymers:
A short review. Polymers, 2019, 11:4, 651. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11040651
84 Filiciotto L .and Rothenberg G. Biodegradable plastics: Standards, policies, and impacts. Chem Sus Chem, 2021 , 14, 56. https://
doi.org/10.1002/cssc.202002044 Plastic AlternativesReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 58
Sl.
No.
Company Name Product/ Technology
Biodegradability
or Compostability
conditions
Applications
2
Synbera
Technology
(Netherlands)
TRL -9
Sugarcane
Synterra®PLA
Industrial coloured disposable cutlery
3
Biotrem
(Poland)
TRL -9
Wheat bran basedTableware and cutlery production
4
CelluComp Ltd
(Scotland)
TRL -8
Beet Pulp
Microfibrillated
cellulose
Curran®,
Granules form to use in paints &
coatings
5
Paptic Oy
(Finland)
TRL-9
Wood pulp
Paptic®
Industrial
packaging material, bags and
pouches, food packaging
6
Trifilon AB
(Sweden)
TRL -8
Hemp Fibers Industrial
Outdoor furniture–biobased and
recycled materials.
7
Greengran BV
(Germany)
TRL -5
Plant Fibers
natural fibre reinforced polymer
granules, bio-based matrix
compounds (PLA & PHB) bio-
degradable
8 BASF (GER)
Ecoflex® (PBAT),
Ecoflex blends with
PLA (Ecovio®) and
other materials such
as starch
Industrial, Home
and Soil
Shrink film, Organic waste bags,
Fruits & Vegetable bags, Mulch
films, Moulded & thermoformed
products, Paper coating
9 Bewi
PLA based Foam
(BioFoam®) which
is recyclable and
compostable
Industrial
Filling hollow spaces like Beanbags
and Pillows and for shape moulding
replacing EPS (as in protective pkg.)
10
Biome
Technologies
(UK)
Potato & Corn starch-
based resins
Industrial & Home
Films for food & industrial
packaging, shopper bags, waste
bags; Coating on paper, flexible
films, moulded goods, extruded
sheets, and food wraps, etc.
11Biomer (GER) PHB (Biomer®) Industrial & Home-
12 Biotec (GER)
PLA and Starch
blends (BIOPLAST)
Industrial & Home
Films for carry bags, waste bags
and Injection moulded articles for
food pkg. Plastic AlternativesReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications
59
Sl.
No.
Company Name Product/ Technology
Biodegradability
or Compostability
conditions
Applications
13
Braskem
(Brazil)
Bio-based PE, EVA
and PE Wax
(I’m green
TM
) from
sugarcane/ ethanol
Recyclable as
conventional PE
For consumer goods packaging and
similar applications
14
Danimer
Scientific
PHAs (Nodax
TM
) and
their blends
Industrial, Home
and Soil
Food & Vegetable bags, Carry bags,
Waste bags, cups, lids, straws,
plates and diaper linings etc.
15
DSM (Geleen,
NL)
Polyamide-4.10
(EcoPaXX®),
Copolyester (Arnitel®
Eco)
Recyclable
Automotive, consumer goods and
food contact applications
16
Ecomann
(China)
PHA (Ecomann®)
& wood powder
composites with PHA
based bags & 3D
printer filament
Industrial & Home
For food & vegetable storage, Waste
storage, & 3D printing
17
FKuR (Willich,
GER)
PLA blends (BioFlex®),
Cellulose acetate
(Biograde®), Bio-PE
(Terralene® = I’m
green of Braskem),
Fibre-filled PLA
materials (Fibrolon®)
Industrial & Home
Bioflex is for household, agricultural
and hygiene films. These are also
food contact compliant.
18 Futerro
Lactide and PLA from
vegetable resources
(lactic acid sourced
from Galactic)
Industrial
Blown & Cast films for food
packaging, labels, and laminated
films
19
Futumura
(UK) (Former
Innovia)
Cellulose films
(Cellophane® &
Natureflex®)
Natureflex®:
Industrial & Home
compostable
Fruit & Veg bags, Bio-waste bags,
Over wraps, Coffee capsules,
Catering items and other food
packaging. Can replace BOPET and
BOPA in barrier laminates
20
Huhtamaki
Group
PLA based food trays,
cups, lids and trays
(Bioware®)
Industrial For food storage applications
21
Kaneka
Biopolymer
(US)
PHBH Industrial & Home
Food & Vegetable bags, Carry bags,
Waste bags, etc.
22
Mirel Bioplastic
by Telles (US)
Former
Metabolix
PHA (Mirel
TM
) Industrial & Home
Film grades for mulch film, compost
bags, retail bags and packaging.
Moulding & thermoforming grades
are also available Plastic AlternativesReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 60
Sl.
No.
Company Name Product/ Technology
Biodegradability
or Compostability
conditions
Applications
23
Mitsubishi
Chemical
Europe (GER)
and PTT MCC
Biochem
(Thailand)
Biobased PBS
(BioPBS™)
Petro based PBS (GS
Pla®)
At ambient (30 °C)
and Industrial
As sealant layer in flexible packaging
& coating on Paper because of
Elution resistance to oils, Heat
sealability and printability. It can
be blended with other biopolymers.
24
NatureWorks
(Naarden, NL)
PLA (Ingeo
TM
) from
plants (Sugarcane,
cassava, Corn or
beets)
100% Ingeo
is Industrial
compostable
Multiple applications like food
packaging, 3D printing, floor & wall
coverings, agriculture.
25
Plantic
Technologies
(Jena, GER)
Hydroxypropylated,
high amylose starch-
based products
(Plantic
TM
HP &
Plantic
TM
)
Plantic HP is home
compostable;
Recyclable
For use in food packaging as heat
sealable and barrier layer.
26
Rodenburg
(Oosterhout,
NL)
Potato Starch blends
(Solanyl®)
Industrial & Soil
Sanitary napkins, Flower pots and
others
27 RWDC PHA (Solon) Industrial & Home
Straws, cups, lids, trays, food
containers and bags
28 Tepha (US) Tephaflex® (P4HB)
Degrades in the
body into 4HB,
which metabolizes
by the body itself
Medical devices such as sutures,
Mesh and films.
29 TGBM (China) PHA (Sogreen) Industrial & Home
Blown & Cast films for food
packaging, wrapping and other
film products. Foamed, Sheet and
injection moulded products can
also be made.
30
Tianan Biologic
materials
(China)
PHBV (ENMAT
TM
) Industrial & Home
Blown films, Extrusion &
Thermoforming and Injection
moulding
31
Toray
Industries
Bio-based PET
(Partial)
100% BioPET is
under-development
- Fiber & Textiles, Films & Resin
32
Total Corbion
(Gorinche, NL)
PLA compounds
(Luminy®)
Industrial
Food Packaging, Food-wares, Non-
wovens and 3D printing Plastic AlternativesReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications
61
Sl.
No.
Company Name Product/ Technology
Biodegradability
or Compostability
conditions
Applications
33Toyobo Co. Ltd.
Packaging films
based on Biobased
PEF (Polyethylene
Furanoate)
Recyclable
Food Packaging, Display films in
electronics, Industrial & medical
packaging
34
Zhejiang Hisun
Biomaterials
(China)
Plant based PLA
(REVODE)
Industrial
BOPLA film and injection moulding
& blow moulding applications
iii. R&D Efforts – Indian Institutions
CSIR-National Institute of Interdisciplinary Science & Technology
a. Alternative to single-use tableware and cutlery: Process knowhow for making
biodegradable tableware and cutlery from various agro-residues (TRL–7)
The institute has demonstrated lab-scale production of biodegradable products (like
plates, cups, bowls, cutleries, straws etc.) using a wide range of agro residues (rice
bran, rice husk, rice straw, wheat wastes, sugarcane bagasse, fruit peels, apple prunes
etc.). The knowhow has been transferred to three firms. Commercial production was
started by one firm.
The knowhow for production of biodegradable tableware like plates, cups, bowls,
cutleries, straws etc. from different types of agro-residues developed by the Council
for Scientific and Industrial Research–National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science
and Technology (CSIR-NIIST) can be tailor-made as per client requirements in manual,
semi-automatic & fully automatic modes to process 100-200kg, 200-500 kg or up to
2000 kg raw material per day respectively. The product cost and quantity depend on
the raw material and type of automation. For example, the average price of a plate of
10-inch diameter will be approximately 1.0 to 1.5 rupees, weighting around 40-50 grams.
b. Biobased and biodegradable resin-coated paper for food packaging with repulpable
potential (TRL – 5)
In this invention of paper-based food packaging, a low-cost, abundantly available and
solvent-free industrially viable coating method with repulpability potential has been
adopted using functionalized non-edible plant oil derivatives as an alternate to a
plastic liner (Figure 22).
Structural morphology, thermal stability, WVTR, contact angle and mechanical properties
have been found to be suitable for paper-based packaging. Importantly, repulpability
or recyclability of paper has been explored, confirming the path towards circular
principles. The coating also showed compatibility with fatty food as per USFDA 176.170
standard for paper and paper board. Plastic AlternativesReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 62
Figure 22: Water Retention (> 2 hrs) in coated Pineapple leaf paper plate
The technology is a unique, indigenously developed and commercialized bio-based
solution for an alternative to SUPs to replace non-biodegradable PE films. Companies
like ITC, Bangalore and M/s Varsya Eco Solutions Pvt. Ltd., Trivandrum showed their
interest in scaling up the process and commercializing the product. M/s Varsya Eco
solutions Pvt. Ltd., Kochi, M/S Marikar Green Earth Pvt. Ltd., Trivandrum and Zero Plast
Lab, NCL Innovation Park, Pune have also expressed their interest in supporting the
technologies or process know-how for commercialization of the coatings.
c. Alternative to SUP mulch films: Process knowhow for the fabrication of thinner, bio-
degradable ligno-cellulosic fibre (coir, jute etc.) based mulch mats for agriculture and
horticulture (TRL – 5)
Process knowhow for the fabrication of thinner, biodegradable mulch mats using ligno-
cellulosic fibres (e.g. coir, jute etc.) hot pressed with a bio-based polymer binder. Mulch
is a covering, usually made of petroleum-based plastics, laid on the ground around
plants to prevent excessive evaporation or erosion, inhibit weed growth, enrich soil
conditions, support drip-irrigation, etc., for better crop growth. Currently used plastic
mulch films are made of petroleum-based plastics (PE) that provide advantages such
as being lightweight and low cost. However, the removal and disposal of this plastic
mulch is a serious concern as it deteriorates upon sun exposure and environmental
degradation. Additionally, the plant roots may suffocate and rot because it is not
porous.
A semi-automatic pilot-scale facility for the demonstration and fabrication of
biodegradable mulching mats and sheets is available at CSIR-NIIST. The process is
sustainable by utilizing local resources and there is high-value addition to any plant
fibres (waste fibres/baby fibres). These mulch mats are biodegradable and eco-friendly
substitutes for SUP mulching films, thinner, flexible, rollable and have low water
absorption; compared to latex-based mulching mats, they have a longer service-life,
breathability and support drip-irrigation add value to the soil upon degradation. Plastic AlternativesReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications
63
Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bangalore, has developed (TRL–5) a substitute for
SUPs manufactured by concocting cellulose extracts and non-edible oils extracted from
agricultural stubble. This alternative to SUP is biodegradable, non-toxic, and leak-proof.
The extracts from the agricultural stubble are mixed with di-isocyanate compounds
and toluene. This mixture solution undergoes 8-hour heating and 12-hour cooling,
which generates polyurethane sheets (PUs). These sheets are malleable enough to be
developed into cutlery, containers, and carry bags.
CIPET: School for Advanced Research in Petrochemicals (SARP)-LARPM
a. Synthesis of bio-derived PUs (TRL-5)
The institute has developed biodegradable mulching film employing renewable
resource-based materials, such as modified functionalized thermoplastic starch,
natural fillers, and sustained release nanoscale fertilizers HALS for weed control and
soil temperature control, disinfection before sowing as well as improved crop quality.
Currently, petroleum-based plastic mulching films have concerns that include post-
harvesting, which can be resolved using these alternatives.
IIT Guwahati and Indian Institute of Science
a. Synthesis of bio-derived PUs (TRL-5)
Castor oil (CO) was used to derive PUs. The PUs was prepared by the one-pot
reaction method (Figure 23). The stubble extracted cellulose was mixed with CO
and diisocyanates such as diphenylmethane-4-4’-diisocyanate and hexamethylene
diisocyanate in a toluene solvent. The laboratory work was scompleted and a sample
was sent for testing to the Central Institute of Petrochemicals Engineering & Technology
(CIPET). A provisional patent was filed with this discovery.
Figure 23: Images of CO derived (a) rigid and (b) flexible PUs
b. Synthesis of cellulose nano-fibre reinforced PUs using linseed oil and jojoba oil with
isocyanates and cellulose nano-fibre (TRL 2-3)
IISc and IIT Guwahati have developed this technology for the synthesis of cellulose
nano-fibre reinforced PUs. The deliverables include synthesis of amide diols from
castor oil and alkyl diamine via the amminolysis route, synthesis of castor oil cellulose
nano-fibre PU from amide diols, synthesis of poly-ol linseed oil and jojoba oil via
epoxidation route; synthesis of linseed and jojoba oil cellulose nano-fibre PU. Plastic AlternativesReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 64
IIT Bombay
a. Lukewarm water-soluble plastic made up of agricultural waste (TRL – 4)
Non-biodegradable plastic bags, which are currently used in the market, are mainly
composed of high-density polyethene or HDPE. These non-biodegradable plastic bags
accumulate in the soil and water, thus, pollute the soil and affect natural habitats.
These non-biodegradable plastics not only pose a hazard to the environment but, also
to mankind by causing a number of health anomalies. The institute has designed a
starch-based (cassava tubers) bioplastic which can get easily solubilized in lukewarm
water and discarded easily. Various agricultural wastes were used to produce this
bioplastic. The biodegradable plastic design has improved strength, elasticity, tensile
strength and also no in-vivo toxic effects.
Indian Plywood Industries Research & Training Institute (IPIRTI)
a. Utilization of recycled waste plastic material for the Development of Plastic Bonded
Mat Board and Plastic Bonded Plywood (TRL – 4)
Institute has worked on recycling waste plastic materials, particularly milk pouches and
similar kinds of materials, as an alternative to the adhesives (Phenol-Formaldehyde/
Urea Formaldehyde) of plywood and bamboo mat-based moulded products. The
project was initiated in 2021, and essential trials of bamboo and plywood laminates
were carried out on a laboratory scale. This could provide an opportunity to use
waste plastic for high-end applications and may help address various environmental
targets within SDGs.
K J Somaiya College of Engineering
a. Isolation of cellulose from paddy straw using Deep Eutectic Solvents (TRL – 4)
This research would enable us to get value-added products related to rice straw with
some simple methods. Upscaling of the process is underway.
b. Biodegradable plates (TRL – 2)
Paddy straw pulp will be used to make biodegradable paper plates. A compression
and trimming machine will also be used to make the paper plates suitable for usage
for shape and design.
Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science
a. Supramolecular engineering in biodegradable polymers by directional halogen-
bonding interactions (TRL 2-3)
IACS has focused on developing new, one-pot synthetic methodologies from readily
available starting materials for preparing biodegradable polymers with clickable surface
functionalities, stimuli-responsive properties, tailorable thermal (glass transition/
melting temperature), mechanical (tensile strength, elongation etc.) and crystallization
properties to produce next-generation sustainable, biodegradable commodity plastics.
In parallel, noncovalent synthetic routes are being explored to regulate the existing
properties of conventional PLA. Preliminary results suggest that such dual synthetic
approaches (covalent and noncovalent) to tackle these fundamental issues with PLA
have great potential for designing new target-specific sustainable polymeric materials. Plastic AlternativesReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications
65
b. New synthetic routes for polyesters (TRL 2-3)
The institute is engaged in developing a new synthetic methodology involving functional
group tolerant, mild and environment-friendly reaction conditions. Preliminary results
suggest polyester can be made easily by such new methods utilizing already known
textbook reported organic reactions, which allow structural precision, end-group
functionalization, and structural diversity. Such fundamental studies may have future
potential for the synthesis of new, easily degradable polyesters and related products
with commercial values.
c. Foldable polyurethanes (TRL 2-3)
The institute is engaged in the synthesis of new biodegradable PU with promising
antibacterial activity by a less specific membrane disruption pathway (in contrast to
small-molecule antibiotics) similar to host defence peptides (HDPs), which are part
of the innate immune system and less susceptible to developing drug resistance. PUs
are another well-known biodegradable polymer with excellent potential for diverse
applications, including in biology. Scalable synthesis and structural manipulation of
biodegradable PUs for further improving their antimicrobial activity, testing potency
against drug resistance bacteria, bacterial biofilm, in vivo studies and identifying a
lead candidate for a clinical trial are underway.
Indian CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Research Institute
a. Biodegradable thin films from seaweed polymers for packaging and other potential
applications (Figure 24)
Institute has prepared biodegradable films from semi-refined k-carrageenan (SRC),
refined k-carrageenan, agar, alginate obtainable from seaweed biomass, which is widely
cultivated, commercially available in the national and international market (Approx.
price of seaweed is $1-2 /Kg and seaweed polymers are $10-20 /Kg).
The homogeneous aqueous solution of seaweed polymer (e.g. SRC/RC/Agar/Alginate)
was prepared, and these are stable at ambient conditions for 1-2 years without any
degradation. It does not attract moisture at room temperature, making it suitable as
active biodegradable packaging material for packaging fruits, vegetables, perishable
items, etc. These films can be heat sealed, and pouches to store non-aqueous solvents
can be prepared.
Figure 24: Technology development by CSIR-CSMCRI Plastic AlternativesReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 66
Indian Institute of Food Processing Technology
b. Development of biodegradable tableware (including plates) by using mango seed
shells as the base material
85
The institute is actively working towards the development of biodegradable tableware
(including plates) by using mango seed shells as the base material. The main objective
of this study is to fabricate and evaluate the properties of tableware made from mango
seed shell reinforced bio-composite. The composite was fabricated using corn starch
with 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 % weight of mango seed shell powder. The experimental results
found that 30% weight of the mango seed shell is the most suitable composition for
developing the mango seed shell plates, and the developed bio-composite can be
used as tableware like plates, trays and containers.
University of Calcutta
a. Biopolymer derived from recycled plastic waste for tissue engineering application
The institute has developed bis(hydroxyethylene) terephthalate (BHET)-based novel
biopolymer (polyester) for tissue engineering application
86
.
b. Development of a series of biopolymers from PET waste
87
,
88
The institute is working on the development of biopolymers from electronic
polycarbonate waste for tissue regeneration applications. To date, the lab has
performed in vitro studies, and the results are interesting. The animal study is going
on. If the polymer shows a similar effect in vivo study, then the biopolymers can
be used for tissue engineering applications to regenerate various tissues like bone,
cartilage and interfacial tissue, which become damaged from arthritis.
ICAR – Centre Institute for Research on Cotton Technology
c. Biopolymer derived from recycled plastic waste for tissue engineering application
89
It has recently reported a breakthrough enhancement in the tensile strength of
biodegradable starch film by the incorporation of bacteriocin immobilized crystalline
nanocellulose.
Tezpur University
a. Developed biodegradable packaging films through the valorization of pumpkin seeds
and peels
90
85 Muthu R. K., Anand T., Vidyalakshmi R., and Anandakumar S. Fabrication and property evaluation of biodegradable tableware
(Plate) made from mango seed shell. Int. J. Pure App. Biosci. 2019, 7:1, 448-454. http://dx.doi.org/10.18782/2320-7051.7443
86 Sarkar K., Meka S. R. K., Bagchi A., Krishna N. S., Ramachandra S. G., Madras G., and Chatterjee K. Polyester derived from recycled
poly(ethylene terephthalate) waste for regenerative medicine. RSC Adv., 2014, 4, 58805-58815. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4RA09560J
87 Ghosal K., and Sarkar K. Poly(ester amide) derived from municipal polyethylene terephthalate waste guided stem cells for
osteogenesis. New J. Chem. 2019, 43, 14166-14178. https://doi.org/10.1039/C9NJ02940K
88 Ghosal K., Bhattacharjee U., and Sarkar K. Facile green synthesis of bioresorbable polyester from soybean oil and recycled plastic
waste for osteochondral tissue regeneration. Eur. Polym. J. 2020, 122, 109338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.109338
89 Bagde P., and Nadanathangam V. Mechanical, antibacterial and biodegradable properties of starch film containing bacteriocin
immobilized crystalline nanocellulose. Carbohydr Polym. 2019, 222:115021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115021
90 Lalnunthari C., Monika Devi L., Amami E., and Badwaik L. S. Valorisation of pumpkin seeds and peels into biodegradable
packaging films. Food Bioprod. Process. 2019, 118, 58-66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbp.2019.08.015 Plastic AlternativesReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications
67
It has recently developed biodegradable packaging films through the valorization of
pumpkin seeds and peels.
Anna University
b. Synthesis of PU from mahua oil and subsequently fabricated PU/(CS)/ nano ZnO
composite film for biodegradable food packaging applications
91
The institute has recently synthesized PU from mahua oil and subsequently fabricated
PU/(CS)/ nano ZnO composite film for biodegradable food packaging applications.
National Institute of Ocean Technology
a. To develop different seaweed polymers for biodegradability and bioplastics
NIOT has teamed up with a bioplastics manufacturing company to develop different
seaweed polymers for biodegradability and bioplastics. Seaweeds were collected from
the Gulf of Mannar region for bioplastic film production with the plasticizer PEG-3000
to achieve higher tensile strength. PEG is widely used in medical applications, and
it is an eco-friendly plasticizer, mainly used to increase the thermos-plasticity of the
polymer. The study suggests that commercial manufacturing of bio-plastics from these
seaweeds would be a game-changer in the coming times.
IIT Guwahati
Institute has ready technology for the commercialization of biodegradable plastics,
especially in the area of PLA, PCL, PHB and its copolymers and composites for commodity
applications and medical applications.
The Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Polymers (CoE SusPol) has been established at
the Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati through the support of the Department of
Chemicals and Petrochemicals (DCPC), Ministry of Chemical and Fertilizers, Government of
India with the mandate to develop biodegradable plastics and related products for use
in Indian industry.
The centre has also developed technologies for the synthesis of biodegradable polymers
and nanocomposites with excellent properties that are capable of overcoming the
limitations of currently available biodegradable polymers on the shelf (to be tested as
per Indian Standards).
Table 9: Polymer Production capabilities to be extended to the industries
Bioplastics
Possibilities for
Industrialization
Composability Status
Technology Ready
Level
Polylactic acid (PLA)PLA is being imported
in India
Slow compostable at
soil condition, IIT G
have optimized even
for compostable soil
conditions
100 kg PLA plant
Technology ready for
commercialization
91 Saral Sarojini K., Indumathi M. P., and Rajarajeswari G. R. Mahua oil-based polyurethane/chitosan/nano ZnO composite films for
biodegradable food packaging applications. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2019, 124, 163-174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.11.195 Plastic AlternativesReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 68
Bioplastics
Possibilities for
Industrialization
Composability Status
Technology Ready
Level
Polyhydroxyalkanoates
(PHAs)
Good potential for rigid
plastic product need to
develop new indigenous
technology to catch
market
Compostable and
biodegrade in all
environments
Waste lignocellulosic
biomass and various
grass-based juices for
PHAs production
Technology ready for
pilot-scale production
Polycaprolactone (PCL)
Bio-based technology
can be used for the
production of com-
postable bagspilot
Compostable at soil
condition
Production of PCL
technology ready for
commercialization
scale 25 kg per batch
PLA-PCL Copolymer
High demand for resin
with relatively high
strength and toughness
Compostable in
homegrown facilities
Block polymers and
copolymers production
at the pilot level.
Technology ready for
pilot-scale production
New Lactone based
Bioplastic
Initial stage No study available Technology ready for
commercialization (TRL
5)
Starch-based packaging
Great possibility with
limited applications with
short term usability
Compostable Technology is ready
for scale-up for
various food packaging
applications
Figure 25: Lab synthesized biopolymer and biodegradable products
iv. Technology Status – Indian Industry
There is no essential polymer manufacturer and no company engaged in converting flexible
packaging solutions to brand owners in India. However, there are a few companies who are involved
in compounding the same based on the import of bioplastics and bio-based polymers to cater to
the domestic market for grocery packaging. The material so far is positioned for the grocery and
vegetable market. Many technical breakthroughs have bolstered the Indian bioplastics market, which
has seen tremendous expansion. Plastic AlternativesReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications
69
The objective of increasing the shelf life of food ingredients is yet to be achieved by polymers like
PLA, PBS, and Poly 3 hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate (PHBV) etc.
a. Praj Industries Ltd., Pune, and Lygos Inc., California, have reportedly signed a memorandum
of understanding (MoU) under which Lygos’ proprietary yeast will be used to facilitate the
manufacture of lactic acid.
b. Total Corbion PLA, a 50:50 joint venture between Total and Corbion is planning to enter the
Indian bioplastics market (September 2019) in technical partnership with Konkan Specialty
Poly Products Pvt Ltd, a polymers and chemicals operator situated in Mangalore, India.
c. Total Corbion PLA may launch a 100% biodegradable and compostable plastic solution as
part of the agreement, which will be managed by Konkan Specialty Poly Products Pvt Ltd.
The latter will use PLA to make compounds for a variety of purposes.
Many market participants are investing in the R&D of new technologies to bring bioplastics to market
in a manner that enables the reduction of end-use costs and ensures faster adoption of bioplastics.
Below is the list of Indian companies (Table 10) operating in the bioplastics area.
Table 10: Indian companies operating in the area of bioplastics
Sl.
No.
Company
Name
Product/
Technology
Capacity
(Tons/year)
Biodegradability
or Compostability
conditions
Applications
1
Envigreen,
Bengaluru
TRL–9
Starch and
Vegetable oil-
based
1000 ——
Carry bags, Garbage & laundry
bags, and other packaging
films
2
BioGreen
packaging
PVt.Ltd., Pune
TRL–8
Biodegrada-
ble/composta-
ble pla.stic
Industrial
Biodegradable food grade
bags
3
Ecolife,
Chennai
TRL–8
PLA based 4000 Industrial
For apparel packaging, carry
bags, garbage bags, Industrial
packaging and cutleries.
4 SkYI, Pune
PLA blends
(BioFlex®) with
PBS
10000
Industrial, Home
depending on
grades
1. Flexible film applications
such as agricultural, household
and hygiene films
2. Food approved to EC
directives and FDA
5
Earth Soul,
Mumbai
Licensed
manufacturer
of Novamont
Industrial &
Home
Suitable for garden needs,
food packaging and waste
disposal purposes.
6
Plastobags,
Bengaluru
Industrial
Carry bags, Garbage & Apparel
bags
7
Greendiamz,
Ahemdabad
(Truegreen)
5000 Industrial
Garbage bags, food gloves,
shrink films, Cutleries, and
laminating materials Plastic AlternativesReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 70
6.5 DEVELOPMENT AND PRODUCTION OF PLASTIC
ALTERNATIVES COLLABORATIVELY
Various companies are engaged in the research and development of aerobic or anaerobic
biodegradable products in collaboration with Indian/International institutions.
Various products like coir mulch mats are at different stages of development which can be seen in
the picures as shown in Figure 26.
Figure 26: Technology transfer, scale-up and commercialization by CSIR-NIIST Indian Standards Roadmap for development of plastic alternatives in India
71
Roadmap for
development of plastic
alternatives in India
Chapter
7
7.1 INVESTMENT AREAS AND POLICY GAPS FOR
DEVELOPMENT OF ALTERNATIVES
Investment AreasGaps
Stability & Biodegradability Material/product must be stable & durable during use
Flexibility in a cold environmentPerformance at low temperature without deterioration
Food safety & non-toxicity Safe for food & drug application with other properties
Synergistic additives Materials which enhance process-ability & properties
Total biodegradation
Stable throughout its useful life & its end of life is complete
compostable
Application development How to develop biodegradable product/material
Testing & analysis How to test a biodegradable product/material
Waste management Where to dispose of a biodegradable product
7.2 R&D AND IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY
R&D needs to focus on the following to overcome existing constraints Roadmap for development of plastic alternatives in IndiaReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 72
The primary directions of R&D on biodegradable plastics to be in the areas of:
1. Packaging carrier, compost bags and catering products
To improve the sustainability and environmental impact of the product
Oxygen-scavenging bioplastic packaging
To improve high-barrier packaging technologies (modified polymer, coating & lamination)
Application areas–cutlery, plates, cups, straws, food containers etc.
2. Agriculture and horticulture sector
To develop and enforce production standards for biodegradable films: Since different
types of degradable materials can be made into biodegradable films, there are noticeable
differences among products. We need to develop universal standards that are more
conducive to applying and promoting biodegradable membranes.
To improve crop adaptability and regional suitability of biodegradable mulch films: The
main effects of plastic film mulching are soil warming, moisture conservation and weed
prevention. Biodegradable mulch films should contain suitable degradation characteristics,
a reasonable startup period and a degradation rate for crop growth.
Develop new testing and evaluation systems for the biodegradation of plastic film mulch
Application areas include mulch films, plant pots, nursery films etc.
3. Health care and hygiene products (medical & dental implants, sutures etc.)
To make them biocompatible with the human body, devices would depend on several
factors like implantation site, material-tissue interactions, temperature, and humidity.
Applications include surgical sutures, wound dressings, tissue regeneration, enzyme
immobilization, controlled drug and gene delivery, tissue engineering, etc.
4. Automotive
Bio-based plastics and polymers have low carbon footprint.
Help reduce the dependency on limited fossil resources, which are expected to increase
in price significantly over the coming decades.
Bio-based plastics are not as affected by oil price volatility as petroleum-based materials
Application areas include connectors, brake noses, fuel lines, flexible tubing, spoilers,
dashboards, mats, carpeting, upholstery etc. Roadmap for development of plastic alternatives in IndiaReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications
73
5. Electronics industry
To offer light, flexible, and more cost-effective alternatives to conventional materials of
solar cells, light-emitting diodes, and transistors.
To identify the weaknesses in currently available biopolymers in order to improve future
biopolymers
Application areas–printed flexible conductors, novel semiconductor components, intelligent
labels, large-area displays, solar panels etc.)
3D printing (additive manufacturing)
7.3 COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS
While environmentally friendly biodegradable plastics are a desirable solution, it is critical to fulfilling
required functional performance parameters (i.e., moisture barrier, heat sealability, etc.) to maintain
product integrity. Many biodegradable plastics often fail to meet these desired functional parameters
resulting in significant end-product wastages. Therefore, developing biodegradable plastics with the
required functional properties to protect product integrity though challenging is critical.
Way forward
1. Significant financial outlays to be reserved to promote alternate plastics
Alternative plastics such as PLA, PHAs, poly(caprolactone) etc., have to be promoted with
industry interventions.
Development of an exhaustive framework and budget distribution for research and
development of alternative plastics
Monitoring of the outcomes and deliverables of the research and its technology readiness
Budget allocation from the Department of Chemicals and fertilizers, Food processing
industries, environment, forest, and climate change.
2. Available R&D centers on alternatives of plastics to be identified
Identification of the state and central R&D facilities
Identification and promotion the non-government organizations
Identification of non-profit organizations
Identification of rural development organizations and CSRs for the development of
alternative plastics
Promotion of IITs, NITs, CSIR, IISER, CIPET and other premier institutes to collaborate on
technology development and commercialization
Identification of contract research organizations for fast-paced commercialization and
financial contribution
3. A national level centre on bioplastic translational research will be established on a priority
basis with researchers & industries
The translation of any technology to widespread industrial adoption level is an essential
step toward cost reduction and commercialization of bio-degradable plastics Roadmap for development of plastic alternatives in IndiaReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 74
The technology developed through R&D efforts will be adopted within industries through
collaborations focused on end-user needs
The development of the national level bioplastic translational research centre through
which the state centres are aligned and monitored
Development of the national level translational centres in each state of the country under
the governance of the national level central office
4. Strategies have to be adopted for creating relevant skills and technical workforce through a
network of Master’s, PhD, and certificate programs aligned to the needs of industry & research
Introduction of courses in academic institutions to train people on topics of sustainability
in plastics
Introduction of certificate programs and diploma programs in the field of polymer
processing and development
Introduction of management courses such as MBA for marketing and post-market analysis
of the biodegradable plastics
5. Consortium based activities to drive holistic development of the alternate plastic ecosystem
Association of government agencies and industry players to enable effective knowledge
exchange
Organization of annual meetings and lectures to gain knowledge on technology development
Annual evaluation of emerging technology innovations and recognizing appropriate
innovators and entrepreneurs
a. Framework for incentivizing industries
Encouragement for further R&D focused on more eco-friendly materials with required functional
properties is essential for India to remain competitive in the international market. There is
significant potential to leverage private sector investment in research for more eco-friendly
plastics through public-private partnerships. Therefore, Indian plastic manufacturers and brand
owners should be encouraged to collaborate for R&D with leading research institutions (CSIR,
CIPET, DRDO, IITs) to develop and further improve indigenous technologies for bio-degradable
materials for a wide range of applications, including those with relevant functional properties
to facilitate the mission of “Atmanirbhar Bharat”.
There is a need to take direct financial (through grants, loans, tax relaxation etc.) and indirect
financial (through R&D tax incentives) efforts to promote biodegradable plastics for large scale
adoption of such innovation. Consumer awareness drives should simultaneously be undertaken
to sensitize the public about biodegradable plastics related environmental benefits, which will
help in replacing conventional plastics with ecofriendly biodegradable solutions.
b. R&D pathways and investment areas for development of bio-degradable plastics
Breakthrough innovations globally have made it possible to convert polyolefin-based plastics to
completely bio-degradable plastics. Given the immense scope, improving the sustainability and
environmental impact of the product, and no additional requirements of plant and machineries
for manufacturing bio-degradable plastics, research is to focus on the development and
application of other chemicals, additives, or feasibility makes even resins biodegradable. Roadmap for development of plastic alternatives in IndiaReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications
75
Further, there would be an urgent need to upgrade the infrastructure of Government and
commercial testing laboratories. They are well equipped to test plastics according to IS
mentioned in Schedule I of PWM Rules. Manufacturers should also be encouraged through
appropriate measures to shift from conventional plastics to biodegradable plastics across
categories.
An approach of masterbatch regulatory clearance for biodegradable plastics instead of
product-wise regulatory approval should be accepted. This would be cost-effective and time-
efficient. Technical know-how for manufacturing biodegradable plastics should be transferred
to concerned industries for large scale production.
c. Implementation strategy for the development of bio-degradable plastics
DST’s Science & Engineering Research Board (SERB) may give a special call on alternative
products to generate know-how and establish proof of concepts in this area (time frame 1-3
years). Technology development (scale-up and validation)–a top-down approach to deliver the
technologies up to TRL 7 through technology development programs with mandatory Industry
participation (time frame 2 – 3 years). Existing schemes of DST and DBT may be leveraged to
promote industries engaged in the upscaling and commercialization of related technologies
(6months – 2 years).
Furthermore, focused areas on lines similar to EU research and innovation programme as listed
below may be followed:
1. EFFECTIVE: advanced eco-designed fibres and films for large consumer products from bio-
based polyamides and polyesters in a circular economy perspective
2. ECOFUNCO: eco-sustainable multifunctional bio-based coatings with enhanced performance
and end of life options.
3. Usable Packaging: unlocking the potential of sustainable, biodegradable packaging
4. BIONTOP: novel packaging films and textiles with tailored end of life and performance
based on bio-based copolymers and coatings.
5. MANDALAB: the transition of multilayer/multipolymer packaging into more sustainable
multilayer/single polymer products for the food and pharma sectors through the
development of innovative functional adhesives.
6. NENU2PHAR: for a sustainable European value chain of PHA-based materials for high-
volume consumer products. Recommendations
77
Recommendations
Chapter
8
1. Strengthening waste minimization through extended producer responsibility:
The most preferred option for the management of waste is waste minimization. The new EPR
guidelines say that the generators of plastic waste need to take steps to minimize the generation
of plastic waste they introduce into the market. This is, however, not applicable to PIBOs. Offering
a diverse range of packaging materials, apart from plastics, to consumers should be scaled up
through incentives in the form of EPR certificates to the PIBOs. This would encourage them to
diversify their packaging and reduce the number of plastics they put out in the market and
would also help brands develop a green image, especially among conscious consumers.
2. Proper labelling and collection of compostable and biodegradable plastics:
European standards for assessing the compostability of plastics have clear labelling for industrial
composting and home composting. Plastic materials or products fulfilling these standards are
certified and labelled accordingly. As per the SOP by CPCB, issuing a certificate for compostable
plastic manufacturers/sellers, marked as “compostable” or “compostable in municipal and
industrial composting facilities” or “biodegradable during composting” is considered equivalent.
The most recent International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 17088:2021 (plastics-organic
recycling-specifications for compostable plastics) explicitly mentions that the “aspects are
suitable to assess the effects on the industrial composting process”. It is also mentioned that
these standards are “not applicable to the biological treatment undertaken in small installations
by householders”. Testing, certification, and proper labelling become important aspects when
promoting products like biodegradable and compostable plastics.
Also, industrial composting facilities are very limited in India, and it is challenging to promote
widespread adoption of compostable plastic. Also, compostable plastics cannot be recycled; if
they make it to a recycling facility, they may end up contaminating the plastic that could have
been recycled. Hence, the EPR exemption on compostable plastics should be removed and
they should be brought under EPR. Definition of industrial composting should be added to
EPR guidelines and PWM rules, and a standard operating procedure (SOP) should be developed
accordingly.
3. Updation of Standards under Schedule – I (PWM Rule)
The standards available in the regulatory framework (Schedule – I) should be updated with the
latest versions, and Rule 10 should be modified as “protocols for compostable and biodegradable RecommendationsReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 78
plastic materials”. Determination of degree of degradability and degree of disintegration of
plastic materials should be as per the protocols of the IS listed in Schedule – I to these rules,
as amended from time to time.
In India, a lot of plastic waste ends up in landfills. Standards applicable to anaerobically
biodegradable materials are not covered in IS/ISO 17088 and should be included along with the
latest version of IS/ISO 15985:2014 – anaerobic degradation of plastics. Adoption of this standard
would be significant for ensuring that plastics that reach landfills, biodegrade. Disintegration
does not feature in the standards for aerobic biodegradation, IS/ISO 17556:2012 and IS/ISO
17556:2019; hence the disintegration step requirement for compostable plastics should not be
included in PWM rules. The biodegradable plastics complying with IS as mentioned in Schedule
I, PWM Rule should be accepted and the exemption as given to compostable plastics should
be extended to completely biodegradable plastics in Rule 4(3) and Rule 4(1)(h).
Rule 7.8 of the EPR regulations, notified on the 16
th
February 2022, also factors in the
encouragement of the usage of biodegradable plastics through the exemption from EPR
targets for the same. However, this rule needs to be made consistent with PWM rules and
should be amended to read as “In case the obligated entity utilizes plastic packaging which
is biodegradable as per the standards defined in the PWM Rules, the EPR target will not be
applicable for such material.”
4. Relaxation period for adoption of biodegradable plastics:
The timeframe for analysis according to the latest standards for biodegradable plastics is two
and a half years. There is a waiting period for potential eco-friendly plastic samples for testing
due to the limited capacity of laboratories equipped with testing infrastructure for compostability
and biodegradability analysis and the long testing time according to Indian Standards. Also,
equipment failures sometimes cause delays in carrying out tests or limit the testing capacity
in these laboratories.
Considering the testing period requirements and the limited number of testing accredited
laboratories in our country, the industry may be given adequate time of at least three years
before the implementation of the provision of PWM (amendment) Rules 2021. However, an
alternate methodology may be worked out to expedite and simplify the regulatory approvals
process to reduce the waiting period for the industry to bring appropriate products into
the market. CPCB should recognize all ISO 17025 Indian laboratories in addition to the CIPET
laboratory and authorize testing of all parameters required by plastic manufacturers according
to IS as listed under the PWM rule.
Additionally, biodegradable plastic that has been tested to meet International Standards such
as ASTM D5511 or BSI PAS 9017 and shows promising results in the initial test against Indian
Standards in laboratories could be given provisional approval to be used in the country for a
period till the test results in India are completed.
5. Increasing transparency in the process:
The centralized portal being developed by CPCB to disclose the amount of plastic handled can
only be accessed by PIBOs, PWPs/recyclers, SPCBs / PCCs, and CPCB. PWPs are supposed to
reveal the total amount of plastic waste handled on their websites. This will also be available
on the centralized CPCB portal. The PIBOs, however, have not been directed to disclose the
amount of plastic they place in the market. Inclusion of PIBOs in this disclosure process and
making the portal available in the public domain would help in greater accountability, eliminate RecommendationsReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications
79
greenwashing, and help brands position themselves as a low carbon-footprint organization.
6. Inclusion of the informal sector in EPR:
According to the Federation of Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industry (FICCI), the plastics
recycling industry in India employs over 1.6 million people and has more than 7,500 recycling
units. In India, recycling has been managed by very small size players, who use elementary
waste segregation processes and lack scientific know-how on waste collection, segregation, and
disposal. While the informal sector’s waste recycling operations are unlicensed and unregulated,
they can potentially contribute to the national economy. A model for integration of the informal
sector under EPR guidelines should be framed to achieve these fundamental objectives.
7. Encouraging R&D and incentivizing the manufacturing sector:
Given the significant potential overall and the promise of recent innovations, increased
investment in the development and application of biodegradable plastic is required to move
towards a sustainable plastics economy. Based on the functionality and deliverables, R&D can
be focused on the following domains:
Packaging: food, bottles, containers, sheets, films, laminates, fibres, and coatings
Agriculture: mulch, water absorbents
Healthcare: artificial implant materials, surgical sutures, wound dressings, tissue regeneration,
enzyme immobilization, controlled drug delivery and gene delivery, tissue engineering, and
medical devices.
Electronics: wearable electronic and therapeutic devices.
Development of biodegradable products via additive manufacturing for automobile
applications.
This R&D development can be supported through programs such as the EU Research and
Innovation Programme. The Indian plastic manufacturers should be encouraged to collaborate
with leading research institutions (CSIR, CIPET, DRDO, IITs) to develop indigenous technology
for biodegradable materials for a wide range of applications, including those with functional
properties for a level playing field and to actualize the Make in India vision. Research
laboratories are to be given opportunities to conduct research on various test protocols available
internationally (ISO/TR 21960:2020 Plastics – Environmental aspects – State of knowledge and
methodologies).
8. Others
In addition to intensifying research activities in bio-derived polymers or biodegradable polymers
in academic institutions and industries, there has to be a collective nationwide and societal
approach towards the reuse and recycling of plastics to address the widespread problem of
plastic pollution.
The specific plans could include the following:
d. Lowering taxes including GST on plastic scrap
e. Organizing awareness programs and seminars at regular intervals Annexures 81
Annexures
ANNEXURE I: COMPOSITION AND TERMS OF REFERENCE FOR THE COMMITTEE
F. No. 12074/1(12)/2021-E&F
Government of India
NITI Aayog
(NRE Vertical-E&F)
Sansad Marg, New Delhi
Dated June07
th
, 2021
ORDER
Subject:Constitution of a Committee to find out/develop an alternative product to plastic
A Committee has been constituted to find out/developan alternative product to
plastic.The Committee will be chaired by Member (S&T), NITI Aayog.The composition of the
committee shall be as follows:
S. No.CompositionDesignation in Committee
1 Shri V.K. Saraswat, Member (S&T), NITI AayogChairperson
2 Prof. Ashutosh Sharma, Secretary(Department of
Science and Technology)
Vice Chairperson
2 Shri Samir Kumar Biswas, Director General, CIPETMember
3 Dr. Ashish Lele, Director, CSIR-National Chemical
Laboratory (NCL)
Member
4 Dr. Mayank Dwivedi, Director, DRDO (HQ) Member
5 Joint Secretary Level Officer from MoEF&CCMember
6 Dr. Virendra Gupta, Senior Vice President and Head
R&D Polymer, Reliance Industries Limited
Member
7 Prof. Vimal Katiyar, IIT (Guwahati) Member
8 Prof. A. K. Ghosh, IIT(Delhi)Member
9 Representative of TIFACMember
10 Representative of Central pollution Control Board
(CPCB)
Member
11 Shri Avinash Mishra, Adviser (NRE) Member-Secretary
The Terms of reference of the committee will be as follows:
1.To assess the Status of Development of Bio-degradable Plastics and material globally.
2.The Directions of Research and Development being taken by Global Majors.
3.Status of Domestic R&D by Public and Private Polymer manufacturers, R&D
Institutions/ Strategies to catalyze the Research and Development of Bio-degradable
Plastics and the role of Public funded R&D projects in this domain.
4.Research in Bio-degradable polymers has to be done to meet the requirements of
Automobiles, Agriculture Sector and other Industrial applications. AnnexuresReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 82
5.Scale up, translation and production shall be funded by Industry who will also be
responsible for large scale commercialization .
6.Industry Partners will facilitate and will be responsible for identification of different
products and the application thereof for R&D teams to conduct research accordingly.
7.Committee will approve the project proposals, monitor the progress and coordinate
commercialization with Industry
8.The Finances for the research programme will be borne by Department of Science and
Technology.
9.Major R&D projects can be supported by Government of India or jointly by Government
of India and Industry.
(L Gopinath)
Sr. Research Officer
E-mail:gopinath.lagudu@nic.in
To
Chairperson/Members of the Committee
Copy for information to:
1.PS to Hon’ble Vice-Chairman, NITI Aayog
2.PSO to CEO, NITI Aayog
AnnexuresReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 83
F. No. 12074/1(12)/2021-E&F
Government of India
NITI Aayog
(NRE Vertical- E&F)
Sansad Marg, New Delhi
Dated June 29
th
, 2021
ORDER
Subject: Constitution of a Committee to find out/develop an alternative product to plastic
In continuation of the order dated 07.06.2021 (Copy enclosed) on the subject
mentioned above. It is to inform that the following members have been added in the Committee
to find out/develop an alternative product to plastic:-
S. No. Composition Designation in Committee
12 Representative of Department of Bio Technology Member
13 Representative of Federation of Indian Chambers of
Commerce & Industry (FICCI) and three
representatives from industries of FICCI
Member
14 Dr. Manatesh D Chakraborty, principal Scientist,
ITC Limited
Member
The Terms of reference of the committee will be as follows:
1. To assess the Status of Development of Bio-degradable Plastics and material globally.
2. The Directions of Research and Development being taken by Global Majors.
3. Status of Domestic R&D by Public and Private Polymer manufacturers, R&D
Institutions / Strategies to catalyze the Research and Development of Bio-degradable
Plastics and the role of Public funded R&D projects in this domain.
4. Research in Bio-degradable polymers has to be done to meet the requirements of
Automobiles, Agriculture Sector and other Industrial applications.
5. Scale up, translation and production shall be funded by Industry who will also be
responsible for large scale commercialization .
6. Industry Partners will facilitate and will be responsible for identification of different
products and the application thereof for R&D teams to conduct research accordingly.
7. Committee will approve the project proposals, monitor the progress and coordinate
commercialization with Industry AnnexuresReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 84
8. The Finances for the research programme will be borne by Department of Science and
Technology.
9. Major R&D projects can be supported by Government of India or jointly by Government
of India and Industry.
(L Gopinath)
Sr. Research Officer
E-mail:gopinath.lagudu@nic.in
To
Chairperson/Members of the Committee
Copy for information to:
1. PS to Hon’ble Vice-Chairman, NITI Aayog
2. PSO to CEO, NITI Aayog
AnnexuresReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 85
ANNEXURE II: PWM RULES (2011, 2016, 2018, 2021, DRAFT-2022) AnnexuresReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 86 AnnexuresReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 87 AnnexuresReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 88 AnnexuresReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 89 AnnexuresReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 90 AnnexuresReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 91 AnnexuresReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 92 AnnexuresReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 93 AnnexuresReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 94 AnnexuresReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 95 AnnexuresReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 96 AnnexuresReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 97 AnnexuresReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 98
jftLVªh laö Mhö ,yö&33004@99 REGD. NO. D. L.-33004/99
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3?|?E?~?t ~qE?~h?|E?d{?Ef{?E??; AnnexuresReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 99
2 THE GAZETTE OF INDIA : EXTRAORDINARY [PART II—SEC. 3(ii)]
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•„Rz„}qE‚‹WE AnnexuresReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 100
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(B) e†}…Ejf‚Ez(EZ{•juEd@EdE{~ºErƒEd|uŠE~ƒ}ƒEk/E{ŠdE]/Eq|sƒ{…EdE{„2E„j•z(E%E}ƒ„ºldE{ƒEx!ºEq|…{Ev‹dŠ AjfE
z(Ee?7E??z?Ed2E??~?EYXq~ं?}qE?? E`??EZ{?juहEd? Es?|?uEj?uqEYv?जElEd?Ev?rअEd|pEc|ExXtuE[?E
अिधिनयम या इसके बाद संशोिधत अिधिनयम के तहत का.आ.908(अ) तार/ 2C िसतंबर, 2000 3ƒ|ƒE
Y„t•‡„hqEiE{†„u„•v}Em••EYv„•jElEGkxXtuEc|Ek‚ºEqन) िनयम, 2000 के अनुसार करेगा। AnnexuresReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 103
6 THE GAZETTE OF INDIA : EXTRAORDINARY [PART II—SEC. 3(ii)]
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भा.मा.14534:1998 के अनुसार होगा;
AnnexuresReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 104
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(7) पिन&% (3H7d? 7YXqfq77}??ld7Yv?7l7d? 7v?uVhp7{?7?X7d|p7d? 7|„jºE[…d|pEdŠ E„}_E•y…Ekdƒ|E•ŠE
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•zƒtƒuE ‚•E jƒuŠE v|E ?dE Z~ŠsdE dŠ E vƒ•E •z†„hqE •†„~tƒ_XE qdu…d@ {? {q?_X c| 9}??ld Yv?l स3 AnnexuresReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 105
8 THE GAZETTE OF INDIA : EXTRAORDINARY [PART II—SEC. 3(ii)]
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करेगी।
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)2_g2 FC2eP]Y2 _g2 \hf? gb2 Jm 2 ^gYJ$2 Jp2 Zk`g2 J`Ym2 Jm 2 AnnexuresReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 110
¹Hkkx IIμ[k.M 3(ii)º Hkkjr dk jkti=k % vlk/kj.k 13
haG2DJgE2Jm 2Zge2Z_gं2U2यWkdT2hY_AभT2यTgha_gA2_g2
>, र है।
भ2_g2DJgE2Fभ2U2hY_^$2^"2hYXgग,`U2cU%2Jg2BYjZgaY2
करती है ।
,/ हालन Vbg2 μeAj2Jl U2 J.2 Pg`i2 eg^3i2 Jm 2
Z_gंb`T2Z`2ZsYm2bgam2Uक2Jgल या िवलंब से पड़ने वाले
μhUJk a2 μ]gb2 Jm 2 haG2 Z,`hjVhU_gA2 hb+^gY2 f#2 _g2
hb+^gY2fpYm2J.2eA]gbYg2fn ।
,/ = !d"xº=BVbg2 μeAj2Jl U2 J.2 Pg2 `fi2 eg^3i2 -Jei2
भी egXY2em2B2_2eg^पi21BVgंत ् aiNmQ42F 2Z2Y2J`Ym2^"2
!8, n9, ! , . , @.> .K/ /, . 8 (, या
hb+^gY2 fpYm2 J.2 eA]gbYg2 fn2 hPe^"2 hbdgभ2Uता ह*
सकती है)
12. JpE2 B2_2 यgeAhLJ2 ekNYg52 hPe^ा2 Bhे2 _g2 WjMंQYg2
8( @@, /, .8 , n,
15. hY_^gYjeg`2eAa-2Y$2J.2ekNi
u?zEc|E?Eq?|E
पदनाम
तारीख :
Er ?न :
%t>%t>%t>%t>----
III
[?u{zEMOGPHEs?e(]
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भागभागभागभाग----कककक
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) का का पता
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AnnexuresReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 111
14 THE GAZETTE OF INDIA : EXTRAORDINARY [PART II—SEC. 3(ii)]
jftLVªhdj.k J.2EhU2eAa(2Y2J`"t2
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FeJg2 pU2
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िनपटान हेतु भेजा गया है :
- पता
/==N&HA"1==
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h?}udq?Ed? E?Eq?|EE
तारीख :
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Y:>Y:>Y:>Y:>----
V
(िनयम 17GNHEs?e(H
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वावावावा7 > * > > >>7 > * > > >>7 > * > > >>7 > * > > >> AnnexuresReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 112
¹Hkkx IIμ[k.M 3(ii)º Hkkjr dk jkti=k % vlk/kj.k 15
0* K $0* K $0* K $0* K $$ (G 9!1C=O!1x!+EK<!)9!1C=O!1x!+EK<!)9!1C=O!1x!+EK<!)
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- ~??p?{d ?X r?एं
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c| ?X r?u, d@ ?X {?
- ~??p?{d ?X r?एं
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zƒ ƒEGluEz(H
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सुिवधासुिवधासुिवधासुिवधा----1111
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ii) टेलीफोन नं#र=मो#ाल नं#र सि,त पता
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v) vXj?d|p ?X {?
AnnexuresReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 113
16 THE GAZETTE OF INDIA : EXTRAORDINARY [PART II—SEC. 3(ii)]
vi) vXj?d|pEd@E~?tq?EGqdH
सुिवधासुिवधासुिवधासुिवधा----2222
i) h?}dEd?Eu?zE
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iii) zq?E
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AnnexuresReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 114
¹Hkkx IIμ[k.M 3(ii)º Hkkjr dk jkti=k % vlk/kj.k 17
[Qk- la- 17&2@2001&,p,l,eMh]
fo'oukFk flUgk] la;qDr lfpo
MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT, FOREST AND CLIMATE CHANGE
NOTIFICATION
New Delhi, the 18th March, 2016
G.S.R. 320(E).―Whereas the Plastic Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2011 published
vide notification number S.O 249(E), dated 4
th
February, 2011 by the Government of India in the erstwhile
Ministry of Environment and Forests, as amended from time to time, provided a regulatory frame work for
management of plastic waste generated in the country;
And whereas, to implement these rules more effectively and to give thrust on plastic waste
minimization, source segregation, recycling, involving waste pickers, recyclers and waste processors in
collection of plastic waste fraction either from households or any other source of its generation or
intermediate material recovery facility and adopt polluter’s pay principle for the sustainability of the waste
management system, the Central Government reviewed the existing rules;
And whereas, in exercise of the powers conferred by sections 6, 8 and 25 of the Environment
(Protection) Act, 1986 (29 of 1986), the draft rules, namely, the Plastic Waste Management, Rules, 2015
were published by the Government of India in the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change
vide number G.S.R. 423(E), dated the 25
th
May, 2015 in the Gazette of India, inviting objections and
suggestions from all persons likely to be affected thereby, before the expiry of a period of sixty days from
the date on which copies of the Gazette containing the said notification were made available to the public;
And Whereas copies of the said Gazette were made available to the public on the 25
th
May, 2015;
And Whereas the objections and suggestions received within the said period from the public in
respect of the said draft rules have been duly considered by the Central Government;
NOW, Therefore, in exercise of the powers conferred by sections 3, 6 and 25 of the Environment
(Protection) Act, 1986 (29 of 1986), and in supersession of the Plastic Waste (Management and Handling)
Rules, 2011, except as respects things done or omitted to be done before such supersession, the Central
Government hereby makes the following rules, namely:-
1. Short title and commencement.- (1) These rules shall be called the Plastic Waste Management
Rules, 2016.
(1) Save as otherwise provided in these rules, they shall come into force on the date of their publication in
the Official Gazette.
2. Application.-(1) These rules shall apply to every waste generator, local body, Gram Panchayat,
manufacturer, Importers and producer.
(2) The rule 4 shall not apply to the export oriented units or units in special economic zones, notified
by the Central Government, manufacturing their products against an order for export: Provide this
exemption shall not apply to units engaged in packaging of gutkha, tobacco and pan masala and also to any
surplus or rejects, left over products and the like.
3. Definitions.- In these rules, unless the context otherwise requires.-
(a) “Act” means the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 (29 of 1986);
(b) “brand owner” means a person or company who sells any commodity under a registered brand AnnexuresReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 115
18 THE GAZETTE OF INDIA : EXTRAORDINARY [PART II—SEC. 3(ii)]
label.
(c) “carry bags” mean bags made from plastic material or compostabl e plastic material, used for the
purpose of carrying or dispensing commodities which have a self carrying feature but do not
include bags that constitute or form an integral part of the packaging in which goods are sealed
prior to use.
(d) "commodity" means tangible item that may be bought or sold and includes all marketable goods
or wares;
(e) “compostable plastics” mean plastic that undergoes degradation by biological processes during
composting to yield CO
2, water, inorganic compounds and biomass at a rate consistent with other
known compostable materials, excluding conventional petro-based plastics, and does not leave
visible, distinguishable or toxic residue;
(f) “consent" means the consent to establish and operate from the concerned State Pollution Control
Board or Pollution Control Committee granted under the Water (Prevention and Control of
Pollution) Act, 1974 (6 of 1974), and the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 (14
of 1981);
(g) “disintegration” means the physical breakdown of a material into very small fragments;
(h) “extended producer’s responsibility ” means the responsibility of a producer for the
environmentally sound management of the product until the end of its life;
(i) “food-stuffs” mean ready to eat food products, fast food, processed or cooked food in liquid,
powder, solid or semi-solid form;
(j) “facility” means the premises used for collection, Storage, recycling, processing and disposal of
plastic waste;
(k) “importer” means a person who imports or intends to import and holds an Importer -Exporter
Code number, unless otherwise specifically exempted.
(l) “institutional waste generator” means and includes occupier of the institutional buildings such as
building occupied by Central Government Departments, State Government Departments, public or
private sector companies, hospitals, schools, colleges, universities or other places of education,
organisation, academy, hotels, restaurants, malls and shopping complexes;
(m) “manufacturer” means and include a person or unit or agency engaged in production of plastic
raw material to be used as raw material by the producer.
(n) “multilayered packaging” means any material used or to be used for packaging and having at
least one layer of plastic as the main ingredients in combination with one or more layers of
materials such aspaper, paper board, polymeric materials, metalised layers or aluminium foil, either
in the form of a laminate or co-extruded structure;
(o) “plastic” means material which contains as an essential ingredient a high polymer such as
polyethylene terephthalate, high density polyethylene, Vinyl, low density polyethylene,
polypropylene, polystyrene resins, multi-materials like acrylonitrile butadiene styrene,
polyphenylene oxide, polycarbonate, Polybutylene terephthalate;
(p) “plastic sheet” means Plastic sheet is the sheet made of plastic;
(q) “plastic waste”means any plastic discardedafter use or after their intended use is over;
(r) “prescribed authority” means the authorities specified in rule 12;
(s) “producer” means persons engaged in manufacture or import of carry bags or multilayered
packaging or plastic sheets or like, and includes industries or individuals using plastic sheets or like
or covers made of plastic sheets or multilayered packaging for packaging or wrapping the
commodity;
(t) "recycling" means the process of transforming segregated plastic waste into a new product or raw
material for producing new products; AnnexuresReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 116
¹Hkkx IIμ[k.M 3(ii)º Hkkjr dk jkti=k % vlk/kj.k 19
(u) "registration” means registration with the State Pollution Control Board or Pollution Control
Committee concerned, as the case may be;
(v) “street vendor” shall have the same meaning as assigned to it in clause (l) of sub-section (1) of
Section 2 of the Street Vendors (Protection of Livelihood and Regulation of Street Vending) Act,
2014 (7 of 2014);
(w) “local body” means urban local body with different nomenclature such as municipal corporation,
municipality, nagarpalika, nagarnigam, nagarpanchayat, municipal council including notified area
committee (NAC) and not limited to or any other local body constituted under the relevant statutes
such as gram panchayat, where the management of plastic waste is entrusted to such agency;
(x) “virgin plastic” means plastic material which has not been subjected to use earlier and has also not
been blended with scrap or waste;
(y) “waste generator” means and includes every person or group of persons or institution, residential
and commercial establishments including Indian Railways, Airport, Port and Harbour and Defense
establishments which generate plastic waste;
(z) “waste management” means the collection, storage, transportation reduction, re-use, recovery,
recycling, composting or disposal of plastic waste in an environmentally safe manner;
(aa) “waste pickers” mean individuals or agencies, groups of individuals voluntarily engaged or
authorised for picking of recyclable plastic waste.
4. Conditions.- (1) The manufacture, importer stocking, distribution, sale and use of carry bags,
plastic sheets or like, or cover made of plastic sheet and multilayered packaging, shall be subject to the
following conditions, namely:-
a) carry bags and plastic packaging shall either be in natural shade which is without any added
pigments or made using only those pigments and colourants which are in conformity with Indian
Standard : IS 9833:1981 titled as “List of pigments and colourants for use in plastics in contact
with foodstuffs, pharmaceuticals and drinking water”, as amended from time to time;
b) Carry bags made of recycled plastic or products made of recycled plastic shall not be used for
storing, carrying, dispensing or packaging ready to eat or drink food stuff’;
c) carry bag made of virgin or recycled plastic, shall not be less than fifty microns in thickness;
d) plastic sheet or like, which is not an integral part of multilayered packaging and cover made of
plastic sheet used for packaging, wrapping the commodity shall not be less than fifty microns in
thickness except where the thickness of such plastic sheets impair the functionality of the product;
e) the manufacturer shall not sell or provide or arrange plastic to be used as raw material to a
producer, not having valid registration from the concerned State Pollution Control Boards or
Pollution Control Committee;
f) sachets using plastic material shall not be used for storing, packing or selling gutkha, tobacco and
pan masala;
g) recycling of plastic waste shall conform to the Indian Standard: IS 14534:1998 titled as Guidelines
for Recycling of Plastics, as amended from time to time;
h) The provision of thickness shall not be applicable to carry bags made up of compostable plastic.
Carry bags made from compostable plastics shall conform to the Indian Standard: IS 17088:2008
titled as Specifications for Compostable Plastics, as amended from time to time. The manufacturers
or seller of compostable plastic carry bags shall obtain a certificate from the Central Pollution
Control Board before marketing or selling; and
i) plastic material, in any form including Vinyl Acetate - Maleic Acid - Vinyl Chloride Copolymer,
shall not be used in any package for packaging gutkha, pan masala and tobacco in all forms.
5. Plastic waste management.- (1) The plastic waste management by the urban local bodies in their
respective jurisdiction shall be as under:- AnnexuresReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 117
20 THE GAZETTE OF INDIA : EXTRAORDINARY [PART II—SEC. 3(ii)]
(a) plastic waste, which can be recycled, shall be channelized to registered plastic waste recycler and
recycling of plastic shall conform to the Indian Standard: IS 14534:1998 titled as Guidelines for
Recycling of Plastics, as amended from time to time.
(b) local bodies shall encourage the use of plastic waste (preferably the plastic waste which cannot be
further recycled) for road construction as per Indian Road Congress guidelines or energy recovery
or waste to oil etc. The standards and pollution control norms specified by the prescribed authority
for these technologies shall be complied with.
(c) Thermo set plastic waste shall be processed and disposed off as per the guidelines issued from time
to time by the Central Pollution Control Board.
(d) The inert from recycling or processing facilities of plastic waste shall be disposed of in compliance
with the Solid Waste Management Rules, 2000 or as amended from time to time.
6. Responsibility of local body.- (1) Every local body shall be responsible for development and
setting up of infrastructure for segregation, collection, storage, transportation, processing and disposal of
the plastic waste either on its own or by engaging agencies or producers.
(2) The local body shall be responsible for setting up, operationalisation and co-ordination of the waste
management system and for performing the associated functions, namely:-
(a) Ensuring segregation, collection, storage, transportation, processing and disposal of plastic
waste;
(b) ensuring that no damage is caused to the environment during this process;
(c) ensuring channelization of recyclable plastic waste fraction to recyclers;
(d) ensuring processing and disposal on non-recyclable fraction of plastic waste in accordance
with the guidelines issued by the Central Pollution Control Board;
(e) creating awareness among all stakeholders about their responsibilities;
(f) engaging civil societies or groups working with waste pickers; and
(g) ensuring that open burning of plastic waste does not take place.
(3) The local body for setting up of system for plastic waste management shall seek assistance of
producers and such system shall be set up within one year from the date of final publication of these rules
in the Official Gazaette of India.
(4) The local body to frame bye-laws incorporating the provisions of these rules.
7. Responsibility of Gram Panchayat.- (1) Every gram panchayat either on its own or by engaging
an agency shall set up, operationalise and co-ordinate for waste management in the rural area under their
control and for performing the associated functions, namely,-
(a) ensuring segregation, collection, storage, transportation, plastic waste and channelization
of recyclable plastic waste fraction to recyclers having valid registration; ensuring that no
damage is caused to the environment during this process;
(b) creating awareness among all stakeholders about their responsibilities; and
(c) ensuring that open burning of plastic waste does not take place
8. Responsibility of waste generator.- (1) The waste generator shall.-
(a) take steps to minimize generation of plastic waste and segregate plastic waste at source in
accordance with the Solid Waste Management Rules, 2000 or as amended from time to time.
(b) not litter the plastic waste and ensure segregated storage of waste at source and handover
segregated waste to urban local body or gram panchayat or agencies appointed by them or
registered waste pickers’, registered recyclers or waste collection agencies;
(2) All institutional generators of plastic waste, shall segregate and store the waste generated by them
in accordance with the Municipal Solid Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000 notified vide
S.O. 908(E) dated the 25th September, 2000 under the Act or amendment from time to time and handover AnnexuresReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 118
¹Hkkx IIμ[k.M 3(ii)º Hkkjr dk jkti=k % vlk/kj.k 21
segregated wastes to authorized waste processing or disposal facilities or deposition centers either on its
own or through the authorized waste collection agency.
(3) All waste generators shall pay such user fee or charge as may be specified in the bye-laws of the
local bodies for plastic waste management such as waste collection or operation of the facility thereof, etc.;
(4) Every person responsible for organising an event in open space, which involves service of food
stuff in plastic or multilayered packaging shall segregate and manage the waste generated during such
events in accordance with the Municipal Solid Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000 notified
vide
S.O. 908(E) dated the 25th September, 2000 under the Act or amendment from time to time.
9. Responsibility of producers, Importers and Brand Owners.- (1) The producers, within a period
of six months from the date of publication of these rules, shall work out modalities for waste collection
system based on Extended Producers Responsibility and involving State Urban Development Departments,
either individually or collectively, through their own distribution channel or through the local body
concerned.
(2) Primary responsibility for collection of used multi-layered plastic sachet or pouches or packaging
is of Producers, Importers and Brand Owners who introduce the products in the market. They need to
establish a system for collecting back the plastic waste generated due to their products. This plan of
collection to be submitted to the State Pollution Control Boards while applying for Consent to Establish or
Operate or Renewal. The Brand Owners whose consent has been renewed before the notification of these
rules shall submit such plan within one year from the date of notification of these rules and implement with
two years thereafter.
(3) manufacture and use of non- recyclable multilayered plastic if any should be phased out in Two
years time.
(4) The producer, within a period of three months from the date of final publication of these rules in
the Official Gazette shall apply to the Pollution Control Board or the Pollution Control Committee, as the
case may be, of the States or the Union Territories administration concerned, for grant of registration.
(5) No producer shall on and after the expiry of a period of Six Months from the date of final
publication of these rules in the Official Gazette manufacture or use any plastic or multilayered packaging
for packaging of commodities without registration from the concerned State Pollution Control Board or the
Pollution Control Committees.
(6) Every producer shall maintain a record of details of the person engaged in supply of plastic used as
raw material to manufacture carry bags or plastic sheet or like or cover made of plastic sheet or
multilayered packaging.
10. Protocols for compostable plastic materials.-Determination of the degree of degradability and
degree of disintegration of plastic material shall be as per the protocols of the Indian Standards listed in
Schedule-I to these rules.
11. Marking or labelling.-(1) Each plastic carry bag and multilayered packaging shall have the
following information printed in English namely,-
(a) name, registration number of the manufacturer and thickness in case of carry bag;
(b) name and registration number of the manufacturer in case of multilayered packaging; and
(c) name and certificate number [Rule 4(h)] in case of carry bags made from compostable
plastic
(2) Each recycled carry bag shall bear a label or a mark “recycled” as shown below and shall conform
to the Indian Standard: IS 14534: 1998 titled as “Guidelines for Recycling of Plastics”, as amended from
time to time;
AnnexuresReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 119
22 THE GAZETTE OF INDIA : EXTRAORDINARY [PART II—SEC. 3(ii)]
NOTE: PET-Polyethylene terephthalate, HDPE-High density polyethylene, V-Vinyl (PVC), LDPE- Low
density polyethylene, PP-Polypropylene, PS-Polystyrene and Other means all other resins and
multi-materials like ABS (Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene), PPO (Polyphenylene oxide), PC
(Polycarbonate), PBT (Polybutylene terephalate) etc.
Each carry bag made from compostable plastics shall bear a label “compostable” and shall conform
to the Indian Standard : IS or ISO 17088:2008 titled as Specifications for “Compostable Plastics”.
12. Prescribed authority.- (1) The State Pollution Control Board and Pollution Control Committee in
respect of a Union territory shall be the authority for enforcement of the provisions of these rules relating
to registration, manufacture of plastic products and multilayered packaging, processing and disposal of
plastic wastes.
(2) The concerned Secretary-in-charge of Urban Development of the State or a Union Territory shall
be the authority for enforcement of the provisions of these rules relating to waste management by waste
generator, use of plastic carry bags, plastic sheets or like, covers made of plastic sheets and multilayered
packaging.
(3) The concerned Gram Panchayat shall be the authority for enforcement of the provisions of these
rules relating to waste management by the waste generator, use of plastic carry bags, plastic sheets or like,
covers made of plastic sheets and multilayered packaging in the rural area of the State or a Union
Territory.
(4) The authorities referred to in sub-rules (1) to (3) shall take the assistance of the District Magistrate
or the Deputy Commissioner within the territorial limits of the jurisdiction of the concerned district in the
enforcement of the provisions of these rules.
13. Registration of producer, recyclers and manufacturer,- (1) No person shall manufacture carry
bags or recycle plastic bags or multilayered packaging unless the person has obtained a registration from
the State Pollution Control Board or the Pollution Control Committee of the Union Territory concerned, as
the case may be, prior to the commencement of production;
(2) Every producer shall, for the purpose of registration or for renewal of registration, make an
application to the State Pollution Control Board or the Pollution Control Committee of the Union territory
concerned, in Form I
(3) Every person recycling or processing waste or proposing to recycle or process plastic waste shall
make an application to the State Pollution Control Board or the Pollution Control Committee, for grant of
registration or renewal of registration for the recycling unit, in Form II.
(4) Every manufacturer engaged in manufacturer of plastic to be used as raw material by the producer
shall make an application to the State Pollution Control Board or the Pollution Control Committee of the
Union territory concerned, for the grant of registration or for the renewal of registration, in Form III.
(5) The State Pollution Control Board or the Pollution Control Committee shall not issue or renew
registration to plastic waste recycling or processing units unless the unit possesses a valid consent under the
Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 (6 of 1974) and the Air (Prevention and Control of
Pollution) Act, 1981 (14 of 1981) along with a certificate of registration issued by the District Industries
Centre or any other Government agency authorised in this regard. AnnexuresReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 120
¹Hkkx IIμ[k.M 3(ii)º Hkkjr dk jkti=k % vlk/kj.k 23
(6) The State Pollution Control Board or the Pollution Control Committee shall not renew registration
of producer unless the producer possesses and action plan endorsed by the Secretary in charge of Urban
Development of the concerned State or Union Territory for setting of plastic waste management system.
(7) On receipt of the application complete in all respects for the registration for recycling or processing
of plastic waste under sub-rule (3), the State Pollution Control Board may, after such inquiry as it considers
necessary and on being satisfied that the applicant possesses appropriate facilities, technical capabilities and
equipment to handle plastic waste safely, may grant registration to the applicant on fulfilment of the
conditions as may be laid down in terms of registration.
(8) Every State Pollution Control Board or Pollution Control Committee shall take a decision on the
grant of registration within ninety days of receipt of an application which is complete in all respects.
(9) The registration granted under this rule shall initially be valid for a period of one year, unless
revoked, suspended or cancelled and shall subsequently be granted for three years.
(10) State Pollution Control Board or the Pollution Control Committees shall not revoke, suspend or
cancel registration without providing the opportunity of a hearing to the producer or person engaged in
recycling or processing of plastic wastes.
(11) Every application for renewal of registration shall be made at least one hundred twenty days before
the expiry of the validity of the registration certificate.
14. Responsibility of retailers and street vendors- (1) Retailers or street vendors shall not sell or
provide commodities to consumer in carry bags or plastic sheet or multilayered packaging, which are not
manufactured and labelled or marked, as per prescribed under these rules.
(2) Every retailers or street vendors selling or providing commodities in, plastic carry bags or
multilayered packaging or plastic sheets or like or covers made of plastic sheets which are not
manufactured or labelled or marked in accordance with these rules shall be liable to pay such fines as
specified under the bye-laws of the local bodies.
15. Explicit pricing of carry bags.- (1) The shopkeepers and street vendors willing to provide plastic
carry bags for dispensing any commodity shall register with local body. The local body shall, within a
period of six months from the date of final publication of these rules ion the Official Gazette of India
notification of these rules, by notification or an order under their appropriate state statute or byelaws shall
make provisions for such registration on payment of plastic waste management fee of minimum rupees
forty eight thousand @ rupees four thousand per month. The concerned local body may prescribe higher
plastic waste management fee, depending upon the sale capacity. The registered shop keepers shall display
at prominent place that plastic carry bags are given on payment.
(2) Only the registered shopkeepers or street vendors shall be eligible to provide plastic carry bags for
dispensing the commodities.
(3) The local body shall utilize the amount paid by the customers for the carry bags exclusively for the
sustainability of the waste management system within their jurisdictions.
16. State Level Monitoring Committee.- (1) The State government or the union Territory shall, for
the purpose of effective monitoring of implementation of these rules, constitute a State Level Advisory
Committee consisting of the following persons, namely;-
(a) the Secretary, Department of Urban Development - Chairman
(b) Director from State Department of Environment - Member
(c) Member Secretary from State Pollution Control Board
or Pollution Control Committee - Member
(d) Municipal Commissioner - Member
(e) one expert from Local Body - Member
(f) one expert from Non-Governmental
involved in Waste Management - Member AnnexuresReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 121
24 THE GAZETTE OF INDIA : EXTRAORDINARY [PART II—SEC. 3(ii)]
(g) Commissioner, Value Added Tax or his nominee, - Member
(h) Sales Tax Commissioner or Officer - Member
(i) representative of Plastic Association,
Drug Manufacturers Association,
Chemical Manufacturers Association - Member
(j) one expert from the field of Industry - Memb er and
(k) one expert from the field of academic institution - Member
(l) Director , Municipal Administration - Convener
The State Level Advisory Body shall meet at least once in Six Month and may invite experts, if it
considers necessary.
17. Annual reports.- (1) Every person engaged in recycling or processing of plastic waste shall
prepare and submit an annual report in Form-IV to the local body concerned under intimation to the
concerned State Pollution Control Board or Pollution Control Committee by the 30
th
April, of every year.
(2) Every local body shall prepare and submit an annual report in Form –V to the concerned Secretary-
in-charge of the Urban Development Department under intimation to the concerned State Pollution Control
Board or Pollution Control Committee by the 30
th
June, every year.
(3) Each State Pollution Control Board or Pollution Control Committee shall prepare and submit an
annual report in Form VI to the CPCB on the implementation of these rules by the 31
st
July, of every year.
(4) The CPCB shall prepare a consolidated annual report on the use and management of plastic waste
and forward it to the Central Government along with its recommendations before the 31
st
August of every
year.
SCHEDULE-I
[See rule 10]
1. IS / ISO 14851: 1999 Determination of the ultimate aerobic biodegradability of plastic materials in an
aqueous medium-Method by measuring the oxygen demand in a closed Respirometer
2. IS / ISO 14852: 1999 Determination of the ultimate aerobic biodegradability of plastic materials in an
aqueous medium-Method by analysis of evolved carbon dioxide
3. IS / ISO 14853: 2005 Plastics- Determination of the ultimate anaerobic biodegradation of plastic
materials in an aqueous system-Method by measurement of biogas production
4. IS /ISO 14855-1: 2005 Determination of the ultimate aerobic biodegradability of plastic materials under
controlled composting conditions-Method by analysis of evolved carbon dioxide (Part-1 General method)
5. IS / ISO 14855-2: 2007 Determination of the ultimate aerobic biodegradability of plastic materials under
controlled composting conditions-Method by analysis of evolved carbon dioxide (Part-2: Gravimetric
measurement of carbon dioxide evolved in a laboratory- scale test )
6. IS / ISO 15985: 2004 Plastics- Determination of the ultimate anaerobic biodegradation and disintegration
under high-solids anaerobic digestion conditions- Methods by analysis of released biogas
7. IS /ISO 16929: 2002 Plastics- Determination of degree of disintegration of plastic materials under
defined composting conditions in a pilot - scale test
8. IS / ISO 17556: 2003 Plastics- Determination of ultimate aerobic biodegradability in soil by measuring
the oxygen demand in a Respirometer or the amount of carbon dioxide evolved
9. IS / ISO 20200:2004 Plastics- Determination of degree of disintegration of plastic materials under
simulated composting conditions in a laboratory - scale test
FORM - I
[See rules 13 (2)]
APPLICATION FOR REGISTRATION FOR PRODUCERS or Bran d Owners
From: .......................................... AnnexuresReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 122
¹Hkkx IIμ[k.M 3(ii)º Hkkjr dk jkti=k % vlk/kj.k 25
……………………………
…………………………….(Name and full address of the occupier )
To
The Member Secretary,
.............………. Pollution Control Board or Pollution Control Committee
…………………………………….
…………………………………….
Sir,
I /We hereby apply for registration under rule 9 of the Plastic Waste Management Rules, 2015
1. Producers
PART – A
GENERAL
1.(a) Name and location of the unit
(b) Address of the unit
(c) Registration required for manufacturing of:
(i) Carry bags;
(a) petro- based,
(b) Compostable
(ii) Multilayered plastics
(d) Manufacturing capacity
(e) In case of renewal, previous registration number and date of
registration
2. Is the unit registered with the District Industries Centre of the State
Government or Union Territory? If yes, attach a copy.
3.(a) Total capital invested on the project
(b) Year of commencement of production
4. (a) List and quantum of products and by-products
(b) List and quantum of raw materials used
5. Furnish a flow diagram of manufacturing process showing input and
output in terms of products and waste generated including for
captive power generation and water.
6. Status of compliance with these rules- Thickness – fifty micron
(Yes/No)
PART – B
PERTAINING TO LIQUID EFFLUENT AND GASEOUS EMISSIONS
7. (a) Does the unit have a valid consent under the Water (Prevention
and control of Pollution) Act, 1974 (6 of 1974)?
If yes, attach a copy
(b) Does the unit have a valid consent under the Air (Prevention
and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 (14 of 1981)?
If yes, attach a copy
PART – C
PERTAINING TO WASTE
8.
Solid Wastes or rejects:
(a) Total quantum of waste generated
(b) Mode of storage within the plant
(c) Provision made for disposal of wastes
9. Attach or Provide list of person supplying plastic to be used as raw
material to manufacture carry bags or plastic sheet of like or
multilayered packaging
AnnexuresReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 123
26 THE GAZETTE OF INDIA : EXTRAORDINARY [PART II—SEC. 3(ii)]
10. Attach or provide list of personnel or Brand Owners to whom the
products will be supplied
11. Action plan on collecting back the plastic wastes
Name and Signature
Designation
Date :
Place :
II Brand Owners:
PART – A
GENERAL
1. Name, Address and Contact number
2 In case of renewal, previous registration number and date of
registration
3 Is the unit registered with the District Industries Centre of the State
Government or Union Territory? If yes, attach a copy.
4.(a) Total capital invested on the project
(b) Year of commencement of production
5. (a) List and quantum of products and by-products
(b) List and quantum of raw materials used
PART – B
PERTAINING TO LIQUID EFFLUENT AND GASEOUS EMISSIONS
5 Does the unit have a valid consent under the Water (Prevention
and control of Pollution) Act, 1974 (6 of 1974)?
If yes, attach a copy
6 Does the unit have a valid consent under the Air (Prevention
and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 (14 of 1981)?
If yes, attach a copy
PART – C
PERTAINING TO WASTE
7.
Solid Wastes or rejects:
(c) Total quantum of waste generated
(d) Mode of storage within the plant
(d) Provision made for disposal of wastes
8. Attach or Provide list of person supplying plastic material
9 Action plan on collecting back the plastic wastes
Name and Signature
Designation
Date :
Place :
FORM - II
[see rule 13 (3)]
APPLICATION FORM FOR REGISTRATION OF UNITS ENGAGED IN PROCESSING OR
RECYCLING OF PLASTIC WASTE
1. Name and Address of the unit
2. Contact person with designation,
Tel./Fax /email
AnnexuresReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 124
¹Hkkx IIμ[k.M 3(ii)º Hkkjr dk jkti=k % vlk/kj.k 27
3. Date of commencement
4. No. of workers (including contract
labour)
5. Consents Validity a. Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1974;
Valid up to _________________
b. Air (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1981;
Valid up to_________________
c. Authorization ; valid up to ….
6. Manufacturing Process Please attach a flow diagram of the manufacturing process flow
diagram for each product.
7. Products and installed capacity of
production (MTA)
Products Installed capacity
8. Waste Management: S.
No.
Type Category Qty.
a. Waste generation in processing plastic-waste (i)
(ii)
(iii)
b. Waste Collection and transportation (attach details)
c. Waste Disposal details S.
No.
Type Category Qty
(i)
(ii)
d. Provide details of the disposal facility, whether the
facility is authorized by SPCB or PCC
e. Please attach analysis report of characterization of
waste generated (including leachate test if applicable)
9. Details of plastic waste proposed to be acquired
through sale, auction, contract or import, as the case
may be, for use as raw material
(i) Name
(ii) Quantity required /year
10. Occupational safety and health aspects Please provide details of facilities
11. Pollution Control Measures
Whether the unit has adequate pollution control
systems or equipment to meet the standards of
emission or effluent.
If Yes, please furnish details
Whether unit is in compliance with conditions laid
down in the said rules.
Yes/No
Whether conditions exist or are likely to exist of the
material being handled or processed posing adverse
immediate or delayed impacts on the environment.
Yes/No
Whether conditions exist (or are likely to exist) of the
material being handled or processed by any means
capable of yielding another material (e.g. leachate)
which may possess eco-toxicity.
Yes/No
12. Any other relevant information including fire or
accident mitigative measures
13. List of enclosures as per rule
Name and Signature
Designation
Date :
Place :
FORM - III
[See rules 13(4)] AnnexuresReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 125
28 THE GAZETTE OF INDIA : EXTRAORDINARY [PART II—SEC. 3(ii)]
APPLICATION FOR REGISTRATION FOR MANUFACTURERS OF P LASTIC RAW
MATERIALS
From: ..........................................
……………………………
…………………………….(Name and full address of the occupier )
To
The Member Secretary,
.............………. Pollution Control Board or Pollution Control Committee
…………………………………….
…………………………………….
Sir,
I/We hereby apply for registration under the Plastic Waste Management Rules, 2011
PART – A
GENERAL
1.(a) Name and location of the unit
(b) Address of the unit
(c) In case of renewal, previous registration number and date of
registration
2. Is the unit registered with the DIC or DCSSI of the State
Government or Union Territory? If yes, attach a copy.
3.(a) Total capital invested on the project
(b) Year of commencement of production
(c) List of producers and quantum of raw materials supplied to
producers
Name and Signature
Designation
Date :
Place :
Form - IV
[See rules 17 (1)]
FORMAT OF ANNUAL REPORT BY OPERATOR OF PLASTIC WAST E PROCESSING OR
RECYCLING FACILITY TO THE LOCAL BODY
Period of Reporting:
(1) Name and Address of operator of the facility
(2) Name of officer in-charge of the facility
(Telephone/Fax/Mobile/ E-mail)
(3) Capacity:
(4) Technologies used for management of plastic waste:
(5) Quantity of plastic waste received during the year being
reported upon along with the source
(6) Quantity of plastic waste processed (in tons):
- Plastic waste recycled(in tons)
- Plastic waste processed (in tons)
- Used (in tons)
(7) Quantity of inert or rejects sent for final disposal to landfill
sites:
(8) Details of land fill facility to which inert or rejects were sent AnnexuresReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 126
¹Hkkx IIμ[k.M 3(ii)º Hkkjr dk jkti=k % vlk/kj.k 29
for final disposal:
- Address
-Telephone
(9) Attach status of compliance to environmental conditions, if any
specified during grant of Consent or registration
Signature of Operator
Dated :
Place:
Form - V
[See rules 17(2)]
FORMAT FOR ANNUAL REPORT ON PLASTIC WASTE MANAGEMENT TO BE
SUBMITTED BY THE LOCAL BODY
Period of Reporting:
(1) Name of the City or Town and State:
(2) Population
(3) Area in sq. kilometers
(4) Name & Address of Local body
Telephone No.
Fax No.
E-mail:
(5) Total Numbers of the wards in the area under jurisdiction
(6) Total Numbers of Households in the area under jurisdiction
(7) Number of households covered by door to door collection
(8) Total number of commercial establishments and Institutions in the area under
jurisdiction
-Commercial establishments
- Institutions
(9) Number of commercial establishments and Institutions covered by door to door
collection
-Commercial establishments
- Institutions
(10) Summary of the mechanisms put in place for management of plastic waste in the area
under jurisdiction along with the details of agencies involved in door to door
collection
(11) Attach details of infrastructure put in place for management of plastic waste generated
in the area under jurisdiction
(12) Attach details of infrastructure required, if any along with justification
(13) Quantity of Plastic Waste generated during the year from area under jurisdiction (in
tons)
(14) Quantity of Plastic Waste collected during the year from area under jurisdiction (in
tons)
(15) Quantity of plastic waste channelized for recycling during the year (in tons)
(16) Quantity of plastic waste channelized for use during the year (in tons)
(17) Quantity of inert or rejects sent to landfill sites during the year (in tons)
(18) Details of each of facilities used for processing and disposal of plastic waste
Facility-I
i) Name of operator
ii) Address with Telephone Number or Mobile
iii) Capacity
iv) Technology Used
v) Registration Number
vi) Validity of Registration (up to)
AnnexuresReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 127
30 THE GAZETTE OF INDIA : EXTRAORDINARY [PART II—SEC. 3(ii)]
Facility-II
i) Name of operator
ii) Address with Telephone Number or Mobile
iii) Capacity
iv) Technology Used
v) Registration Number
Validity of Registration (up to)
(19) Give details of:
Local body’s own manpower deployed for collection including street sweeping,
secondary storage, transportation, processing and disposal of waste.
(20) Give details of:
Contractor or concessionaire’s manpower deployed for collection including street
sweeping, secondary storage, transportation, processing and disposal of waste.
(21) Mention briefly, the difficulties being experienced by the local body in complying
with provisions of these rules including the financial constrains, if any
(22) Whether an Action Plan has been prepared for improving solid waste management
practices in the city? If yes (attach copy)
Date of revision:
Signature of CEO or Municipal Commissioner or
Executive Officer or Chief Officer
Date:
Place:
Form-VI
STATE-WISE STATUS OF IMPLEMENTATION OF PLASTIC WAST E MANAGEMENT
RULES, 2016 FOR THE YEAR … ANNUAL REPORT Format
Nam
e of
the
SPC
B or
PCC
Estimated
Plastic
Waste
generatio
n Tons
Per
Annum
(TPA)
No. of registered Plastic Manufacturing
or Recycling (including multilayer,
compostable) units. (Rule 9)
No. of
Unregistered
plastic
manufacturin
g Recycling
units. (in
residential or
unapproved
areas)
Details of
Plastic
Waste
Managemen
t (PWM)
e.g.
Collection,
Segregation,
Disposal
(Co-
processing
road
construction
etc.) (Rules
6) (Attach
separate
Partial or
complete
ban on
usages of
Plastic
Ca r r y
Bags
(through
Executive
Order)
(Attach
c op y o f
notificatio
n or
executive
order )
Status of
Marking
Labelling
o n carr y
bags (Rule
8)
[Specify the
number of
units or not
complied)c
omplied
Explici
t
Pricing
of
carr y
bags
(Rule
10)
Details of
the meeting
of State
Level
Advisory
Body (SLA)
along with
its
recommend
-dations on
Implemen-
tation
(Rule 11)
No. of
violations
and action
taken on
non-
compliance
of
provisions
of these
Rules
Number of
Municipal
Au thorit y
or Gram
Pancha yat-
under
jurisdiction
and
Submission
of Annual
Report to
CPCB
(Rule 12)
Plasti
c
units
Compostabl
e Plastic
Units
Multilaye
r Plastic
units AnnexuresReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 128
¹Hkkx IIμ[k.M 3(ii)º Hkkjr dk jkti=k % vlk/kj.k 31
[F. No. 17-2/2001-HSMD]
BISHWANATH SINHA, Jt. Secy.
Uploaded by Dte. of Printing at Government of India Press, Ring Road, Mayapuri, New Delhi-110064
and Published by the Controller of Publications, Delhi-110054.
sheet)
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11)
AnnexuresReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 129 AnnexuresReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 130 AnnexuresReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 131 AnnexuresReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 132
4 THE GAZETTE OF INDIA : EXTRAORDINARY [PART II—S EC. 3(i)]
MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT, FOREST AND CLIMATE CHANGE
NOTIFICATION
New Delhi, the 12th August, 2021
G.S.R. 571(E).—Whereas the draft rules to amend the Plastics Waste Management Rules, 2016,
were published in the Gazette of India, Extraordinary, dated the 11th March, 2021 vide notification number
GSR 169 (E), inviting objections and suggestions from all persons likely to be affected thereby within a
period of sixty days from the date copies of the Gazette containing the said draft rules were made available
to the public;
And whereas, copies of the Gazette containing the said draft rules were made available to the
public on the 11th March, 2021;
And whereas, objections and suggestions received within the aforesaid period have been duly
considered by the Central Government;
Now, therefore, in exercise of the powers conferred by sections 6, 8 and 25 of Environment
(Protection) Act 1986, (29 of 1986), the Central Government hereby makes the following rules to amend
the Plastic Waste Management Rules, 2016, namely :-
1. (1) These rules may be called Plastic Waste Management (Amendment) Rules, 2021.
(2) They shall come into force on the date of their publication in the Official Gazette.
2. In the Plastic Waste Management Rules,2016 (hereinafter referred to as the said rules), in rule 2,
in sub-rule (1), after the word “Importers”, the words, “brand-owner, plastic waste processor (recycler,
co-processor, etc.)” shall be inserted.
3. In the said rules, in rule 3,
(i) after clause (n), the following clause shall be inserted, namely :-
„(na) “Non-woven plastic bag” means Non-woven plastic bag made up of plastic sheet or
web structured fabric of entangled plastic fibers or filaments (and by perforating films)
bonded together by mechanical or thermal or chemical means, and the “non-woven
fabric” means a flat or tufted porous sheet that is made directly from plastic fibres,
molten plastic or plastic films;‟
(ii) after clause (q), the following clause shall be inserted, namely: -
„(qa) “Plastic waste processing” means any process by which plastic waste is handled for
the purpose of reuse, recycling, co-processing or transformation into new products;‟
(iii) after clause (v), the following clauses shall be inserted, namely: -
„(va) “Single-use plastic commodity” mean a plastic item intended to be used once for the
same purpose before being disposed of or recycled;‟
„(vb) “Thermoset plastic” means a plastic which becomes irreversibly rigid when heated
and hence cannot be remoulded into desired shape;‟
„(vc) “Thermoplastic” means a plastic which softens on heating and can be moulded into
desired shape;‟.
4. In the said rules, in rule 4, -
(a) in sub-rule (1),−
(i)
for the words “importer stocking”, the words “import, stocking” shall be
substituted;
(ii)
in clause (c), for the words “fifty microns in thickness” , the words, figures, letters
and brackets “seventy five microns in thickness with effect from the 30
th
September,
2021and one hundred and twenty (120) microns in thickness with effect from the
31
st
December, 2022” shall be substituted;
(iii)
in clause (h), after the words, “carry bags”, the words “and commodities” shall be
inserted; AnnexuresReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 133
[भागII—ख ण् ड 3(i)]भारत का रािपत्र : असाधारण 5
(iv) in clause (h), after the words, “compostable plastic carry bags”, the words “or
commodities or both” shall be inserted;
(v)
after clause (i), following clause shall be inserted, namely: -
“ ( j) non-woven plastic carry bag shall not be less than 60 Gram Per Square Meter (GSM)
with effect from the 30
th
September, 2021.”;
(b)
after sub-rule (1), the following sub-ules shall be inserted, namely:-
“(2) The manufacture, import, stocking, distribution, sale and use of following single-
use plastic, including polystyrene and expanded polystyrene, commodities shall be
prohibited with effect from the 1
st
July, 2022:-
(a) ear buds with plastic sticks, plastic sticks for balloons, plastic flags, candy sticks,
ice-cream sticks, polystyrene [Thermocol] for decoration;
(b) plates, cups, glasses, cutlery such as forks, spoons, knives, straw, trays, wrapping or
packing films around sweet boxes, invitation cards, and cigarette packets, plastic or
PVC banners less than 100 micron, stirrers.
(3) The provisions of sub-rule (2) (b) shall not apply to commodities made of
compostable plastic.
(4) Any notification prohibiting the manufacture, import, stocking, distribution, sale and
use of carry bags, plastic sheets or like, or cover made of plastic sheets and multi-
layered packaging and single-use plastic, including polystyrene and expanded
polystyrene, commodities, issued after this notification, shall come into force after the
expiry of ten years, from the date of its publication”.
5. In the said rules, in rule 5, in sub-rule (1), in clause (d), for the figures “2000”, the figures
“2016” shall be substituted.
6. In the said rules, in rule 6, in sub-rule (2), after clause (a), following clause shall be inserted,
namely: -
“(aa) ensuring that the provisions of these rules, as amended, are adhered to;”.
7. In the said rules, in rule 7, in sub-rule (1), after clause (a), following clause shall be inserted,
namely : -
“(aa) ensuring that the provisions of these rules, as amended, are adhered to;”.
8. In the said rules, in rule 9, in sub-rule (1), after the words, “local body concerned”, the words “as
per guidelines issued under these rules from time to time” shall be inserted.
9. In rule 11, sub-rule (1), −
(i)
after the words “plastic carry bag”, the words, “plastic packaging” shall be
inserted;
(ii)
in clause (a), after the word “manufacturer”, the words “producer or brand-
owner” shall be inserted, and after the words “carry bag”, the words “and plastic
packaging used by the brand owner” shall be inserted;
(iii)
in clause (b), after the words “multilayered packaging”, the words “excluding
multi-layered packaging used for imported goods” shall be inserted;
(iv)
in clause (c), after the words “name and certificate number”, the words “of
producer” shall be inserted.
10. In rule 12, −
(i)
in sub-rule (2), after the words “waste generator,” ,the words “restriction or
prohibition on” shall be inserted;
(ii)
in sub-rule (3), after the words “waste generator,” ,the words “
restriction or prohibition on” shall be inserted. AnnexuresReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 134
6 THE GAZETTE OF INDIA : EXTRAORDINARY [PART II—S EC. 3(i)]
11. In rule 13, in sub-rule (1), after the words “Union Territory concerned”, the words “or the Central
Pollution Control Board” shall be inserted.
[F. No. 17-2-2001 (Pt)-Part I -HSMD]
NARESH PAL GANGAWAR, Jt. Secy.
Note : The principal rules were published in the Gazette of India, Extraordinary, Part II, Section 3, Sub-
section (i), vide number GSR 320 (E), dated the 18
th
March, 2016 and subsequently amended vide
notification number GSR 285 (E), dated the 27
th
March, 2018.
Uploaded by Dte. of Printing at Government of India Press, Ring Road, Mayapuri, New Delhi-110064
and Published by the Controller of Publications, Delhi-110054. ALOK KUMAR
Digitally signed by ALOK KUMAR
Date: 2021.08.12 22:57:47 +05'30' AnnexuresReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 135
[भाग II—ख ण् ड 3(i)] भारत का राजपत्र : असाधारण 7
MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT, FOREST AND CLIMATE CHANGE
NOTIFICATION
New Delhi, the 18th January, 2022
G.S.R. 22(E).—The following draft notification which the Central Government proposes to issue,
in exercise of the powers conferred by sections 6, 8 and 25 of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 (29
of 1986), for making certain amendments in the Plastic Waste Management Rules, 2016, issued vide G.S.R.
320 (E), dated the 18th March, 2016, is hereby published as required under sub-rule (3) of rule 5 of the
Environment (Protection) Rules, 1986, for information of the public likely to be affected thereby and notice
is hereby given that the said notification will be taken into consideration by the Central Government on or
after the expiry of sixty days from the date on which copies of this notification as published in the Gazette
of India are made available to the public;
Any person interested in making any objection or suggestion on the proposals contained in the draft
notification may do so in writing within the period so specified through post to the Secretary, Ministry of
Environment, Forest & Climate Change, Indira Paryavaran Bhawan, Jor Bagh Road, Aliganj, New Delhi-
110003 or electronically at email address: satyendra.kumar07@nic.in, amit.love@nic.in.
Draft Notification
Whereas, the Plastic Waste Management Rules, 2016 were notified by Ministry of Environment,
Forest and Climate Change vide G.S.R. 320 (E), dated the 18
th
March, 2016, inter alia, providing for
collection, segregation, processing, treatment and disposal of the plastic waste in an environmentally sound
manner, restriction on thickness of plastic sheet or like, prohibition on identified use, extended producer
responsibility, marking and labelling requirement, registration of manufacturer, producer, importer, brand
owner and plastic waste processor, reducing the plastic waste generation;
Whereas, the Plastic Waste Amendment Rules, 2021, were notified vide G.S.R. No. 571 (E) on
12
th
August, 2021, inter alia, providing for issuance of Guidelines under Rule 9 (1) on the responsibility of
producer, importer and brand owner;
And whereas, the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change notified the draft
provisions for the ―Regulation on the Extended Producer Responsibility under Plastic Waste Management
Rules, 2016, as amended from time to time‖ vide GSR No. 722 (E) on 6
th
October, 2021;
And whereas, the principle of sustainable development, precautionary principle, and polluter pays
principle have been recognized in the law;
Now, therefore, in the exercise of the powers conferred by sections 6, 8 and 25 of the
Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 (29 of 1986), read with clause (d) of sub-rule (3) of rule 5 of the said
Environment (Protection) Rules, 1986 the Central Government hereby publishes this draft notification as
required under sub-rule 3 of rule 5 of the said Environment (Protection) Rules, 1986, which shall on and
from the date of its final publication make the following amendments in the said notification, namely:—
1. (1) These rules may be called Plastic Waste Management Rules, 2022.
(2) They shall come into force on the date of their publication in the Official Gazette.
2. In the said rules, in rule 3,
i. After clause (ab), the following clause shall be inserted, maely:-
‗(ac) ―Biodegradable plastics‖ means that plastics, other than compostable plastics, which
undergoes complete degradation by biological processes under ambient environment (terrestrial or
in water) conditions, in specified time periods, without leaving any micro plastics, or visible,
distinguishable or toxic residue, which has adverse environment impacts, adhering to laid down
standards of Bureau of Indian Standards and certified by Central Pollution Control Board.‘
ii. Clause 3(b), may be read as given below:-
‗―Brand Owner‖ means a person or company who sells any commodity under a registered brand
label/trademark;‘
iii. after clause 3 (g), the following clause shall be inserted namely :-
27960/2022/UPC-II-HO
164 AnnexuresReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 136
8 THE GAZETTE OF INDIA : EXTRAORDINARY [PART II—S EC. 3(i)]
‗(gb) ―End of Life disposal‖ means using plastic waste for generation of energy which includes co-
processing (e.g. in cement kilns) or waste to oil or for road construction as per Indian Road
Congress guidelines and other relevant guidelines;‘
iv Clause 3(k), may be read as given below:-
‗ ―Importer‖ means a person who imports plastic packaging product or products with plastic
packaging or carry bags or multilayered packaging or plastic sheets or like;‘
v. after clause 3 (o), the following clause shall be inserted namely :-
‗―Plastic Packaging‖ means packaging material made by using plastics for protecting, preserving,
storing and transporting of products in a variety of ways;‘
vi. after Clause 3(qa), the following clause shall be inserted namely :-
‗(qb) ―Plastic Waste Processors‖ means recyclers and entities engaged in using plastic for energy
(waste to energy) including in coprocessing or converting it to oil (waste to oil), industrial
composting;‘
vii. after Clause 3(qb), the following clause shall be inserted namely:-
‗(qc) ―Post-consumer plastic packaging waste‖ means plastic packaging waste generated by the
end-use consumer after the intended use of packaging is completed and is no longer being used for
its intended purpose;‘
viii. after Clause 3(r), the following clause shall be inserted namely:-
‗(ra) ―Pre-consumer plastic packaging waste‖ means plastic packaging waste generated in the form
of reject or discard at the stage of manufacturing of plastic packaging and plastic packaging waste
generated during the packaging of product including reject, discard, before the plastic packaging
reaches the end-use consumer of the product;‘
ix. after Clause 3(s), the following clause shall be inserted namely :-
‗(sa) ―Recyclers‖ are entities who are engaged in the process of recycling of plastic waste;‘
x. after Clause 3(w), the following clause shall be inserted namely :-
‗(wa) ―Use of recycled plastic‖ means recycled plastic, instead of virgin plastic, is used as raw
material in the manufacturing process;‘
xi. after Clause 3(aa), the following clause shall be inserted namely :-
‗(aab) ―Waste to Energy‖ means using plastic waste for generation of energy and includes co-
processing (e.g. in cement kilns);‘
3. In the said rules, in rule 4, -
i. in sub-rule (1), in clause (d), after the words ― thickness except‖, the words shall be inserted ― as
notified by Government‖
4. In the said rules, in rule 9, -
i. for the sub-rule (1), the following sub-rule shall be substituted, namely.-
―The Producers, Importers and Brand Owners, shall fulfill Extended Producers Responsibility on
plastic packaging waste as per regulations issued under these rules from time to time‖
ii. in the sub-rule (4), before the words, ―Pollution Control Board‖, the words, ―Cent ral Pollution
Control Board and State‖ is inserted
iii. in the sub-rule (5), after the words ―without registration from‖ the following words are added
―Central Pollution Control Board if operating in more than two states or union territories‖ and
after the words ―Pollution Control Committees‖ the following words are added ― as per
sub-rule 13 (2).‖
5. In the said rules, for rule 10, the following sub-rule shall be substituted, namely.-
27960/2022/UPC-II-HO
165 AnnexuresReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 137
[भाग II—ख ण् ड 3(i)] भारत का राजपत्र : असाधारण 9
“10. Protocols for compostable and biodegradable plastic materials.-Determination of the degree
of degradability and degree of disintegration of plastic material shall be as per the protocols of the
Indian Standards listed in Schedule I to these rules, wherein, it shall be ensured that standard
biodegradable plastic, other than compostable plastics, undergoes complete degradation by
biological processes under ambient environment (terrestrial or in water) conditions, in specified
time periods, without leaving any micro plastics, or visible, distinguishable or toxic residue,
which has adverse environment impacts, following appropriate standards developed by Bureau
of Indian Standards and certified by Central Pollution Control Board. The compostable plastic
materials shall conform to the Indian Standard: IS 17088:2008 titled as Specifications for
Compostable Plastics, as amended from time to time.‖
6. In the said rules, in rule 11-
i. In sub rule 11, ―plastic packaging‖ are substituted by the words ―plastic sheet or like used for
packaging‖
ii. In sub-rule (1) clause (a), words ―manufacturer‖ and ―used by the brand owner‖ shall be omitted
and words ―plastic packaging‖ are substituted by the words ―plastic sheet or like used for
packaging‖ and after words ―plastic sheet or like used for packaging‖ the following words are
added ―with effect from 1
st
July, 2022 and excluding plastic sheet or like used for packaging used
for imported goods. Nothing contained in this proviso shall apply to ―plastic sheet or like used for
packaging‖ in cases exempted under Rule 26 of Legal Metrology Packaged Commodities Rules,
2011.‖
iii. In sub rule (1) clause (b), the word ―manufacturer‖ shall be substituted by the word ―producer or
brand owner‖ , the word ―and‖ is substituted with the following words ―with effect from 1
st
July,
2022‖
iv. After sub-rule (1) clause (c), the following clause if inserted
―(d) The importer or brand owner, of imported carry bags or multi-layered packaging or plastic
sheets or like used for packaging, alone or along with products shall adhere to Sub-rule 11 (a) and
11 (b).‖
7. In the said rules, in rule 12, -
i. In Sub-rule (1), before the words, ―State Pollution Control Board‖, the words, ―Central Pollution
Control Board‖ is inserted.
8. In the said rules, in rule 13, -
i. for the sub-rule (1), the following sub-rule shall be substituted, namely.-
―(1) No person shall manufacture carry bags or recycle plastic or multilayered packaging unless the
person has obtained registration from,-
i. The concerned State Pollution Control Board or Pollution Control Committee of the Union
Territory, if operating in one or two states or Union territories; or
ii. The Central Pollution Control Board, if operating in more than two States or Union
Territories,‖
ii. in sub-rule (2), after the word ―producer‖ the following word is added ―importer‖ and after the
―to‖ the following words are added ―as per the procedure prescribed under Regulation for
Extended Producer Responsibility issued under Rule 9 (1).‖
iii. in sub-rule (3), after the words ―in Form II‖ the following words are added ―as per the
procedure prescribed under Regulation for Extended Producer Responsibility issued under
Rule 9 (1).‖
iv. Sub-rule (6) shall be omitted.
v. In the sub-rule (7), after the words ―terms of registration.‖ the following words are added
―The registration shall be subject to every person recycling or processing plastic waste or
27960/2022/UPC-II-HO
166 AnnexuresReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 138
10 THE GAZETTE OF INDIA : EXTRAORDINARY [PART II—S EC. 3(i)]
proposing to recycle or process plastic waste, adhering to the Regulation for Extended
Producer Responsibility issued under Rules 9 (1), as applicable.‖
9. In the said rules, after rule 17, a new rule 18 is added as given below:
―18. Imposition of Environmental Compensation.-
1. Environmental Compensation shall be levied based upon polluter pays principle, on person(s)
not adhering to the provisions of these rules, for the purpose of protecting and improving the
quality of the environment and preventing, controlling and abating environment pollution.
2. CPCB shall lay down guidelines for imposition and collection of environment compensation
and the same shall be notified. The Guidelines for Environmental Compensation shall be
updated, as required.‖
10. In the said rules, in Form I
(i). in Part I at item 11, the following shall be substituted, namely.-
―Action plan as per Regulation notified for Extended Producer Responsibility‖
(ii) in Part II at item 9, the following shall be substituted, namely.-
―Action plan as per Regulation notified for Extended Producer Responsibility‖
(iii) After Part II, the following is added:
III. Importers:
Item 3, 4, 5 of Part A, Part B, and item 7 and 8 of Part C, to be filled as per applicability.
PART
– A
GENERAL
1. Name, Address and Contact number
2 In case of renewal, previous registration number and date of
registration
3 Is the unit registered with the District Industries Centre of the
State Government or Union Territory? If yes, attach a copy.
4.(a) Total capital invested on the project
(b) Year of commencement of production
5. (a) List and quantum of products and by-products
(b) List and quantum of raw materials used
6 (a) Quantity of plastic sheet or like used for packaging of
imported or to be imported products
(b) Quantity of imported or to be imported plastic sheet or like
used for packaging for further supply or self-use
(c) Quantity of imported or to be imported multilayered
packaging for further supply or self-use
PART – B
PERTAINING TO LIQUID EFFLUENT AND GASEOUS EMISSIONS
5 Does the unit have a valid consent under the Water
(Prevention and control of Pollution) Act, 1974 (6 of 1974)?
If yes, attach a copy
6 Does the unit have a valid consent under the Air
(Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 (14 of
1981)?
If yes, attach a copy
27960/2022/UPC-II-HO
167 AnnexuresReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 139
[भाग II—ख ण् ड 3(i)] भारत का राजपत्र : असाधारण 11
PART – C
PERTAINING TO WASTE
7. Solid Wastes or rejects:
c. Total quantum of waste generated
d. Mode of storage within the plant
(d) Provision made for disposal of wastes
8. (a) Attach or Provide list of person supplying imported (i)
plastic sheet or like used for packaging, (ii) multilayered
packaging
(b) Quantity of imported (i) plastic sheet or like used for
packaging, (ii) multilayered packaging used for self use
9 Action plan as per Regulation notified for Extended
Producer Responsibility
Name and Signature
Designation
Date :
Place :
11. In the said rules, in Form IV, the following is added after item (9)
―(10). Data to be provided as per Regulation on Extended Producer Responsibility issued under
Rule 9 (1) by the 30th April of every year to the concerned State Pollution Control Board and
Pollution Control Committee‖
12. In the said rules, in Form VI, the following is added after the table
―B. Information as prescribed with respect to Regulation under Extended Producer Responsibility
issued under Rule 9 (1) to be provided by 30th April of every year in the prescribed pro forma to
Central Pollution Control Board for the following:
a. Manufacturer of carry bag, recycle plastic bag, multilayered packaging (Registered under Rule
13 (1) (i))
b. Producer, Importer, Brand Owner (Registered under Rule 13 (2) (i))
c. Recycler and plastic waste processor (Registered under Rule 13 (3) (i))‖
[ F. No. 17/24/2021-HSMD]
NARESH PAL GANGAWAR, Jt. Secy.
Note : The principal rules were published in the Gazette of India, vide number G.S.R 320 (E), dated the
18
th
March, 2016 and subsequently amended vide notification number G.S.R 285 (E), dated the
27
th
March, 2018 and subsequently amended vide notification number G.S.R. 571 (E), dated the
12
th
August, 2021 and last amended vide notification number G.S.R. 647(E), dated the
17
th
August, 2021.
Uploaded by Dte. of Printing at Government of India Press, Ring Road, Mayapuri, New Delhi-110064
and Published by the Controller of Publications, Delhi-110054.
27960/2022/UPC-II-HO
168 Report on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications
Designed b y
ALTERNATIVE PRODUCTS
and TECHNOLOGIES to
PLAST CS
and their ApplicationsREPORT ON
MAY 2022
Designed b y
ALTERNATIVE PRODUCTS
and TECHNOLOGIES to
PLAST CS
and their ApplicationsREPORT ON
MAY 2022 Disclaimer:
While due care has been taken in collecting, analyzing, and compiling the
data, NITI Aayog does not guarantee or warrant the accuracy, reliability, or
completeness of the information and acknowledges no copyright of the
images. The mention of specific companies or certain projects or products
as plastics alternates is subject to the test requirements under the provision
of PWM rules. The Committee accepts no liability to any third party for any
loss or damage arising from any interpretation or use of the document or
reliance on any views expressed herein.
Report on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications iii
Composition of Committee to Develop an Alternative Product to Plastic:
Chairperson
Dr. V.K. Saraswat
Member (S&T), NITI Aayog
Vice Chairperson
Dr. Srivari Chandrasekhar
Secretary, Department of Science and Technology
Member Secretary
Shri Avinash Mishra
Adviser (NRE), NITI Aayog
Members
Shri Naresh Pal Gangwar
Additional Secretary, MoEFCC
Dr. Ashish Lele
Director, CSIR-NCL
Smt. Divya Sinha
Scientist E, CPCB
Dr. Virendra Gupta
Sr. Vice President & Head R&D Polymer, RIL
Shri Samir Kumar Biswas
Director General, CIPET
Shri Vimal Katiyar
Prof. IIT Guwahati
Dr. Mayank Diwedi
Director, DRDO
Shri A.K. Ghosh
Prof., IIT Delhi
Dr. Manatesh D. Chakraborty
Principal Scientist, ITC Ltd.
Shri Pradeep Srivastava
Executive Director, TIFAC, DST
Shri Sanjeev Kumar
Additional Director, DIITM, DRDO
Dr. Neeraj Sharma
Head, TDT, DST
Dr. Smita Mohanty
Director & Head, CIPET
Dr. Sangita Kasture
Scientist ‘F’, DBT
Smt. Rita Roy Choudhury
Assistant Secretary-General, FICCI
Smt. Geetanjali Vats
Senior Manager, HUL Message v MessageReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications vi Message vii MessageReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications viii Table of Contents
ix
Table of Contents
Message: Dr V.K. Saraswat, Member, NITI Aayog v
Message: Mr Amitabh Kant, CEO, NITI Aayog vii
Abbreviations xv
1. Chapter 1: Executive Summary 1
2. Chapter 2: Introduction 3
2.1 The plastics problem in India 4
2.2 Terms of reference 5
3. Chapter 3: Assessment of Global and Indian plastic production and usage 7
3.1 Global trends 7
3.2 Indian trends 9
4. Chapter 4: Environmental impacts of plastics including microplastics on land, marine
ecosystems, and climate change 11
4.1 Global plastics waste patterns 11
4.2 Trends in India 12
4.3 Plastic and climate 13
5. Chapter 5: Plastic Waste Management 15
5.1 Recycling overview (recycling units, people engaged, economic contribution) 15
5.2 Implementation status of extended producer responsibility (EPR) 18
5.3 Reducing environmental harms from plastics: technology employed, penetration level and efficiency–
Global and India 19
5.4 Emissions reduction through recycling and upcycling 28
5.5 Recycled plastic into useable products 31
5.6 Circular economy of plastic waste management 32 Table of ContentsReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications x
5.7 Micro-plastics pollution management 40
5.8 Single-use plastics 41
6. Plastic Alternatives 43
6.1 Bioplastics/biodegradable plastics/compostable plastics and other substitutes 45
6.2 Global action on plastic alternatives 48
6.3 Technology status on plastic alternatives with life cycle assessment development 51
6.4 Technology readiness level (TRL) mapping of products–Global and India 55
6.5 Development and production of plastic alternatives collaboratively 70
7. Roadmap for development of plastic alternatives in India 71
7.1 Investment areas and policy gaps for development of alternatives 71
7.2 R&D and implementation strategy 71
7.3 Cost-benefit analysis 73
8. Recommendations 77
9. Annexures 81 List of TablesReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications xi
List of Tables
Table 1: Plastic pollution prevention and collection technology inventory 21
Table 2: Best practices in plastic waste management 26
Table 3: Plastics circularity in the packaging sector 33
Table 4: Plastics circularity in the automotive sector 35
Table 5: Plastics circularity in the building and construction sector 35
Table 6: Potential resource efficiency and circularity scenarios for plastics sector in India 38
Table 7: Biodegradable bio plastics 52
Table 8: List of global manufacturers of bio-based/ biodegradable polymers and their products 57
Table 9: Polymer Production capabilities to be extended to the industries 67
Table 10: Indian companies operating in the area of bioplastics 69 List of FiguresReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications xii
List of Figures
Figure 1: Global production of plastics in million tons 7
Figure 2: Global primary and global plastic production (in million tons) according to type
between 1950-2018 (Geyer, 2020) 8
Figure 3: Plastic consumption by country (kg/capita) 9
Figure 4: India’s plastic consumption (2018-19) in KT 10
Figure 5: Global plastic production and disposal method (1950-2015) in million tons 11
Figure 6: Per capita plastic waste generation 13
Figure 7: The fates of plastic waste across the globe 15
Figure 8: Alternative system boundaries for using the life cycle analysis matrix model are used
within the defined case study frameworks 17
Figure 9: Schedule-I of plastic waste management rule 18
Figure 10: Recycling rates in selected high income countries 20
Figure 11: Future projections of global mismanaged plastic waste generation and distribution
per continent under three scenarios 43
Figure 12: Natural fibres based plastic substitute 44
Figure 13: Biotransformation technology process 46
Figure 14: Biodegradable cutlery–DRDO 47
Figure 15: Ello Jello edible cups and packaging 48
Figure 16: Shoe products using Bloom algae foam 49
Figure 17: Time lapse images of strawberry with lipid coating 49
Figure 18: Zero plastic paper packaging bottle 50
Figure 19: Edible/ biodegradable packaging products 50
Figure 20: Translucent paper packaging 51
Figure 21: TRL distribution for the emerging bio-based products 56
Figure 22: Water Retention (> 2 hrs) in coated Pineapple leaf paper plate 62
Figure 23: Images of CO derived (a) rigid and (b) flexible PUs 63
Figure 24: Technology development by CSIR-CSMCRI 65
Figure 25: Lab synthesized biopolymer and biodegradable products 68
Figure 26: Technology transfer, scale-up and commercialization by CSIR-NIIST Indian Standards 70 Abbreviations
xiii
Abbreviations
ABSAcrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene
BHETBis(hydroxyethylene) Terephthalate
BISBureau of Indian Standards
CAGRCompounded Annual Growth Rate
CIPET Central Institute of Petrochemicals Engineering & Technology
COCastor Oil
CoE SusPol Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Polymers
CPCBCentral Pollution Control Board
CSIR-NIIST
Council for Scientific and Industrial Research–National Institute for
Interdisciplinary Science and Technology
DCPCDepartment of Chemicals and Petrochemicals
DEGDiethylene Glycol
DESDeep Eutectic Solvent
DRDODefence Research and Development Organisation
EGEthylene Glycol
EPRExtended Producer Responsibility
EU European Union
FICCI Federation of Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industry
FYFinancial Year
GHGGreenhouse gas
GoIGovernment of India
GSTGoods and Services Tax
HCCBPL Hindustan Coca-Cola Beverages Private Limited AbbreviationsReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications xiv
HDPEHigh-Density Polyethylene
HDPsHost Defence Peptides
HEIsHigher Education Institutions
HIPSHigh-Impact Polystyrene
IIScIndian Institute of Science
IPIRTI Indian Plywood Industries Research & Training Institute
IRCIndian Road Congress
ISIndian Standards
ISOInternational Organization for Standardization
KTPAKilo Tons Per Annum
MEGMonoethylene Glycol
MoEF&CC Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change
MPWMismanaged Plastic Waste
MTMillion Tons
NCRMI National Coir Research and Management Institute
NGOsNon-Governmental Organizations
PAPolyamide
PBATPolybutyrate Adipate Terephthalate
PBSPolybutylene Succinate
PCPolycarbonate
PCCPollution Control Committee
PCLPolycaprolactone
PEPolyethylene
PEFPolyethylene Furanoate
PEGPolyethylene Glycol
PETPolyethylene Terephthalate
PGPropylene Glycol
PHAsPolyhydroxyalkanoates
PIBOProducers, Importers, and Brand Owners
PLAPolylactic acid
PPPolypropylene
PSPolystyrene AbbreviationsReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications
xv
PSFPolyester Staple Fibre
PUsPoylurethanes
PVAPolyvinyl Alcohol
PVCPolyvinyl Chloride
PWMPlastic Waste Management
PWPsPlastic Waste Processors
RE&CE Resource Efficiency and Circular Economy
ROPRing-Opening Polymerization
SAPSystems, Applications, and Products in Data Processing
SERBScience & Engineering Research Board
SOPStandard Operating Procedure
SPCBState Pollution Control Board
SRCSemi-Refined-κ-Carrageenan
SUPSingle-Use Plastic
TPATerephthalic Acid
TRLTechnology Readiness Level
UNUnited Nations
UNDPUnited Nations Development Programme
USAUnited States of America
WtEWaste to Energy Executive SummaryReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications
1
Executive
Summary
Chapter
1
Plastic is the classic example of a boon turned bane in society. Once proved to be a miracle, plastic
has become a peril to nature in several terms that affect marine life to land resources. Plastics have
outgrown most manufactured materials and have long been under environmental scrutiny. However,
despite several technological advancements, the end-of-life of plastic is still lacking. Between 1950
– 2015, the cumulative production of polymers, synthetic fibre and additives was 8300 million tons,
of which 4600 million tons (55 per cent) went straight to landfills or were discarded, 700 million
tons (8 per cent) incinerated, and only 500 million tons (6 per cent) was recycled. By 2050, as per
current production and waste management trends, had it continued at the same rate, it would have
generated 12,000 MT
1
.
=
12,000 MT Plastic WasteOne Billion Elephants
Single-use plastics (SUP), often referred to as disposable plastics, are commonly used for plastic
packaging and include items intended to be used only once before being thrown away or recycled.
They are non-biodegradable and harm our health, wildlife, and the environment. They take years
to disintegrate and further break down into smaller pieces of plastics known as microplastics
contaminating food and water, including oceans.
Therefore, for a developing country like India, that can ill afford these risks and contaminations to
food and water sources, it is necessary to design and implement effective legislation that regulates
plastics waste on the hand and encourages alternatives to plastics on the other.
Keeping in view the adverse impacts of littered plastic on terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, in
2019, Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi issued a call to phase out SUP by 2022. Subsequently, the
government has adopted a three-pronged approach in tacking this problem, viz. behavioural change,
institutional mechanisms, and extended producer responsibility. The Government of India (GoI) has
considered and enacted a range of environmental legislation governing plastics, particularly on the
1 https://www.wired.co.uk/article/global-total-plastic-waste-oceans Executive SummaryReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 2
end-of-life management and mitigation of plastic waste pollution. The policy push toward resource
efficiency, circular economy opportunities in plastics, and an emphasis on recycled plastics have
also been key focus areas.
The extent to which plastics can get recycled depends on a range of technical, economic, logistical,
and even sociocultural factors. Virgin plastic material can be recycled only 2-3 times only because
after every recycling, the plastic material deteriorates due to thermal pressure, and its life span is
reduced. Hence recycling, while useful is not the only approach that will address this issue. Material
innovation presents a large opportunity as well: A wide variety of natural materials are utilized
to meet society’s needs. Plant fibres for textiles are dominated by cotton, followed by jute, and
related plants and textiles have seen significant sustainable innovation in recent years. Similarly,
other approaches to manage plastics waste should include biodegradable plastics and compostable
plastics.
Some of these are early stage but hold significant promise. Bioplastic production all over the world
is still minimal when compared to conventional plastics and they are also 1.5-4 times more expensive
than their fossil-based counterpart and will require significant technology investment and scale to
drive down unit costs. Similarly, there are emerging technologies that have developed additives to
make completely biodegradable polyolefins, such as polypropylene (PP) and polyethylene (PE). These
biodegradable plastics are developing as a potential alternative to conventional plastics. At present,
both aerobic as well as anaerobic biodegradable plastics are available and over 150 compostable
plastic manufacturers have been certified by the Central Pollution Control Board. They manufacture
a wide range of products, including films, bags, cutlery items, straws, gloves, aprons, thermoformed
products etc.
While environmentally friendly biodegradable plastics are a desirable solution, it is essential that
they also fulfil required functional performance parameters (i.e. moisture barrier, heat sealability,
etc.) for them to see widescale adoption. Such scaling up from the lab to commercial processes will
be vital to achieve cost reduction and widespread adoption. There is an urgent need to upgrade
the infrastructure of government and private testing laboratories so that they are well equipped
to test plastics according to Indian Standards (IS) as mentioned in Schedule I of PWM Rules. The
manufacturers should also be encouraged through appropriate measures to shift from conventional
plastics to biodegradable plastics across categories. Introduction 3
Chapter
2
Introduction
Plastic derives its name from the Greek term plastikos which means capable of being shaped or
moulded. It has replaced a broad range of traditional materials and found innumerous applications
ranging from everyday single-use products such as packaging and bottles to long-lasting furniture,
clothes, automotive components, and building materials.
Plastics are obtained when monomers that can be synthetic or semi-synthetic organic (carbon-
containing) compounds, mainly derived from natural gas and crude oil, are blended with inorganic
compounds in a catalyst at defined parameters. Further, additives are added to make the plastics
heavy and durable, termed thermoset (e.g. sheet moulding compound (SMC), fibre reinforced plastic
(FRP). As a whole plastics weigh less, cost less, and offer outstanding technical properties
2
compared
to alternatives.
Additives like plasticizers make plastic more flexible, called thermoplastic (e.g. PET, LDPE, HDPE, PVC,
etc.). However, these additives damage both the environment and human health when they enter
our water and food systems and when they get released into the environment while recycling.
Thermoplastics constitute 94% of the total plastic waste generated and are recyclable, whereas the
thermosets are non-recyclable
3
.
In India, the plastics industry symbolizes a promising business segment that creates income and
employment opportunities for both skilled and semi-skilled persons and contributes to the ‘Make in
India’ initiative. Packaging materials account for 24% of the total domestic consumption of plastic,
followed by agriculture at 23%, and household items at 10%. Data from the packaging segment data
reveals that PE and PP account for around 33% and 29% of polymer usage respectively, followed
by polyethylene terephthalate (PET) at 17%, polyvinyl chloride (PVC) at 7%, and others at 14% in this
segment
4
. Finished plastic products also constitute a significant component of value-added product
exports.
2 d’Ambrières, W., 2019. Plastics recycling worldwide: current overview and desirable changes. Field Actions Science Reports. The
Journal of Field Actions, (Special Issue 19), pp.12-21
3 https://cpcb.nic.in/uploads/plasticwaste/LCA_Report_15.05.2018.pdf
4 https://chemicals.nic.in/sites/default/files/SUP_Expert_Committee_Report.pdf IntroductionReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 4
2.1 THE PLASTICS PROBLEM IN INDIA
India’s plastic consumption has been growing significantly and despite per capita usage levels lower
than most other developing and developed countries, plastic pollution has emerged as one of the
significant problems in the country.
Plastics have become an integral part of society and we have come to rely on them in all spheres
of life. Researchers have estimated that more than 8300 million tons of plastics have been produced
since 1950
5
. Historically, plastics were predominantly made from petrochemical products and this
dependence continues. Presently, ~4% of fossil fuel extracted annually ends up being used as raw
materials for plastics production. Technically, it is the natural gas liquid fraction or low-value gaseous
fraction from petroleum refining that is mainly used to make plastics
6
.
India produced approximately 3.47 million tons of plastics waste per annum, as per the Central
Pollution Control Board (CPCB) report
7
with the per capita waste growing from 700 gms to 2500
gms over the last five years. Unfortunately, only a small amount of this plastic waste gets recycled.
A majority of this waste leaks into the environment through various polluting pathways. India
collects only 60% of its plastic waste with the remaining 40% remaining uncollected and enters the
environment directly as waste. These numbers are relatively small compared to developed nations
but these trends are not sustainable given simply the volume of plastics in India. Alternatives to
plastics will play a significant role going forward.
The Hon’ble Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi, in his 2019 Independence Day speech, announced
the goal the phasing out of SUP by 2022. Since then, the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate
Change, Government of India, has notified the Plastic Waste Management (PWM) Amendment Rules,
2021, which prohibit specified SUP items that have low utility and high littering potential by July 1,
2022. However, SUP is not confined to the plastic manufacturing or processing sector alone. A range
of manufacturing and services sectors such as agriculture, public health, medical equipment, food
services, etc., are all critically dependent on SUP. Thus, a well-designed and systematic strategy
is needed to combat the SUP problem otherwise there is a risk of exacerbating the problem. In
addition to policy and regulation, it will be critical to ensure that these policies and regulations get
implemented and best practices aligned to the 5Rs (redesign, reduce, reuse, recover, recycle) of a
circular economy approach to plastics get adopted at national scale.
In view of this, NITI Aayog, under the Chairmanship of Hon’ble Member Dr V.K. Saraswat, set up a
committee to identify alternatives to plastics as well as technologies that make plastics biodegradable.
The committee also assessed infrastructure needs, market readiness, and appropriate regulatory
and policy approaches to facilitate the transition to plastic alternatives and sustainable plastics.
The relative advantages and disadvantages of substitution, conversion technologies, and necessary
procedures were carefully considered while developing alternatives.
5 UNEP. Our planet is drowning in plastic pollution—it’s time for change! https://www.unep.org/interactive/beat-plastic-pollution
6 Lebreton L., and Andrady A. Future scenarios of global plastic waste generation and disposal. Palgrave Commun. 2019, 5, 6.
https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-018-0212-7
7 Management Rules, 2016. https://cpcb.nic.in/uploads/plasticwaste/Annual_Report_2019-20_PWM.pdf IntroductionReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 5
SWOC Analysis
Strengths
Improved human health and
environment
Waste minimization
Wider applications
Weakness
Confusion in classification of
the type of plastic
Lack of infrastructure and
policy support
Not completely carbon neutal
Opportunities
Development of novel
applications where there are
no equivalent non-plastic
alternatives
Challenges
Unit cost
Scalability of domestic R&D
Social and economic
impact due to transition to
biodegradable plastics
2.2 TERMS OF REFERENCE
The terms of reference of the committee were as follows:
1. To assess the status of the development of bio-degradable plastics and materials globally
2. To assess the directions of research and development being carried by global majors
involved in plastics
3. Understand the status of domestic R&D by public and private polymer manufacturers,
R&D institutions/strategies to catalyze the research and development of bio-degradable
plastics and the role of public-funded R&D projects in this domain.
4. To identify research in bio-degradable polymers that needs to be carried out to meet
the requirements of the automobile industry, the agriculture sector and other industrial
applications
5. To understand how the scaleup of R&D activity, the translation of R&D into commercialization
uses, and production could be funded by the industry and what roles would the government
and the private sector need to take for large scale commercialization of plastics alternatives
and biodegradable plastics
6. To identify how industry partners would facilitate and would be responsible for the
identification of different products and the application thereof for R&D teams to conduct
research accordingly
7. To determine how the committee would need to approve project proposals, monitor
progress and coordinate commercialization with the industry
8. To assess how finances for the research programme would be borne by the Department
of Science and Technology.
9. To asses how major R&D projects could be supported by the Government of India or
jointly by the Government of India and Industry. IntroductionReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 6 Assessment of Global and Indian plastic production and usage
7
Chapter
3
Assessment of
Global and Indian
plastic production
and usage
3.1 GLOBAL TRENDS
Since their invention, plastics have transformed the way we live and have become omnipresent
in our lives: be it clothing, transportation, communication, health care, manufacturing equipment,
money, or almost any other sphere of life. Deemed a miracle material, plastics helped free people
from socio-economic constraints imposed by scarce natural resources. No wonder plastics were
called the materials of the 21
st
century.
Global annual plastic production in million tonnes
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
19501960197019801990200020102020
Forecast
2030
56%
More than half of all the
plastics ever produced have
been made since 2000.
Figure 1: Global production of plastics in million tons
Source: Plastic Atlas 2019 | Plastic soup foundation
Globally, 97-99% of these plastics are derived from fossil fuel feedstock while the remaining 1-3%
come from bio (plant) based plastics
8
. The amount of plastic that is produced in the world every
year has increased exponentially in just a human lifetime, i.e. from 2 million tons in 1950 to 381
million tons in 2015
9
. production. The global per capita consumption (2014-15) was 28 kgs.
8 https://gridarendal-website-live.s3.amazonaws.com/production/documents/:s_document/554/original/UNEP-CHW-PWPWG.1-
INF-4.English.pdf?1594295332
9 https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.1700782 Assessment of Global and Indian plastic production and usageReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 8
More than half the total amount of plastic produced was only brought to market after 2000. The
expectation is that production will further increase to about 600 million tons in 2025 (Figure 1). This
is roughly twice the total weight of the world’s population today
10
! The packaging industry dominates
the consumption by about 42%, followed by the building and construction sector utilizing 19% of
the total plastic created.
Many SUP products such as face masks, medical equipment, shopping bags, coffee cups, and cling
film are everyday “essentials” in our lives adding tremendous value. The production of SUP has
doubled since 2005 alone and is expected to increase by a further third between 2020 and 2025.
Today, they are the most common type of plastic produced, consuming over a third of all polymers,
the building blocks of plastics made every year. China is the largest producer of SUP, followed by
the US and India.
1950
1952
1954
1956
1958
1960
1962
1964
1966
1968
1970
1972
1974
1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
2014
2016
2018
500.0
450.0
400.0
350.0
300.0
250.0
200.0
150.0
100.0
50.0
0.0
Primary production of plastics in Mt
Other
Textiles
Industrial Machinery
Consumer & Institutional Products
Electrical/Electronic
Building & Construction
Transportation
Packaging
Figure 2: Global primary and global plastic production (in million tons) according to type between
1950-2018 (Geyer, 2020)
10 https://www.plasticsoupfoundation.org/en/plastic-facts-and-figures/ Assessment of Global and Indian plastic production and usageReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications
9
CANADA
UNITED KINGDOM
NETHERLANDS GERMAN Y
POLAND
ITALY
EGYPT
TURKEY
IRAN
RUSSIA
KAZAKHSTAN
CHINA
INDIA
THAILA ND
SOUTH
KOREA
JAPAN
BELGIU M
TAIWA N
SOUTH KORE A
CZECH REPUBLI C
ISRAE L
USA
SAUDI ARABI A
GERMAN Y
ITAL Y
AUSTR IA
NETHE RLAND S
CANAD A
TURKE Y
MALAY SIA
POLAN D
HUNGAR Y
SWITZE RLAND
JAPA N
FRANC E
SPAI N
UAE
THAIL AND
CHIN A
OMAN
AUSTRALI A
BAHRAI N
KUWAI T
QATA R
UNITE D KINGDO M
IRAN
SERBI A
MEXIC O
BULGAR IA
CHIL E
RUSSI A
ARGEN TINA
LEBANO N
VIETNA M
JORDA N
ROMAN IA
BRAZI L
TUNIS IA
SOUTH AFRIC A
kg/cap ita
100
80
60
40
20
PERU
COLOMB IA
ALGERI A
MOROC CO
INDONE SIA
EGYP T
UKRAIN E
KAZAK HSTAN
INDI A
KENY A
UZBEK ISTAN
GHAN A
PAKIST AN
NIGER IA
TANZAN IA
LIBY A
IRAQ
YEME N
ETHIOP IA
TAIWAN
VIETNAM
MALAYSIA
INDONE SIA
AUSTRALIA
PLAST ICS CONSUMPTIO N PER CAPITA
BELGIUM
FRANCE
SPAIN
MORO CCO
GHANA
ALGERIA
NIGERIA
SAUDI ARABIA
SOUTH AFRICA
TANZAN IA
KENYA
ETHIOPIA
USA
MEXICO
COLOMBIA
PERUBRAZIL
CHILE
ARGENTINA
Figure 3: Plastic consumption by country (kg/capita)
Source: UNEP Baseline report on plastic waste
China is among the most prominent plastic consumers accounting for 20% of the global plastic
consumption and is followed by Western Europe, which accounts for 18% of the worldwide plastic
consumption and then United States of America (USA). However, in terms of plastic consumption
per capita, China is ranked much lower than other countries. On the contrary, the European Union
(EU) is one of the largest per capita consumers of plastic (Figure 3).
3.2 INDIAN TRENDS
The Indian plastics industry started in 1945 and has been growing over the years. From 0.9 million
tons in 1990 to 18.45 million tons in 2018, plastic consumption has grown 20 times since then
11
.
The plastics industry is one of the biggest generators of employment in the country, valued to be
around INR 5.1 lakh crore (USD 73 billion). Owing to near universal use of plastics in wide range of
sectors, the plastics industry is one of the fastest growing in India.
There are over 30,000 units that produce plastic materials in India. Approximately 90% of these units
are small and medium-sized enterprises. The Plastic industry employs about 4 million people. In
Financial Year (FY) 20 (till January 2020), plastic exports stood at USD 7.045 billion, with the highest
contribution from plastic raw materials at USD 2.91 billion; plastic sheets, films, and plates at USD
1.22 billion; and packaging materials at USD 722.47 million
12
.
11 https://www.plastindia.org/plastic-industry-status-report.php
12 https://www.ibef.org/exports/plastic-industry-india.aspx Assessment of Global and Indian plastic production and usageReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 10
From a demand-side perspective, packaging shares 24% of total domestic consumption, followed by
agriculture (23%), household items (including home furnishings: 10%) (Figure 4).
CPVC, 130, 1%
LDPE, 755, 4%
LLD, 2105, 11%
HD, 2440, 13%
PP, 5082, 28%
PVC, 3188, 17%
Paste PVC, 120, 1%
PS, 275, 1%
EPS, 104, 1%
PET, 965, 5%
Bopet, 673, 4%
Eng Plastics, 913, 5%
Thermoset, 1510, 8%
EVA, 190, 1%
Figure 4: India’s plastic consumption (2018-19) in KT
Source: India Plastics Industry Report 2019, PlastIndia Foundation Environmental impacts of plastics including microplastics on land, marine ecosystems, and climate change
11
Chapter
4
Environmental impacts
of plastics including
microplastics on land,
marine ecosystems,
and climate change
Some plastic products such as building and construction materials (35 years), industrial machinery (20
years), plastic products in the transportation sector (13 years), electrical/electronic plastic products (8
years), and textiles (5 years) have long life spans. However, a majority of plastic products encountered
every day have a short life cycle lasting between one day (e.g., disposable plastic cups, plates,
takeaway containers, plastic bags, etc.) to three years (e.g., food and drink containers, cosmetics,
agricultural film, etc.)
13
. None of these commonly used plastics is biodegradable.
4.1 GLOBAL PLASTICS WASTE PATTERNS
Incinerated
700m
Recycled then
Discarded
300m
Recycled still
in use
100m
Primary plastic
still in use
2500m
Straight to Landfill
or discarded
4600m
Plastic used once
5800mTotal primary plastic
Production
8300m
Recycled 500m
Recycled then incinerated
100m
Balance of plastic production and fate (m = million tonnes)
8300m produced * 4900m discarded + 800m incinerated + 2600m still in use (100m of recycled plastic)
Figure 5: Global plastic production and disposal method (1950-2015) in million tons
Source: based on Geyer et al. (2017). Production, use, and fate of all plastics ever made.
This is a visualization from OurWorldinData.org, where you find data and research on how the world is changing. Licensed
under CC-BY-SA by Hannah Ritchie and Max Roser (2018).
13 https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/mean-product-lifetime-plastic Environmental impacts of plastics including microplastics on land, marine ecosystems, and climate changeReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 12
Most global plastics waste is generated in Asia but the US, the EU, and Japan lead in terms of per
capita plastic packaging waste.
Between 1950 – 2015, the cumulative production of polymers, synthetic fibres and additives was 8300
million tons, of which 4600 million tons (55 per cent) went straight to landfills or were discarded,
700 million tons were incinerated (Figure 5).
Plastic overconsumption and mismanagement is a growing menace across the globe and is leading
to overflowing landfills, blocked rivers, and threatened marine ecosystems. This has a negative impact
on sectors that are critical to many economies, including tourism, shipping, and fisheries
14
. There
are the hundreds of thousands of landfills, drains and rivers choked with plastic waste, especially
in the developing world.
The production and disposal of plastics are also responsible for significant greenhouse gas
emissions. In addition, the loss of natural resources resulting from current waste management
systems represents a missed economic opportunity. For example, estimates suggest that 95% of the
material value of used plastic packaging, or USD 80–120 billion, is lost annually
15
.
As per the 2018 UNEP report, plastic litter in the Asia-Pacific region alone costs its tourism, fishing,
and shipping industries USD 1.3 billion per year. In Europe, cleaning plastic waste from coasts and
beaches costs about €630 million per year. Studies suggest that the total economic damage to the
world’s marine ecosystems caused by plastic amounts to at least USD 13 billion every year. Thus,
the economic, health and environmental reasons to act are clear.
According to the Plastic Waste Makers Index 2021, Singapore tops the list of the countries in per
capita SUP waste generation at 76 kg followed by Australia at 56 kg. The report also states that in
absolute terms China (25.36 MT) is the largest producer of SUP followed by the US (17.19 MT) and
India (5.58 MT). Japan closely follows India with 4.7 MT of annual plastic waste.
Lately, another worrying aspect of plastics, microplastics, has been gaining attention. Plastics can
deteriorate and fragment into minute particles when exposed to ultra-violet sunlight, water, and salts.
They can be ingested by simple life forms and enter the food chain. Their pervasive dominance
means that they are now embedded in, quite literally, every habitat in the world, even in the most
isolated ecosystems. One sample of microplastics found in the Arctic snow amounted to more than
10,000 of them per litre of melted snow.
4.2 TRENDS IN INDIA
Approximately 3.4 million tons per annum of plastic waste was generated in India in 2019-20 while
the per capita waste generation trend for the last five years (2016-20) has almost doubled over the
previous five years (Figure 6).
Goa, Delhi & Kerala have reported the highest per capita plastic waste generation, while Nagaland,
Sikkim and Tripura have reported the lowest per capita plastic waste generation.
14 https://blogs.worldbank.org/eastasiapacific/plastic-waste-growing-menace-and-wasted-opportunity
15 https://www.oecd.org/environment/waste/policy-highlights-improving-plastics-management.pdf Environmental impacts of plastics including microplastics on land, marine ecosystems, and climate changeReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications
13
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
Plastic waste per capita (gm/year)
2015-162016-172017-182018-192019-20
Figure 6: Per capita plastic waste generation
Source: CPCB Annual Report 2019-20
The waste management infrastructure in the States/UTs was strengthened through the Swachh
Bharat Mission and presently, a portion of the plastic waste generated by States/UTs is utilized for
different purposes such as recycling, road construction, waste to energy plants, waste to oil plants,
and cement plants for co-processing. However, texact quantities of plastic waste utilized for these
has not provided by most of the states/UTs
16
.
4.3 PLASTIC AND CLIMATE
Nearly every piece of plastic begins as a fossil fuel, and greenhouse gases (GHG) are emitted at
each stage of the plastic lifecycle: 1) fossil fuel extraction and transport, 2) plastic refining and
manufacture, 3) managing plastic waste, and 4) ongoing effects within oceans, waterways, and various
ecosystem landscapes.
As per a recent CIEL report
17
, at current levels, greenhouse gas emissions from the plastic lifecycle
threaten the ability of the global community to keep global temperature rise below 1.5°C degrees.
If plastic production and use grows as currently planned, by 2030, these emissions could reach 1.34
gigatons per year, equivalent to the emissions released by more than 295 new 500-megawatt coal-
fired power plants. By 2050, the cumulation of these greenhouse gas emissions from plastic could
reach over 56 gigatons, or 10 – 13% per cent of the entire remaining carbon budget.
16 https://cpcb.nic.in/uploads/plasticwaste/Annual_Report_2019-20_PWM.pdf
17 https://www.ciel.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Plastic-and-Climate-FINAL-2019.pdf Plastic Waste Management
15
Chapter
5
Plastic Waste
Management
5.1 RECYCLING OVERVIEW (RECYCLING UNITS, PEOPLE ENGAGED,
ECONOMIC CONTRIBUTION)
Globally, between 10-60% of plastic waste gets recycled across different countries; it averages 30% in
most countries in the EU and only about 10% in the US. Additionally, in many developed nations, a
larger fraction of plastics waste gets thermally treated to recover energy as opposed getting recycled
for material recovery. For instance, in Japan, Sweden, and Denmark, thermal treatment covers 56%,
81.7%, and 57.1% of the total plastic waste generated, respectively. However, material recycling of
plastics tends to reduce the environmental footprint of plastic use and consumption significantly
with astudy estimating that we save approximately 3.8 barrels of petroleum by recycling a tonne of
plastic waste, thereby reducing our reliance on fossil fuels
18
.
India does better in this aspect due to a large informal sector workforce (comprised of individual
waste pickers and waste traders) making a living by collecting, sorting, recycling, and selling valuable
plastic materials recovered. Approximately 60% of plastic waste gets collected for recycling and
recovery in India, which is much higher than in developed countries.
79%
12%
9%
Dumping
Incineration
Recycling
Figure 7: The fates of plastic waste across the globe
Source: Ronald Geyer et al 2017. “Production, use, and fate of all plastics ever made.” Science Advances Vol. 3
18 Oblak, P., Gonzalez-Gutierrez, J., Zupančič, B., Aulova, A. and Emri, I., 2015. Processability and mechanical properties of extensively
recycled high density polyethylene. Polymer Degradation and stability, 114, pp.133-145. Plastic Waste ManagementReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 16
The Indian recycling industry relies significantly on the unorganized sector, such as waste pickers and
waste collectors, to collect plastics. The collected plastic is further transferred to small aggregators,
from where it reaches a medium or large dealer and finally goes to recycling units. Other unorganized
players are also involved in unit operations, including shredding, flaking, and washing the plastic.
The value of processed plastic increases as plastic waste moves up the value chain.
Value extraction pathways
Recycling and energy recovery from plastics waste can be carried out in three ways
19
:
i. Mechanical recycling–This recycling method reprocesses the plastic waste into a secondary
plastic material via primary and secondary recycling options. Primary recycling is the
preferred technique as it does not require much energy and resources to create operational
units as it is free from any contamination. This is followed by secondary recycling, where
the unit operations increase significantly due to activities like de-dusting, washing and
cleaning. Both primary and secondary recycling are the most prevalent form of recycling
in India and constitute 94.17 % of the total plastic waste being recycled. However, derived
secondary products through these processes are lower grade or economic value and
cannot replace the original commodity or the outcome. Hence, this process of recycling
only delays the final disposal of the plastic.
ii. Chemical or feedstock recycling–Under this process, tertiary recycling methods are used
to convert the plastic waste into oil, gas or its monomeric constituents through chemical
conversion, which can further be used as fuel. It is the least preferred method in India
with only 0.83% of the plastic waste getting processed due to high capital and operational
expenditure as well as the non-availability of scalable technologies in India.
iii. The third option of quaternary recycling offers two possibilities, viz., energy recovery and
alternate use, both of which cannot be considered recycling. Energy recovery is carried
out at ‘Waste to Energy’ (WtE) plants and incineration facilities or through co-processing in
cement kilns. However, these WtE processes applied to plastics waste convert land-based
pollution to water and air pollution unless expensive pollution control equipment is in
place. Under alternate use, the collected plastic waste is used for a purpose other than
for which it was created, such as road-making with plastic waste, which is now a mandate
as per the Indian Road Congress (IRC). This is a relatively less preferred method as it
has high capital and operational costs, ambiguity around suitability and acceptability of
technology, as well as risks of converting land-based pollution to air and water pollution.
However, this is still selected over simply dumping or landfilling plastics and contributes to
managing 5% of the plastic waste in India. Moreover, an increasing number of businesses
and authorities at the local, state and national levels are moving towards this method as
it offers fast and interim solutions for plastic waste, which is otherwise non-recyclable or
difficult to recycle.
Thus, there is a general hierarchy within plastic recycling based on the degree to which the polymer
stays intact, which overlaps with the inner (material remains unchanged) and outer loops (material not
intact) of circular economy principles. This is captured in the categorization of primary (most intact),
secondary, tertiary and quaternary recycling (least intact). Hence, primary recycling is considered the
most optimal (inner loop) and quaternary recycling (outer loop) the least. At this point in time in
19 Indian Plastics Industry Report, PlastIndia foundation, 2019. https://www.plastindia.org/plastic-industry-status-report.php Plastic Waste ManagementReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications
17
India, plastic recycling occurs mainly through mechanical recycling from mixed waste streams and
is categorized as secondary recycling (open-loop recycling). In this system, the plastic is downcycled,
meaning it is only partially re-used for the same purpose due to quality reduction. Some of these
quality and quantity recycling gaps are a result of plastic waste being collected in a mixed stream,
consisting of different polymers and even materials (metals, cardboard, rubber and more).
Furthermore, plastic products can contain a mix of materials and polymers, including multilayer
materials, copolymers, stickers, fillers and additives, which complicate the recycling process. These
conditions vary enormously across plastic applications and sector, and hence across waste streams.
To summarize, presently, recycling takes place for a limited selection of the total plastic waste streams,
with only a few recycling technologies applied on a large scale, while the process itself is complex and
suboptimal due to quality limitations. However, there are alternative, innovative recycling technologies
that might fill these gaps and surpass the limits and boundaries associated with existing recycling
methods from different waste streams (Figure 8). This includes tertiary recycling options where the
plastic waste is recycled to monomers or feedstocks with thermochemical methods. Other chemical
recycling options are being developed as well, such as depolymerization, which breaks polymer bonds
using chemicals, or dissolution with solvents that keep polymers intact. Unfortunately, it is still not
fully known which existing or innovative recycling technologies theoretically offer environmental
benefits for each plastic application, and hence which technologies would fit best in a circular
economy approach to managing plastics waste in India.
ecoinvent 3.4
Avoided
Product
Production
+
Processing
Raw
materials
Sorting
reprocessing
Case study
addition
Waste
polymer
Avoided
heat and
electricity
Waste
products
Waste
polymer
1-Efficiency
Efficiency
System boundaries
Waste
polymer
Recycling technology
(with additional
conditions)
Avoided
heat and
electricity
Energy
Chemicals
Energy, water
Emissions
Emissions
Emissions
Figure 8: Alternative system boundaries for using the life cycle analysis matrix model are used within the
defined case study frameworks
In the current scenario, many adverse effects of plastics can be addressed by recycling as it represents
one of the most promising areas in the plastics industry today. Recycling provides options to reduce
carbon dioxide emissions, oil usage, and the quantities of waste requiring disposal. Life cycle analysis
exhibits that it is the most environmentally friendly option with present processing technologies,
ranging from processing PP/PE or PET in France or Asia and irrespective of whether the energy
performance of current incineration facilities is low or high. The same analysis supports that GHG
emissions can be reduced by 20–50% by using recycled plastic instead of raw plastic. Plastic Waste ManagementReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 18
5.2 IMPLEMENTATION STATUS OF EXTENDED PRODUCER
RESPONSIBILITY (EPR)
In 1999, the Ministry of Environment and Forests (then MoEF) notified the first-ever law on plastics
in the form of The Plastics Manufacture, Sale and Usage Rules. Since then, the country’s waste
management regulations have evolved significantly.
Plastic Waste (Management and Handling) Rules 2011 were introduced in the country to address
the issue of Plastic Waste Management (PWM) under the Environment Protection Act in 1986 by
the Ministry of Environment and Forests, Climate Change (MoEF&CC). These were notified in 2016
and amended in 2018, 2021 and 2022. The PWM Rules 2016 stress the minimization of plastic waste,
segregation at source, recycling, and implementing the polluters pay principle for the sustainability
of the waste management system.
Rule 10 of the PWM Rules specifies that the degree of degradability and degree of disintegration
of compostable and biodegradable plastic material shall be as per the protocols of the IS listed in
Schedule-I (Figure 9).
1.
IS / ISO 14851: 1999 Determination of the ultimate aerobic biodegradability of plastic materials
in an aqueous medium-Method by measuring the oxygen demand in a closed Respirometer
2.
IS / ISO 14852: 1999 Determination of the ultimate aerobic biodegradability of plastic materials
in an aqueous medium-Method by analysis of evolved carbon dioxide
3.
IS / ISO 14853: 2005 Plastics- Determination of the ultimate anaerobic biodegradation of plastic
materials in an aqueous system-Method by measurement of biogas production
4.
IS /ISO 14855-1: 2005 Determination of the ultimate aerobic biodegradability of plastic materials
under controlled composting conditions-Method by analysis of evolved carbon dioxide (Part-1
General method)
5.
IS / ISO 14855-2: 2007 Determination of the ultimate aerobic biodegradability of plastic materials
under controlled composting conditions-Method by analysis of evolved carbon dioxide (Part-2:
Gravimetric measurement of carbon dioxide evolved in a laboratory- scale test)
6.
IS / ISO 15985: 2004 Plastics- Determination of the ultimate anaerobic biodegradation and
disintegration under high-solids anaerobic digestion conditions- Methods by analysis of released
biogas
7.
IS /ISO 16929: 2002 Plastics- Determination of degree of disintegration of plastic materials under
defined composting conditions in a pilot - scale test
8.
IS / ISO 17556: 2003 Plastics- Determination of ultimate aerobic biodegradability in soil by
measuring the oxygen demand in a Respirometer or the amount of carbon dioxide evolved
9.
IS / ISO 20200:2004 Plastics- Determination of degree of disintegration of plastic materials under
simulated composting conditions in a laboratory - scale test
Figure 9: Schedule-I of plastic waste management rule Plastic Waste ManagementReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications
19
As the proposed amendment to Rule 10 as per the draft Notification dated 18
th
January 2022, the
determination of the degree of degradability and degree of disintegration of plastic material shall
be as per the protocols of the IS listed in Schedule I to the rules, following appropriate standards
developed by Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) and certified by CPCB. The compostable plastic
materials shall conform to the Indian Standard: IS 17088:2008 titled Specifications for Compostable
Plastics, as amended from time to time.
The guidelines for effective implementation of EPR for “extended producer responsibility for plastic
packaging” have been given legal force through the PWM Amendment Rules, dated 6
th
October 2021
and notified on 16
th
February 2022. They apply to both pre-consumer and post-consumer plastic
packaging waste. Producers, Importers, and Brand Owners (PIBOs) must fulfil EPR obligations by
ensuring that plastic waste is processed through Plastic Waste Processors (PWPs), as per an action
plan to meet EPR targets. They are required to obtain certificates from PWP according to the quantity
of plastic waste processed and use such certificates to meet their EPR targets. Provisions and targets
for reuse (by brand owners), recycling (by PIBOs), and use of recycled plastic (by PIBOs) have also
been laid out. Registration of PIBOs (operating in one or two states) and PWP shall be done by the
State Pollution Control Board (SPCB) or the Pollution Control Committee (PCC) through the centralized
Extended Producer Responsibility portal developed by CPCB.
The guidelines have recognized and included biodegradable plastics, as certified by regulatory entities
Central Pollution Control Board, BIS, Central Institute of Petrochemicals Engineering & Technology,
for adoption and will be exempted from EPR targets.
5.3 REDUCING ENVIRONMENTAL HARMS FROM PLASTICS: TECHNOLOGY
EMPLOYED, PENETRATION LEVEL AND EFFICIENCY–GLOBAL AND INDIA
Several approaches are available to address the environmental side effects of rapidly growing plastics
production, use, and disposal.
i. Modifications in the design of the product, such as using the alternative materials in
place of plastics, could decrease the production, use, and discarding of plastics in the
first place. Variations in design practices, such as through product weight reduction, could
reduce plastic waste generation. Adoption of biobased or biodegradable plastics could
reduce the adverse environmental impacts of plastics by reducing their ecological footprint.
ii. Improving the waste management systems by implementing higher waste collection and
recycling rates would allow plastic waste to be captured before creating problems in the
natural environment.
iii. Organizing clean up and remediation events, such as beach clean-ups and technologies
to collect plastics from oceans, would facilitate the removal of plastics already present in
the natural environment.
Each of these approaches has substantial possibilities and a set of associated risks and costs. The
usage of alternative materials instead of plastics can reduce plastic use; however, it may amplify
environmental burdens elsewhere. Replacing plastics may also nullify the use-phase energy savings
(in transport, for example) that plastics can create in the first place. Using bio-based or biodegradable
plastics may also have unintended consequences. In particular, improved biodegradability can
intensify the spreading of microplastic fragments in the environment if degradation is incomplete.
Consequently, clean up, and remediation activities can come at a high cost and are unlikely to
address microplastic pollution effectively. Plastic Waste ManagementReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 20
Recycling rates–Despite recent efforts, plastic recycling continues to be an economically marginal
activity. Current recycling rates are thought to be 14–18% at the global level. The remainder of plastic
waste is either incinerated (24%) or disposed of in a landfill or the natural environment (58–62%).
These recycling rates are substantially lower than those for other widely used materials. Recycling
rates for primary industrial metals – steel, aluminium, copper, etc. – and paper are thought to exceed
50%. Plastic recycling rates also vary significantly across different countries, waste streams, and
polymer types. Some polymers are more widely recycled than others. Recycling rates for PET and
high-density polyethylene (HDPE) commonly exceed 10%, while those for polystyrene (PS) and PP
are closer to zero. Recycling rates in the EU average 30% and are thought to be considerably higher
in some EU Member States (Figure 10). Recycling rates in other high-income countries are typically
in the order of 10%. Recycling rates in low- to middle-income countries are largely unknown but
may be significant in situations where there is a well-established and effective informal sector. Data
indicates that plastics recycling rates may be approaching 20–40% in some developing country cities.
20052006200720082009201020112012201320142015
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Plastics recycling rate
EU USA Australia Japan
Figure 10: Recycling rates in selected high income countries
Source: OECD: Improving Markets for Recycled Plastics: Trends, Prospects and Policy Response (2018)
Recycled plastics market share–Production statistics for recycled plastics are mainly unknown,
however, data provided in Geyer, Jambeck and Law allows some rough approximations. A global
plastics recycling rate of 18% and plastics waste generation of 258 MTPA (both resins only) translate
into approximately 46 million tons of recycled plastics production per year. This represents 12% of
total global plastics production but is likely to be an upper estimate because, in some cases, the
material that is reported as “recycled” may refer only to the material diverted towards recycling:
some proportion of this is likely to become recycling residues that require disposal
20
.
While governments have an essential role to play, these efforts are more effective when coupled
with private industry action and technological innovation, especially given the global nature of the
problem and the range of stakeholders involved. To that end, both for-profit and non-governmental
organizations (NGOs) are trying to reduce the negative impacts of plastic pollution by developing
new technologies designed to remediate plastic pollution in the environment. For example, new
technologies and strategies to remediate plastic pollution have been compiled by Ubuntoo. This for-
profit company shares innovative solutions developed by private entities, NGOs, governments, and
academics in a web-based database. Additionally, for-profit entities such as Systems, Applications,
and Products in Data Processing (SAP), Modis, Cermaq, and Wilhelmsen supported the United Nations
20 https://www.oecd.org/environment/waste/policy-highlights-improving-plastics-management.pdf Plastic Waste ManagementReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications
21
(UN) Reboot the Ocean Challenge, to reduce marine plastic pollution
21
.
These innovative techniques to reduce the amount of global plastic pollution focus on different
life cycle stages of plastic, including production, consumption, and waste management, which can
involve landfilling, recycling, or repurposing (e.g., waste-to-energy). Approximately 80% of marine
plastic pollution arrives in the ocean from land-based sources. It is common for plastic to leak out of
waste management channels into the environment as mismanaged waste throughout the production,
consumption, and waste management stages of the plastic life cycle. For example, plastic can be
lost to the surrounding environment and transported to the oceans via waterways, winds, and tides
due to littering and improper waste management in open or uncontrolled landfills.
Microplastics can enter the environment through wastewater, storms, and catastrophic events, which
can carry materials of all kinds, including plastics, into the oceans. Technologies addressing these
issues are geared toward either 1) directly preventing plastic leakage into waterways or 2) collecting
existing plastic pollution. During the recycling phase, innovative recycling solutions, such as plastic-
to-fuel and bioremediation, are being explored. These technologies serve as good complements that
can work in tandem with policy efforts to combat marine plastic pollution (Table 1).
Table 1: Plastic pollution prevention and collection technology inventory
Methods Name Year Description Used
Location
invented
References
Prevention: macroplastics
Stormwater and wastewater filters
StormTrap
TrashTrap
2018
Mesh net system uses
water flow to capture
and remove trash,
floatables, and solids
from stormwater and
wastewater
Yes
United
States
TrashTrap:
Capture
floatables with
innovative
netting systems
22
PumpGuard 2016
Mesh nets remove
debris from
stormwater and
wastewater
Yes
United
States
Pump protection
solutions for
wastewater,
stormwater and
combined sewer
overflow (CSO)
discharges
CLEVER-
Volume
2019
Sensors allow port
authorities to certify
the amount of ship
waste reported in
comparison to the
volume reported to
MARPOL inspectors
No Portugal
CLEVER-Volume –
3D Modelling
23
21 Schmaltz, E., Melvin, E.C., Diana, Z., Gunady, E.F., Rittschof, D., Somarelli, J.A., Virdin, J. and Dunphy-Daly, M.M., 2020. Plastic pollution
solutions: emerging technologies to prevent and collect marine plastic pollution. Environment international, 144, p.106067.
22 https://stormtrap.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/TrashTrap-Specification.pdf
23 https://www.3dmodelling.eu/clever-volume/ Plastic Waste ManagementReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 22
Methods Name Year Description Used
Location
invented
References
Prevention: macroplastics
Miscellaneous leakage prevention
Unnamed
Invention by
Students at
Gering High
School
2017
Gravity-fed, three-
stage attachable filter
catches microplastics
(e.g., microfibers shed
from the laundry)
before they enter the
wastewater
No
United
States
These students
found a
way to keep
microplastics out
of your drinking
water
24
GoJelly
Project
2018
Jellyfish mucus
(secreted when they
reproduce or become
stressed) captures and
binds to nano-sized
particles, removing
microplastics from
wastewater
No
Unknown
(Funded by
EU)
Diaz, 2019
25
Laundry balls
Cora Ball2019
Balls placed in the
laundry machine
capture microfibers
shed when washing
synthetic fibres
Yes
United
States
Ball, 2020
26
Fibre Free2017
Balls placed in the
laundry machine
or dryer capture
microfibers shed when
washing or drying
synthetic fibres
No
United
States
Chou, 2018
27
Residential wastewater
treatment
Lint LUV-R2016
The water filter on
laundry machines
captures microfibers
when water is drained
through the machine
Yes Canada
Lint LUV-R
washing machine
discharge filter
28
24 https://www.marthastewart.com/1528235/high-school-students-invent-filter-microplastics
25 Diaz, S., 2019. A solution to microplastic pollution, thanks to jellyfish? Science News.
26 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.258
27 Chou, A., 2018. Fibre Free founders can help change your carbon footprint, one load of laundry at a time. Syracuse University:
Blackstone LaunchPad.
28 https://www.nationthailand.com/news/30371707 Plastic Waste ManagementReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications
23
Methods Name Year Description Used
Location
invented
References
Collection: macroplastics
Large-scale booms
Holy Turtle2018
1,000foot-long floating
unit is towed by two
marine vessels and
captures floating
waste; a large vent
hole protects marine
life
Yes
United
States
Kotecki, 2018
29
Drones and robots
FRED
(Floating
Robot for
Eliminating
Debris)
2019
Solar-powered vessel
with conveyor belts
collects floating debris
Yes5
United
States
About – Clear
Blue Sea
30
Jellyfishbot2018
A remote-controlled
robot collects garbage
from waterways
Yes France
A jellyfish robot
arrives in the
Old Port to
collect waste
31
BluePhin 2017
A battery-powered,
zero carbon emissions
robot uses artificial
intelligence to collect
floating waste
Unknown
United Arab
Emirates
BluePhin
Technologies
32
Collection: macroplastics
Boats and wheels
The
Interceptor
2019
Solar-powered
catamaran
autonomously extracts
floating plastics from
rivers, using barriers
and a conveyor belt
Yes Netherlands
How it works:
The interceptor
33
MariClean 2020
Catamaran fitted
with a conveyor belt
collects debris from
seas, straits and bays
No Canada Echavez, 2020
34
29 Kotecki, P., 2018. SodaStream built a 1000-foot-long contraption called the “Holy Turtle” to collect plastic from the ocean.
Business Insider
30 https://www.clearbluesea.org/about-3/
31 https://www.iadys.com/en/jellyfishbot-2/
32 BluePhin Technologies. https://bluephin.io/
33 https://theoceancleanup.com/rivers/
34 https://ideas.unite.un.org/Page/ViewIdea?ideaid=9164 Plastic Waste ManagementReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 24
Methods Name Year Description Used
Location
invented
References
Collection: macroplastics
Detection aids
Malolo I 2017
The unmanned aerial
robot detects marine
debris (especially
fishing gear) in the
open ocean for later
collection or satellite
tagging
Yes
United
States
Mayer, 2017
35
Unnamed
GPS Device
on Ghost
Nets
2019
Vessels place GPS
units on ghost nets
to mark them for
collection
Yes
United
States
Ocean Voyages
Institute, 2020
36
NetTag 2019
Low-cost transponders
allow fishers to locate
and recover lost nets
Yes5 England
E&T Editorial
Staff, 2019
37
Wikilimo 2019
Uses satellite imagery
to detect significant
garbage patches
in oceans; uses
numerical models
and machine learning
to identify optimum
routes for cleaning up
garbage patches
No
United
States
Machine learning
and satellite
imagery-based
oceanography
38
Waterway litter traps
SCG Litter
Trap
2019
A floating litter trap
uses a bypass flap
to leverage water
flow and pressure
to capture and trap
floating litter
Yes Thailand
Litter trap’ a
success blocking
trash from
the sea; SCG’s
Floating Litter
Trap to Prevent
Marine Debris
Entering Oceans
at Rayong
Estuaries and
Samut Sakhon
Canals
39
35 https://sanctuaries.noaa.gov/missions/nwhi2008/marinedebris.html
36 https://www.oceanvoyagesinstitute.org/
37 E&T Editorial Staff, 2019. Low-cost transponders could stop ‘ghost nets’ from wreaking havoc on marine life. Engineering
Technology
38 https://wikilimo.co/oceanography
39 https://www.scgchemicals.com/en/newsmedia/news-events/press-release/detail/449 Plastic Waste ManagementReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications
25
Methods Name Year Description Used
Location
invented
References
Collection: macroplastics
River booms
The
Litterboom
Project
2017
Large pipes anchored
across rivers catch
surface-level debris
Yes South Africa
About the
project
40
Plastic
Fischer Trash
Boom
2019
Boom made of PVC
pipe floaters and
galvanized steel
catching nets collect
surface plastics up to
60 cm deep
Yes Germany Our solutions
41
Sand filters
Barber Surf
Rake
Unknown
Tractor-towed machine
removes waste on
beaches
Yes
United
States
Surf Rake—
Tractor-towed
beach cleaner
machines
42
Barber Sand
Man
Unknown
Walk-behind sand
sifting machine uses
a vibrating screen to
shift debris from sand
and soil on beaches
Yes
United
States
Walk-behind
sand cleaner
43
Miscellaneous capture
Unnamed
Invention by
Anna Du
2018
Remotely operated
vehicle uses infrared
light to detect,
photograph, and help
remove microplastics
from waterways
No
United
States
Anna’s World
44
Unnamed
Invention
by Fionn
Ferreira
2019
Combination of oil
and magnetite powder
binds microplastics
for extraction with a
magnet
No Ireland
What is Fionn
About
45
40 https:// www.thelitterboomproject.com/about.
41 https://plasticfischer.com/trashbooms
42 http://www.hbarber.com/Cleaners/SurfRake/Default.html
43 http://www.hbarber.com/Cleaners/SandMan/Default.html
44 https:// www.annadu.org/
45 https://www. fionnferreira.com/about Plastic Waste ManagementReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 26
Methods Name Year Description Used
Location
invented
References
Collection: all
Vacuum
Hoola One 2019
Vacuums
approximately three
gallons of sand and
debris per minute
into a tank that
separates particles by
buoyancy, allowing for
plastic separation and
removal
Yes Canada
Hoola One
microplastic
removal machine
arrives in Hawaii,
2019
46
Air barrier
The Great
Bubble
Barrier
2019
Tubes placed
diagonally across
the bottom of the
waterway create a
bubble barrier by
pumping air, creating
a current that brings
debris to the surface
and guides it to a
catchment system
Yes Netherlands
Bubble barrier
catches micro-
plastics from
effluent sewage
treatment
47
The best practices as reported by the SPCBs/PCCs in their 2019-20 Annual Report are summarized
in Table 2 below:
Table 2: Best practices in plastic waste management
Sl. No. StateBest Practice
1 Andhra Pradesh
Plastic waste collected from local bodies or biomining sites is sent
for co-processing in cement plants
2 Arunachal Pradesh
Plastic banks were established in one district; Plastic was used in
Road Construction in variable districts
3 Goa
Non-biodegradable waste is sent to co-processing plants for which
bailing plants have been set up by Goa Waste Management Agency,
Local bodies as well as Village Panchayats
4 Gujarat 94000T of plastic waste was sent for incineration during 2019-20s.
5 Haryana
All municipal corporations have been directed to set up material
recovery facilities. 41 out of 81 MCs have set up the MRP
46 https://www.bigislandvideonews.com/2019/04/25/video-hoola-onemicroplastic-removal-machine-arrives-on-hawaii/
47 https://www.dutchwatersector.com/ news/bubble-barrier-catches-micro-plastics-from-effluent-sewage-treatment Plastic Waste ManagementReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications
27
Sl. No. StateBest Practice
6 Jharkhand
Reverse Vending machine has been installed at Ranchi, Dhanbad &
Jamshedpur cities for recycling of plastic bottles as a pilot project;
ULB-wise Action Plan prepared for management of plastic waste;
Plastic waste being co-processed/used in road construction
7 Kerela Plastic is used for tarring roads
8 Lakshadweep 10 Material Recovery facilities established
9 Madhya Pradesh
Over 1,00,000 tons of plastic waste are co-processed in cement
kilns; 75,000 tons are processed by recyclers; 2000 tons are used in
road construction within and outside the state; 150 tons are used in
pyrolysis plant
10 Maharashtra
Collection efficiency 78%; recycling & co-processing 62%; pyrolysis &
road construction >5000TPA each
11 Manipur
21 out of 27 units segregating plastic waste and sending it for
recycling, co-processing & road construction
12 Meghalaya
Co-processing to be initiated; plastic usage in road construction
started
13 Mizoram
308 plastic and bottle collection centres set up in 280 villages are
constructed; procured six nos. of bailing machines; agreement signed
with WMA for collection and processing of waste
14 Nagaland Usage of plastic waste in road construction initiated
15 Odisha
Plastic waste has been included in the Schedule of the rate
department for the use of the same in road construction
16 Puducherry Usage of plastic in road construction & co-processing initiated
17 Sikkim Usage of plastic waste in road construction initiated
18 Tamil Nadu
Collection efficiency of plastic waste is 92%, 468 MRFs established;
approx. 3,50,000 MT of plastic was sold, and INR 89,00,00,000 was
generated as revenue which was distributed to sanitary workers
during the period August 2017 to March 2020; 655 tons of plastic
waste were used for constructing 535 km of the road; 116 ULBs have
entered into an agreement with cement companies for disposing
of 20,000MT of plastic waste; more than 400 tons of waste used in
pyrolysis plants
19 Telangana 134 Dry Resource centres established in 111 ULBs
20 Uttarakhand
The use of plastic waste as fuel, RDF and waste in energy plants is
proposed; the use of plastic waste in road construction initiated Plastic Waste ManagementReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 28
Sl. No. StateBest Practice
21 A&N Island
Enforcement drive for enforcement of the ban on plastic items.
Exhibitions organized to promote an alternative to plastic items
22 Delhi
Environmental compensation of INR 88,00,000/- levied for violation of
PWM Rules
23 Himachal Pradesh
Plastic waste is used in waste to energy plants; co-processing, and
road construction
24 Karnataka
Plastic waste (approx. 75,000 tons) was sent for recycling, and around
50,000 tons was sent for co-processing
25 Uttar Pradesh
2 waste to oil units with a capacity of 2700 TPA set up; Plastic usage
in road construction initiated; Paper mills have tied up with cement
mills for co-processing their waste
Plastics and oceans
Different countries release disproportionate volumes of plastic waste into the ocean, and once plastic
enters the sea, it is transported by waves and currents to various depths and ocean ecosystems. The
top five countries in mismanaged plastic waste in this regard are China, Indonesia, the Philippines,
Vietnam, and Sri Lanka
48
. Additionally, Asian rivers have been estimated to represent 86% of the
total plastic releases into rivers globally, making China, India, Bangladesh, and Indonesia countries
of particular concern
49
.
Given the scope and cross-boundary nature of this problem, solutions will need to involve international
actors acting across multiple scales. Nations will need to work together to address the issues of
plastic in areas beyond national jurisdictions. The utility of technologies in the inventory table above
could be enhanced if policymakers and other stakeholders work together across jurisdictions to
ensure technologies are deployed in areas where they could do the most good
50
and are able to
reach viable scale quickly.
5.4 EMISSIONS REDUCTION THROUGH RECYCLING AND UPCYCLING
Waste management generates greenhouse gases both directly and indirectly. Direct emissions are
generated
during waste collection and transportation;
during waste pretreatment (sorting, crushing etc.);
in waste utilization processes;
48 Jamb Jambeck, J.R., Geyer, R., Wilcox, C., Siegler, T.R., Perryman, M., Andrady, A., Narayan, R. and Law, K.L., 2015. Plastic waste inputs
from land into the ocean. Science, 347(6223), pp.768-771
49 Leb Lebreton, L., Van Der Zwet, J., Damsteeg, J.W., Slat, B., Andrady, A. and Reisser, J., 2017. River plastic emissions to the world’s
oceans. Nature communications, 8(1), pp.1-10
50 Schmaltz, E., Melvin, E.C., Diana, Z., Gunady, E.F., Rittschof, D., Somarelli, J.A., Virdin, J. and Dunphy-Daly, M.M., 2020. Plastic pollution
solutions: emerging technologies to prevent and collect marine plastic pollution. Environment international, 144, p.106067. Plastic Waste ManagementReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications
29
in landfills during decomposition;
in waste combustion; and
in biological treatment
Additionally, indirect greenhouse gas emissions are connected to waste through other functions
such as
energy consumption related to the production, transportation and use of the material;
emissions from production processes (not related to energy consumption); and
emissions from the production and transportation of the raw materials for the products
Material recycling can also decrease both direct and indirect greenhouse gas emissions. Globally, the
energy savings from plastic waste recycling are estimated to be 3.5 billion barrels of oil, equivalent
to about $176 billion dollars
51
. Although several recycling technologies have been investigated, they
suffer universally from low benefits, high costs, and secondary pollution, leading to limited practical
applications. Therefore, developing cost-effective, environmentally friendly, and efficient approaches
to transform plastic waste into value-added products will be critical to prevent their dispersion into
the natural environment.
In addition, the development of effective catalytic-degradation technologies is essential for treating
non-recoverable plastic wastes. An attractive alternative is upcycling, which aims to realize embedded
value to incentivize large-scale valorization of plastic wastes and their conversion to high-value
and high-performance fuels, chemicals, and materials. The degradation of non-recoverable plastic
wastes is necessary to treat the omnipresent pollution. To overcome the inherent shortcomings
within conventional strategies, upcycling, which emphasizes recovering the intrinsic value in plastic
wastes, has been developed as a complementary and more attractive option. Comparatively, recycling
highlights a “closed-loop” for the plastic materials, whereas upscaling is an open-loop process with
multiple profit and economic value streams.
Moreover, upcycling processes provide new methods to handle real-world plastic wastes, which cannot
be exposed to thermomechanical recycling. Hence, there is no uncertainty that plastic waste upcycling
would contribute to the mitigation of solid waste contamination and the manufacture of high-
value products simultaneously, thus, leading to considerable economic and scientific opportunities.
Both recycling and upcycling are designed for the valorization of post-consumer plastic wastes to
stop the emission of plastic wastes into the natural environment; however, they cannot deal with
nonrecoverable plastic wastes. There is a wide variety of plastic waste which cannot be feasibly
collected and used under current economic and technical parameters, such as plastic fragments
mixed with sludge and plastic debris disseminated in the natural environment
52
.
Upcycling to Chemicals
Catalytic depolymerization to monomers
This is also called chemical recycling to monomers. It is an elementary form of chemical recycling
which facilitates the production of recovered plastic having properties similar to virgin plastic. It is
carried out by catalytic depolymerization of initial monomers into purified monomers. At present,
51 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666386421002186#bib28
52 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/353995174_Upcycling_and_catalytic_degradation_of_plastic_wastes Plastic Waste ManagementReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 30
catalytic depolymerization to monomers primarily focuses upon polyesters, particularly PET, because
the ester chemolysis is relatively uncomplicated.
Numerous catalytic depolymerization methods have been considered to convert PET to monomers.
Few examples include hydrolysis with water to terephthalic acid (TPA) and to ethylene glycol (EG)
under neutral, acidic, or primary conditions; alcoholysis with alcohol (methanol, ethanol,
etc.) to dialkyl terephthalate and EG; glycolysis with excess glycols (such as EG, diethylene
glycol (DEG), propylene glycol (PG), polyethylene glycol (PEG), 1,4-butanediol. and hexylene
glycol) toward bis(hydroxylethylene) terephthalate (BHET or other corresponding esters) via
a transesterification reaction; and aminolysis with amines (or ammonolysis with ammonia) toward
corresponding diamides of TPA and EG.
Catalytic hydrogenolysis to chemicals
Hydrogenolysis is a distinct type of depolymerization. It disrupts the chemical bonds, in particular,
C–C bonds, with the assistance of hydrogen (H2). In some cases, selective deconstruction of plastics
can be carried out through hydrogenolysis to short-chain products with values that are substantially
higher than the fully deconstructed monomers. Currently, plastic waste upcycling to derive value-
added chemicals via direct hydrogenolysis mainly focuses on PET and PE. However, when compared
with depolymerization, catalytic hydrogenolysis offers more accessible and promising options for
converting PET wastes into valuable chemicals and the drop-in combination of plastic valorization
with well-established industrial processes toward an ideal circular economy. Catalytic hydrogenation
of strong Polyamides (PAs) is complex since they have high resistance to most solvents because
of the multiple intermolecular solid hydrogen bonding interactions within the polymer chains. The
advantages of this catalytic system are its affordability and the exceptional reusability of the catalyst,
but silanes are very expensive.
Other routes to valuable chemicals
Direct hydrogenolysis of polyolefins, including PE and PP, often yields mixed alkanes with a broad
molecular distribution instead of well-defined monomers, even when elaborately designed catalytic
systems are used. The consumption of expensive H
2
, which fundamentally originates from non-
renewable fossil fuel resources, is a primary hindrance to the application of hydrogenolysis
technologies. Tandem catalysis, which refers to integrating several reaction steps into one-pot
catalytic systems in a suitable sequence through precise regulation of active sites, the chemical
environment, and the reaction conditions, offers a promising strategy to prevent unwanted side
reactions to tailor a reaction pathway and then achieve selective, efficient conversion of plastic waste
to target products. Recently, upcycling of PE to long-chain alkylaromatics was developed by tandem
hydrogenolysis/aromatization over a commonly used heterogeneous catalyst without consuming the
external hydrogen. The liquid alkylaromatics can be used as feedstocks to produce various daily
products, viz., surfactants, lubricants, refrigeration fluids, and insulating oils.
Upcycling to polymers
The monomers derived from plastic depolymerization are usually returned to the manufacturer
of the original plastic. In addition, the monomers and their derivates derived after further
chemical or enzymatic transformation can be used to produce new materials. Another option is to
incorporate plastic-derived monomers, oligomers, or even polymer fragments into new materials
through copolymerization with external building blocks. Aminolysis of PET and BPA-PC delivers Plastic Waste ManagementReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications
31
various modular frameworks for new polymer production. The use of plastic waste as the feedstock
in additive manufacturing creates a new path for plastic recycling and upcycling towards a circular
economy. In another example, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene in the waste from children’s toys was
successfully transformed into filaments comparable to virgin materials
53
.
5.5 RECYCLED PLASTIC INTO USEABLE PRODUCTS
The following types of plastics are converted into useable products
54
.
1. PET is recycled to make apparel, blankets, carpets, tote bags, other winter wear like fleeces,
containers for food, beverages, automotive parts, film, strapping and industrial end-use
items (e.g. geotextiles and roof insulation).
2. PP and HDPE are often collected by local scrap dealers to recover the costs of collection,
sorting and pre-processing. The PP is further divided into several categories such as
coloured, mixed colour, white, transparent and other recycling categories. The resin in
each category is the same. However, it requires sorting post collection and is subject to
independent unit operations. The value and demand for transparent PP are pretty high.
3. Plastic sheets are made up of plastic types ranging from LDPE, PP and HDPE. These are
procured at a rate of Rs 6–15/Kg by local scrap dealers as mixed plastic bags and sheets.
They are further sub-segregated manually to be channelized to the relevant pre-processing
and treatment facilities.
4. PVC can be divided into rigid PVC, soft PVC and footwear. Chlorinated PVC is considered to
be a lower grade of PVC as compared to unplasticized PVC as it degrades after undergoing
recycling. Also, as the PVC plastics go through the process of recycling, the colour of
the plastic starts to turn grey, which darkens further as the PVC plastic undergoes more
iterations of the recycling process.
5. Polycarbonates are thermoplastics bought by the scrap dealers at a rate of Rs 50/kg, and
they are used in engineering as they are rigid materials, and some grades are optically
transparent, which makes them display properties of glass without the brittleness. This
optical transparency gets diminished over multiple cycles of recycling, but it can still be
used for engineering purposes. Nylon, which is also known as polyamide (PA), is widely
used in household plastic items like clothing and toothbrushes and also has industrial
uses like in conveyor belts and as machinery parts. It is usually procured along with
various types of plastics and then sub-segregated and sorted manually to be further sold
to processors at a rate of Rs 20–35/Kg depending on the type and quality of the material.
The above mentioned are the major categories of plastics that are used, recycled and sold on the
market. However, the cost of recycled plastics and their products makes it hard to compete with
the products made from virgin material. There are two prime reasons for this.
First, the raw material used for the production of virgin plastic is a waste material from
the petroleum industry and therefore available at throw-away costs.
Second, the unorganized recycling business is labour dependent and intensive, mainly
53 Hou, Q., Zhen, M., Qian, H., Nie, Y., Bai, X., Xia, T., Rehman, M.L.U., Li, Q. and Ju, M., 2021. Upcycling and catalytic degradation of
plastic wastes. Cell Reports Physical Science, 2(8), p.100514.
54 Singh, S.G., 2021. Plastic Recycling: Decoded. Plastic Waste ManagementReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 32
due to sub-segregation and sorting, which is not done at the source in the country. This
adds costs to the recycled plastic raw material.
The imposition of GST
55
has had a significant impact on the plastic recycling sector. There existed a
taxation gap between recycled and virgin plastic products before GST was introduced. For instance,
recycled polyester staple fibre (PSF) had a 2% excise duty, while virgin PSF had a 12.5% excise duty.
After GST implementation, the taxes stood at 18% for both virgin and recycled plastics. Input costs
escalated by 16% due to the new tax regime. In a situation where market linkages for recycled
products are weak and the availability of plastic scrap is intermittent, the business models within
the recycling sector struggle to become viable. The plastic recyclers are the most affected if plastic
scrap is imported. These input cost escalations due to GST and customs duties are passed on by
the recyclers to the secondary waste collectors by reducing the rates of waste plastic. In 2017, GST
rates for domestic plastic scrap were reduced from 18 per cent to 5 per cent. However, the per-unit
rate of waste plastic is still not comparable to the pre-GST era. The reason is that in the pre-GST
taxation regime, domestic plastic scrap was tax-free. The selling prices for recycled granules have
been affected by similar GST rates on virgin and recycled granules. Recyclers are bound to keep the
selling price low to stay competitive with virgin granules. This has affected the revenue of recyclers
and also limits the market scale-up of recycled granules.
The market for recycled plastics/secondary raw material
The demand for recycled plastic raw materials can be segmented into two parts:
i. extended recyclers (recyclers who process scrap and convert it to end-products) and
ii. plastic product manufacturers (end product manufacturers who purchase recycled plastic
resins as raw material).
Formal recyclers face challenges in acquiring a high-quality supply of plastic waste as current
collection systems are dominated by the informal sector. Further, the processing cost of scrap is
high in the formal sector if occupational health and safety conditions are met. These factors make
it challenging for recycled plastic to compete with low cost virgin plastic. It is easier to compete
in segments that do not currently use plastics as raw material. For example, alternative building
materials made out of recycled plastics in the form of plastic bricks and planks can be used instead
of conventional materials such as clay and mortar bricks in building construction.
Plastic product manufacturers focus only on a limited market for post-consumer resin (recycled
plastic pellets). This is driven by the low grade of recycled plastic resins produced mainly due to
operations in a fragmented market. There is a potential to penetrate export markets, such as Europe,
where there has been a rise in the demand for sustainable products and circular consumption.
But to tap these markets, the manufacturers of post-consumer resin need to meet higher quality
standards demanded by foreign buyers.
5.6 CIRCULAR ECONOMY OF PLASTIC WASTE MANAGEMENT
56
Circular economy models retain the added value of goods as long as possible, reducing waste and
restricting the circulation of plastics in the economy without leakage into the natural environment.
55 https://cdn.cseindia.org/attachments/0.97245800_1570432310_factsheet3.pdf
56 https://www.teriin.org/sites/default/files/2021-12/Circular-Economy-Plastics-India-Roadmap.pdf Plastic Waste ManagementReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications
33
However, the manner in which most plastic products are created, used, and disposed of in the
present day does not capture the economic advantages of a more circular approach and end up
with severe harms to the environment. Also, nearly every piece of plastic begins as fossil fuel and
releases greenhouse gases during its extraction, processing, usage, and end-of-life at each point of
the plastic lifecycle.
The circularity roadmap for plastics presents an entire value chain and aims to decouple plastic
production from virgin fossil feedstock, incentivize plastic recycling and reuse, and reduce damage
by plastic litter while decreasing unnecessary plastic consumption. It has set three key objectives,
supported by a measurable action plan that may be monitored over short (0–2 years), medium (2–5
years), and long term (>5 years). These objectives are:
i. Adopting sustainable material solutions, such as the use of bio-based polymers, the
substitution of virgin polymer with recycled polymer, and the dematerialization of plastic
products
ii. Increase the supply of good quality secondary plastics feedstock; and
iii. Invent, innovate, and encourage alternative uses of plastics waste
It will also require monitoring these action points regularly and systematically along with appropriate
data collection and analysis to determine efficacy and need for adjustment in the steps defining
the roadmap.
A resource-efficient circular economy for plastics is one that minimizes wasteful use of plastics,
produces plastics from renewable sources, is powered by renewable energy, reuses and recycles
plastics within the economy without leakage to the environment, and generates no or minute waste
or emissions. There have been collaborative initiatives such as the United Nations Development
Programme (UNDP) India, in partnership with Hindustan Coca-Cola Beverages Private Limited (HCCBPL),
which encourages sustainable PWM practices and fosters a move towards a circular economy in
50 cities and towns in India, there are many challenges in adopting circularity of plastics in India.
Demand-side potential: key end-use sectors–Plastics are used for a variety of purposes across
application categories and end-use sectors. For instance, packaging is broadly categorized into rigid
packaging and flexible packaging. Flexible packaging has the largest share within the key end-uses.
It also forecasted to see strong growth in the future due to several advantages, such as ease in
handling and disposal, price advantage in transportation etc. (Table 3–5).
Table 3: Plastics circularity in the packaging sector
Circularity Aspect
Existing Practices/Scope (International
and Indian context)
Opportunities
Use of bio-plastics Around 60% of total bio-plastics
consumption in India is for packaging
Used in making bottles, loose-fill,
cups, pots, blows, flexible films, etc.
In India, selected FMCG companies
are aiming for 100% biodegradable
plastics for packaging ready-to-eat
and cosmetic products
Use of PBS as alternatives in
packaging, include the use in fresh
food packaging to enhance lifespan
With bans against SUPs and
economics of scale setting in for
bio-plastics, their share in the
packaging sector is expected to
increase Plastic Waste ManagementReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 34
Circularity Aspect
Existing Practices/Scope (International
and Indian context)
Opportunities
Reusable packaging
Pepsico India, scaling up its non-
returnable glass bottles for its
packaging
Leadec India provided reusable
crating solutions for automotive
components made of HDPE that can
be folded
Reffin aims to offer restaurants with
an alternative means of delivering
their food to consumers by using
tiffin carriers, generally made out of
stainless steel
Many reuse opportunities in
business-to business (B2B)
applications, which are generally
better understood and adopted at
scale already
Designing packaging solutions
in business to-consumer (B2C)
applications
Potential to meet individual needs.
Specificities for packaging, improved
user experience and create brand
loyalty
Replacing existing SUP containers
in the growing online food delivery
services by using re-usable
containers
Use of recycled
plastics
Commitment by large companies
(both Indian and MNCs) will move
to 100% recyclable plastic packaging
by 2025
Cargill Oils India, in association
with Dow Chemical, reformulated its
plastic material, making 90% of its
plastic packaging recyclable
Use recycled plastic in non-food
applications
Inclusion of pro-environment
message on the packages and
to nudge the consumer towards
responsible behaviour that includes
giving preference to products
containing recycled raw material
Re-design of
packaging
Lush handmade cosmetics have a
packaging free line
Cargill’s oil business in India has
redesigned its packaging by cutting
down on the amount of raw plastic
used across all products
Cremica Food Industries is reducing
lamination in packaging
Avoid use of extra packaging
material or create packaging free
line of products
Fewer types of standardized
plastics for specific uses in FMCG-
reduce plastic waste leakage and
improve recycling
Replacing packaging material like
shrink wraps with more durable and
reusable long lasting alternatives
Stay on tabs for beverages, flip flop
caps for FMCG products
Replacing multi-polymer plastic
packaging with single polymer
plastic packaging
Colour coding and labels
for disposing bio-based or
compostable after use Plastic Waste ManagementReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications
35
Table 4: Plastics circularity in the automotive sector
Circularity Aspect
Existing Practices/Scope (International
and Indian context)
Opportunities
Use of bio-plastics
Successful pilot experiments have
been completed on the use of
bio-based plastics for automotive
applications
The most important upcoming
market within the automotive sector
is technical applications. Currently,
the automotive and transport
sectors account for 1% of the bio-
plastics market segment
Bio-based polyesters, bio based PET
and PLA-blends in applications such
as headliners, sun visors and floor
mats, interior fabrics
Use of recycled
plastics
Currently, recycled plastic account
for 15% in vehicles
TATA Motors engaged in automotive
bumper recycling
Plastic fibres made from used
bottles in sound insulation layers in
dashboards
Use of plastics recycled from bumpers
to create new bumpers, as well as
plastics recycled from bottle caps to
make new auto parts
Use of recycled plastic content in
vehicles is expected to increase to
70%
Use of eco design
practices
BMW uses hemp as well as natural
fibres along with acrylic polymers
for manufacturing interior door
panels
Ford uses bio-polymers from
soyabean along with polyurethane
to manufacture head rests in select
models
Nissan Leaf uses natural fibres
from corn along with Sorona
(polytrimethylene terephthalate) for
manufacturing of rugs and mats
Natural fibres or biopolymers draw
significant interest from equipment
manufacturers due to their
biodegradability, low cost, low relative
density. high specific strength, and
renewable nature
Eco-design approach gets product
design environmental oriented
Table 5: Plastics circularity in the building and construction sector
Circularity Aspect
Existing Practices/Scope (International
and Indian context)
Opportunities
Use of alternative
materials
Bricks and planks made out of plastic
waste being used as alternatives to
traditional clay and mortar bricks in
construction
Biological nutrients and sustainable,
renewable materials can replace
materials that are heavily processed
and hard to reuse and recycle Plastic Waste ManagementReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 36
Circularity Aspect
Existing Practices/Scope (International
and Indian context)
Opportunities
Standardized
approaches
The utilization of Energy
Conservation Building Code and
implementation of green rating
systems like the Green Rating for
Integrated Habitat Assessment
(GRIHA) is leading to resource
efficient buildings in India
Assessing performance of secondary
materials in products replaces virgin
materials and in the design of
construction products
By standardizing technology,
construction companies can reduce
their cost of production
Use of recycled
plastics
Royal Melbourne Institute of
Technology researchers developed
a building material made from
cigarette butts mixed with plastic
waste, bitumen, and paraffin wax
Corepla along with Waste Free
Oceans built the first humanitarian
shelter prototype by collecting
plastic waste along the river
Benagluru-based non-profit Swach-
ha developed a solution that can
convert discarded plastic waste into
tiles and irrigation pipes. In asso-
ciation with the Bruhat Bengaluru
Mahanagara Palike (BBMP), Swach-
ha developed ‘Re-Tile’ tiles, which
customers can use on pavements
Recycled plastic blended with virgin
plastic lowers the cost
Recycled plastic can save the cost of
other materials, such as wood and
slate
Recycled plastics can be used to
make stronger concrete structures in
the form of sidewalks, driveways
Supply-side potential
Plastic feedstock–The feedstock process for making plastics causes emissions, and the economics also
impact the recycling efforts with the resulting plastics being primarily non-biodegradable. Polymers
such as polybutyrate adipate terephthalate (PBAT), polybutylene succinate (PBS), polycaprolactone
(PCL), and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) exist that are biodegradable fossil fuel-based polymers as their
chemical structures can be broken down by the action of microorganisms in the presence of light,
oxygen, and moisture.
Bio-based plastics are created using non-fossil-fuel feedstock, usually organic materials such as
plant fibres (flax, jute, hemp), wood (reclaimed wood fibres from mills and agricultural waste), and
starches; however, similar to the fossil fuel-based plastics, they exist in numerous grades and have
a wide variety of properties. They often have an appearance very close to conventional plastic
products and are difficult to distinguish by consumers other than by scientific analysis. If they
contain both renewable and fossil-fuel-based carbon, they are then only partially bio-based. There
is a considerable variation between the amount of bio-based constituents and the conditions under
which these polymers biodegrade. Plastic Waste ManagementReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications
37
Circularity scenarios: integrating demand-and supply-side potentials
Three scenarios have been defined for India to comprehend the potential impact of resource
efficiency and circular economy (RE&CE) measures from the demand and supply side of the plastics
sector (Table 6):
Business as a usual scenario: A standard economic growth model is assumed where plastic product
consumption and plastic waste generation increase at a fixed rate. Existing innovations and business
models at the downstream stage of the value chain focusing on PWM at the public and private
sector levels continue, with new ones emerging. However, these innovations and models are primarily
localized with no upscaling and replication. Further, no explicit circularity efforts are put in at the
upstream stages.
Moderate RE&CE scenario: Moderate reduction in virgin plastic demand by replacing it with recycled/
secondary plastic, which is derived from improved PWM. Businesses are aiming to comply with PWM
legislations and have initiated the implementation of EPR, predominantly for collection and resource
recovery targets. Legislative measures such as the ban on SUPs and on certain types of packaging are
coming into effect. The GoI is pushing towards developing affordable substitutes/alternatives to SUPs.
High ambition RE&CE scenario: The demand for virgin plastic is considerably reduced due to a
combination of circularity fostering actions that constitute increased recycling levels, effective
application of EPR over the entire value chain of plastics (including measures that aim to reduce
plastic consumption and reduce multi-polymer plastic), sustained and reinforced push by the GoI in
developing affordable substitutes/alternatives to plastics, and improved enforcement of legislative
measures such as banning the SUPs and certain types of difficult packaging. Plastic Waste ManagementReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 38
Table 6: Potential resource efficiency and circularity scenarios for
plastics sector in India
Sl. No.
Substitution
between Plastic
Polymers
Expansion of Segregated
Waste Collection
Increased Recycling or
Reprocessing into a Secondary
Material
Design for Recycling
Reduction in Plastic Consumption
Circularity Interventions
and Scenarios
Move to bio-based as alternative feedstock to fossil feedstock
Shift from multi polymer material to mono-polymer material
Improved collection and transportation infrastructure
Awareness generation
Increase mechanical recycling capacity and efficiency
Scale up chemical recycling capacity
Fewer types of plastics to reduce the complexity in plastic waste management
Design to enable easy disassembly at the EoL
Use of alternatives to plastics products and reduction in specific uses
Reuse of end use products
Design to bring in efficiency in plastic raw material use
Business as usual scenario
Bio-based plastics account for less than 1% of the plastics produced
Use of multi polymer material continues to grow
No change in segregation of waste plastic and collection levels. Important to note, collection levels in urban India are currently high but the issue is linked to unsegregated collection and irresponsible dumping and littering post collection
Limited increase in overall recycling of plastics (at rates witnessed over the last 3-5 years) brought by new localized initiatives and business models.
Increased awareness generation brought about by IEC activities
R&D process not initiated
Very limited substitution brought about in specific applications including those related to SUP Plastic Waste ManagementReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications
39
Sl. No.
Substitution
between Plastic
Polymers
Expansion of Segregated
Waste Collection
Increased Recycling or
Reprocessing into a Secondary
Material
Design for Recycling
Reduction in Plastic Consumption
Moderate RE&CE scenario (2035)
Percentage share of expan
-
sion in bio-based plastics infrastructure to will increase to 10% by 2035
Reason being that the ability of these types of plastics and their applications are limited
Expansion in infrastructure to support segregated collection and storage (eg. MRFS and transfer station) has been initiated
Improved awareness amongst stakeholders on source segregation
Moderate increase in overall recycling of plastic brought about by improvement in plastic collection and expansion of recycling capacity in the country by private and public sector; Overall recycling rate increases to 70 – 75%; the draft National Resource Efficiency policy targets 100% recycling and reuse for (PET) plastic by 2025
Pilot experiments around design for recycling
Some substitution brought about in all applications re
-
lated to SUP: Development of innovative alternative prod
-
ucts in a few plastic products, mostly in packaging related applications: Reducing over packaging: SUP product share decreases to 40% (reduction brought about mainly through reduction in single use plastic bags and Styrofoam products)
High ambition RE&CE scenario (2035)
Percentage share of bio-based plastics reaches 40% by 2035
Source segregation High increase in recycling is enforced in 90% of the cities in India: Infrastructure to support segregated collection and storage exist; Deposit refund systems/schemes supported by digital technology are in function that enhance collection of uncontaminated waste
High increase in recycling brought about by significant and step changing improvement in PWM across the country by private and public sector resulting in an overall recycling rate of plastics at 90 – 94%; Deposit refund systems/schemes supported by digital technology are in function that enhance supply of uncontaminated plastic waste for recycling
Happens and it positively impacts the recycling rates by reducing the costs linked to plastics separation from the end-of-life products and also improving the recycling per se due to reduced risk of contamination of mixed plastics
High substitution brought about in all applications related to SUP; Reducing over packaging, and development of innovative alternative products in all key end use applications; SUP product share decreases to 20% Plastic Waste ManagementReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 40
5.7 MICRO-PLASTICS POLLUTION MANAGEMENT
Microplastics are released by the continuous disintegration of macroplastics in the environment
(Cole et al., 2011, Jahnke et al., 2017). Microplastic (≤5 mm) and nanoplastic (≤100 nm) pollution
originates from both the direct emission of “microbeads’’ and “micro-exfoliates” present in
household cosmetics into household wastewater as well as from the breakdown of larger plastic
waste into small plastic pieces via photooxidation under solar irradiation, physical crushing, and
biodegradation in the natural environment. These can be consumed by various animal organisms
and also accumulate in plants, ultimately resulting in their magnification via food webs. Plastic
debris can act as the means for the collection and spread of hydrophobic organic pollutants, heavy
metals, and diseases. Although the direct toxicological impact of plastics on human health has not
been validated, the constantly rising plastic emissions will generate multiple harmful effects. For
instance, microplastics have entered the human food system through products such as seafood, tea,
and vegetables, and act as a significant threat to food safety and agricultural sustainability. Moreover,
microplastics have been detected in human placentas. Additionally, global GHG emissions from the
plastics lifecycle are expected to rise from 1.7 Gt of carbon dioxide (CO2) equivalent in 2015 to 6.5 Gt
in 2050 under current practices, contributing considerably to climate change.
Six technologies focus on microplastic pollution prevention, and all but one of these are directed
toward preventing microplastics from entering the water system through residential water. These
inventions, such as laundry balls and filtration systems, collect microplastics generated from
laundering synthetic fabrics in the household. For example, the “Cora Ball” is a ball that is placed
in a laundry machine and captures microfibers that are generated while washing synthetic clothing
items
57
. The “Lint LUV-R” is a filter that is installed outside of the washing machine that captures
synthetic microfibers in wastewater discharge
58
. Each of these technologies results in a significant
decrease in microfibers in wastewater, which is promising; however, these technologies require
consumers to purchase the systems, so current levels of use may not be widespread. Scholars have
noted that market-friendly solutions overestimate the value of consumer responsibility and cannot
keep pace with the rising environmental costs of the plastic pollution problem
59
.
Notably, residential solutions cannot combat the microplastic problem alone; industrial leakage from
processing plants is a key source of microplastic pollution. For example, while water treatment systems
that remove microplastics are currently marketed toward consumers for residential use (e.g., the
“Showerloop,” which filters water for reuse and eliminates microplastics simultaneously), government
institutions could enact policies to encourage their adoption in industrial settings. In addition,
governments may consider evaluating wastewater emissions standards to determine legal plastic
wastewater discharge amounts permitted
60
. For example, in Austria, the equivalent of approximately 2.7
million PET bottles by weight gets discharged annually into aquatic environments through industrial
microplastics in wastewater emissions. The governments could provide subsidies or tax incentives to
companies that institute new technology or practices to reduce plastic consumption. These financial
incentives could be used to promote the installation and adoption of these technologies or to scale
57 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.258
58 https://www.nationthailand.com/news/30371707
59 Dauvergne, P., 2018. Why is the global governance of plastic failing the oceans?. Global Environmental Change, 51, pp.22-31
60 https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Aaron-Scholz-Lechner/publication/273094646_The_discharge_of_certain_amounts_
of_industrial_microplastic_from_a_production_plant_into_the_River_Danube_is_permitted_by_the_Austrian_legislation/
links/59f5a654a6fdcc075ec4ca06/The-discharge-of-certain-amounts-of-industrial-microplastic-from-a-production-plant-into-
the-River-Danube-is-permitted-by-the-Austrian-legislation.pdf Plastic Waste ManagementReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications
41
up these efforts into larger systems that could be adopted for industrial use
61
.
Given the constant generation of microplastics from macroplastics in the environment, microplastic
prevention and collection technologies need to be paired with macroplastic prevention and collection
technologies in the background and in industrial wastewater systems.
5.8 SINGLE-USE PLASTICS
In the 4th UN Environment Assembly held in 2019, India piloted a resolution on addressing SUP
product pollution, recognizing the urgent need for the global community to focus on this fundamental
issue. During India’s Independence Day speech in 2019, Prime Minister Shri. Narendra Modi had
pledged to make India free of SUP by 2022.
MoEF&CC notified the PWM Amendment Rules on 12th August 2021, which prohibits identified
SUP items with low utility and high littering potential by 2022. The manufacture, import, stocking,
distribution, sale, and use of the following SUP, including PS and expanded PS, commodities shall
be prohibited with effect from the 1st July 2022:
a. earbuds with plastic sticks, plastic sticks for balloons, plastic flags, candy sticks, ice-cream
sticks, PS (thermocol) for decoration.
b. plates, cups, glasses, cutlery such as forks, spoons, knives, straws, trays, wrapping or packing
films around sweet boxes, invitation cards, cigarette packets, plastic or PVC banners less
than 100 microns, stirrers.
To stop littering due to lightweight plastic carry bags, with effect from 30th September 2021, the
thickness of plastic carry bags has been increased from 50 microns to 75 microns and 120 microns
with effect from 31st December 2022.
India plastic challenge – Hackathon 2021
To spur innovation and entrepreneurship in tackling plastic waste pollution and eliminating SUP,
MoEF&CC announced the “India Plastic Challenge – Hackathon 2021”. The unique competition called
upon startups, entrepreneurs, and students of Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) to develop
innovative solutions to mitigate plastic pollution and develop alternatives to SUPs.
Further, to engage with and reach out to school students across the country and spread awareness
about plastic pollution caused by littered SUP items, a pan-India essay writing competition for school
students was also announced. Zero Circle Plastic Alternatives Pvt. Ltd, which provides seaweed-based
packaging solutions and Dharaksha Eco Solutions, which specializes in packaging material made from
crop stubble waste, were the winners in identifying solutions that eliminate SUPs.
61 https://law.nus.edu.sg/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/012_2019_MandyFang_Jolenelin.pdf Plastic Waste ManagementReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 42 Plastic Alternatives
43
Chapter
6
Plastic
Alternatives
As per a research study by Laurent Lebreton & Anthony Andrady, future demand (Figure 11) for
plastic will nearly triple by 2060. India would become the largest mismanaged plastic waste (MPW)
generating country by 2035, and the demand would reach 46.3 (38.6–52.0) MT/yr by 2060, followed
by China with 33 (28.1–36.8) MT/yr.
2020 2030 2040 2050 2060
Mt y
-1
250
200
150
100
50
0
Scenario A - Business as usual
Scenario B - Improve waste management
Scenario C - Reduce plastic use
and improve waste management
Figure 11: Future projections of global mismanaged plastic waste generation and distribution per
continent under three scenarios
The study also draws two alternate scenarios – a) improve waste management infrastructure as per
capita GDP grows and b) reduce plastic use demand per capita with a fraction of plastic in municipal
solid waste capped at 10% by 2020 and 5% by 2040, waste management gradually improves as in
the previous scenario. Plastic AlternativesReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 44
Material Polymer
Common
biomass source
Examples of
common uses
Terrestrial Aquatic
C-dC-iB B
Cotton Cellulose
Cotton plant
(Gossypium sp.)
Clothing, other
fabrics
H H H H
Hemp Cellulose
Hemp (Cannabis
sativa)
Clothing, other
fabrics
H H H H
Flax/Linen Cellulose
Flax/linseed (Linum
usitatissimum)
Clothing, other
fabrics
H H H H
Jute
Cellulose
& lignin
(Corchorus sp.)
Sacks, carpets,
clothing, rope,
other fabrics
H H H H
Coir fibre
Cellulose
& lignin
Coconut (outer
shell)
Mats, brushes,
sacking, rope,
fishing nets
H H H
Ramie Cellulose
China grass
(Boehmeria nivea)
Clothing,
other fabrics,
industrial
sewing thread,
H H H H
Abaca/Manila
hemp
Cellulose,
lignin
& pectin
Banana (Musa
textiliis, inedible)
Tea bags,
banknotes,
matting, rope
H H H H
Pina
Cellulose &
lignin
Pineapple leaf
(Ananas comosus)
Clothing, other
fabrics
H H H H
Sisal(Agave sislana)
Textiles, bags,
rope, twine
H H H H
Figure 12: Natural fibres based plastic substitute
Figure 12
62
lists a variety of common plant materials, the component polymer(s), plant source, and
examples of everyday uses. It also provides a qualitative estimate of degradation properties under
various terrestrial and aquatic conditions. Generally, degradation rates will be higher under warmer
conditions.
Such natural fibres produced in many countries provide an essential source of income for farmers
and play an important role in eradicating poverty and environmental pollution. A wide variety of
natural materials are utilized to meet many of society’s needs. The production of plant fibres for
textiles is dominated by cotton, followed by jute and related plants and could play an important
role in reducing plastic usage in India.
62 https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/25485/plastic_alternative.pdf Plastic AlternativesReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications
45
Some of the other sustainable alternatives that should be considered to deal with plastic waste
are to use of biodegradable plastics, biodegradable bioplastics, and compostable plastics. These
provide an alternative to conventional plastic usage, though often, there is confusion about the
differences among the terms bioplastics, biodegradable plastics, compostable plastics, and oxo-
degradable plastics
63
.
1. Bio-plastics encompass many materials that are either bio-sourced or biodegradable or
both and are made from renewable biomass resources, most often corn starch/ sugarcane/
cassava – which might be either biodegradable or not.
2. Biodegradable plastic means that plastics, other than compostable plastics, which undergo
complete degradation by biological processes under ambient environmental (terrestrial
or in water) conditions, in specified time periods, without leaving any micro plastics, or
visible, distinguishable or toxic residue, which has adverse environment impacts, adhering
to laid down standards of BIS and certified by CPCB.
3. Compostable plastics mean plastics that undergo degradation by biological processes
during composting to yield CO
2
, water, inorganic compounds and biomass at a rate
consistent with other known compostable materials, excluding conventional petro-based
plastics, and do not leave visible, distinguishable or toxic residue. These can be plant-
based, but can also be petroleum-based as well. BASF’s Ecoflex® is an excellent example of
a compostable polymer, which is partly petroleum-based but is compostable at industrial
compost facilities.
4. Oxo-degradable/ oxydegradable/ oxo-biodegradable plastics are conventional plastics
such as PE, which include an additive to help them break down into smaller fragments,
which could lead to microplastic leakage in the environment.
6.1 BIOPLASTICS/ BIODEGRADABLE PLASTICS/ COMPOSTABLE
PLASTICS AND OTHER SUBSTITUTES
Bioplastics constitute about 1% (or 2.1 million metric tons) of all the plastics produced annually
according to the industry association European Bioplastics. Although this represents a small fraction
of plastic production, bioplastic production is expected to increase by 300,000 metric tons between
2019 and 2024. Bioplastics could address the need to reduce fossil fuel consumption however, they
do not address plastic pollution, especially in marine environments.
At present, common commercially produced biodegradable bioplastics include Polylactic acid
(PLA), PBAT, PBS and Poly (hydroxyalkanoates) (PHA). PBAT, PLA and their composites are the best
performance and economically viable biodegradable plastics available in the market.
Biodegradable plastic
Recently, there have been emerging technologies that have developed additives, that when used
in the formulation, make it possible to manufacture completely biodegradable polyolefins such as
PP and PE. These biodegradable plastics are evolving as a potential alternative to conventional
plastics. Biodegradable plastics are recyclable, which reduces negative environmental impacts and
enhances economic sustainability. These plastics, if due to some reasons, are not picked up for
63 https://gridarendal-website-live.s3.amazonaws.com/production/documents/:s_document/554/original/UNEP-CHW-PWPWG.1-
INF-4.English. pdf?1594295332 Plastic AlternativesReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 46
recycling, biodegrade in the ambient environment. At present, both aerobic as well as anaerobic
biodegradable plastics are available.
Biotransformation process
Figure 13: Biotransformation technology process
A UK-based company has developed an additive which, when added to the masterbatch of polyolefins,
i.e., PE and PP, onsets the degradation. The plastic weathers to a biodegradable wax, a non-toxic
substance on which microbes feed, leaving no microplastics. Known as the “biotransformation
process”, once active, it combines the effects of light, air, and moisture to create a catalytic effect
that causes the polymer chains to lose over 90% of their original structure (Figure 13). The dormancy
period of the technology is created by balancing the stabilizers with active ingredients to allow use,
reuse, and recycling.
Polypropylene-based speciality film
A Malaysian company has developed a technology on anaerobic biodegradable PP-based
speciality film and this has been tested at the Eden Research Laboratory, USA. This new
PP has achieved 84% biodegradation
64
. The testing of the further improved film has been
initiated in India and has shown promising results.
Biodegradable cutlery
Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) Lab DFRL has developed technology for
biodegradable cutlery (Figure 14). It is produced through the reinforcement of natural fiber (agro-
waste) into matrix/resin, which is a polymer of renewable resources and is formed through a
compression or injection process. Biodegradable tableware (spoon, fork, spork, bowl, khullad, plate,
teacup) can be used as an alternative to plastic tableware as natural biopolymers offer significant
benefits such as degradability, biocompatibility, and biological safety as compared to plastic that
persists in the environment with environmental hazards. The biodegradable cutlery is suitable for
serving hot and cold meals. Biodegradability occurs within 180 days and is compostable in 90 days
in the natural environment.
64 Eden Research Laboratory, NE. Report Number: 0920171127B Plastic AlternativesReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications
47
Figure 14: Biodegradable cutlery–DRDO
A renowned industrial firm in India has developed a novel process for biodegradable plastic
(TRL 6 level
65
). The developed PBAT grades showed good performance in terms of physical and
mechanical properties. The developed grades are also compounded with various fillers for
ease of downstream processing and enhancing product properties required for applications
in flexible as well as rigid packaging and agriculture mulch films, among others.
As per the UNEP report, a cross-section of countries across the world–Europe (Italy, Greece), Africa
(Benin, Cameroon, Niger), Asia (South Korea, Vietnam, Cambodia), and the Middle East (Saudi Arabia,
UAE)–have encouraged biodegradable plastic bags through either bans on non-biodegradable plastic
or incentives for biodegradable plastics.
Compostable plastics
Presently, over 150 compostable plastic manufacturers have
been certified by CPCB, and they are manufacturing a wide
range of products, including films, bags, cutlery items, straws,
gloves, aprons, thermoformed products etc. The installed
capacity of the compostable plastics is approximately 3,00,000
TPA, and the list of certified compostable plastics is available
on the CPCB website.
DRDO & Ecolastic Products Pvt Ltd (Hyderabad) have jointly
developed technology to make compostable plastics. This
technology of starch-based compostable bags/films is being
commercialized and it is competitive and meets the performance
requirements of most short-life applications. This technology
65 RIL Integrated Annual Report-2020-21, 2019-20 & 2018-19. Plastic AlternativesReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 48
for making bags, cups, plates, molded cutlery and toothbrushes, thermoformed boxes, etc., is ready
and already in commercial use in places such as Tirupati for Prasadam bags.
Composting plastics requires a separate composting facility with specific environmental conditions,
according to widely accepted International and Indian standards. The necessary conditions for the
decomposition of compostable bags do not exist in municipal landfills. Compostable plastic packaging
is not a blanket solution but rather one for specific, targeted applications
66
.
6.2 GLOBAL ACTION ON PLASTIC ALTERNATIVES
Various governments across the world have come up with creative policies to mitigate the plastic
threat; for instance, since 2004, the government of Luxemburg, along with Valorlux, has replaced
the country’s SUP bag with the Öko-Tut, an eco-sac reusable bag. This resulted in an 85% drop in
plastic consumption in the first nine years of the initiative. This has cut down on the use of 1.1
billion SUP bags
67
.
Costa Rica planned to eliminate plastic bags, bottles, cutlery, straws, and coffee stirrers by 2021.
The objective was to replace 80% of the country’s disposable plastic packaging with non-petroleum
renewable materials that can biodegrade within six months, even in a marine environment. Renewable
choices include cassava bags, sugar cane takeaway boxes, and wooden coffee stirrers. By 2017, the
country discarded 1.5 million plastic bottles every day.
The Government of Baja California, Mexico, passed a restrictive law to reduce SUP. Alternatives in the
region include straws made of agave fibers or avocado pits, cutlery made of cornstarch, Kraft paper
bags, Greenware cups and containers made from plants, and hot beverage cups made of bamboo
fibers and waxed with PLA, all of which are certified to be 100% compostable.
Edible Seaweed Cups
Seaweed can grow up to 60 times faster than land-based plants, making it an important carbon
sink. An Indonesian company, in 2016, in response to the plastic waste crisis, made edible seaweed
cups under the Ello Jello brand that come in various colours and flavours, from orange to green
(Figure 15). The company also produces edible food wrapping and single-use sachets, typically used
for instant coffee or food condiments.
Figure 15: Ello Jello edible cups and packaging
66 https://chemicals.nic.in/sites/default/files/SUP_Expert_Committee_Report.pdf
67 https://www.rd.com/list/ways-other-countries-are-replacing-plastic/ Plastic AlternativesReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications
49
Algae-blended ethylene-vinyl acetate
A US based firm has created algae-blended ethylene-vinyl acetate transforming air and water
pollution (ammonia, phosphates, and carbon dioxide) into plant biomass rich in proteins. The
material called Bloom, a bouncy and flexible foam is used in the soles of most shoes (Figure 16).
It replaces the incumbent material traditionally made from petroleum.
Figure 16: Shoe products using Bloom algae foam
Lipids and Glycerolipids Coating
Figure 17: Time lapse images of strawberry with lipid coating
A California based company has formulated a plant-derived (lipids and glycerolipids) edible,
odourless, colourless, and tasteless coating (Figure 17). This can help in eliminating the packaging
of fruits and vegetables and increasing the shelf life
68
.
Zero plastic recycled paper bottle
A UK firm
69
has invented the only commercially available zero plastic recycled paper bottle in the
world. From seal packing to the inner lining of the bottle, everything is made from a sustainably
sourced material (Figure 18). Feasibility studies are carried out to design for each product and use
across multiple industries, from pharmaceutical & cosmetics to foodstuffs & drinks and home care
and cleaning products. The company was recently acquired by HP Inc.
68 https://www.apeel.com/
69 https://www.choosepackaging.co.uk/about-us Plastic AlternativesReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 50
Figure 18: Zero plastic paper packaging bottle
Edible packaging products
London based startup has made seaweed-based sustainability packaging material that is entirely
biodegradable and edible and that can be home composted in 4-6 weeks (Figure 19). So far, the
packaging has been used to create thin films and coatings for cardboard, takeaway boxes, as well
as sachets for condiments
70
.
Figure 19: Edible/ biodegradable packaging products
Wood-based paper packaging
In 2020, a Scotland-based paper manufacturing company developed a sustainable wood-based
alternative to plastic packaging (Figure 20). It is a translucent, functional barrier paper that preserves
the quality of food and cosmetics just as well as conventional plastics while ensuring a limited
impact on the environment. This pioneering paper is fully recyclable, compostable, bio-degradable,
and offers a sustainable alternative to SUP packaging
71
.
70 https://www.notpla.com/products-2/
71 https://sylvicta.arjowiggins.com/news/new-translucnet-barrier-paper/ Plastic AlternativesReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications
51
Figure 20: Translucent paper packaging
6.3 TECHNOLOGY STATUS ON PLASTIC ALTERNATIVES WITH
LIFECYCLE ASSESSMENT DEVELOPMENT
The total global production of both bio-based and biodegradable plastics in 2019 was 2.1 million tons
per annum. The estimated production growth is a remarkable 14 % over four years and implies that
if plastic production stays constant in the next ten years, biodegradable plastics will rise to about
2 % of the total plastic market. The global market for bioplastics and biopolymers is projected to
reach US $14.9 Billion by 2024, registering a compounded annual growth rate (CAGR) of 15.6% over
the analysis period.
Besides Poly Lactic Acid (PLA), which accounts for 24 % of the global production capacity for
biodegradable polymers, mainly starch blends (44 %), other biodegradable polyesters, including PBS
and PBAT, Ecoflex (23%) and polyhydroxyalkonates (PHAs) (6 %) are being produced at industrial scale.
An average of 200-kilo tons per annum is produced per type of biodegradable plastic. This value
represents approximately 0.0005 % of all plastics produced every year. This small fraction demonstrates
the efforts needed to displace the fossil-carbon giant in addition to the enormous market potential
of biodegradable plastics.
It is estimated that, as of 2020, more than 61.6% of bioplastics are used in packaging. Due to its
bio-based nature, it is predicted that Southeast Asia will see the most considerable increase in
terms of production capacity
72
. This can be attributed to the agrarian economy and the agricultural
residues available in Southeast Asia, that will be further utilized to produce biodegradable Bioplastics.
However, the growth of bioplastics also depends on consumer demand and awareness among the
people. It is also imperative to make it more affordable so that it can have a broader and better
reach. Another important aspect of bioplastics is the time taken to biodegrade and place (in a
household or in separate facilities). All this depends on the policies and the standards adopted by
countries across the globe, which are altered according to their needs and requirements.
72 European Bioplastics e.V. Bioplastics market data. https://www.european-bioplastics.org/market/ (accessed December 8, 2021) Plastic AlternativesReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 52
Current global technology and manufacturing perspectives:
A summary of bioplastic is given in Table 3 for PBAT, PBS, PLA & PHS, covering raw materials and
catalyst, polymerization process, current resin manufacturers and their product trade name and
Grades and their critical applications (Table 7).
Table 7: Biodegradable bio plastics
PBATPBSPLAPHA
Poly (butylene adi-
pate terephthalate)
73
74
Poly (butylene suc-
cinate)
75
Poly (lactic acid)
76
Poly (hydroxyal-
kanoates)
77
Raw Materials
Terephthalic
Acid
Adipic Acid
Butanediol
Ti-based cata-
lyst
Succinic Acid
Butanediol
Ti-based cat-
alyst
Bio-derived monomers
– Lactic acid & Lactide
Sugarcane to Lactic
acid by the fermen-
tation process
Lactic acid to
lactide by polymer-
ization- depolymer-
ization process
Produced by
microorgan-
isms, including
through bacteri-
al fermentation
of sugars or
lipids.
Process
Melt Polycondensa-
tion Polymerization
Melt Polycondensa-
tion Polymerization
Ring-Opening Polymer-
ization (ROP) of lactide
for PLA (Catalyst: Tin
compound)
The polymer is
obtained by ex-
traction from a
microorganism.
Manufacturers
& Trade Names
BASF
(Germany)–
Ecoflex
Novamont (Italy)
– Origo-Bi
Xinjiang Blue
Ridge (China) –
Tunhe
Lotte fine
chemicals (S.
Korea)–Enpol
Mitsubishi
chemical
performance
polymers
(Japan)–BioPBS
Hexing
Chemical
(China)
Xinfu
Pharmaceutical
(China)
Showa High
Polymer –
Bionolle
NatureWorks (Joint-
venture between
Cargill (US) and PTT
(Thailand) – Ingeo®
Biopolymer
Total-Corbion (Joint-
Venture between
Total (France) and
Corbion (NL)
Kaneka –
Japan
Bio-on –
Italy
Yield10
Bioscience
73 An overview on synthesis, properties and applications of poly (butylene-adipate-co-terephthalate)–PBAT.” Advanced Industrial
and Engineering Polymer Research 3(1) 19-26 (2020).
74 Poly (butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) Polyester Synthesis Process and Product Development; Polymer Science, Series C
volume 63, 102–111(2021)
75 Synthesis and properties of poly (butylene succinate): Efficiency of different transesterification catalysts. Journal of Polymer
Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry. 49(24),5301-12(2011)
76 Synthesis and Biological Application of Polylactic Acid, Molecules 25, 5023 (2020)
77 Bacterial Production of Hydroxyalkanoates (PHA); Universal Journal of Microbiology Research 4(1), 23-30 (2016) Plastic AlternativesReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications
53
PBATPBSPLAPHA
Grades &
Applications
Ecovio® F2331–
BASF (ecoflex®
F & PLA)
This grade
possesses
high melt
strength, good
thermostability
up to 230°C
and good
mechanical
properties. It
is used for the
manufacturing
of packaging
films, hygienic
films and
carrier bags.
Ecovio® M2351 –
BASF (ecoflex®
F & PLA)
This is
suitable for
producing black,
transparent and
coloured mulch
films.
Ecovio® T2308–
BASF (ecoflex®
F & PLA)
BioPBS™ FD92–
Mitsubishi
chemical
Paper coatings,
sealants
in flexible
packaging, hot
beverage cups,
boxes and
utensils for
freshly cooked
food.
Ingeo® Biopolymer
6204D –
NatureWorks
Thermoplastic fibre-
grade resin
Potential
applications include
woven & knitted
100% continuous
filament apparel,
intimate staple
blend fabrics
including blends
with cotton, wool,
other fibres,
woven and knitted
fabrics, netting for
civil engineering
applications as well
as home furnishing
Ingeo™ Biopolymer
4032D–NatureWorks
For lamination and
other packaging
applications. It
provides a barrier
to flavour, grease
and oil resistance
Ecomp® 142–
Kafrit group
Biode-
gradable
polyhydroxy-
alkanoate
(PHA)-based
compound,
used for
film appli-
cations such
as shopping
bags.
Ecomp®
420–Kafrit
group
Biode-
gradable
starch-based
polyhydroxy-
alkanoate
(PHA) com-
pound. Used
to produce
twin-wall
sheets of 4
mm
It is a
thermoformable
version for food
trays and cups.
Ecovio® IA1652
BASF (ecoflex®
F & PLA)
Mineral filler
& PLA in
high content.
For injection
moulding.
This grade is
a printable,
sealable and
easy to colour
compound
Ingeo™ Biopolymer
2500HP-
NatureWorks
FDA approved, so
this may therefore
be also used in
food packaging,
a high-viscosity
PLA for extrusion
applications
PLA Blend A -Total
Corbion
It possesses heat
resistance like PP,
PS and ABS.
For Blend A the
PLA homopolymers Plastic AlternativesReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 54
PBATPBSPLAPHA
have been
nucleated
with a small
amount of PDLA
homopolymers
and a traditional
nucleant, used in
injection moulding
applications,
recommended
for bioplastic
products, consumer
electronics, high
heat packaging,
automotive
interiors, apparel
and many more.
PLA Blend B-Total
Corbion
In Blend B, talc is
added to Blend
A for higher
temperature
resistance. Used in
injection moulding
applications.
Recommended
for bioplastic
products, consumer
electronics, high
heat packaging,
automotive
interiors, apparel
and many more
PLA Blend C-Total
Corbion
PLA Blend C by
Total Corbion PLA
is the impact
modified version of
Blend A. Used in
injection moulding
applications Plastic AlternativesReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications
55
Status of biodegradable resin and monomers manufacturing in India:
Currently, there is no manufacturer of essential synthetic biodegradable plastics (PBAT, PBS, PLA &
PHA) in India. Hence, there is an immediate need for commercial manufacturing not only for resin
but also for monomers to cater to the demand for biodegradable plastics on a sustainable basis
as an alternative to current resin for SUP applications. This is a manufacturing area critical for the
uninterrupted and economical supply of raw materials to resin manufacturers and resin supply to
product manufacturers.
6.4 TECHNOLOGY READINESS LEVEL (TRL) MAPPING OF
PRODUCTS–GLOBAL AND INDIA
The current bio-PET production only includes 32 % of bio-derived Monoethylene Glycol (MEG), while
the remaining 68 % is fossil-carbon-derived TPA. The disadvantage of biomass as a precursor consists
of its highly oxygenated nature biomass that will hinder the synthesis of linear alkyl plastics (e g.,
bio-PE).
New methods have also evolved to minimize the use of such compounds and move towards greener
compounds that are biodegradable and non-toxic. Such compounds in this context are known
as Deep Eutectic Solvent (DES), which is a combination of two or more solids that form, through
hydrogen bond formation, a eutectic liquid mixture at a temperature lower than the melting point of
each compound that is part of the DES
78
. DESs popularly used in this process are Choline Chloride:
Urea, Choline Chloride: Oxalic acid, Potassium Carbonate: Glycerol.
In the case of DES, the cellulosic and lignin part is utilized in the production of bioplastic, which is
biodegradable. Similarly, in the case of paper plates, dissolved lignin can be obtained from DES, and
the subsequent lignin can be used as a replacement for binders in concenters, a soil conditioner,
as a filler, or as an active ingredient of phenolic resins, and as an adhesive for linoleum
79
. DES can
be reused again for the same purpose.
In recent years, a large number of researchers have been attracted to synthesizing biodegradable
polymers that could substitute commercially available polyolefins, which are readily utilized as SUPs,
particularly in food-contact articles.
Global themes like sustainable growth and circular economy focus on replacing petro-based
products with bio-based renewable products, recycling non-biodegradable products, cleaner and
greener processes to produce commodity products, and replacing hazardous chemicals with safer
alternatives. One such specific area of concern is to replace conventional plastics with bioplastic,
which in turn will reduce pollution and also pay the way for creating wealth out of waste. However,
transforming the theoretical possibility into market-ready products that are priced affordably is the
biggest hurdle being faced by companies so far.
The key metric used to assess the maturity of these evolving technologies related to each bio-based
product is the TRL. It provides us with an idea of how long it took to be commercially viable from
its conceptualization stage.
78 Ramón D. J., and Guillena G. Deep eutectic solvents: Synthesis, properties, and applications, 2019, 1–370. https://doi.
org/10.1002/9783527818488
79 American Institute of Chemical Engineers. Lignin for sustainable industrial uses. AIChE Annual Meeting, 2017. https://www.
aiche.org/conferences/aiche-annual-meeting/2017/proceeding/session/lignin-sustainable-industrial-uses (accessed December
8, 2021). Plastic AlternativesReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 56
50%
11%
11%
28%
TRL 8
TRL 7
TRL 6
TRL 5
Figure 21: TRL distribution for the emerging bio-based products
Figure 21 shows that half of the products are under development and are currently being tested in
laboratory conditions that mimic relevant environmental conditions, and very few have managed to
upscale their technologies where mass production is possible. A TRL of 4-5 is shown for technologies
based on second-generation feedstock, compared to a level of 8-9 for first-generation feedstock.
i. R&D efforts–Global Institutions
The two varieties of plastics available and researched today are bio-based plastics and biodegradable
plastics. SUP is a major environmental concern world over, and there is a continuing interest in
the area of bioplastics and also in developing an alternative solution for reducing plastic pollution
and carbon footprints. Utilizing agro wastes/ agro-residues for making value-added products as
an alternative to plastic use in many fields is progressing and thereby achieving circular economy
outcomes.
c. A novel food packaging material based on biodegradable PCL/Ag-kaolinite nanocomposites
80
developed by the University of Science and Technology, Houari Boumediene, Algeria (Prof.
A. S. Hadj-Hamou & team)
d. Biodegradable polymer nanofibers possessing a special property of slow-release-system
which could be utilized in several agri-food applications
81
, developed by the Center for Exact
Sciences and Technology (Dept. of Chemistry) at Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar),
São Carlos, Brazil (Prof. Daniel S. Correa & team) have recently developed.
e. A state-of-art review on recent progress in the field of Nanobiotechnology, particularly in
the Food Packaging applications
82
developed by the University of Waikato, Hamilton, New
Zealand (Prof. Aydin Berenjian & team) reported.
80 Benhacine F., Ouargli A., and Hadj-Hamou A. S. Preparation and characterization of novel food packaging materials based on
biodegradable PCL/Ag-kaolinite nanocomposites with controlled release properties. Polymer-Plastics Technology and Materials,
2019, 58: 3, 328-340. https://doi.org/10.1080/03602559.2018.1471714
81 Martins D., Scagion V.P., Schneider R., Lemos A.C.C., Oliveira J., and Correa D.S. (2019) Biodegradable polymer nanofibers applied
in slow release systems for agri-food applications. In: Gutiérrez T. (eds) Polymers for agri-food applications. Springer, Cham. pp.
291-316. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-19416-1_15
82 Jafarizadeh-Malmiri H., Sayyar Z., Anarjan N., and Berenjian A. (2019) Nanobiotechnology in food packaging. In: Nanobiotechnology
in food: Concepts, applications and perspectives. Springer, Cham. pp. 69-79. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05846-3_5 Plastic AlternativesReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications
57
f. The degradation mechanisms, as well as recycling of various films, were developed using
biodegradable polymers
83
reviewed by the University of Palermo, Italy (Prof. Andrea Maio
& team at the Dept of Engineering).
g. Studies from ETH Zürich, Switzerland, have shown that microbes can use films made from
PBAT as food. They used the carbon from the polymer to generate energy and also to
form biomass. It implies that PBAT biologically degrades in the soil and does not remain
there as microplastic as PE does.
ii. R&D efforts – Global Industry
a. A recent development is polyethene furanoate (PEF) by the Dutch company Avantium,
which is proving to be a high-performing bio-plastic.
b. Cereplast has successfully commercialized an injection-moulding grade of algae-based
bioplastics–Biopropylene 109D, which is made with 20% post-industrial algae biomatter
and targets thin-walled applications
84
.
c. Mango Materials (USA) is a biotech start-up that converts methane to plastic by feeding
methane to bacteria, which makes a biodegradable polymer.
d. Floreon Transforming Packaging (UK) manufactures high-performance bioplastics from
biodegradable ingredients.
e. Vericool (USA) filed a patent application for a shipping container whose insulating material
is compostable.
f. Grow Plastics (USA) has recently been given an NSF grant for its work on high-performance
biodegradable sandwich core structures.
Table 8 below provides a list of global companies or manufacturers engaged in manufacturing bio-
based or biodegradable polymers and their products. The TRL mapping mentioned below is based
on the information available with TIFAC. The time to reach level 8 or 9 is considerable for many of
the above-mentioned companies and it may take on an average ten years from the time R&D begins.
Along with this time, significant investments were made into such companies by angel investors or
government funding.
Table 8: List of global manufacturers of bio-based/ biodegradable polymers
and their products
Sl.
No.
Company Name Product/ Technology
Biodegradability
or Compostability
conditions
Applications
1
Novamont
(Italy)
TRL-9
Starch blends (Mater-
Bi®);
Bio-Lubricants
(Matrol-Bi)
Industrial
Mater-Bi are for films for carry bags,
waste bags, extruded and moulded
articles for food service, coating on
paper & other substrates.
83 Scaffaro R., Maio A., Sutera F., Gulino E. F., and Morreale M. Degradation and recycling of films based on biodegradable polymers:
A short review. Polymers, 2019, 11:4, 651. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11040651
84 Filiciotto L .and Rothenberg G. Biodegradable plastics: Standards, policies, and impacts. Chem Sus Chem, 2021 , 14, 56. https://
doi.org/10.1002/cssc.202002044 Plastic AlternativesReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 58
Sl.
No.
Company Name Product/ Technology
Biodegradability
or Compostability
conditions
Applications
2
Synbera
Technology
(Netherlands)
TRL -9
Sugarcane
Synterra®PLA
Industrial coloured disposable cutlery
3
Biotrem
(Poland)
TRL -9
Wheat bran basedTableware and cutlery production
4
CelluComp Ltd
(Scotland)
TRL -8
Beet Pulp
Microfibrillated
cellulose
Curran®,
Granules form to use in paints &
coatings
5
Paptic Oy
(Finland)
TRL-9
Wood pulp
Paptic®
Industrial
packaging material, bags and
pouches, food packaging
6
Trifilon AB
(Sweden)
TRL -8
Hemp Fibers Industrial
Outdoor furniture–biobased and
recycled materials.
7
Greengran BV
(Germany)
TRL -5
Plant Fibers
natural fibre reinforced polymer
granules, bio-based matrix
compounds (PLA & PHB) bio-
degradable
8 BASF (GER)
Ecoflex® (PBAT),
Ecoflex blends with
PLA (Ecovio®) and
other materials such
as starch
Industrial, Home
and Soil
Shrink film, Organic waste bags,
Fruits & Vegetable bags, Mulch
films, Moulded & thermoformed
products, Paper coating
9 Bewi
PLA based Foam
(BioFoam®) which
is recyclable and
compostable
Industrial
Filling hollow spaces like Beanbags
and Pillows and for shape moulding
replacing EPS (as in protective pkg.)
10
Biome
Technologies
(UK)
Potato & Corn starch-
based resins
Industrial & Home
Films for food & industrial
packaging, shopper bags, waste
bags; Coating on paper, flexible
films, moulded goods, extruded
sheets, and food wraps, etc.
11Biomer (GER) PHB (Biomer®) Industrial & Home-
12 Biotec (GER)
PLA and Starch
blends (BIOPLAST)
Industrial & Home
Films for carry bags, waste bags
and Injection moulded articles for
food pkg. Plastic AlternativesReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications
59
Sl.
No.
Company Name Product/ Technology
Biodegradability
or Compostability
conditions
Applications
13
Braskem
(Brazil)
Bio-based PE, EVA
and PE Wax
(I’m green
TM
) from
sugarcane/ ethanol
Recyclable as
conventional PE
For consumer goods packaging and
similar applications
14
Danimer
Scientific
PHAs (Nodax
TM
) and
their blends
Industrial, Home
and Soil
Food & Vegetable bags, Carry bags,
Waste bags, cups, lids, straws,
plates and diaper linings etc.
15
DSM (Geleen,
NL)
Polyamide-4.10
(EcoPaXX®),
Copolyester (Arnitel®
Eco)
Recyclable
Automotive, consumer goods and
food contact applications
16
Ecomann
(China)
PHA (Ecomann®)
& wood powder
composites with PHA
based bags & 3D
printer filament
Industrial & Home
For food & vegetable storage, Waste
storage, & 3D printing
17
FKuR (Willich,
GER)
PLA blends (BioFlex®),
Cellulose acetate
(Biograde®), Bio-PE
(Terralene® = I’m
green of Braskem),
Fibre-filled PLA
materials (Fibrolon®)
Industrial & Home
Bioflex is for household, agricultural
and hygiene films. These are also
food contact compliant.
18 Futerro
Lactide and PLA from
vegetable resources
(lactic acid sourced
from Galactic)
Industrial
Blown & Cast films for food
packaging, labels, and laminated
films
19
Futumura
(UK) (Former
Innovia)
Cellulose films
(Cellophane® &
Natureflex®)
Natureflex®:
Industrial & Home
compostable
Fruit & Veg bags, Bio-waste bags,
Over wraps, Coffee capsules,
Catering items and other food
packaging. Can replace BOPET and
BOPA in barrier laminates
20
Huhtamaki
Group
PLA based food trays,
cups, lids and trays
(Bioware®)
Industrial For food storage applications
21
Kaneka
Biopolymer
(US)
PHBH Industrial & Home
Food & Vegetable bags, Carry bags,
Waste bags, etc.
22
Mirel Bioplastic
by Telles (US)
Former
Metabolix
PHA (Mirel
TM
) Industrial & Home
Film grades for mulch film, compost
bags, retail bags and packaging.
Moulding & thermoforming grades
are also available Plastic AlternativesReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 60
Sl.
No.
Company Name Product/ Technology
Biodegradability
or Compostability
conditions
Applications
23
Mitsubishi
Chemical
Europe (GER)
and PTT MCC
Biochem
(Thailand)
Biobased PBS
(BioPBS™)
Petro based PBS (GS
Pla®)
At ambient (30 °C)
and Industrial
As sealant layer in flexible packaging
& coating on Paper because of
Elution resistance to oils, Heat
sealability and printability. It can
be blended with other biopolymers.
24
NatureWorks
(Naarden, NL)
PLA (Ingeo
TM
) from
plants (Sugarcane,
cassava, Corn or
beets)
100% Ingeo
is Industrial
compostable
Multiple applications like food
packaging, 3D printing, floor & wall
coverings, agriculture.
25
Plantic
Technologies
(Jena, GER)
Hydroxypropylated,
high amylose starch-
based products
(Plantic
TM
HP &
Plantic
TM
)
Plantic HP is home
compostable;
Recyclable
For use in food packaging as heat
sealable and barrier layer.
26
Rodenburg
(Oosterhout,
NL)
Potato Starch blends
(Solanyl®)
Industrial & Soil
Sanitary napkins, Flower pots and
others
27 RWDC PHA (Solon) Industrial & Home
Straws, cups, lids, trays, food
containers and bags
28 Tepha (US) Tephaflex® (P4HB)
Degrades in the
body into 4HB,
which metabolizes
by the body itself
Medical devices such as sutures,
Mesh and films.
29 TGBM (China) PHA (Sogreen) Industrial & Home
Blown & Cast films for food
packaging, wrapping and other
film products. Foamed, Sheet and
injection moulded products can
also be made.
30
Tianan Biologic
materials
(China)
PHBV (ENMAT
TM
) Industrial & Home
Blown films, Extrusion &
Thermoforming and Injection
moulding
31
Toray
Industries
Bio-based PET
(Partial)
100% BioPET is
under-development
- Fiber & Textiles, Films & Resin
32
Total Corbion
(Gorinche, NL)
PLA compounds
(Luminy®)
Industrial
Food Packaging, Food-wares, Non-
wovens and 3D printing Plastic AlternativesReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications
61
Sl.
No.
Company Name Product/ Technology
Biodegradability
or Compostability
conditions
Applications
33Toyobo Co. Ltd.
Packaging films
based on Biobased
PEF (Polyethylene
Furanoate)
Recyclable
Food Packaging, Display films in
electronics, Industrial & medical
packaging
34
Zhejiang Hisun
Biomaterials
(China)
Plant based PLA
(REVODE)
Industrial
BOPLA film and injection moulding
& blow moulding applications
iii. R&D Efforts – Indian Institutions
CSIR-National Institute of Interdisciplinary Science & Technology
a. Alternative to single-use tableware and cutlery: Process knowhow for making
biodegradable tableware and cutlery from various agro-residues (TRL–7)
The institute has demonstrated lab-scale production of biodegradable products (like
plates, cups, bowls, cutleries, straws etc.) using a wide range of agro residues (rice
bran, rice husk, rice straw, wheat wastes, sugarcane bagasse, fruit peels, apple prunes
etc.). The knowhow has been transferred to three firms. Commercial production was
started by one firm.
The knowhow for production of biodegradable tableware like plates, cups, bowls,
cutleries, straws etc. from different types of agro-residues developed by the Council
for Scientific and Industrial Research–National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science
and Technology (CSIR-NIIST) can be tailor-made as per client requirements in manual,
semi-automatic & fully automatic modes to process 100-200kg, 200-500 kg or up to
2000 kg raw material per day respectively. The product cost and quantity depend on
the raw material and type of automation. For example, the average price of a plate of
10-inch diameter will be approximately 1.0 to 1.5 rupees, weighting around 40-50 grams.
b. Biobased and biodegradable resin-coated paper for food packaging with repulpable
potential (TRL – 5)
In this invention of paper-based food packaging, a low-cost, abundantly available and
solvent-free industrially viable coating method with repulpability potential has been
adopted using functionalized non-edible plant oil derivatives as an alternate to a
plastic liner (Figure 22).
Structural morphology, thermal stability, WVTR, contact angle and mechanical properties
have been found to be suitable for paper-based packaging. Importantly, repulpability
or recyclability of paper has been explored, confirming the path towards circular
principles. The coating also showed compatibility with fatty food as per USFDA 176.170
standard for paper and paper board. Plastic AlternativesReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 62
Figure 22: Water Retention (> 2 hrs) in coated Pineapple leaf paper plate
The technology is a unique, indigenously developed and commercialized bio-based
solution for an alternative to SUPs to replace non-biodegradable PE films. Companies
like ITC, Bangalore and M/s Varsya Eco Solutions Pvt. Ltd., Trivandrum showed their
interest in scaling up the process and commercializing the product. M/s Varsya Eco
solutions Pvt. Ltd., Kochi, M/S Marikar Green Earth Pvt. Ltd., Trivandrum and Zero Plast
Lab, NCL Innovation Park, Pune have also expressed their interest in supporting the
technologies or process know-how for commercialization of the coatings.
c. Alternative to SUP mulch films: Process knowhow for the fabrication of thinner, bio-
degradable ligno-cellulosic fibre (coir, jute etc.) based mulch mats for agriculture and
horticulture (TRL – 5)
Process knowhow for the fabrication of thinner, biodegradable mulch mats using ligno-
cellulosic fibres (e.g. coir, jute etc.) hot pressed with a bio-based polymer binder. Mulch
is a covering, usually made of petroleum-based plastics, laid on the ground around
plants to prevent excessive evaporation or erosion, inhibit weed growth, enrich soil
conditions, support drip-irrigation, etc., for better crop growth. Currently used plastic
mulch films are made of petroleum-based plastics (PE) that provide advantages such
as being lightweight and low cost. However, the removal and disposal of this plastic
mulch is a serious concern as it deteriorates upon sun exposure and environmental
degradation. Additionally, the plant roots may suffocate and rot because it is not
porous.
A semi-automatic pilot-scale facility for the demonstration and fabrication of
biodegradable mulching mats and sheets is available at CSIR-NIIST. The process is
sustainable by utilizing local resources and there is high-value addition to any plant
fibres (waste fibres/baby fibres). These mulch mats are biodegradable and eco-friendly
substitutes for SUP mulching films, thinner, flexible, rollable and have low water
absorption; compared to latex-based mulching mats, they have a longer service-life,
breathability and support drip-irrigation add value to the soil upon degradation. Plastic AlternativesReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications
63
Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bangalore, has developed (TRL–5) a substitute for
SUPs manufactured by concocting cellulose extracts and non-edible oils extracted from
agricultural stubble. This alternative to SUP is biodegradable, non-toxic, and leak-proof.
The extracts from the agricultural stubble are mixed with di-isocyanate compounds
and toluene. This mixture solution undergoes 8-hour heating and 12-hour cooling,
which generates polyurethane sheets (PUs). These sheets are malleable enough to be
developed into cutlery, containers, and carry bags.
CIPET: School for Advanced Research in Petrochemicals (SARP)-LARPM
a. Synthesis of bio-derived PUs (TRL-5)
The institute has developed biodegradable mulching film employing renewable
resource-based materials, such as modified functionalized thermoplastic starch,
natural fillers, and sustained release nanoscale fertilizers HALS for weed control and
soil temperature control, disinfection before sowing as well as improved crop quality.
Currently, petroleum-based plastic mulching films have concerns that include post-
harvesting, which can be resolved using these alternatives.
IIT Guwahati and Indian Institute of Science
a. Synthesis of bio-derived PUs (TRL-5)
Castor oil (CO) was used to derive PUs. The PUs was prepared by the one-pot
reaction method (Figure 23). The stubble extracted cellulose was mixed with CO
and diisocyanates such as diphenylmethane-4-4’-diisocyanate and hexamethylene
diisocyanate in a toluene solvent. The laboratory work was scompleted and a sample
was sent for testing to the Central Institute of Petrochemicals Engineering & Technology
(CIPET). A provisional patent was filed with this discovery.
Figure 23: Images of CO derived (a) rigid and (b) flexible PUs
b. Synthesis of cellulose nano-fibre reinforced PUs using linseed oil and jojoba oil with
isocyanates and cellulose nano-fibre (TRL 2-3)
IISc and IIT Guwahati have developed this technology for the synthesis of cellulose
nano-fibre reinforced PUs. The deliverables include synthesis of amide diols from
castor oil and alkyl diamine via the amminolysis route, synthesis of castor oil cellulose
nano-fibre PU from amide diols, synthesis of poly-ol linseed oil and jojoba oil via
epoxidation route; synthesis of linseed and jojoba oil cellulose nano-fibre PU. Plastic AlternativesReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 64
IIT Bombay
a. Lukewarm water-soluble plastic made up of agricultural waste (TRL – 4)
Non-biodegradable plastic bags, which are currently used in the market, are mainly
composed of high-density polyethene or HDPE. These non-biodegradable plastic bags
accumulate in the soil and water, thus, pollute the soil and affect natural habitats.
These non-biodegradable plastics not only pose a hazard to the environment but, also
to mankind by causing a number of health anomalies. The institute has designed a
starch-based (cassava tubers) bioplastic which can get easily solubilized in lukewarm
water and discarded easily. Various agricultural wastes were used to produce this
bioplastic. The biodegradable plastic design has improved strength, elasticity, tensile
strength and also no in-vivo toxic effects.
Indian Plywood Industries Research & Training Institute (IPIRTI)
a. Utilization of recycled waste plastic material for the Development of Plastic Bonded
Mat Board and Plastic Bonded Plywood (TRL – 4)
Institute has worked on recycling waste plastic materials, particularly milk pouches and
similar kinds of materials, as an alternative to the adhesives (Phenol-Formaldehyde/
Urea Formaldehyde) of plywood and bamboo mat-based moulded products. The
project was initiated in 2021, and essential trials of bamboo and plywood laminates
were carried out on a laboratory scale. This could provide an opportunity to use
waste plastic for high-end applications and may help address various environmental
targets within SDGs.
K J Somaiya College of Engineering
a. Isolation of cellulose from paddy straw using Deep Eutectic Solvents (TRL – 4)
This research would enable us to get value-added products related to rice straw with
some simple methods. Upscaling of the process is underway.
b. Biodegradable plates (TRL – 2)
Paddy straw pulp will be used to make biodegradable paper plates. A compression
and trimming machine will also be used to make the paper plates suitable for usage
for shape and design.
Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science
a. Supramolecular engineering in biodegradable polymers by directional halogen-
bonding interactions (TRL 2-3)
IACS has focused on developing new, one-pot synthetic methodologies from readily
available starting materials for preparing biodegradable polymers with clickable surface
functionalities, stimuli-responsive properties, tailorable thermal (glass transition/
melting temperature), mechanical (tensile strength, elongation etc.) and crystallization
properties to produce next-generation sustainable, biodegradable commodity plastics.
In parallel, noncovalent synthetic routes are being explored to regulate the existing
properties of conventional PLA. Preliminary results suggest that such dual synthetic
approaches (covalent and noncovalent) to tackle these fundamental issues with PLA
have great potential for designing new target-specific sustainable polymeric materials. Plastic AlternativesReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications
65
b. New synthetic routes for polyesters (TRL 2-3)
The institute is engaged in developing a new synthetic methodology involving functional
group tolerant, mild and environment-friendly reaction conditions. Preliminary results
suggest polyester can be made easily by such new methods utilizing already known
textbook reported organic reactions, which allow structural precision, end-group
functionalization, and structural diversity. Such fundamental studies may have future
potential for the synthesis of new, easily degradable polyesters and related products
with commercial values.
c. Foldable polyurethanes (TRL 2-3)
The institute is engaged in the synthesis of new biodegradable PU with promising
antibacterial activity by a less specific membrane disruption pathway (in contrast to
small-molecule antibiotics) similar to host defence peptides (HDPs), which are part
of the innate immune system and less susceptible to developing drug resistance. PUs
are another well-known biodegradable polymer with excellent potential for diverse
applications, including in biology. Scalable synthesis and structural manipulation of
biodegradable PUs for further improving their antimicrobial activity, testing potency
against drug resistance bacteria, bacterial biofilm, in vivo studies and identifying a
lead candidate for a clinical trial are underway.
Indian CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Research Institute
a. Biodegradable thin films from seaweed polymers for packaging and other potential
applications (Figure 24)
Institute has prepared biodegradable films from semi-refined k-carrageenan (SRC),
refined k-carrageenan, agar, alginate obtainable from seaweed biomass, which is widely
cultivated, commercially available in the national and international market (Approx.
price of seaweed is $1-2 /Kg and seaweed polymers are $10-20 /Kg).
The homogeneous aqueous solution of seaweed polymer (e.g. SRC/RC/Agar/Alginate)
was prepared, and these are stable at ambient conditions for 1-2 years without any
degradation. It does not attract moisture at room temperature, making it suitable as
active biodegradable packaging material for packaging fruits, vegetables, perishable
items, etc. These films can be heat sealed, and pouches to store non-aqueous solvents
can be prepared.
Figure 24: Technology development by CSIR-CSMCRI Plastic AlternativesReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 66
Indian Institute of Food Processing Technology
b. Development of biodegradable tableware (including plates) by using mango seed
shells as the base material
85
The institute is actively working towards the development of biodegradable tableware
(including plates) by using mango seed shells as the base material. The main objective
of this study is to fabricate and evaluate the properties of tableware made from mango
seed shell reinforced bio-composite. The composite was fabricated using corn starch
with 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 % weight of mango seed shell powder. The experimental results
found that 30% weight of the mango seed shell is the most suitable composition for
developing the mango seed shell plates, and the developed bio-composite can be
used as tableware like plates, trays and containers.
University of Calcutta
a. Biopolymer derived from recycled plastic waste for tissue engineering application
The institute has developed bis(hydroxyethylene) terephthalate (BHET)-based novel
biopolymer (polyester) for tissue engineering application
86
.
b. Development of a series of biopolymers from PET waste
87
,
88
The institute is working on the development of biopolymers from electronic
polycarbonate waste for tissue regeneration applications. To date, the lab has
performed in vitro studies, and the results are interesting. The animal study is going
on. If the polymer shows a similar effect in vivo study, then the biopolymers can
be used for tissue engineering applications to regenerate various tissues like bone,
cartilage and interfacial tissue, which become damaged from arthritis.
ICAR – Centre Institute for Research on Cotton Technology
c. Biopolymer derived from recycled plastic waste for tissue engineering application
89
It has recently reported a breakthrough enhancement in the tensile strength of
biodegradable starch film by the incorporation of bacteriocin immobilized crystalline
nanocellulose.
Tezpur University
a. Developed biodegradable packaging films through the valorization of pumpkin seeds
and peels
90
85 Muthu R. K., Anand T., Vidyalakshmi R., and Anandakumar S. Fabrication and property evaluation of biodegradable tableware
(Plate) made from mango seed shell. Int. J. Pure App. Biosci. 2019, 7:1, 448-454. http://dx.doi.org/10.18782/2320-7051.7443
86 Sarkar K., Meka S. R. K., Bagchi A., Krishna N. S., Ramachandra S. G., Madras G., and Chatterjee K. Polyester derived from recycled
poly(ethylene terephthalate) waste for regenerative medicine. RSC Adv., 2014, 4, 58805-58815. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4RA09560J
87 Ghosal K., and Sarkar K. Poly(ester amide) derived from municipal polyethylene terephthalate waste guided stem cells for
osteogenesis. New J. Chem. 2019, 43, 14166-14178. https://doi.org/10.1039/C9NJ02940K
88 Ghosal K., Bhattacharjee U., and Sarkar K. Facile green synthesis of bioresorbable polyester from soybean oil and recycled plastic
waste for osteochondral tissue regeneration. Eur. Polym. J. 2020, 122, 109338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.109338
89 Bagde P., and Nadanathangam V. Mechanical, antibacterial and biodegradable properties of starch film containing bacteriocin
immobilized crystalline nanocellulose. Carbohydr Polym. 2019, 222:115021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115021
90 Lalnunthari C., Monika Devi L., Amami E., and Badwaik L. S. Valorisation of pumpkin seeds and peels into biodegradable
packaging films. Food Bioprod. Process. 2019, 118, 58-66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbp.2019.08.015 Plastic AlternativesReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications
67
It has recently developed biodegradable packaging films through the valorization of
pumpkin seeds and peels.
Anna University
b. Synthesis of PU from mahua oil and subsequently fabricated PU/(CS)/ nano ZnO
composite film for biodegradable food packaging applications
91
The institute has recently synthesized PU from mahua oil and subsequently fabricated
PU/(CS)/ nano ZnO composite film for biodegradable food packaging applications.
National Institute of Ocean Technology
a. To develop different seaweed polymers for biodegradability and bioplastics
NIOT has teamed up with a bioplastics manufacturing company to develop different
seaweed polymers for biodegradability and bioplastics. Seaweeds were collected from
the Gulf of Mannar region for bioplastic film production with the plasticizer PEG-3000
to achieve higher tensile strength. PEG is widely used in medical applications, and
it is an eco-friendly plasticizer, mainly used to increase the thermos-plasticity of the
polymer. The study suggests that commercial manufacturing of bio-plastics from these
seaweeds would be a game-changer in the coming times.
IIT Guwahati
Institute has ready technology for the commercialization of biodegradable plastics,
especially in the area of PLA, PCL, PHB and its copolymers and composites for commodity
applications and medical applications.
The Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Polymers (CoE SusPol) has been established at
the Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati through the support of the Department of
Chemicals and Petrochemicals (DCPC), Ministry of Chemical and Fertilizers, Government of
India with the mandate to develop biodegradable plastics and related products for use
in Indian industry.
The centre has also developed technologies for the synthesis of biodegradable polymers
and nanocomposites with excellent properties that are capable of overcoming the
limitations of currently available biodegradable polymers on the shelf (to be tested as
per Indian Standards).
Table 9: Polymer Production capabilities to be extended to the industries
Bioplastics
Possibilities for
Industrialization
Composability Status
Technology Ready
Level
Polylactic acid (PLA)PLA is being imported
in India
Slow compostable at
soil condition, IIT G
have optimized even
for compostable soil
conditions
100 kg PLA plant
Technology ready for
commercialization
91 Saral Sarojini K., Indumathi M. P., and Rajarajeswari G. R. Mahua oil-based polyurethane/chitosan/nano ZnO composite films for
biodegradable food packaging applications. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2019, 124, 163-174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.11.195 Plastic AlternativesReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 68
Bioplastics
Possibilities for
Industrialization
Composability Status
Technology Ready
Level
Polyhydroxyalkanoates
(PHAs)
Good potential for rigid
plastic product need to
develop new indigenous
technology to catch
market
Compostable and
biodegrade in all
environments
Waste lignocellulosic
biomass and various
grass-based juices for
PHAs production
Technology ready for
pilot-scale production
Polycaprolactone (PCL)
Bio-based technology
can be used for the
production of com-
postable bagspilot
Compostable at soil
condition
Production of PCL
technology ready for
commercialization
scale 25 kg per batch
PLA-PCL Copolymer
High demand for resin
with relatively high
strength and toughness
Compostable in
homegrown facilities
Block polymers and
copolymers production
at the pilot level.
Technology ready for
pilot-scale production
New Lactone based
Bioplastic
Initial stage No study available Technology ready for
commercialization (TRL
5)
Starch-based packaging
Great possibility with
limited applications with
short term usability
Compostable Technology is ready
for scale-up for
various food packaging
applications
Figure 25: Lab synthesized biopolymer and biodegradable products
iv. Technology Status – Indian Industry
There is no essential polymer manufacturer and no company engaged in converting flexible
packaging solutions to brand owners in India. However, there are a few companies who are involved
in compounding the same based on the import of bioplastics and bio-based polymers to cater to
the domestic market for grocery packaging. The material so far is positioned for the grocery and
vegetable market. Many technical breakthroughs have bolstered the Indian bioplastics market, which
has seen tremendous expansion. Plastic AlternativesReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications
69
The objective of increasing the shelf life of food ingredients is yet to be achieved by polymers like
PLA, PBS, and Poly 3 hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate (PHBV) etc.
a. Praj Industries Ltd., Pune, and Lygos Inc., California, have reportedly signed a memorandum
of understanding (MoU) under which Lygos’ proprietary yeast will be used to facilitate the
manufacture of lactic acid.
b. Total Corbion PLA, a 50:50 joint venture between Total and Corbion is planning to enter the
Indian bioplastics market (September 2019) in technical partnership with Konkan Specialty
Poly Products Pvt Ltd, a polymers and chemicals operator situated in Mangalore, India.
c. Total Corbion PLA may launch a 100% biodegradable and compostable plastic solution as
part of the agreement, which will be managed by Konkan Specialty Poly Products Pvt Ltd.
The latter will use PLA to make compounds for a variety of purposes.
Many market participants are investing in the R&D of new technologies to bring bioplastics to market
in a manner that enables the reduction of end-use costs and ensures faster adoption of bioplastics.
Below is the list of Indian companies (Table 10) operating in the bioplastics area.
Table 10: Indian companies operating in the area of bioplastics
Sl.
No.
Company
Name
Product/
Technology
Capacity
(Tons/year)
Biodegradability
or Compostability
conditions
Applications
1
Envigreen,
Bengaluru
TRL–9
Starch and
Vegetable oil-
based
1000 ——
Carry bags, Garbage & laundry
bags, and other packaging
films
2
BioGreen
packaging
PVt.Ltd., Pune
TRL–8
Biodegrada-
ble/composta-
ble pla.stic
Industrial
Biodegradable food grade
bags
3
Ecolife,
Chennai
TRL–8
PLA based 4000 Industrial
For apparel packaging, carry
bags, garbage bags, Industrial
packaging and cutleries.
4 SkYI, Pune
PLA blends
(BioFlex®) with
PBS
10000
Industrial, Home
depending on
grades
1. Flexible film applications
such as agricultural, household
and hygiene films
2. Food approved to EC
directives and FDA
5
Earth Soul,
Mumbai
Licensed
manufacturer
of Novamont
Industrial &
Home
Suitable for garden needs,
food packaging and waste
disposal purposes.
6
Plastobags,
Bengaluru
Industrial
Carry bags, Garbage & Apparel
bags
7
Greendiamz,
Ahemdabad
(Truegreen)
5000 Industrial
Garbage bags, food gloves,
shrink films, Cutleries, and
laminating materials Plastic AlternativesReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 70
6.5 DEVELOPMENT AND PRODUCTION OF PLASTIC
ALTERNATIVES COLLABORATIVELY
Various companies are engaged in the research and development of aerobic or anaerobic
biodegradable products in collaboration with Indian/International institutions.
Various products like coir mulch mats are at different stages of development which can be seen in
the picures as shown in Figure 26.
Figure 26: Technology transfer, scale-up and commercialization by CSIR-NIIST Indian Standards Roadmap for development of plastic alternatives in India
71
Roadmap for
development of plastic
alternatives in India
Chapter
7
7.1 INVESTMENT AREAS AND POLICY GAPS FOR
DEVELOPMENT OF ALTERNATIVES
Investment AreasGaps
Stability & Biodegradability Material/product must be stable & durable during use
Flexibility in a cold environmentPerformance at low temperature without deterioration
Food safety & non-toxicity Safe for food & drug application with other properties
Synergistic additives Materials which enhance process-ability & properties
Total biodegradation
Stable throughout its useful life & its end of life is complete
compostable
Application development How to develop biodegradable product/material
Testing & analysis How to test a biodegradable product/material
Waste management Where to dispose of a biodegradable product
7.2 R&D AND IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY
R&D needs to focus on the following to overcome existing constraints Roadmap for development of plastic alternatives in IndiaReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 72
The primary directions of R&D on biodegradable plastics to be in the areas of:
1. Packaging carrier, compost bags and catering products
To improve the sustainability and environmental impact of the product
Oxygen-scavenging bioplastic packaging
To improve high-barrier packaging technologies (modified polymer, coating & lamination)
Application areas–cutlery, plates, cups, straws, food containers etc.
2. Agriculture and horticulture sector
To develop and enforce production standards for biodegradable films: Since different
types of degradable materials can be made into biodegradable films, there are noticeable
differences among products. We need to develop universal standards that are more
conducive to applying and promoting biodegradable membranes.
To improve crop adaptability and regional suitability of biodegradable mulch films: The
main effects of plastic film mulching are soil warming, moisture conservation and weed
prevention. Biodegradable mulch films should contain suitable degradation characteristics,
a reasonable startup period and a degradation rate for crop growth.
Develop new testing and evaluation systems for the biodegradation of plastic film mulch
Application areas include mulch films, plant pots, nursery films etc.
3. Health care and hygiene products (medical & dental implants, sutures etc.)
To make them biocompatible with the human body, devices would depend on several
factors like implantation site, material-tissue interactions, temperature, and humidity.
Applications include surgical sutures, wound dressings, tissue regeneration, enzyme
immobilization, controlled drug and gene delivery, tissue engineering, etc.
4. Automotive
Bio-based plastics and polymers have low carbon footprint.
Help reduce the dependency on limited fossil resources, which are expected to increase
in price significantly over the coming decades.
Bio-based plastics are not as affected by oil price volatility as petroleum-based materials
Application areas include connectors, brake noses, fuel lines, flexible tubing, spoilers,
dashboards, mats, carpeting, upholstery etc. Roadmap for development of plastic alternatives in IndiaReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications
73
5. Electronics industry
To offer light, flexible, and more cost-effective alternatives to conventional materials of
solar cells, light-emitting diodes, and transistors.
To identify the weaknesses in currently available biopolymers in order to improve future
biopolymers
Application areas–printed flexible conductors, novel semiconductor components, intelligent
labels, large-area displays, solar panels etc.)
3D printing (additive manufacturing)
7.3 COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS
While environmentally friendly biodegradable plastics are a desirable solution, it is critical to fulfilling
required functional performance parameters (i.e., moisture barrier, heat sealability, etc.) to maintain
product integrity. Many biodegradable plastics often fail to meet these desired functional parameters
resulting in significant end-product wastages. Therefore, developing biodegradable plastics with the
required functional properties to protect product integrity though challenging is critical.
Way forward
1. Significant financial outlays to be reserved to promote alternate plastics
Alternative plastics such as PLA, PHAs, poly(caprolactone) etc., have to be promoted with
industry interventions.
Development of an exhaustive framework and budget distribution for research and
development of alternative plastics
Monitoring of the outcomes and deliverables of the research and its technology readiness
Budget allocation from the Department of Chemicals and fertilizers, Food processing
industries, environment, forest, and climate change.
2. Available R&D centers on alternatives of plastics to be identified
Identification of the state and central R&D facilities
Identification and promotion the non-government organizations
Identification of non-profit organizations
Identification of rural development organizations and CSRs for the development of
alternative plastics
Promotion of IITs, NITs, CSIR, IISER, CIPET and other premier institutes to collaborate on
technology development and commercialization
Identification of contract research organizations for fast-paced commercialization and
financial contribution
3. A national level centre on bioplastic translational research will be established on a priority
basis with researchers & industries
The translation of any technology to widespread industrial adoption level is an essential
step toward cost reduction and commercialization of bio-degradable plastics Roadmap for development of plastic alternatives in IndiaReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 74
The technology developed through R&D efforts will be adopted within industries through
collaborations focused on end-user needs
The development of the national level bioplastic translational research centre through
which the state centres are aligned and monitored
Development of the national level translational centres in each state of the country under
the governance of the national level central office
4. Strategies have to be adopted for creating relevant skills and technical workforce through a
network of Master’s, PhD, and certificate programs aligned to the needs of industry & research
Introduction of courses in academic institutions to train people on topics of sustainability
in plastics
Introduction of certificate programs and diploma programs in the field of polymer
processing and development
Introduction of management courses such as MBA for marketing and post-market analysis
of the biodegradable plastics
5. Consortium based activities to drive holistic development of the alternate plastic ecosystem
Association of government agencies and industry players to enable effective knowledge
exchange
Organization of annual meetings and lectures to gain knowledge on technology development
Annual evaluation of emerging technology innovations and recognizing appropriate
innovators and entrepreneurs
a. Framework for incentivizing industries
Encouragement for further R&D focused on more eco-friendly materials with required functional
properties is essential for India to remain competitive in the international market. There is
significant potential to leverage private sector investment in research for more eco-friendly
plastics through public-private partnerships. Therefore, Indian plastic manufacturers and brand
owners should be encouraged to collaborate for R&D with leading research institutions (CSIR,
CIPET, DRDO, IITs) to develop and further improve indigenous technologies for bio-degradable
materials for a wide range of applications, including those with relevant functional properties
to facilitate the mission of “Atmanirbhar Bharat”.
There is a need to take direct financial (through grants, loans, tax relaxation etc.) and indirect
financial (through R&D tax incentives) efforts to promote biodegradable plastics for large scale
adoption of such innovation. Consumer awareness drives should simultaneously be undertaken
to sensitize the public about biodegradable plastics related environmental benefits, which will
help in replacing conventional plastics with ecofriendly biodegradable solutions.
b. R&D pathways and investment areas for development of bio-degradable plastics
Breakthrough innovations globally have made it possible to convert polyolefin-based plastics to
completely bio-degradable plastics. Given the immense scope, improving the sustainability and
environmental impact of the product, and no additional requirements of plant and machineries
for manufacturing bio-degradable plastics, research is to focus on the development and
application of other chemicals, additives, or feasibility makes even resins biodegradable. Roadmap for development of plastic alternatives in IndiaReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications
75
Further, there would be an urgent need to upgrade the infrastructure of Government and
commercial testing laboratories. They are well equipped to test plastics according to IS
mentioned in Schedule I of PWM Rules. Manufacturers should also be encouraged through
appropriate measures to shift from conventional plastics to biodegradable plastics across
categories.
An approach of masterbatch regulatory clearance for biodegradable plastics instead of
product-wise regulatory approval should be accepted. This would be cost-effective and time-
efficient. Technical know-how for manufacturing biodegradable plastics should be transferred
to concerned industries for large scale production.
c. Implementation strategy for the development of bio-degradable plastics
DST’s Science & Engineering Research Board (SERB) may give a special call on alternative
products to generate know-how and establish proof of concepts in this area (time frame 1-3
years). Technology development (scale-up and validation)–a top-down approach to deliver the
technologies up to TRL 7 through technology development programs with mandatory Industry
participation (time frame 2 – 3 years). Existing schemes of DST and DBT may be leveraged to
promote industries engaged in the upscaling and commercialization of related technologies
(6months – 2 years).
Furthermore, focused areas on lines similar to EU research and innovation programme as listed
below may be followed:
1. EFFECTIVE: advanced eco-designed fibres and films for large consumer products from bio-
based polyamides and polyesters in a circular economy perspective
2. ECOFUNCO: eco-sustainable multifunctional bio-based coatings with enhanced performance
and end of life options.
3. Usable Packaging: unlocking the potential of sustainable, biodegradable packaging
4. BIONTOP: novel packaging films and textiles with tailored end of life and performance
based on bio-based copolymers and coatings.
5. MANDALAB: the transition of multilayer/multipolymer packaging into more sustainable
multilayer/single polymer products for the food and pharma sectors through the
development of innovative functional adhesives.
6. NENU2PHAR: for a sustainable European value chain of PHA-based materials for high-
volume consumer products. Recommendations
77
Recommendations
Chapter
8
1. Strengthening waste minimization through extended producer responsibility:
The most preferred option for the management of waste is waste minimization. The new EPR
guidelines say that the generators of plastic waste need to take steps to minimize the generation
of plastic waste they introduce into the market. This is, however, not applicable to PIBOs. Offering
a diverse range of packaging materials, apart from plastics, to consumers should be scaled up
through incentives in the form of EPR certificates to the PIBOs. This would encourage them to
diversify their packaging and reduce the number of plastics they put out in the market and
would also help brands develop a green image, especially among conscious consumers.
2. Proper labelling and collection of compostable and biodegradable plastics:
European standards for assessing the compostability of plastics have clear labelling for industrial
composting and home composting. Plastic materials or products fulfilling these standards are
certified and labelled accordingly. As per the SOP by CPCB, issuing a certificate for compostable
plastic manufacturers/sellers, marked as “compostable” or “compostable in municipal and
industrial composting facilities” or “biodegradable during composting” is considered equivalent.
The most recent International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 17088:2021 (plastics-organic
recycling-specifications for compostable plastics) explicitly mentions that the “aspects are
suitable to assess the effects on the industrial composting process”. It is also mentioned that
these standards are “not applicable to the biological treatment undertaken in small installations
by householders”. Testing, certification, and proper labelling become important aspects when
promoting products like biodegradable and compostable plastics.
Also, industrial composting facilities are very limited in India, and it is challenging to promote
widespread adoption of compostable plastic. Also, compostable plastics cannot be recycled; if
they make it to a recycling facility, they may end up contaminating the plastic that could have
been recycled. Hence, the EPR exemption on compostable plastics should be removed and
they should be brought under EPR. Definition of industrial composting should be added to
EPR guidelines and PWM rules, and a standard operating procedure (SOP) should be developed
accordingly.
3. Updation of Standards under Schedule – I (PWM Rule)
The standards available in the regulatory framework (Schedule – I) should be updated with the
latest versions, and Rule 10 should be modified as “protocols for compostable and biodegradable RecommendationsReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 78
plastic materials”. Determination of degree of degradability and degree of disintegration of
plastic materials should be as per the protocols of the IS listed in Schedule – I to these rules,
as amended from time to time.
In India, a lot of plastic waste ends up in landfills. Standards applicable to anaerobically
biodegradable materials are not covered in IS/ISO 17088 and should be included along with the
latest version of IS/ISO 15985:2014 – anaerobic degradation of plastics. Adoption of this standard
would be significant for ensuring that plastics that reach landfills, biodegrade. Disintegration
does not feature in the standards for aerobic biodegradation, IS/ISO 17556:2012 and IS/ISO
17556:2019; hence the disintegration step requirement for compostable plastics should not be
included in PWM rules. The biodegradable plastics complying with IS as mentioned in Schedule
I, PWM Rule should be accepted and the exemption as given to compostable plastics should
be extended to completely biodegradable plastics in Rule 4(3) and Rule 4(1)(h).
Rule 7.8 of the EPR regulations, notified on the 16
th
February 2022, also factors in the
encouragement of the usage of biodegradable plastics through the exemption from EPR
targets for the same. However, this rule needs to be made consistent with PWM rules and
should be amended to read as “In case the obligated entity utilizes plastic packaging which
is biodegradable as per the standards defined in the PWM Rules, the EPR target will not be
applicable for such material.”
4. Relaxation period for adoption of biodegradable plastics:
The timeframe for analysis according to the latest standards for biodegradable plastics is two
and a half years. There is a waiting period for potential eco-friendly plastic samples for testing
due to the limited capacity of laboratories equipped with testing infrastructure for compostability
and biodegradability analysis and the long testing time according to Indian Standards. Also,
equipment failures sometimes cause delays in carrying out tests or limit the testing capacity
in these laboratories.
Considering the testing period requirements and the limited number of testing accredited
laboratories in our country, the industry may be given adequate time of at least three years
before the implementation of the provision of PWM (amendment) Rules 2021. However, an
alternate methodology may be worked out to expedite and simplify the regulatory approvals
process to reduce the waiting period for the industry to bring appropriate products into
the market. CPCB should recognize all ISO 17025 Indian laboratories in addition to the CIPET
laboratory and authorize testing of all parameters required by plastic manufacturers according
to IS as listed under the PWM rule.
Additionally, biodegradable plastic that has been tested to meet International Standards such
as ASTM D5511 or BSI PAS 9017 and shows promising results in the initial test against Indian
Standards in laboratories could be given provisional approval to be used in the country for a
period till the test results in India are completed.
5. Increasing transparency in the process:
The centralized portal being developed by CPCB to disclose the amount of plastic handled can
only be accessed by PIBOs, PWPs/recyclers, SPCBs / PCCs, and CPCB. PWPs are supposed to
reveal the total amount of plastic waste handled on their websites. This will also be available
on the centralized CPCB portal. The PIBOs, however, have not been directed to disclose the
amount of plastic they place in the market. Inclusion of PIBOs in this disclosure process and
making the portal available in the public domain would help in greater accountability, eliminate RecommendationsReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications
79
greenwashing, and help brands position themselves as a low carbon-footprint organization.
6. Inclusion of the informal sector in EPR:
According to the Federation of Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industry (FICCI), the plastics
recycling industry in India employs over 1.6 million people and has more than 7,500 recycling
units. In India, recycling has been managed by very small size players, who use elementary
waste segregation processes and lack scientific know-how on waste collection, segregation, and
disposal. While the informal sector’s waste recycling operations are unlicensed and unregulated,
they can potentially contribute to the national economy. A model for integration of the informal
sector under EPR guidelines should be framed to achieve these fundamental objectives.
7. Encouraging R&D and incentivizing the manufacturing sector:
Given the significant potential overall and the promise of recent innovations, increased
investment in the development and application of biodegradable plastic is required to move
towards a sustainable plastics economy. Based on the functionality and deliverables, R&D can
be focused on the following domains:
Packaging: food, bottles, containers, sheets, films, laminates, fibres, and coatings
Agriculture: mulch, water absorbents
Healthcare: artificial implant materials, surgical sutures, wound dressings, tissue regeneration,
enzyme immobilization, controlled drug delivery and gene delivery, tissue engineering, and
medical devices.
Electronics: wearable electronic and therapeutic devices.
Development of biodegradable products via additive manufacturing for automobile
applications.
This R&D development can be supported through programs such as the EU Research and
Innovation Programme. The Indian plastic manufacturers should be encouraged to collaborate
with leading research institutions (CSIR, CIPET, DRDO, IITs) to develop indigenous technology
for biodegradable materials for a wide range of applications, including those with functional
properties for a level playing field and to actualize the Make in India vision. Research
laboratories are to be given opportunities to conduct research on various test protocols available
internationally (ISO/TR 21960:2020 Plastics – Environmental aspects – State of knowledge and
methodologies).
8. Others
In addition to intensifying research activities in bio-derived polymers or biodegradable polymers
in academic institutions and industries, there has to be a collective nationwide and societal
approach towards the reuse and recycling of plastics to address the widespread problem of
plastic pollution.
The specific plans could include the following:
d. Lowering taxes including GST on plastic scrap
e. Organizing awareness programs and seminars at regular intervals Annexures 81
Annexures
ANNEXURE I: COMPOSITION AND TERMS OF REFERENCE FOR THE COMMITTEE
F. No. 12074/1(12)/2021-E&F
Government of India
NITI Aayog
(NRE Vertical-E&F)
Sansad Marg, New Delhi
Dated June07
th
, 2021
ORDER
Subject:Constitution of a Committee to find out/develop an alternative product to plastic
A Committee has been constituted to find out/developan alternative product to
plastic.The Committee will be chaired by Member (S&T), NITI Aayog.The composition of the
committee shall be as follows:
S. No.CompositionDesignation in Committee
1 Shri V.K. Saraswat, Member (S&T), NITI AayogChairperson
2 Prof. Ashutosh Sharma, Secretary(Department of
Science and Technology)
Vice Chairperson
2 Shri Samir Kumar Biswas, Director General, CIPETMember
3 Dr. Ashish Lele, Director, CSIR-National Chemical
Laboratory (NCL)
Member
4 Dr. Mayank Dwivedi, Director, DRDO (HQ) Member
5 Joint Secretary Level Officer from MoEF&CCMember
6 Dr. Virendra Gupta, Senior Vice President and Head
R&D Polymer, Reliance Industries Limited
Member
7 Prof. Vimal Katiyar, IIT (Guwahati) Member
8 Prof. A. K. Ghosh, IIT(Delhi)Member
9 Representative of TIFACMember
10 Representative of Central pollution Control Board
(CPCB)
Member
11 Shri Avinash Mishra, Adviser (NRE) Member-Secretary
The Terms of reference of the committee will be as follows:
1.To assess the Status of Development of Bio-degradable Plastics and material globally.
2.The Directions of Research and Development being taken by Global Majors.
3.Status of Domestic R&D by Public and Private Polymer manufacturers, R&D
Institutions/ Strategies to catalyze the Research and Development of Bio-degradable
Plastics and the role of Public funded R&D projects in this domain.
4.Research in Bio-degradable polymers has to be done to meet the requirements of
Automobiles, Agriculture Sector and other Industrial applications. AnnexuresReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 82
5.Scale up, translation and production shall be funded by Industry who will also be
responsible for large scale commercialization .
6.Industry Partners will facilitate and will be responsible for identification of different
products and the application thereof for R&D teams to conduct research accordingly.
7.Committee will approve the project proposals, monitor the progress and coordinate
commercialization with Industry
8.The Finances for the research programme will be borne by Department of Science and
Technology.
9.Major R&D projects can be supported by Government of India or jointly by Government
of India and Industry.
(L Gopinath)
Sr. Research Officer
E-mail:gopinath.lagudu@nic.in
To
Chairperson/Members of the Committee
Copy for information to:
1.PS to Hon’ble Vice-Chairman, NITI Aayog
2.PSO to CEO, NITI Aayog
AnnexuresReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 83
F. No. 12074/1(12)/2021-E&F
Government of India
NITI Aayog
(NRE Vertical- E&F)
Sansad Marg, New Delhi
Dated June 29
th
, 2021
ORDER
Subject: Constitution of a Committee to find out/develop an alternative product to plastic
In continuation of the order dated 07.06.2021 (Copy enclosed) on the subject
mentioned above. It is to inform that the following members have been added in the Committee
to find out/develop an alternative product to plastic:-
S. No. Composition Designation in Committee
12 Representative of Department of Bio Technology Member
13 Representative of Federation of Indian Chambers of
Commerce & Industry (FICCI) and three
representatives from industries of FICCI
Member
14 Dr. Manatesh D Chakraborty, principal Scientist,
ITC Limited
Member
The Terms of reference of the committee will be as follows:
1. To assess the Status of Development of Bio-degradable Plastics and material globally.
2. The Directions of Research and Development being taken by Global Majors.
3. Status of Domestic R&D by Public and Private Polymer manufacturers, R&D
Institutions / Strategies to catalyze the Research and Development of Bio-degradable
Plastics and the role of Public funded R&D projects in this domain.
4. Research in Bio-degradable polymers has to be done to meet the requirements of
Automobiles, Agriculture Sector and other Industrial applications.
5. Scale up, translation and production shall be funded by Industry who will also be
responsible for large scale commercialization .
6. Industry Partners will facilitate and will be responsible for identification of different
products and the application thereof for R&D teams to conduct research accordingly.
7. Committee will approve the project proposals, monitor the progress and coordinate
commercialization with Industry AnnexuresReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 84
8. The Finances for the research programme will be borne by Department of Science and
Technology.
9. Major R&D projects can be supported by Government of India or jointly by Government
of India and Industry.
(L Gopinath)
Sr. Research Officer
E-mail:gopinath.lagudu@nic.in
To
Chairperson/Members of the Committee
Copy for information to:
1. PS to Hon’ble Vice-Chairman, NITI Aayog
2. PSO to CEO, NITI Aayog
AnnexuresReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 85
ANNEXURE II: PWM RULES (2011, 2016, 2018, 2021, DRAFT-2022) AnnexuresReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 86 AnnexuresReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 87 AnnexuresReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 88 AnnexuresReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 89 AnnexuresReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 90 AnnexuresReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 91 AnnexuresReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 92 AnnexuresReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 93 AnnexuresReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 94 AnnexuresReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 95 AnnexuresReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 96 AnnexuresReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 97 AnnexuresReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 98
jftLVªh laö Mhö ,yö&33004@99 REGD. NO. D. L.-33004/99
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EXTRAORDINARY
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3?|?E?~?t ~qE?~h?|E?d{?Ef{?E??; AnnexuresReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 99
2 THE GAZETTE OF INDIA : EXTRAORDINARY [PART II—SEC. 3(ii)]
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•„Rz„}qE‚‹WE AnnexuresReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 100
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अिधिनयम या इसके बाद संशोिधत अिधिनयम के तहत का.आ.908(अ) तार/ 2C िसतंबर, 2000 3ƒ|ƒE
Y„t•‡„hqEiE{†„u„•v}Em••EYv„•jElEGkxXtuEc|Ek‚ºEqन) िनयम, 2000 के अनुसार करेगा। AnnexuresReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 103
6 THE GAZETTE OF INDIA : EXTRAORDINARY [PART II—SEC. 3(ii)]
9.9.9.9. .i!>J.i!>J.i!>J.i!>J;1N;1N;1N> , >G > G$ G * &G, >G > G$ G * &G, >G > G$ G * &G, >G > G$ G * &G>.> >G G>> &KABN!1J!;JKBi!EKABN!1J!;JKBi!EKABN!1J!;JKBi!E....----
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मानके के समय-?z{E v|E {r?E ?X??tqE v?uVh1qE खE}??ldE d? E ?}_E z?fsdE u? 2@2 )H
भा.मा.14534:1998 के अनुसार होगा;
AnnexuresReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 104
¹Hkkx IIμ[k.M 3(ii)º Hkkjr dk jkti=k % vlk/kj.k 7
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jxE qdE ]/EvƒsdE %E}ƒ„ºldE Yv„•jElE kpƒ}…E d@E ºErƒvuƒE dŠ E?}_7 ?Xx47 |?7{ 9- /( '-7{7 (?ण7 d? 7 ?|?7
?~d??7d? 7y?|??td7??h~73?|?7v?7m?X1dq7d?{7{?ju?7u7|eqा हो।
(7) पिन&% (3H7d? 7YXqfq77}??ld7Yv?7l7d? 7v?uVhp7{?7?X7d|p7d? 7|„jºE[…d|pEdŠ E„}_E•y…Ekdƒ|E•ŠE
?&?/ K ा9 ? ा & ? ? ो / > ा d|uŠEdŠEvrEhƒqEj•E~‚EZ~rE{vI+%º3Il'I&,I
•zƒtƒuE ‚•E jƒuŠE v|E ?dE Z~ŠsdE dŠ E vƒ•E •z†„hqE •†„~tƒ_XE qdu…d@ {? {q?_X c| 9}??ld Yv?l स3 AnnexuresReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 105
8 THE GAZETTE OF INDIA : EXTRAORDINARY [PART II—SEC. 3(ii)]
???(qE$vE??E?uvlu?Ed? E?}_E]vd|pE?स E`??EqिEd? Ev?|?E?•uŠEv|EZ~ŠsdEd•E|„jIEA…करण मंजूर कर सके गा
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करेगी।
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सकती है)
12. JpE2 B2_2 यgeAhLJ2 ekNYg52 hPe^ा2 Bhे2 _g2 WjMंQYg2
8( @@, /, .8 , n,
15. hY_^gYjeg`2eAa-2Y$2J.2ekNi
u?zEc|E?Eq?|E
पदनाम
तारीख :
Er ?न :
%t>%t>%t>%t>----
III
[?u{zEMOGPHEs?e(]
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भागभागभागभाग----कककक
! 8 ,/
1. क) DJgE2Jg2Yg^2I`2BbhjVhU2
) का का पता
) YbiJ`T2Jm 2^g^am2^"52hZOai2 jftLVªhdj.k eAा2_g*0**jftLVªhdj.k
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AnnexuresReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 111
14 THE GAZETTE OF INDIA : EXTRAORDINARY [PART II—SEC. 3(ii)]
jftLVªhdj.k J.2EhU2eAa(2Y2J`"t2
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(िनयम 17(1HEs?e(H
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FeJg2 pU2
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िनपटान हेतु भेजा गया है :
- पता
/==N&HA"1==
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h?}udq?Ed? E?Eq?|EE
तारीख :
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Y:>Y:>Y:>Y:>----
V
(िनयम 17GNHEs?e(H
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वावावावा7 > * > > >>7 > * > > >>7 > * > > >>7 > * > > >> AnnexuresReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 112
¹Hkkx IIμ[k.M 3(ii)º Hkkjr dk jkti=k % vlk/kj.k 15
0* K $0* K $0* K $0* K $$ (G 9!1C=O!1x!+EK<!)9!1C=O!1x!+EK<!)9!1C=O!1x!+EK<!)
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+ सं.
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- ~??p?{d ?X r?एं
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c| ?X r?u, d@ ?X {?
- ~??p?{d ?X r?एं
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सुिवधासुिवधासुिवधासुिवधा----1111
i) khƒ}dEdƒEuƒzE
ii) टेलीफोन नं#र=मो#ाल नं#र सि,त पता
iii)
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v) vXj?d|p ?X {?
AnnexuresReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 113
16 THE GAZETTE OF INDIA : EXTRAORDINARY [PART II—SEC. 3(ii)]
vi) vXj?d|pEd@E~?tq?EGqdH
सुिवधासुिवधासुिवधासुिवधा----2222
i) h?}dEd?Eu?zE
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iii) zq?E
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AnnexuresReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 114
¹Hkkx IIμ[k.M 3(ii)º Hkkjr dk jkti=k % vlk/kj.k 17
[Qk- la- 17&2@2001&,p,l,eMh]
fo'oukFk flUgk] la;qDr lfpo
MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT, FOREST AND CLIMATE CHANGE
NOTIFICATION
New Delhi, the 18th March, 2016
G.S.R. 320(E).―Whereas the Plastic Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2011 published
vide notification number S.O 249(E), dated 4
th
February, 2011 by the Government of India in the erstwhile
Ministry of Environment and Forests, as amended from time to time, provided a regulatory frame work for
management of plastic waste generated in the country;
And whereas, to implement these rules more effectively and to give thrust on plastic waste
minimization, source segregation, recycling, involving waste pickers, recyclers and waste processors in
collection of plastic waste fraction either from households or any other source of its generation or
intermediate material recovery facility and adopt polluter’s pay principle for the sustainability of the waste
management system, the Central Government reviewed the existing rules;
And whereas, in exercise of the powers conferred by sections 6, 8 and 25 of the Environment
(Protection) Act, 1986 (29 of 1986), the draft rules, namely, the Plastic Waste Management, Rules, 2015
were published by the Government of India in the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change
vide number G.S.R. 423(E), dated the 25
th
May, 2015 in the Gazette of India, inviting objections and
suggestions from all persons likely to be affected thereby, before the expiry of a period of sixty days from
the date on which copies of the Gazette containing the said notification were made available to the public;
And Whereas copies of the said Gazette were made available to the public on the 25
th
May, 2015;
And Whereas the objections and suggestions received within the said period from the public in
respect of the said draft rules have been duly considered by the Central Government;
NOW, Therefore, in exercise of the powers conferred by sections 3, 6 and 25 of the Environment
(Protection) Act, 1986 (29 of 1986), and in supersession of the Plastic Waste (Management and Handling)
Rules, 2011, except as respects things done or omitted to be done before such supersession, the Central
Government hereby makes the following rules, namely:-
1. Short title and commencement.- (1) These rules shall be called the Plastic Waste Management
Rules, 2016.
(1) Save as otherwise provided in these rules, they shall come into force on the date of their publication in
the Official Gazette.
2. Application.-(1) These rules shall apply to every waste generator, local body, Gram Panchayat,
manufacturer, Importers and producer.
(2) The rule 4 shall not apply to the export oriented units or units in special economic zones, notified
by the Central Government, manufacturing their products against an order for export: Provide this
exemption shall not apply to units engaged in packaging of gutkha, tobacco and pan masala and also to any
surplus or rejects, left over products and the like.
3. Definitions.- In these rules, unless the context otherwise requires.-
(a) “Act” means the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 (29 of 1986);
(b) “brand owner” means a person or company who sells any commodity under a registered brand AnnexuresReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 115
18 THE GAZETTE OF INDIA : EXTRAORDINARY [PART II—SEC. 3(ii)]
label.
(c) “carry bags” mean bags made from plastic material or compostabl e plastic material, used for the
purpose of carrying or dispensing commodities which have a self carrying feature but do not
include bags that constitute or form an integral part of the packaging in which goods are sealed
prior to use.
(d) "commodity" means tangible item that may be bought or sold and includes all marketable goods
or wares;
(e) “compostable plastics” mean plastic that undergoes degradation by biological processes during
composting to yield CO
2, water, inorganic compounds and biomass at a rate consistent with other
known compostable materials, excluding conventional petro-based plastics, and does not leave
visible, distinguishable or toxic residue;
(f) “consent" means the consent to establish and operate from the concerned State Pollution Control
Board or Pollution Control Committee granted under the Water (Prevention and Control of
Pollution) Act, 1974 (6 of 1974), and the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 (14
of 1981);
(g) “disintegration” means the physical breakdown of a material into very small fragments;
(h) “extended producer’s responsibility ” means the responsibility of a producer for the
environmentally sound management of the product until the end of its life;
(i) “food-stuffs” mean ready to eat food products, fast food, processed or cooked food in liquid,
powder, solid or semi-solid form;
(j) “facility” means the premises used for collection, Storage, recycling, processing and disposal of
plastic waste;
(k) “importer” means a person who imports or intends to import and holds an Importer -Exporter
Code number, unless otherwise specifically exempted.
(l) “institutional waste generator” means and includes occupier of the institutional buildings such as
building occupied by Central Government Departments, State Government Departments, public or
private sector companies, hospitals, schools, colleges, universities or other places of education,
organisation, academy, hotels, restaurants, malls and shopping complexes;
(m) “manufacturer” means and include a person or unit or agency engaged in production of plastic
raw material to be used as raw material by the producer.
(n) “multilayered packaging” means any material used or to be used for packaging and having at
least one layer of plastic as the main ingredients in combination with one or more layers of
materials such aspaper, paper board, polymeric materials, metalised layers or aluminium foil, either
in the form of a laminate or co-extruded structure;
(o) “plastic” means material which contains as an essential ingredient a high polymer such as
polyethylene terephthalate, high density polyethylene, Vinyl, low density polyethylene,
polypropylene, polystyrene resins, multi-materials like acrylonitrile butadiene styrene,
polyphenylene oxide, polycarbonate, Polybutylene terephthalate;
(p) “plastic sheet” means Plastic sheet is the sheet made of plastic;
(q) “plastic waste”means any plastic discardedafter use or after their intended use is over;
(r) “prescribed authority” means the authorities specified in rule 12;
(s) “producer” means persons engaged in manufacture or import of carry bags or multilayered
packaging or plastic sheets or like, and includes industries or individuals using plastic sheets or like
or covers made of plastic sheets or multilayered packaging for packaging or wrapping the
commodity;
(t) "recycling" means the process of transforming segregated plastic waste into a new product or raw
material for producing new products; AnnexuresReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 116
¹Hkkx IIμ[k.M 3(ii)º Hkkjr dk jkti=k % vlk/kj.k 19
(u) "registration” means registration with the State Pollution Control Board or Pollution Control
Committee concerned, as the case may be;
(v) “street vendor” shall have the same meaning as assigned to it in clause (l) of sub-section (1) of
Section 2 of the Street Vendors (Protection of Livelihood and Regulation of Street Vending) Act,
2014 (7 of 2014);
(w) “local body” means urban local body with different nomenclature such as municipal corporation,
municipality, nagarpalika, nagarnigam, nagarpanchayat, municipal council including notified area
committee (NAC) and not limited to or any other local body constituted under the relevant statutes
such as gram panchayat, where the management of plastic waste is entrusted to such agency;
(x) “virgin plastic” means plastic material which has not been subjected to use earlier and has also not
been blended with scrap or waste;
(y) “waste generator” means and includes every person or group of persons or institution, residential
and commercial establishments including Indian Railways, Airport, Port and Harbour and Defense
establishments which generate plastic waste;
(z) “waste management” means the collection, storage, transportation reduction, re-use, recovery,
recycling, composting or disposal of plastic waste in an environmentally safe manner;
(aa) “waste pickers” mean individuals or agencies, groups of individuals voluntarily engaged or
authorised for picking of recyclable plastic waste.
4. Conditions.- (1) The manufacture, importer stocking, distribution, sale and use of carry bags,
plastic sheets or like, or cover made of plastic sheet and multilayered packaging, shall be subject to the
following conditions, namely:-
a) carry bags and plastic packaging shall either be in natural shade which is without any added
pigments or made using only those pigments and colourants which are in conformity with Indian
Standard : IS 9833:1981 titled as “List of pigments and colourants for use in plastics in contact
with foodstuffs, pharmaceuticals and drinking water”, as amended from time to time;
b) Carry bags made of recycled plastic or products made of recycled plastic shall not be used for
storing, carrying, dispensing or packaging ready to eat or drink food stuff’;
c) carry bag made of virgin or recycled plastic, shall not be less than fifty microns in thickness;
d) plastic sheet or like, which is not an integral part of multilayered packaging and cover made of
plastic sheet used for packaging, wrapping the commodity shall not be less than fifty microns in
thickness except where the thickness of such plastic sheets impair the functionality of the product;
e) the manufacturer shall not sell or provide or arrange plastic to be used as raw material to a
producer, not having valid registration from the concerned State Pollution Control Boards or
Pollution Control Committee;
f) sachets using plastic material shall not be used for storing, packing or selling gutkha, tobacco and
pan masala;
g) recycling of plastic waste shall conform to the Indian Standard: IS 14534:1998 titled as Guidelines
for Recycling of Plastics, as amended from time to time;
h) The provision of thickness shall not be applicable to carry bags made up of compostable plastic.
Carry bags made from compostable plastics shall conform to the Indian Standard: IS 17088:2008
titled as Specifications for Compostable Plastics, as amended from time to time. The manufacturers
or seller of compostable plastic carry bags shall obtain a certificate from the Central Pollution
Control Board before marketing or selling; and
i) plastic material, in any form including Vinyl Acetate - Maleic Acid - Vinyl Chloride Copolymer,
shall not be used in any package for packaging gutkha, pan masala and tobacco in all forms.
5. Plastic waste management.- (1) The plastic waste management by the urban local bodies in their
respective jurisdiction shall be as under:- AnnexuresReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 117
20 THE GAZETTE OF INDIA : EXTRAORDINARY [PART II—SEC. 3(ii)]
(a) plastic waste, which can be recycled, shall be channelized to registered plastic waste recycler and
recycling of plastic shall conform to the Indian Standard: IS 14534:1998 titled as Guidelines for
Recycling of Plastics, as amended from time to time.
(b) local bodies shall encourage the use of plastic waste (preferably the plastic waste which cannot be
further recycled) for road construction as per Indian Road Congress guidelines or energy recovery
or waste to oil etc. The standards and pollution control norms specified by the prescribed authority
for these technologies shall be complied with.
(c) Thermo set plastic waste shall be processed and disposed off as per the guidelines issued from time
to time by the Central Pollution Control Board.
(d) The inert from recycling or processing facilities of plastic waste shall be disposed of in compliance
with the Solid Waste Management Rules, 2000 or as amended from time to time.
6. Responsibility of local body.- (1) Every local body shall be responsible for development and
setting up of infrastructure for segregation, collection, storage, transportation, processing and disposal of
the plastic waste either on its own or by engaging agencies or producers.
(2) The local body shall be responsible for setting up, operationalisation and co-ordination of the waste
management system and for performing the associated functions, namely:-
(a) Ensuring segregation, collection, storage, transportation, processing and disposal of plastic
waste;
(b) ensuring that no damage is caused to the environment during this process;
(c) ensuring channelization of recyclable plastic waste fraction to recyclers;
(d) ensuring processing and disposal on non-recyclable fraction of plastic waste in accordance
with the guidelines issued by the Central Pollution Control Board;
(e) creating awareness among all stakeholders about their responsibilities;
(f) engaging civil societies or groups working with waste pickers; and
(g) ensuring that open burning of plastic waste does not take place.
(3) The local body for setting up of system for plastic waste management shall seek assistance of
producers and such system shall be set up within one year from the date of final publication of these rules
in the Official Gazaette of India.
(4) The local body to frame bye-laws incorporating the provisions of these rules.
7. Responsibility of Gram Panchayat.- (1) Every gram panchayat either on its own or by engaging
an agency shall set up, operationalise and co-ordinate for waste management in the rural area under their
control and for performing the associated functions, namely,-
(a) ensuring segregation, collection, storage, transportation, plastic waste and channelization
of recyclable plastic waste fraction to recyclers having valid registration; ensuring that no
damage is caused to the environment during this process;
(b) creating awareness among all stakeholders about their responsibilities; and
(c) ensuring that open burning of plastic waste does not take place
8. Responsibility of waste generator.- (1) The waste generator shall.-
(a) take steps to minimize generation of plastic waste and segregate plastic waste at source in
accordance with the Solid Waste Management Rules, 2000 or as amended from time to time.
(b) not litter the plastic waste and ensure segregated storage of waste at source and handover
segregated waste to urban local body or gram panchayat or agencies appointed by them or
registered waste pickers’, registered recyclers or waste collection agencies;
(2) All institutional generators of plastic waste, shall segregate and store the waste generated by them
in accordance with the Municipal Solid Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000 notified vide
S.O. 908(E) dated the 25th September, 2000 under the Act or amendment from time to time and handover AnnexuresReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 118
¹Hkkx IIμ[k.M 3(ii)º Hkkjr dk jkti=k % vlk/kj.k 21
segregated wastes to authorized waste processing or disposal facilities or deposition centers either on its
own or through the authorized waste collection agency.
(3) All waste generators shall pay such user fee or charge as may be specified in the bye-laws of the
local bodies for plastic waste management such as waste collection or operation of the facility thereof, etc.;
(4) Every person responsible for organising an event in open space, which involves service of food
stuff in plastic or multilayered packaging shall segregate and manage the waste generated during such
events in accordance with the Municipal Solid Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000 notified
vide
S.O. 908(E) dated the 25th September, 2000 under the Act or amendment from time to time.
9. Responsibility of producers, Importers and Brand Owners.- (1) The producers, within a period
of six months from the date of publication of these rules, shall work out modalities for waste collection
system based on Extended Producers Responsibility and involving State Urban Development Departments,
either individually or collectively, through their own distribution channel or through the local body
concerned.
(2) Primary responsibility for collection of used multi-layered plastic sachet or pouches or packaging
is of Producers, Importers and Brand Owners who introduce the products in the market. They need to
establish a system for collecting back the plastic waste generated due to their products. This plan of
collection to be submitted to the State Pollution Control Boards while applying for Consent to Establish or
Operate or Renewal. The Brand Owners whose consent has been renewed before the notification of these
rules shall submit such plan within one year from the date of notification of these rules and implement with
two years thereafter.
(3) manufacture and use of non- recyclable multilayered plastic if any should be phased out in Two
years time.
(4) The producer, within a period of three months from the date of final publication of these rules in
the Official Gazette shall apply to the Pollution Control Board or the Pollution Control Committee, as the
case may be, of the States or the Union Territories administration concerned, for grant of registration.
(5) No producer shall on and after the expiry of a period of Six Months from the date of final
publication of these rules in the Official Gazette manufacture or use any plastic or multilayered packaging
for packaging of commodities without registration from the concerned State Pollution Control Board or the
Pollution Control Committees.
(6) Every producer shall maintain a record of details of the person engaged in supply of plastic used as
raw material to manufacture carry bags or plastic sheet or like or cover made of plastic sheet or
multilayered packaging.
10. Protocols for compostable plastic materials.-Determination of the degree of degradability and
degree of disintegration of plastic material shall be as per the protocols of the Indian Standards listed in
Schedule-I to these rules.
11. Marking or labelling.-(1) Each plastic carry bag and multilayered packaging shall have the
following information printed in English namely,-
(a) name, registration number of the manufacturer and thickness in case of carry bag;
(b) name and registration number of the manufacturer in case of multilayered packaging; and
(c) name and certificate number [Rule 4(h)] in case of carry bags made from compostable
plastic
(2) Each recycled carry bag shall bear a label or a mark “recycled” as shown below and shall conform
to the Indian Standard: IS 14534: 1998 titled as “Guidelines for Recycling of Plastics”, as amended from
time to time;
AnnexuresReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 119
22 THE GAZETTE OF INDIA : EXTRAORDINARY [PART II—SEC. 3(ii)]
NOTE: PET-Polyethylene terephthalate, HDPE-High density polyethylene, V-Vinyl (PVC), LDPE- Low
density polyethylene, PP-Polypropylene, PS-Polystyrene and Other means all other resins and
multi-materials like ABS (Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene), PPO (Polyphenylene oxide), PC
(Polycarbonate), PBT (Polybutylene terephalate) etc.
Each carry bag made from compostable plastics shall bear a label “compostable” and shall conform
to the Indian Standard : IS or ISO 17088:2008 titled as Specifications for “Compostable Plastics”.
12. Prescribed authority.- (1) The State Pollution Control Board and Pollution Control Committee in
respect of a Union territory shall be the authority for enforcement of the provisions of these rules relating
to registration, manufacture of plastic products and multilayered packaging, processing and disposal of
plastic wastes.
(2) The concerned Secretary-in-charge of Urban Development of the State or a Union Territory shall
be the authority for enforcement of the provisions of these rules relating to waste management by waste
generator, use of plastic carry bags, plastic sheets or like, covers made of plastic sheets and multilayered
packaging.
(3) The concerned Gram Panchayat shall be the authority for enforcement of the provisions of these
rules relating to waste management by the waste generator, use of plastic carry bags, plastic sheets or like,
covers made of plastic sheets and multilayered packaging in the rural area of the State or a Union
Territory.
(4) The authorities referred to in sub-rules (1) to (3) shall take the assistance of the District Magistrate
or the Deputy Commissioner within the territorial limits of the jurisdiction of the concerned district in the
enforcement of the provisions of these rules.
13. Registration of producer, recyclers and manufacturer,- (1) No person shall manufacture carry
bags or recycle plastic bags or multilayered packaging unless the person has obtained a registration from
the State Pollution Control Board or the Pollution Control Committee of the Union Territory concerned, as
the case may be, prior to the commencement of production;
(2) Every producer shall, for the purpose of registration or for renewal of registration, make an
application to the State Pollution Control Board or the Pollution Control Committee of the Union territory
concerned, in Form I
(3) Every person recycling or processing waste or proposing to recycle or process plastic waste shall
make an application to the State Pollution Control Board or the Pollution Control Committee, for grant of
registration or renewal of registration for the recycling unit, in Form II.
(4) Every manufacturer engaged in manufacturer of plastic to be used as raw material by the producer
shall make an application to the State Pollution Control Board or the Pollution Control Committee of the
Union territory concerned, for the grant of registration or for the renewal of registration, in Form III.
(5) The State Pollution Control Board or the Pollution Control Committee shall not issue or renew
registration to plastic waste recycling or processing units unless the unit possesses a valid consent under the
Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 (6 of 1974) and the Air (Prevention and Control of
Pollution) Act, 1981 (14 of 1981) along with a certificate of registration issued by the District Industries
Centre or any other Government agency authorised in this regard. AnnexuresReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 120
¹Hkkx IIμ[k.M 3(ii)º Hkkjr dk jkti=k % vlk/kj.k 23
(6) The State Pollution Control Board or the Pollution Control Committee shall not renew registration
of producer unless the producer possesses and action plan endorsed by the Secretary in charge of Urban
Development of the concerned State or Union Territory for setting of plastic waste management system.
(7) On receipt of the application complete in all respects for the registration for recycling or processing
of plastic waste under sub-rule (3), the State Pollution Control Board may, after such inquiry as it considers
necessary and on being satisfied that the applicant possesses appropriate facilities, technical capabilities and
equipment to handle plastic waste safely, may grant registration to the applicant on fulfilment of the
conditions as may be laid down in terms of registration.
(8) Every State Pollution Control Board or Pollution Control Committee shall take a decision on the
grant of registration within ninety days of receipt of an application which is complete in all respects.
(9) The registration granted under this rule shall initially be valid for a period of one year, unless
revoked, suspended or cancelled and shall subsequently be granted for three years.
(10) State Pollution Control Board or the Pollution Control Committees shall not revoke, suspend or
cancel registration without providing the opportunity of a hearing to the producer or person engaged in
recycling or processing of plastic wastes.
(11) Every application for renewal of registration shall be made at least one hundred twenty days before
the expiry of the validity of the registration certificate.
14. Responsibility of retailers and street vendors- (1) Retailers or street vendors shall not sell or
provide commodities to consumer in carry bags or plastic sheet or multilayered packaging, which are not
manufactured and labelled or marked, as per prescribed under these rules.
(2) Every retailers or street vendors selling or providing commodities in, plastic carry bags or
multilayered packaging or plastic sheets or like or covers made of plastic sheets which are not
manufactured or labelled or marked in accordance with these rules shall be liable to pay such fines as
specified under the bye-laws of the local bodies.
15. Explicit pricing of carry bags.- (1) The shopkeepers and street vendors willing to provide plastic
carry bags for dispensing any commodity shall register with local body. The local body shall, within a
period of six months from the date of final publication of these rules ion the Official Gazette of India
notification of these rules, by notification or an order under their appropriate state statute or byelaws shall
make provisions for such registration on payment of plastic waste management fee of minimum rupees
forty eight thousand @ rupees four thousand per month. The concerned local body may prescribe higher
plastic waste management fee, depending upon the sale capacity. The registered shop keepers shall display
at prominent place that plastic carry bags are given on payment.
(2) Only the registered shopkeepers or street vendors shall be eligible to provide plastic carry bags for
dispensing the commodities.
(3) The local body shall utilize the amount paid by the customers for the carry bags exclusively for the
sustainability of the waste management system within their jurisdictions.
16. State Level Monitoring Committee.- (1) The State government or the union Territory shall, for
the purpose of effective monitoring of implementation of these rules, constitute a State Level Advisory
Committee consisting of the following persons, namely;-
(a) the Secretary, Department of Urban Development - Chairman
(b) Director from State Department of Environment - Member
(c) Member Secretary from State Pollution Control Board
or Pollution Control Committee - Member
(d) Municipal Commissioner - Member
(e) one expert from Local Body - Member
(f) one expert from Non-Governmental
involved in Waste Management - Member AnnexuresReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 121
24 THE GAZETTE OF INDIA : EXTRAORDINARY [PART II—SEC. 3(ii)]
(g) Commissioner, Value Added Tax or his nominee, - Member
(h) Sales Tax Commissioner or Officer - Member
(i) representative of Plastic Association,
Drug Manufacturers Association,
Chemical Manufacturers Association - Member
(j) one expert from the field of Industry - Memb er and
(k) one expert from the field of academic institution - Member
(l) Director , Municipal Administration - Convener
The State Level Advisory Body shall meet at least once in Six Month and may invite experts, if it
considers necessary.
17. Annual reports.- (1) Every person engaged in recycling or processing of plastic waste shall
prepare and submit an annual report in Form-IV to the local body concerned under intimation to the
concerned State Pollution Control Board or Pollution Control Committee by the 30
th
April, of every year.
(2) Every local body shall prepare and submit an annual report in Form –V to the concerned Secretary-
in-charge of the Urban Development Department under intimation to the concerned State Pollution Control
Board or Pollution Control Committee by the 30
th
June, every year.
(3) Each State Pollution Control Board or Pollution Control Committee shall prepare and submit an
annual report in Form VI to the CPCB on the implementation of these rules by the 31
st
July, of every year.
(4) The CPCB shall prepare a consolidated annual report on the use and management of plastic waste
and forward it to the Central Government along with its recommendations before the 31
st
August of every
year.
SCHEDULE-I
[See rule 10]
1. IS / ISO 14851: 1999 Determination of the ultimate aerobic biodegradability of plastic materials in an
aqueous medium-Method by measuring the oxygen demand in a closed Respirometer
2. IS / ISO 14852: 1999 Determination of the ultimate aerobic biodegradability of plastic materials in an
aqueous medium-Method by analysis of evolved carbon dioxide
3. IS / ISO 14853: 2005 Plastics- Determination of the ultimate anaerobic biodegradation of plastic
materials in an aqueous system-Method by measurement of biogas production
4. IS /ISO 14855-1: 2005 Determination of the ultimate aerobic biodegradability of plastic materials under
controlled composting conditions-Method by analysis of evolved carbon dioxide (Part-1 General method)
5. IS / ISO 14855-2: 2007 Determination of the ultimate aerobic biodegradability of plastic materials under
controlled composting conditions-Method by analysis of evolved carbon dioxide (Part-2: Gravimetric
measurement of carbon dioxide evolved in a laboratory- scale test )
6. IS / ISO 15985: 2004 Plastics- Determination of the ultimate anaerobic biodegradation and disintegration
under high-solids anaerobic digestion conditions- Methods by analysis of released biogas
7. IS /ISO 16929: 2002 Plastics- Determination of degree of disintegration of plastic materials under
defined composting conditions in a pilot - scale test
8. IS / ISO 17556: 2003 Plastics- Determination of ultimate aerobic biodegradability in soil by measuring
the oxygen demand in a Respirometer or the amount of carbon dioxide evolved
9. IS / ISO 20200:2004 Plastics- Determination of degree of disintegration of plastic materials under
simulated composting conditions in a laboratory - scale test
FORM - I
[See rules 13 (2)]
APPLICATION FOR REGISTRATION FOR PRODUCERS or Bran d Owners
From: .......................................... AnnexuresReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 122
¹Hkkx IIμ[k.M 3(ii)º Hkkjr dk jkti=k % vlk/kj.k 25
……………………………
…………………………….(Name and full address of the occupier )
To
The Member Secretary,
.............………. Pollution Control Board or Pollution Control Committee
…………………………………….
…………………………………….
Sir,
I /We hereby apply for registration under rule 9 of the Plastic Waste Management Rules, 2015
1. Producers
PART – A
GENERAL
1.(a) Name and location of the unit
(b) Address of the unit
(c) Registration required for manufacturing of:
(i) Carry bags;
(a) petro- based,
(b) Compostable
(ii) Multilayered plastics
(d) Manufacturing capacity
(e) In case of renewal, previous registration number and date of
registration
2. Is the unit registered with the District Industries Centre of the State
Government or Union Territory? If yes, attach a copy.
3.(a) Total capital invested on the project
(b) Year of commencement of production
4. (a) List and quantum of products and by-products
(b) List and quantum of raw materials used
5. Furnish a flow diagram of manufacturing process showing input and
output in terms of products and waste generated including for
captive power generation and water.
6. Status of compliance with these rules- Thickness – fifty micron
(Yes/No)
PART – B
PERTAINING TO LIQUID EFFLUENT AND GASEOUS EMISSIONS
7. (a) Does the unit have a valid consent under the Water (Prevention
and control of Pollution) Act, 1974 (6 of 1974)?
If yes, attach a copy
(b) Does the unit have a valid consent under the Air (Prevention
and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 (14 of 1981)?
If yes, attach a copy
PART – C
PERTAINING TO WASTE
8.
Solid Wastes or rejects:
(a) Total quantum of waste generated
(b) Mode of storage within the plant
(c) Provision made for disposal of wastes
9. Attach or Provide list of person supplying plastic to be used as raw
material to manufacture carry bags or plastic sheet of like or
multilayered packaging
AnnexuresReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 123
26 THE GAZETTE OF INDIA : EXTRAORDINARY [PART II—SEC. 3(ii)]
10. Attach or provide list of personnel or Brand Owners to whom the
products will be supplied
11. Action plan on collecting back the plastic wastes
Name and Signature
Designation
Date :
Place :
II Brand Owners:
PART – A
GENERAL
1. Name, Address and Contact number
2 In case of renewal, previous registration number and date of
registration
3 Is the unit registered with the District Industries Centre of the State
Government or Union Territory? If yes, attach a copy.
4.(a) Total capital invested on the project
(b) Year of commencement of production
5. (a) List and quantum of products and by-products
(b) List and quantum of raw materials used
PART – B
PERTAINING TO LIQUID EFFLUENT AND GASEOUS EMISSIONS
5 Does the unit have a valid consent under the Water (Prevention
and control of Pollution) Act, 1974 (6 of 1974)?
If yes, attach a copy
6 Does the unit have a valid consent under the Air (Prevention
and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 (14 of 1981)?
If yes, attach a copy
PART – C
PERTAINING TO WASTE
7.
Solid Wastes or rejects:
(c) Total quantum of waste generated
(d) Mode of storage within the plant
(d) Provision made for disposal of wastes
8. Attach or Provide list of person supplying plastic material
9 Action plan on collecting back the plastic wastes
Name and Signature
Designation
Date :
Place :
FORM - II
[see rule 13 (3)]
APPLICATION FORM FOR REGISTRATION OF UNITS ENGAGED IN PROCESSING OR
RECYCLING OF PLASTIC WASTE
1. Name and Address of the unit
2. Contact person with designation,
Tel./Fax /email
AnnexuresReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 124
¹Hkkx IIμ[k.M 3(ii)º Hkkjr dk jkti=k % vlk/kj.k 27
3. Date of commencement
4. No. of workers (including contract
labour)
5. Consents Validity a. Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1974;
Valid up to _________________
b. Air (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1981;
Valid up to_________________
c. Authorization ; valid up to ….
6. Manufacturing Process Please attach a flow diagram of the manufacturing process flow
diagram for each product.
7. Products and installed capacity of
production (MTA)
Products Installed capacity
8. Waste Management: S.
No.
Type Category Qty.
a. Waste generation in processing plastic-waste (i)
(ii)
(iii)
b. Waste Collection and transportation (attach details)
c. Waste Disposal details S.
No.
Type Category Qty
(i)
(ii)
d. Provide details of the disposal facility, whether the
facility is authorized by SPCB or PCC
e. Please attach analysis report of characterization of
waste generated (including leachate test if applicable)
9. Details of plastic waste proposed to be acquired
through sale, auction, contract or import, as the case
may be, for use as raw material
(i) Name
(ii) Quantity required /year
10. Occupational safety and health aspects Please provide details of facilities
11. Pollution Control Measures
Whether the unit has adequate pollution control
systems or equipment to meet the standards of
emission or effluent.
If Yes, please furnish details
Whether unit is in compliance with conditions laid
down in the said rules.
Yes/No
Whether conditions exist or are likely to exist of the
material being handled or processed posing adverse
immediate or delayed impacts on the environment.
Yes/No
Whether conditions exist (or are likely to exist) of the
material being handled or processed by any means
capable of yielding another material (e.g. leachate)
which may possess eco-toxicity.
Yes/No
12. Any other relevant information including fire or
accident mitigative measures
13. List of enclosures as per rule
Name and Signature
Designation
Date :
Place :
FORM - III
[See rules 13(4)] AnnexuresReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 125
28 THE GAZETTE OF INDIA : EXTRAORDINARY [PART II—SEC. 3(ii)]
APPLICATION FOR REGISTRATION FOR MANUFACTURERS OF P LASTIC RAW
MATERIALS
From: ..........................................
……………………………
…………………………….(Name and full address of the occupier )
To
The Member Secretary,
.............………. Pollution Control Board or Pollution Control Committee
…………………………………….
…………………………………….
Sir,
I/We hereby apply for registration under the Plastic Waste Management Rules, 2011
PART – A
GENERAL
1.(a) Name and location of the unit
(b) Address of the unit
(c) In case of renewal, previous registration number and date of
registration
2. Is the unit registered with the DIC or DCSSI of the State
Government or Union Territory? If yes, attach a copy.
3.(a) Total capital invested on the project
(b) Year of commencement of production
(c) List of producers and quantum of raw materials supplied to
producers
Name and Signature
Designation
Date :
Place :
Form - IV
[See rules 17 (1)]
FORMAT OF ANNUAL REPORT BY OPERATOR OF PLASTIC WAST E PROCESSING OR
RECYCLING FACILITY TO THE LOCAL BODY
Period of Reporting:
(1) Name and Address of operator of the facility
(2) Name of officer in-charge of the facility
(Telephone/Fax/Mobile/ E-mail)
(3) Capacity:
(4) Technologies used for management of plastic waste:
(5) Quantity of plastic waste received during the year being
reported upon along with the source
(6) Quantity of plastic waste processed (in tons):
- Plastic waste recycled(in tons)
- Plastic waste processed (in tons)
- Used (in tons)
(7) Quantity of inert or rejects sent for final disposal to landfill
sites:
(8) Details of land fill facility to which inert or rejects were sent AnnexuresReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 126
¹Hkkx IIμ[k.M 3(ii)º Hkkjr dk jkti=k % vlk/kj.k 29
for final disposal:
- Address
-Telephone
(9) Attach status of compliance to environmental conditions, if any
specified during grant of Consent or registration
Signature of Operator
Dated :
Place:
Form - V
[See rules 17(2)]
FORMAT FOR ANNUAL REPORT ON PLASTIC WASTE MANAGEMENT TO BE
SUBMITTED BY THE LOCAL BODY
Period of Reporting:
(1) Name of the City or Town and State:
(2) Population
(3) Area in sq. kilometers
(4) Name & Address of Local body
Telephone No.
Fax No.
E-mail:
(5) Total Numbers of the wards in the area under jurisdiction
(6) Total Numbers of Households in the area under jurisdiction
(7) Number of households covered by door to door collection
(8) Total number of commercial establishments and Institutions in the area under
jurisdiction
-Commercial establishments
- Institutions
(9) Number of commercial establishments and Institutions covered by door to door
collection
-Commercial establishments
- Institutions
(10) Summary of the mechanisms put in place for management of plastic waste in the area
under jurisdiction along with the details of agencies involved in door to door
collection
(11) Attach details of infrastructure put in place for management of plastic waste generated
in the area under jurisdiction
(12) Attach details of infrastructure required, if any along with justification
(13) Quantity of Plastic Waste generated during the year from area under jurisdiction (in
tons)
(14) Quantity of Plastic Waste collected during the year from area under jurisdiction (in
tons)
(15) Quantity of plastic waste channelized for recycling during the year (in tons)
(16) Quantity of plastic waste channelized for use during the year (in tons)
(17) Quantity of inert or rejects sent to landfill sites during the year (in tons)
(18) Details of each of facilities used for processing and disposal of plastic waste
Facility-I
i) Name of operator
ii) Address with Telephone Number or Mobile
iii) Capacity
iv) Technology Used
v) Registration Number
vi) Validity of Registration (up to)
AnnexuresReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 127
30 THE GAZETTE OF INDIA : EXTRAORDINARY [PART II—SEC. 3(ii)]
Facility-II
i) Name of operator
ii) Address with Telephone Number or Mobile
iii) Capacity
iv) Technology Used
v) Registration Number
Validity of Registration (up to)
(19) Give details of:
Local body’s own manpower deployed for collection including street sweeping,
secondary storage, transportation, processing and disposal of waste.
(20) Give details of:
Contractor or concessionaire’s manpower deployed for collection including street
sweeping, secondary storage, transportation, processing and disposal of waste.
(21) Mention briefly, the difficulties being experienced by the local body in complying
with provisions of these rules including the financial constrains, if any
(22) Whether an Action Plan has been prepared for improving solid waste management
practices in the city? If yes (attach copy)
Date of revision:
Signature of CEO or Municipal Commissioner or
Executive Officer or Chief Officer
Date:
Place:
Form-VI
STATE-WISE STATUS OF IMPLEMENTATION OF PLASTIC WAST E MANAGEMENT
RULES, 2016 FOR THE YEAR … ANNUAL REPORT Format
Nam
e of
the
SPC
B or
PCC
Estimated
Plastic
Waste
generatio
n Tons
Per
Annum
(TPA)
No. of registered Plastic Manufacturing
or Recycling (including multilayer,
compostable) units. (Rule 9)
No. of
Unregistered
plastic
manufacturin
g Recycling
units. (in
residential or
unapproved
areas)
Details of
Plastic
Waste
Managemen
t (PWM)
e.g.
Collection,
Segregation,
Disposal
(Co-
processing
road
construction
etc.) (Rules
6) (Attach
separate
Partial or
complete
ban on
usages of
Plastic
Ca r r y
Bags
(through
Executive
Order)
(Attach
c op y o f
notificatio
n or
executive
order )
Status of
Marking
Labelling
o n carr y
bags (Rule
8)
[Specify the
number of
units or not
complied)c
omplied
Explici
t
Pricing
of
carr y
bags
(Rule
10)
Details of
the meeting
of State
Level
Advisory
Body (SLA)
along with
its
recommend
-dations on
Implemen-
tation
(Rule 11)
No. of
violations
and action
taken on
non-
compliance
of
provisions
of these
Rules
Number of
Municipal
Au thorit y
or Gram
Pancha yat-
under
jurisdiction
and
Submission
of Annual
Report to
CPCB
(Rule 12)
Plasti
c
units
Compostabl
e Plastic
Units
Multilaye
r Plastic
units AnnexuresReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 128
¹Hkkx IIμ[k.M 3(ii)º Hkkjr dk jkti=k % vlk/kj.k 31
[F. No. 17-2/2001-HSMD]
BISHWANATH SINHA, Jt. Secy.
Uploaded by Dte. of Printing at Government of India Press, Ring Road, Mayapuri, New Delhi-110064
and Published by the Controller of Publications, Delhi-110054.
sheet)
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11)
AnnexuresReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 129 AnnexuresReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 130 AnnexuresReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 131 AnnexuresReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 132
4 THE GAZETTE OF INDIA : EXTRAORDINARY [PART II—S EC. 3(i)]
MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT, FOREST AND CLIMATE CHANGE
NOTIFICATION
New Delhi, the 12th August, 2021
G.S.R. 571(E).—Whereas the draft rules to amend the Plastics Waste Management Rules, 2016,
were published in the Gazette of India, Extraordinary, dated the 11th March, 2021 vide notification number
GSR 169 (E), inviting objections and suggestions from all persons likely to be affected thereby within a
period of sixty days from the date copies of the Gazette containing the said draft rules were made available
to the public;
And whereas, copies of the Gazette containing the said draft rules were made available to the
public on the 11th March, 2021;
And whereas, objections and suggestions received within the aforesaid period have been duly
considered by the Central Government;
Now, therefore, in exercise of the powers conferred by sections 6, 8 and 25 of Environment
(Protection) Act 1986, (29 of 1986), the Central Government hereby makes the following rules to amend
the Plastic Waste Management Rules, 2016, namely :-
1. (1) These rules may be called Plastic Waste Management (Amendment) Rules, 2021.
(2) They shall come into force on the date of their publication in the Official Gazette.
2. In the Plastic Waste Management Rules,2016 (hereinafter referred to as the said rules), in rule 2,
in sub-rule (1), after the word “Importers”, the words, “brand-owner, plastic waste processor (recycler,
co-processor, etc.)” shall be inserted.
3. In the said rules, in rule 3,
(i) after clause (n), the following clause shall be inserted, namely :-
„(na) “Non-woven plastic bag” means Non-woven plastic bag made up of plastic sheet or
web structured fabric of entangled plastic fibers or filaments (and by perforating films)
bonded together by mechanical or thermal or chemical means, and the “non-woven
fabric” means a flat or tufted porous sheet that is made directly from plastic fibres,
molten plastic or plastic films;‟
(ii) after clause (q), the following clause shall be inserted, namely: -
„(qa) “Plastic waste processing” means any process by which plastic waste is handled for
the purpose of reuse, recycling, co-processing or transformation into new products;‟
(iii) after clause (v), the following clauses shall be inserted, namely: -
„(va) “Single-use plastic commodity” mean a plastic item intended to be used once for the
same purpose before being disposed of or recycled;‟
„(vb) “Thermoset plastic” means a plastic which becomes irreversibly rigid when heated
and hence cannot be remoulded into desired shape;‟
„(vc) “Thermoplastic” means a plastic which softens on heating and can be moulded into
desired shape;‟.
4. In the said rules, in rule 4, -
(a) in sub-rule (1),−
(i)
for the words “importer stocking”, the words “import, stocking” shall be
substituted;
(ii)
in clause (c), for the words “fifty microns in thickness” , the words, figures, letters
and brackets “seventy five microns in thickness with effect from the 30
th
September,
2021and one hundred and twenty (120) microns in thickness with effect from the
31
st
December, 2022” shall be substituted;
(iii)
in clause (h), after the words, “carry bags”, the words “and commodities” shall be
inserted; AnnexuresReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 133
[भागII—ख ण् ड 3(i)]भारत का रािपत्र : असाधारण 5
(iv) in clause (h), after the words, “compostable plastic carry bags”, the words “or
commodities or both” shall be inserted;
(v)
after clause (i), following clause shall be inserted, namely: -
“ ( j) non-woven plastic carry bag shall not be less than 60 Gram Per Square Meter (GSM)
with effect from the 30
th
September, 2021.”;
(b)
after sub-rule (1), the following sub-ules shall be inserted, namely:-
“(2) The manufacture, import, stocking, distribution, sale and use of following single-
use plastic, including polystyrene and expanded polystyrene, commodities shall be
prohibited with effect from the 1
st
July, 2022:-
(a) ear buds with plastic sticks, plastic sticks for balloons, plastic flags, candy sticks,
ice-cream sticks, polystyrene [Thermocol] for decoration;
(b) plates, cups, glasses, cutlery such as forks, spoons, knives, straw, trays, wrapping or
packing films around sweet boxes, invitation cards, and cigarette packets, plastic or
PVC banners less than 100 micron, stirrers.
(3) The provisions of sub-rule (2) (b) shall not apply to commodities made of
compostable plastic.
(4) Any notification prohibiting the manufacture, import, stocking, distribution, sale and
use of carry bags, plastic sheets or like, or cover made of plastic sheets and multi-
layered packaging and single-use plastic, including polystyrene and expanded
polystyrene, commodities, issued after this notification, shall come into force after the
expiry of ten years, from the date of its publication”.
5. In the said rules, in rule 5, in sub-rule (1), in clause (d), for the figures “2000”, the figures
“2016” shall be substituted.
6. In the said rules, in rule 6, in sub-rule (2), after clause (a), following clause shall be inserted,
namely: -
“(aa) ensuring that the provisions of these rules, as amended, are adhered to;”.
7. In the said rules, in rule 7, in sub-rule (1), after clause (a), following clause shall be inserted,
namely : -
“(aa) ensuring that the provisions of these rules, as amended, are adhered to;”.
8. In the said rules, in rule 9, in sub-rule (1), after the words, “local body concerned”, the words “as
per guidelines issued under these rules from time to time” shall be inserted.
9. In rule 11, sub-rule (1), −
(i)
after the words “plastic carry bag”, the words, “plastic packaging” shall be
inserted;
(ii)
in clause (a), after the word “manufacturer”, the words “producer or brand-
owner” shall be inserted, and after the words “carry bag”, the words “and plastic
packaging used by the brand owner” shall be inserted;
(iii)
in clause (b), after the words “multilayered packaging”, the words “excluding
multi-layered packaging used for imported goods” shall be inserted;
(iv)
in clause (c), after the words “name and certificate number”, the words “of
producer” shall be inserted.
10. In rule 12, −
(i)
in sub-rule (2), after the words “waste generator,” ,the words “restriction or
prohibition on” shall be inserted;
(ii)
in sub-rule (3), after the words “waste generator,” ,the words “
restriction or prohibition on” shall be inserted. AnnexuresReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 134
6 THE GAZETTE OF INDIA : EXTRAORDINARY [PART II—S EC. 3(i)]
11. In rule 13, in sub-rule (1), after the words “Union Territory concerned”, the words “or the Central
Pollution Control Board” shall be inserted.
[F. No. 17-2-2001 (Pt)-Part I -HSMD]
NARESH PAL GANGAWAR, Jt. Secy.
Note : The principal rules were published in the Gazette of India, Extraordinary, Part II, Section 3, Sub-
section (i), vide number GSR 320 (E), dated the 18
th
March, 2016 and subsequently amended vide
notification number GSR 285 (E), dated the 27
th
March, 2018.
Uploaded by Dte. of Printing at Government of India Press, Ring Road, Mayapuri, New Delhi-110064
and Published by the Controller of Publications, Delhi-110054. ALOK KUMAR
Digitally signed by ALOK KUMAR
Date: 2021.08.12 22:57:47 +05'30' AnnexuresReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 135
[भाग II—ख ण् ड 3(i)] भारत का राजपत्र : असाधारण 7
MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT, FOREST AND CLIMATE CHANGE
NOTIFICATION
New Delhi, the 18th January, 2022
G.S.R. 22(E).—The following draft notification which the Central Government proposes to issue,
in exercise of the powers conferred by sections 6, 8 and 25 of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 (29
of 1986), for making certain amendments in the Plastic Waste Management Rules, 2016, issued vide G.S.R.
320 (E), dated the 18th March, 2016, is hereby published as required under sub-rule (3) of rule 5 of the
Environment (Protection) Rules, 1986, for information of the public likely to be affected thereby and notice
is hereby given that the said notification will be taken into consideration by the Central Government on or
after the expiry of sixty days from the date on which copies of this notification as published in the Gazette
of India are made available to the public;
Any person interested in making any objection or suggestion on the proposals contained in the draft
notification may do so in writing within the period so specified through post to the Secretary, Ministry of
Environment, Forest & Climate Change, Indira Paryavaran Bhawan, Jor Bagh Road, Aliganj, New Delhi-
110003 or electronically at email address: satyendra.kumar07@nic.in, amit.love@nic.in.
Draft Notification
Whereas, the Plastic Waste Management Rules, 2016 were notified by Ministry of Environment,
Forest and Climate Change vide G.S.R. 320 (E), dated the 18
th
March, 2016, inter alia, providing for
collection, segregation, processing, treatment and disposal of the plastic waste in an environmentally sound
manner, restriction on thickness of plastic sheet or like, prohibition on identified use, extended producer
responsibility, marking and labelling requirement, registration of manufacturer, producer, importer, brand
owner and plastic waste processor, reducing the plastic waste generation;
Whereas, the Plastic Waste Amendment Rules, 2021, were notified vide G.S.R. No. 571 (E) on
12
th
August, 2021, inter alia, providing for issuance of Guidelines under Rule 9 (1) on the responsibility of
producer, importer and brand owner;
And whereas, the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change notified the draft
provisions for the ―Regulation on the Extended Producer Responsibility under Plastic Waste Management
Rules, 2016, as amended from time to time‖ vide GSR No. 722 (E) on 6
th
October, 2021;
And whereas, the principle of sustainable development, precautionary principle, and polluter pays
principle have been recognized in the law;
Now, therefore, in the exercise of the powers conferred by sections 6, 8 and 25 of the
Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 (29 of 1986), read with clause (d) of sub-rule (3) of rule 5 of the said
Environment (Protection) Rules, 1986 the Central Government hereby publishes this draft notification as
required under sub-rule 3 of rule 5 of the said Environment (Protection) Rules, 1986, which shall on and
from the date of its final publication make the following amendments in the said notification, namely:—
1. (1) These rules may be called Plastic Waste Management Rules, 2022.
(2) They shall come into force on the date of their publication in the Official Gazette.
2. In the said rules, in rule 3,
i. After clause (ab), the following clause shall be inserted, maely:-
‗(ac) ―Biodegradable plastics‖ means that plastics, other than compostable plastics, which
undergoes complete degradation by biological processes under ambient environment (terrestrial or
in water) conditions, in specified time periods, without leaving any micro plastics, or visible,
distinguishable or toxic residue, which has adverse environment impacts, adhering to laid down
standards of Bureau of Indian Standards and certified by Central Pollution Control Board.‘
ii. Clause 3(b), may be read as given below:-
‗―Brand Owner‖ means a person or company who sells any commodity under a registered brand
label/trademark;‘
iii. after clause 3 (g), the following clause shall be inserted namely :-
27960/2022/UPC-II-HO
164 AnnexuresReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 136
8 THE GAZETTE OF INDIA : EXTRAORDINARY [PART II—S EC. 3(i)]
‗(gb) ―End of Life disposal‖ means using plastic waste for generation of energy which includes co-
processing (e.g. in cement kilns) or waste to oil or for road construction as per Indian Road
Congress guidelines and other relevant guidelines;‘
iv Clause 3(k), may be read as given below:-
‗ ―Importer‖ means a person who imports plastic packaging product or products with plastic
packaging or carry bags or multilayered packaging or plastic sheets or like;‘
v. after clause 3 (o), the following clause shall be inserted namely :-
‗―Plastic Packaging‖ means packaging material made by using plastics for protecting, preserving,
storing and transporting of products in a variety of ways;‘
vi. after Clause 3(qa), the following clause shall be inserted namely :-
‗(qb) ―Plastic Waste Processors‖ means recyclers and entities engaged in using plastic for energy
(waste to energy) including in coprocessing or converting it to oil (waste to oil), industrial
composting;‘
vii. after Clause 3(qb), the following clause shall be inserted namely:-
‗(qc) ―Post-consumer plastic packaging waste‖ means plastic packaging waste generated by the
end-use consumer after the intended use of packaging is completed and is no longer being used for
its intended purpose;‘
viii. after Clause 3(r), the following clause shall be inserted namely:-
‗(ra) ―Pre-consumer plastic packaging waste‖ means plastic packaging waste generated in the form
of reject or discard at the stage of manufacturing of plastic packaging and plastic packaging waste
generated during the packaging of product including reject, discard, before the plastic packaging
reaches the end-use consumer of the product;‘
ix. after Clause 3(s), the following clause shall be inserted namely :-
‗(sa) ―Recyclers‖ are entities who are engaged in the process of recycling of plastic waste;‘
x. after Clause 3(w), the following clause shall be inserted namely :-
‗(wa) ―Use of recycled plastic‖ means recycled plastic, instead of virgin plastic, is used as raw
material in the manufacturing process;‘
xi. after Clause 3(aa), the following clause shall be inserted namely :-
‗(aab) ―Waste to Energy‖ means using plastic waste for generation of energy and includes co-
processing (e.g. in cement kilns);‘
3. In the said rules, in rule 4, -
i. in sub-rule (1), in clause (d), after the words ― thickness except‖, the words shall be inserted ― as
notified by Government‖
4. In the said rules, in rule 9, -
i. for the sub-rule (1), the following sub-rule shall be substituted, namely.-
―The Producers, Importers and Brand Owners, shall fulfill Extended Producers Responsibility on
plastic packaging waste as per regulations issued under these rules from time to time‖
ii. in the sub-rule (4), before the words, ―Pollution Control Board‖, the words, ―Cent ral Pollution
Control Board and State‖ is inserted
iii. in the sub-rule (5), after the words ―without registration from‖ the following words are added
―Central Pollution Control Board if operating in more than two states or union territories‖ and
after the words ―Pollution Control Committees‖ the following words are added ― as per
sub-rule 13 (2).‖
5. In the said rules, for rule 10, the following sub-rule shall be substituted, namely.-
27960/2022/UPC-II-HO
165 AnnexuresReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 137
[भाग II—ख ण् ड 3(i)] भारत का राजपत्र : असाधारण 9
“10. Protocols for compostable and biodegradable plastic materials.-Determination of the degree
of degradability and degree of disintegration of plastic material shall be as per the protocols of the
Indian Standards listed in Schedule I to these rules, wherein, it shall be ensured that standard
biodegradable plastic, other than compostable plastics, undergoes complete degradation by
biological processes under ambient environment (terrestrial or in water) conditions, in specified
time periods, without leaving any micro plastics, or visible, distinguishable or toxic residue,
which has adverse environment impacts, following appropriate standards developed by Bureau
of Indian Standards and certified by Central Pollution Control Board. The compostable plastic
materials shall conform to the Indian Standard: IS 17088:2008 titled as Specifications for
Compostable Plastics, as amended from time to time.‖
6. In the said rules, in rule 11-
i. In sub rule 11, ―plastic packaging‖ are substituted by the words ―plastic sheet or like used for
packaging‖
ii. In sub-rule (1) clause (a), words ―manufacturer‖ and ―used by the brand owner‖ shall be omitted
and words ―plastic packaging‖ are substituted by the words ―plastic sheet or like used for
packaging‖ and after words ―plastic sheet or like used for packaging‖ the following words are
added ―with effect from 1
st
July, 2022 and excluding plastic sheet or like used for packaging used
for imported goods. Nothing contained in this proviso shall apply to ―plastic sheet or like used for
packaging‖ in cases exempted under Rule 26 of Legal Metrology Packaged Commodities Rules,
2011.‖
iii. In sub rule (1) clause (b), the word ―manufacturer‖ shall be substituted by the word ―producer or
brand owner‖ , the word ―and‖ is substituted with the following words ―with effect from 1
st
July,
2022‖
iv. After sub-rule (1) clause (c), the following clause if inserted
―(d) The importer or brand owner, of imported carry bags or multi-layered packaging or plastic
sheets or like used for packaging, alone or along with products shall adhere to Sub-rule 11 (a) and
11 (b).‖
7. In the said rules, in rule 12, -
i. In Sub-rule (1), before the words, ―State Pollution Control Board‖, the words, ―Central Pollution
Control Board‖ is inserted.
8. In the said rules, in rule 13, -
i. for the sub-rule (1), the following sub-rule shall be substituted, namely.-
―(1) No person shall manufacture carry bags or recycle plastic or multilayered packaging unless the
person has obtained registration from,-
i. The concerned State Pollution Control Board or Pollution Control Committee of the Union
Territory, if operating in one or two states or Union territories; or
ii. The Central Pollution Control Board, if operating in more than two States or Union
Territories,‖
ii. in sub-rule (2), after the word ―producer‖ the following word is added ―importer‖ and after the
―to‖ the following words are added ―as per the procedure prescribed under Regulation for
Extended Producer Responsibility issued under Rule 9 (1).‖
iii. in sub-rule (3), after the words ―in Form II‖ the following words are added ―as per the
procedure prescribed under Regulation for Extended Producer Responsibility issued under
Rule 9 (1).‖
iv. Sub-rule (6) shall be omitted.
v. In the sub-rule (7), after the words ―terms of registration.‖ the following words are added
―The registration shall be subject to every person recycling or processing plastic waste or
27960/2022/UPC-II-HO
166 AnnexuresReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 138
10 THE GAZETTE OF INDIA : EXTRAORDINARY [PART II—S EC. 3(i)]
proposing to recycle or process plastic waste, adhering to the Regulation for Extended
Producer Responsibility issued under Rules 9 (1), as applicable.‖
9. In the said rules, after rule 17, a new rule 18 is added as given below:
―18. Imposition of Environmental Compensation.-
1. Environmental Compensation shall be levied based upon polluter pays principle, on person(s)
not adhering to the provisions of these rules, for the purpose of protecting and improving the
quality of the environment and preventing, controlling and abating environment pollution.
2. CPCB shall lay down guidelines for imposition and collection of environment compensation
and the same shall be notified. The Guidelines for Environmental Compensation shall be
updated, as required.‖
10. In the said rules, in Form I
(i). in Part I at item 11, the following shall be substituted, namely.-
―Action plan as per Regulation notified for Extended Producer Responsibility‖
(ii) in Part II at item 9, the following shall be substituted, namely.-
―Action plan as per Regulation notified for Extended Producer Responsibility‖
(iii) After Part II, the following is added:
III. Importers:
Item 3, 4, 5 of Part A, Part B, and item 7 and 8 of Part C, to be filled as per applicability.
PART
– A
GENERAL
1. Name, Address and Contact number
2 In case of renewal, previous registration number and date of
registration
3 Is the unit registered with the District Industries Centre of the
State Government or Union Territory? If yes, attach a copy.
4.(a) Total capital invested on the project
(b) Year of commencement of production
5. (a) List and quantum of products and by-products
(b) List and quantum of raw materials used
6 (a) Quantity of plastic sheet or like used for packaging of
imported or to be imported products
(b) Quantity of imported or to be imported plastic sheet or like
used for packaging for further supply or self-use
(c) Quantity of imported or to be imported multilayered
packaging for further supply or self-use
PART – B
PERTAINING TO LIQUID EFFLUENT AND GASEOUS EMISSIONS
5 Does the unit have a valid consent under the Water
(Prevention and control of Pollution) Act, 1974 (6 of 1974)?
If yes, attach a copy
6 Does the unit have a valid consent under the Air
(Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 (14 of
1981)?
If yes, attach a copy
27960/2022/UPC-II-HO
167 AnnexuresReport on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications 139
[भाग II—ख ण् ड 3(i)] भारत का राजपत्र : असाधारण 11
PART – C
PERTAINING TO WASTE
7. Solid Wastes or rejects:
c. Total quantum of waste generated
d. Mode of storage within the plant
(d) Provision made for disposal of wastes
8. (a) Attach or Provide list of person supplying imported (i)
plastic sheet or like used for packaging, (ii) multilayered
packaging
(b) Quantity of imported (i) plastic sheet or like used for
packaging, (ii) multilayered packaging used for self use
9 Action plan as per Regulation notified for Extended
Producer Responsibility
Name and Signature
Designation
Date :
Place :
11. In the said rules, in Form IV, the following is added after item (9)
―(10). Data to be provided as per Regulation on Extended Producer Responsibility issued under
Rule 9 (1) by the 30th April of every year to the concerned State Pollution Control Board and
Pollution Control Committee‖
12. In the said rules, in Form VI, the following is added after the table
―B. Information as prescribed with respect to Regulation under Extended Producer Responsibility
issued under Rule 9 (1) to be provided by 30th April of every year in the prescribed pro forma to
Central Pollution Control Board for the following:
a. Manufacturer of carry bag, recycle plastic bag, multilayered packaging (Registered under Rule
13 (1) (i))
b. Producer, Importer, Brand Owner (Registered under Rule 13 (2) (i))
c. Recycler and plastic waste processor (Registered under Rule 13 (3) (i))‖
[ F. No. 17/24/2021-HSMD]
NARESH PAL GANGAWAR, Jt. Secy.
Note : The principal rules were published in the Gazette of India, vide number G.S.R 320 (E), dated the
18
th
March, 2016 and subsequently amended vide notification number G.S.R 285 (E), dated the
27
th
March, 2018 and subsequently amended vide notification number G.S.R. 571 (E), dated the
12
th
August, 2021 and last amended vide notification number G.S.R. 647(E), dated the
17
th
August, 2021.
Uploaded by Dte. of Printing at Government of India Press, Ring Road, Mayapuri, New Delhi-110064
and Published by the Controller of Publications, Delhi-110054.
27960/2022/UPC-II-HO
168 Report on Alternative Products and Technologies to Plastics and their Applications
Designed b y
ALTERNATIVE PRODUCTS
and TECHNOLOGIES to
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and their ApplicationsREPORT ON
MAY 2022